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diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index a9242e2b..e39a483b 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -This is Info file gawk.info, produced by Makeinfo version 1.67 from the +This is Info file gawk.info, produced by Makeinfo version 1.68 from the input file ./gawk.texi. INFO-DIR-SECTION Programming Languages @@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY This file documents `awk', a program that you can use to select particular records in a file and perform operations upon them. - This is Edition 1.0.3 of `Effective AWK Programming', for the -3.0.3 version of the GNU implementation of AWK. + This is Edition 1.0.4 of `Effective AWK Programming', for the +3.0.4 version of the GNU implementation of AWK. - Copyright (C) 1989, 1991, 92, 93, 96, 97 Free Software Foundation, -Inc. + Copyright (C) 1989, 1991, 92, 93, 96, 97, 98, 99 Free Software +Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are @@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ General Introduction This file documents `awk', a program that you can use to select particular records in a file and perform operations upon them. - This is Edition 1.0.3 of `Effective AWK Programming', -for the 3.0.3 version of the GNU implementation + This is Edition 1.0.4 of `Effective AWK Programming', +for the 3.0.4 version of the GNU implementation of AWK. * Menu: @@ -382,8 +382,8 @@ to MS-DOS and OS/2 PC's, Atari and Amiga micro-computers, and VMS. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) These commands are available on POSIX compliant systems, as -well as on traditional Unix based systems. If you are using some other + (1) These commands are available on POSIX compliant systems, as well +as on traditional Unix based systems. If you are using some other operating system, you still need to be familiar with the ideas of I/O redirection and pipes. @@ -849,7 +849,7 @@ specific to the GNU implementation, we use the term `gawk'. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) Often, these systems use `gawk' for their `awk' implementation! + (1) Often, these systems use `gawk' for their `awk' implementation! File: gawk.info, Node: Running gawk, Next: Very Simple, Prev: Names, Up: Getting Started @@ -1030,6 +1030,12 @@ Self-contained `awk' scripts are useful when you want to write a program which users can invoke without their having to know that the program is written in `awk'. + *Caution:* You should not put more than one argument on the `#!' +line after the path to `awk'. This will not work. The operating system +treats the rest of the line as a single agument, and passes it to `awk'. +Doing this will lead to confusing behavior: most likely a usage +diagnostic of some sort from `awk'. + Some older systems do not support the `#!' mechanism. You can get a similar effect using a regular shell script. It would look something like this: @@ -1049,11 +1055,11 @@ systems obey this convention, but many do.) ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) The `#!' mechanism works on Linux systems, Unix systems derived + (1) The `#!' mechanism works on Linux systems, Unix systems derived from Berkeley Unix, System V Release 4, and some System V Release 3 systems. - (2) The line beginning with `#!' lists the full file name of an + (2) The line beginning with `#!' lists the full file name of an interpreter to be run, and an optional initial command line argument to pass to that interpreter. The operating system then runs the interpreter with the given argument and the full argument list of the @@ -1088,6 +1094,18 @@ programs also, but this usually isn't very useful; the purpose of a comment is to help you or another person understand the program at a later time. + *Caution:* As mentioned in *Note One-shot Throw-away `awk' Programs: +One-shot, you can enclose small to medium programs in single quotes, in +order to keep your shell scripts self-contained. When doing so, +*don't* put an apostrophe (i.e., a single quote) into a comment (or +anywhere else in your program). The shell will interpret the quote as +the closing quote for the entire program. As a result, usually the +shell will print a message about mismatched quotes, and if `awk' +actually runs, it will probably print strange messages about syntax +errors. For example: + + awk 'BEGIN { print "hello" } # let's be cute' + File: gawk.info, Node: Very Simple, Next: Two Rules, Prev: Running gawk, Up: Getting Started @@ -1670,7 +1688,7 @@ character not listed in the table above. Another interesting question arises. Suppose you use an octal or hexadecimal escape to represent a regexp metacharacter (*note Regular Expression Operators: Regexp Operators.). Does `awk' treat the -character as literal character, or as a regexp operator? +character as a literal character, or as a regexp operator? It turns out that historically, such characters were taken literally (d.c.). However, the POSIX standard indicates that they should be @@ -2066,7 +2084,7 @@ current method of using `\y' for the GNU `\b' appears to be the lesser of two evils. The various command line options (*note Command Line Options: -Options.) control how `gawk' interprets characters in regexps. +Options.) control how `gawk' interprets characters in regexps. No options In the default case, `gawk' provide all the facilities of POSIX @@ -2169,8 +2187,8 @@ How Much Text Matches? echo aaaabcd | awk '{ sub(/a+/, "<A>"); print }' This example uses the `sub' function (which we haven't discussed yet, -*note Built-in Functions for String Manipulation: String Functions.) to -make a change to the input record. Here, the regexp `/a+/' indicates +*note Built-in Functions for String Manipulation: String Functions.) +to make a change to the input record. Here, the regexp `/a+/' indicates "one or more `a' characters," and the replacement text is `<A>'. The input contains four `a' characters. What will the output be? @@ -2512,7 +2530,7 @@ record containing a match. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) In POSIX `awk', newlines are not considered whitespace for + (1) In POSIX `awk', newlines are not considered whitespace for separating fields. @@ -2584,7 +2602,7 @@ input file.) The `-' sign represents subtraction, so this program reassigns field three, `$3', to be the value of field two minus ten, `$2 - 10'. (*Note -Arithmetic Operators: Arithmetic Ops.) Then field two, and the new +Arithmetic Operators: Arithmetic Ops.) Then field two, and the new value for field three, are printed. In order for this to work, the text in field `$2' must make sense as @@ -2954,7 +2972,7 @@ should reflect the old value of `FS', not the new one. However, many implementations of `awk' do not work this way. Instead, they defer splitting the fields until a field is actually referenced. The fields will be split using the *current* value of -`FS'! (d.c.) This behavior can be difficult to diagnose. The following +`FS'! (d.c.) This behavior can be difficult to diagnose. The following example illustrates the difference between the two methods. (The `sed'(1) command prints just the first line of `/etc/passwd'.) @@ -2992,7 +3010,7 @@ value of `FS'. (`==' means "is equal to.") ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) The `sed' utility is a "stream editor." Its behavior is also + (1) The `sed' utility is a "stream editor." Its behavior is also defined by the POSIX standard. @@ -3512,7 +3530,9 @@ EXPRESSION contains unparenthesized operators other than `$'; for example, `"echo " "date" | getline' is ambiguous because the concatenation operator is not parenthesized, and you should write it as `("echo " "date") | getline' if you want your program to be portable to -other `awk' implementations. +other `awk' implementations. (It happens that `gawk' gets it right, +but you should not rely on this. Parentheses make it easier to read, +anyway.) File: gawk.info, Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe, Next: Getline Summary, Prev: Getline/Pipe, Up: Getline @@ -3540,7 +3560,9 @@ EXPRESSION contains unparenthesized operators other than `$'; for example, `"echo " "date" | getline VAR' is ambiguous because the concatenation operator is not parenthesized, and you should write it as `("echo " "date") | getline VAR' if you want your program to be -portable to other `awk' implementations. +portable to other `awk' implementations. (It happens that `gawk' gets +it right, but you should not rely on this. Parentheses make it easier +to read, anyway.) File: gawk.info, Node: Getline Summary, Prev: Getline/Variable/Pipe, Up: Getline @@ -3640,7 +3662,7 @@ expressions. Numeric values are converted to strings, and then printed. values to print. However, with two exceptions, you cannot specify *how* to print them--how many columns, whether to use exponential notation or not, and so on. (For the exceptions, *note Output Separators::., and -*Note Controlling Numeric Output with `print': OFMT.) For that, you +*Note Controlling Numeric Output with `print': OFMT.) For that, you need the `printf' statement (*note Using `printf' Statements for Fancier Printing: Printf.). @@ -3667,7 +3689,7 @@ Examples of `print' Statements Here is an example of printing a string that contains embedded newlines (the `\n' is an escape sequence, used to represent the newline -character; see *Note Escape Sequences::): +character; *note Escape Sequences::.): $ awk 'BEGIN { print "line one\nline two\nline three" }' -| line one @@ -3699,7 +3721,7 @@ Here is the same program, without the comma: example's output makes much sense. A heading line at the beginning would make it clearer. Let's add some headings to our table of months (`$1') and green crates shipped (`$2'). We do this using the `BEGIN' -pattern (*note The `BEGIN' and `END' Special Patterns: BEGIN/END.) to +pattern (*note The `BEGIN' and `END' Special Patterns: BEGIN/END.) to force the headings to be printed only once: awk 'BEGIN { print "Month Crates" @@ -4104,7 +4126,7 @@ last things on their lines. We don't need to put spaces after them. We could make our table look even nicer by adding headings to the tops of the columns. To do this, we use the `BEGIN' pattern (*note The -`BEGIN' and `END' Special Patterns: BEGIN/END.) to force the header to +`BEGIN' and `END' Special Patterns: BEGIN/END.) to force the header to be printed only once, at the beginning of the `awk' program: awk 'BEGIN { print "Name Number" @@ -4377,7 +4399,7 @@ Closing Input and Output Files and Pipes ======================================== If the same file name or the same shell command is used with -`getline' (*note Explicit Input with `getline': Getline.) more than +`getline' (*note Explicit Input with `getline': Getline.) more than once during the execution of an `awk' program, the file is opened (or the command is executed) only the first time. At that time, the first record of input is read from that file or command. The next time the @@ -4551,9 +4573,8 @@ implementations may have difficulty with some character codes. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) The internal representation uses double-precision floating -point numbers. If you don't know what that means, then don't worry -about it. + (1) The internal representation uses double-precision floating point +numbers. If you don't know what that means, then don't worry about it. File: gawk.info, Node: Regexp Constants, Prev: Scalar Constants, Up: Constants @@ -5506,7 +5527,8 @@ not. *Note Arrays in `awk': Arrays, for more information about arrays. `?:' simply by putting a newline after either character. However, you cannot put a newline in front of either character without using backslash continuation (*note `awk' Statements Versus Lines: -Statements/Lines.). +Statements/Lines.). If `--posix' is specified (*note Command Line +Options: Options.), then this extension is disabled. File: gawk.info, Node: Function Calls, Next: Precedence, Prev: Conditional Exp, Up: Expressions @@ -5789,7 +5811,7 @@ whose first field is precisely `foo'. $ awk '$1 == "foo" { print $2 }' BBS-list -(There is no output, since there is no BBS site named "foo".) Contrast +(There is no output, since there is no BBS site named "foo".) Contrast this with the following regular expression match, which would accept any record with a first field that contains `foo': @@ -6199,7 +6221,7 @@ running. The first thing the `while' statement does is test CONDITION. If CONDITION is true, it executes the statement BODY. (The CONDITION is -true when the value is not zero and not a null string.) After BODY has +true when the value is not zero and not a null string.) After BODY has been executed, CONDITION is tested again, and if it is still true, BODY is executed again. This process repeats until CONDITION is no longer true. If CONDITION is initially false, the body of the loop is never @@ -6602,7 +6624,7 @@ by exiting with a non-zero status. Your `awk' program can do this using an `exit' statement with a non-zero argument. Here is an example: BEGIN { - if (("date" | getline date_now) < 0) { + if (("date" | getline date_now) <= 0) { print "Can't get system date" > "/dev/stderr" exit 1 } @@ -6743,7 +6765,7 @@ specific to `gawk' are marked with an asterisk, `*'. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) In POSIX `awk', newline does not count as whitespace. + (1) In POSIX `awk', newline does not count as whitespace. File: gawk.info, Node: Auto-set, Next: ARGC and ARGV, Prev: User-modified, Up: Built-in Variables @@ -6896,7 +6918,7 @@ zero when `FILENAME' changed. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) Some early implementations of Unix `awk' initialized `FILENAME' + (1) Some early implementations of Unix `awk' initialized `FILENAME' to `"-"', even if there were data files to be processed. This behavior was incorrect, and should not be relied upon in your programs. @@ -6923,8 +6945,24 @@ In this example, `ARGV[0]' contains `"awk"', `ARGV[1]' contains Notice that the `awk' program is not entered in `ARGV'. The other special command line options, with their arguments, are also not -entered. But variable assignments on the command line *are* treated as -arguments, and do show up in the `ARGV' array. +entered. This includes variable assignments done with the `-v' option +(*note Command Line Options: Options.). Normal variable assignments on +the command line *are* treated as arguments, and do show up in the +`ARGV' array. + + $ cat showargs.awk + -| BEGIN { + -| printf "A=%d, B=%d\n", A, B + -| for (i = 0; i < ARGC; i++) + -| printf "\tARGV[%d] = %s\n", i, ARGV[i] + -| } + -| END { printf "A=%d, B=%d\n", A, B } + $ awk -v A=1 -f showargs.awk B=2 /dev/null + -| A=1, B=0 + -| ARGV[0] = awk + -| ARGV[1] = B=2 + -| ARGV[2] = /dev/null + -| A=1, B=2 Your program can alter `ARGC' and the elements of `ARGV'. Each time `awk' reaches the end of an input file, it uses the next element of @@ -7355,11 +7393,17 @@ clear out an array. split("", array) The `split' function (*note Built-in Functions for String -Manipulation: String Functions.) clears out the target array first. +Manipulation: String Functions.) clears out the target array first. This call asks it to split apart the null string. Since there is no data to split out, the function simply clears the array and then returns. + *Caution:* Deleting an array does not change its type; you cannot +delete an array and then use the array's name as a scalar. For example, +this will not work: + + a[1] = 3; delete a; a = 3 + File: gawk.info, Node: Numeric Array Subscripts, Next: Uninitialized Subscripts, Prev: Delete, Up: Arrays @@ -7748,7 +7792,7 @@ Optional parameters are enclosed in square brackets ("[" and "]"). ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) Computer generated random numbers really are not truly random. + (1) Computer generated random numbers really are not truly random. They are technically known as "pseudo-random." This means that while the numbers in a sequence appear to be random, you can in fact generate the same sequence of random numbers over and over again. @@ -7873,6 +7917,9 @@ and "]"). Before splitting the string, `split' deletes any previously existing elements in the array ARRAY (d.c.). + If STRING does not match FIELDSEP at all, ARRAY will have one + element. The value of that element will be the original STRING. + `sprintf(FORMAT, EXPRESSION1,...)' This returns (without printing) the string that `printf' would have printed out with the same arguments (*note Using `printf' @@ -7954,6 +8001,10 @@ and "]"). non-changeable object as the third parameter will cause a fatal error, and your program will not run. + Finally, if the REGEXP is not a regexp constant, it is converted + into a string and then the value of that string is treated as the + regexp to match. + `gsub(REGEXP, REPLACEMENT [, TARGET])' This is similar to the `sub' function, except `gsub' replaces *all* of the longest, leftmost, *non-overlapping* matching @@ -8018,6 +8069,9 @@ and "]"). `G', or if it is a number that is less than zero, only one substitution is performed. + If REGEXP does not match TARGET, `gensub''s return value is the + original, unchanged value of TARGET. + `gensub' is a `gawk' extension; it is not available in compatibility mode (*note Command Line Options: Options.). @@ -8179,10 +8233,10 @@ the use of `gawk' and `gensub' for when you have to do substitutions. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) This consequence was certainly unintended. + (1) This consequence was certainly unintended. - (2) As of February 1997, with final approval and publication -hopefully sometime in 1997. + (2) As of April, 1999, with final approval and publication hopefully +sometime in 1997. File: gawk.info, Node: I/O Functions, Next: Time Functions, Prev: String Functions, Up: Built-in @@ -8231,7 +8285,7 @@ parameters are enclosed in square brackets ("[" and "]"). nonzero otherwise. `system(COMMAND)' - The system function allows the user to execute operating system + The `system' function allows the user to execute operating system commands and then return to the `awk' program. The `system' function executes the command given by the string COMMAND. It returns, as its value, the status returned by the command that was @@ -8248,9 +8302,17 @@ parameters are enclosed in square brackets ("[" and "]"). finishes processing input and begins its end-of-input processing. Note that redirecting `print' or `printf' into a pipe is often - enough to accomplish your task. However, if your `awk' program is - interactive, `system' is useful for cranking up large - self-contained programs, such as a shell or an editor. + enough to accomplish your task. If you need to run many commands, + it will be more efficient to simply print them to a pipe to the + shell: + + while (MORE STUFF TO DO) + print COMMAND | "/bin/sh" + close("/bin/sh") + + However, if your `awk' program is interactive, `system' is useful + for cranking up large self-contained programs, such as a shell or + an editor. Some operating systems cannot implement the `system' function. `system' causes a fatal error if it is not supported. @@ -8334,7 +8396,7 @@ latter (undesirable) output is what you would see. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) A program is interactive if the standard output is connected to + (1) A program is interactive if the standard output is connected to a terminal device. @@ -8590,17 +8652,16 @@ if the time zone was set to UTC. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) Occasionally there are minutes in a year with a leap second, + (1) Occasionally there are minutes in a year with a leap second, which is why the seconds can go up to 60. - (2) This is because ANSI C leaves the behavior of the C version of + (2) This is because ANSI C leaves the behavior of the C version of `strftime' undefined, and `gawk' will use the system's version of `strftime' if it's there. Typically, the conversion specifier will either not appear in the returned string, or it will appear literally. - (3) If you don't understand any of this, don't worry about it; -these facilities are meant to make it easier to "internationalize" -programs. + (3) If you don't understand any of this, don't worry about it; these +facilities are meant to make it easier to "internationalize" programs. File: gawk.info, Node: User-defined, Next: Invoking Gawk, Prev: Built-in, Up: Top @@ -8774,7 +8835,7 @@ way: Here is an example that uses the built-in function `strftime'. (*Note Functions for Dealing with Time Stamps: Time Functions, for more -information on `strftime'.) The C `ctime' function takes a timestamp +information on `strftime'.) The C `ctime' function takes a timestamp and returns it in a string, formatted in a well known fashion. Here is an `awk' version: @@ -8889,8 +8950,8 @@ program calls an undefined function. Options.), `gawk' will report about calls to undefined functions. Some `awk' implementations generate a run-time error if you use the -`next' statement (*note The `next' Statement: Next Statement.) inside a -user-defined function. `gawk' does not have this problem. +`next' statement (*note The `next' Statement: Next Statement.) inside +a user-defined function. `gawk' does not have this problem. File: gawk.info, Node: Return Statement, Prev: Function Caveats, Up: User-defined @@ -9222,7 +9283,7 @@ to the `.profile' file in your home directory. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) Not recommended. + (1) Not recommended. File: gawk.info, Node: Other Arguments, Next: AWKPATH Variable, Prev: Options, Up: Invoking Gawk @@ -9331,7 +9392,7 @@ path `gawk' will use. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) Your version of `gawk' may use a directory that is different + (1) Your version of `gawk' may use a directory that is different than `/usr/local/share/awk'; it will depend upon how `gawk' was built and installed. The actual directory will be the value of `$(datadir)' generated when `gawk' was configured. You probably don't need to worry @@ -9348,7 +9409,7 @@ previous releases of `gawk' that are either not available in the current version, or that are still supported but deprecated (meaning that they will *not* be in the next release). - For version 3.0.3 of `gawk', there are no command line options or + For version 3.0.4 of `gawk', there are no command line options or other deprecated features from the previous version of `gawk'. This node is thus essentially a place holder, in case some option becomes obsolete in a future version of `gawk'. @@ -9371,8 +9432,9 @@ Known Bugs in `gawk' ==================== * The `-F' option for changing the value of `FS' (*note Command Line - Options: Options.) is not necessary given the command line variable - assignment feature; it remains only for backwards compatibility. + Options: Options.) is not necessary given the command line + variable assignment feature; it remains only for backwards + compatibility. * If your system actually has support for `/dev/fd' and the associated `/dev/stdin', `/dev/stdout', and `/dev/stderr' files, @@ -9396,7 +9458,7 @@ A Library of `awk' Functions This chapter presents a library of useful `awk' functions. The sample programs presented later (*note Practical `awk' Programs: Sample -Programs.) use these functions. The functions are presented here in a +Programs.) use these functions. The functions are presented here in a progression from simple to complex. *Note Extracting Programs from Texinfo Source Files: Extract Program, @@ -9519,7 +9581,7 @@ problem. # nextfile --- skip remaining records in current file # correctly handle successive occurrences of the same file - # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.ai.mit.edu, Public Domain + # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.org, Public Domain # May, 1993 # this should be read in before the "main" awk program @@ -9569,9 +9631,9 @@ computations). ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) Some implementations of `awk' do not allow you to execute -`next' from within a function body. Some other work-around will be -necessary if you use such a version. + (1) Some implementations of `awk' do not allow you to execute `next' +from within a function body. Some other work-around will be necessary +if you use such a version. File: gawk.info, Node: Assert Function, Next: Round Function, Prev: Nextfile Function, Up: Library Functions @@ -9608,7 +9670,7 @@ possible in `awk', so this `assert' function also requires a string version of the condition that is being tested. # assert --- assert that a condition is true. Otherwise exit. - # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.ai.mit.edu, Public Domain + # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.org, Public Domain # May, 1993 function assert(condition, string) @@ -9653,13 +9715,13 @@ If the assertion failed, you would see a message like this: mydata:1357: assertion failed: a <= 5 && b >= 17 There is a problem with this version of `assert', that it may not be -possible to work around. An `END' rule is automatically added to the -program calling `assert'. Normally, if a program consists of just a -`BEGIN' rule, the input files and/or standard input are not read. -However, now that the program has an `END' rule, `awk' will attempt to -read the input data files, or standard input (*note Startup and Cleanup -Actions: Using BEGIN/END.), most likely causing the program to hang, -waiting for input. +possible to work around with standard `awk'. An `END' rule is +automatically added to the program calling `assert'. Normally, if a +program consists of just a `BEGIN' rule, the input files and/or +standard input are not read. However, now that the program has an `END' +rule, `awk' will attempt to read the input data files, or standard input +(*note Startup and Cleanup Actions: Using BEGIN/END.), most likely +causing the program to hang, waiting for input. File: gawk.info, Node: Round Function, Next: Ordinal Functions, Prev: Assert Function, Up: Library Functions @@ -9668,7 +9730,7 @@ Rounding Numbers ================ The way `printf' and `sprintf' (*note Using `printf' Statements for -Fancier Printing: Printf.) do rounding will often depend upon the +Fancier Printing: Printf.) do rounding will often depend upon the system's C `sprintf' subroutine. On many machines, `sprintf' rounding is "unbiased," which means it doesn't always round a trailing `.5' up, contrary to naive expectations. In unbiased rounding, `.5' rounds to @@ -9680,7 +9742,7 @@ function does traditional rounding; it might be useful if your awk's # round --- do normal rounding # - # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.ai.mit.edu, August, 1996 + # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.org, August, 1996 # Public Domain function round(x, ival, aval, fraction) @@ -9736,7 +9798,7 @@ reason to build them into the `awk' interpreter. # _ord_init: function to initialize _ord_ # # Arnold Robbins - # arnold@gnu.ai.mit.edu + # arnold@gnu.org # Public Domain # 16 January, 1992 # 20 July, 1992, revised @@ -9809,10 +9871,10 @@ function. It is commented out for production use. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) ASCII has been extended in many countries to use the values -from 128 to 255 for country-specific characters. If your system uses -these extensions, you can simplify `_ord_init' to simply loop from zero -to 255. + (1) ASCII has been extended in many countries to use the values from +128 to 255 for country-specific characters. If your system uses these +extensions, you can simplify `_ord_init' to simply loop from zero to +255. File: gawk.info, Node: Join Function, Next: Mktime Function, Prev: Ordinal Functions, Up: Library Functions @@ -9835,7 +9897,7 @@ created with `split' (*note Built-in Functions for String Manipulation: String Functions.). # join.awk --- join an array into a string - # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.ai.mit.edu, Public Domain + # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.org, Public Domain # May 1993 function join(array, start, end, sep, result, i) @@ -9902,7 +9964,7 @@ multiple assignment. # mktime.awk --- convert a canonical date representation # into a timestamp - # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.ai.mit.edu, Public Domain + # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.org, Public Domain # May 1993 BEGIN \ @@ -9923,7 +9985,7 @@ multiple assignment. } The benefit of merging multiple `BEGIN' rules (*note The `BEGIN' and -`END' Special Patterns: BEGIN/END.) is particularly clear when writing +`END' Special Patterns: BEGIN/END.) is particularly clear when writing library files. Functions in library files can cleanly initialize their own private data and also provide clean-up actions in private `END' rules. @@ -10124,7 +10186,7 @@ output is to standard error, and test output is to standard output.) as UTC--four hours ahead of the local time zone. The second line shows that the difference is 14400 seconds, which is four hours. (The difference is only four hours, since daylight savings time is in effect -during May.) The final line of test output shows that the timezone +during May.) The final line of test output shows that the timezone compensation algorithm works; the returned time is the same as the entered time. @@ -10137,7 +10199,7 @@ months, and AM/PM times into 24-hour clocks, to generate the ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) This is the Epoch on POSIX systems. It may be different on + (1) This is the Epoch on POSIX systems. It may be different on other systems. @@ -10158,7 +10220,7 @@ array with pre-formatted time information. It returns a string with the current time formatted in the same way as the `date' utility. # gettimeofday --- get the time of day in a usable format - # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.ai.mit.edu, Public Domain, May 1993 + # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.org, Public Domain, May 1993 # # Returns a string in the format of output of date(1) # Populates the array argument time with individual values: @@ -10258,7 +10320,7 @@ Besides solving the problem in only nine(!) lines of code, it does so # that each take the name of the file being started or # finished, respectively. # - # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.ai.mit.edu, January 1992 + # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.org, January 1992 # Public Domain FILENAME != _oldfilename \ @@ -10302,7 +10364,7 @@ problem. # # user supplies beginfile() and endfile() functions # - # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.ai.mit.edu. November 1992 + # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.org, November 1992 # Public Domain FNR == 1 { @@ -10428,7 +10490,7 @@ Functions.). # getopt --- do C library getopt(3) function in awk # - # arnold@gnu.ai.mit.edu + # arnold@gnu.org # Public domain # # Initial version: March, 1991 @@ -10616,7 +10678,7 @@ Reading the User Database ========================= The `/dev/user' special file (*note Special File Names in `gawk': -Special Files.) provides access to the current user's real and +Special Files.) provides access to the current user's real and effective user and group id numbers, and if available, the user's supplementary group set. However, since these are numbers, they do not provide very useful information to the average user. There needs to be @@ -10629,7 +10691,7 @@ information from the group database. The POSIX standard does not define the file where user information is kept. Instead, it provides the `<pwd.h>' header file and several C language subroutines for obtaining user information. The primary -function is `getpwent', for "get password entry." The "password" comes +function is `getpwent', for "get password entry." The "password" comes from the original user database file, `/etc/passwd', which kept user information, along with the encrypted passwords (hence the name). @@ -10653,7 +10715,7 @@ password database. * Generate a printable version of the password database * * Arnold Robbins - * arnold@gnu.ai.mit.edu + * arnold@gnu.org * May 1993 * Public Domain */ @@ -10724,7 +10786,7 @@ information. There are several functions here, corresponding to the C functions of the same name. # passwd.awk --- access password file information - # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.ai.mit.edu, Public Domain + # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.org, Public Domain # May 1993 BEGIN { @@ -10868,7 +10930,7 @@ have a small C program that generates the group database as its output. * * Generate a printable version of the group database * - * Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.ai.mit.edu + * Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.org * May 1993 * Public Domain */ @@ -10936,7 +10998,7 @@ database. There are several, modeled after the C library functions of the same names. # group.awk --- functions for dealing with the group file - # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.ai.mit.edu, Public Domain + # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.org, Public Domain # May 1993 BEGIN \ @@ -11059,7 +11121,7 @@ member. function getgrent() { _gr_init() - if (++gr_count in _gr_bycount) + if (++_gr_count in _gr_bycount) return _gr_bycount[_gr_count] return "" } @@ -11261,7 +11323,7 @@ Function.). is called if invalid arguments are supplied. # cut.awk --- implement cut in awk - # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.ai.mit.edu, Public Domain + # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.org, Public Domain # May 1993 # Options: @@ -11531,7 +11593,7 @@ rule that processes the command line arguments with `getopt'. The `-i' `IGNORECASE' built in variable (*note Built-in Variables::.). # egrep.awk --- simulate egrep in awk - # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.ai.mit.edu, Public Domain + # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.org, Public Domain # May 1993 # Options: @@ -11736,7 +11798,7 @@ field. Similar code is used for the effective user-id number, and the group numbers. # id.awk --- implement id in awk - # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.ai.mit.edu, Public Domain + # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.org, Public Domain # May 1993 # output is: @@ -11833,7 +11895,7 @@ skipped over, and the final argument is used as the prefix for the output file names. # split.awk --- do split in awk - # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.ai.mit.edu, Public Domain + # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.org, Public Domain # May 1993 # usage: split [-num] [file] [outname] @@ -11930,7 +11992,7 @@ usage message and exits. Finally, `awk' is forced to read the standard input by setting `ARGV[1]' to `"-"', and `ARGC' to two. # tee.awk --- tee in awk - # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.ai.mit.edu, Public Domain + # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.org, Public Domain # May 1993 # Revised December 1995 @@ -12061,7 +12123,7 @@ assigned to `outputfile'. Earlier, `outputfile' was initialized to the standard output, `/dev/stdout'. # uniq.awk --- do uniq in awk - # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.ai.mit.edu, Public Domain + # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.org, Public Domain # May 1993 function usage( e) @@ -12265,7 +12327,7 @@ order. command line. # wc.awk --- count lines, words, characters - # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.ai.mit.edu, Public Domain + # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.org, Public Domain # May 1993 # Options: @@ -12355,9 +12417,9 @@ line.(1) ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) Examine the code in *Note Noting Data File Boundaries: -Filetrans Function. Why must `wc' use a separate `lines' variable, -instead of using the value of `FNR' in `endfile'? + (1) Examine the code in *Note Noting Data File Boundaries: Filetrans +Function. Why must `wc' use a separate `lines' variable, instead of +using the value of `FNR' in `endfile'? File: gawk.info, Node: Miscellaneous Programs, Prev: Clones, Up: Sample Programs @@ -12407,7 +12469,7 @@ comparison either. This sometimes leads to reports of duplicated words that really are different, but this is unusual. # dupword --- find duplicate words in text - # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.ai.mit.edu, Public Domain + # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.org, Public Domain # December 1991 { @@ -12448,7 +12510,7 @@ the system calls attention to itself, in case the user is not looking at their computer or terminal.) # alarm --- set an alarm - # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.ai.mit.edu, Public Domain + # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.org, Public Domain # May 1993 # usage: alarm time [ "message" [ count [ delay ] ] ] @@ -12522,7 +12584,7 @@ between the two is how long to wait before setting off the alarm. } Finally, the program uses the `system' function (*note Built-in -Functions for Input/Output: I/O Functions.) to call the `sleep' +Functions for Input/Output: I/O Functions.) to call the `sleep' utility. The `sleep' utility simply pauses for the given number of seconds. If the exit status is not zero, the program assumes that `sleep' was interrupted, and exits. If `sleep' exited with an OK status @@ -12606,7 +12668,7 @@ from the standard input. record. # translate --- do tr like stuff - # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.ai.mit.edu, Public Domain + # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.org, Public Domain # August 1989 # bugs: does not handle things like: tr A-Z a-z, it has @@ -12668,10 +12730,10 @@ program. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) On older, non-POSIX systems, `tr' often does not require that + (1) On older, non-POSIX systems, `tr' often does not require that the lists be enclosed in square brackets and quoted. This is a feature. - (2) This program was written before `gawk' acquired the ability to + (2) This program was written before `gawk' acquired the ability to split each character in a string into separate array elements. How might this ability simplify the program? @@ -12723,7 +12785,7 @@ lines at the bottom. not have been an even multiple of 20 labels in the data. # labels.awk - # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.ai.mit.edu, Public Domain + # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.org, Public Domain # June 1992 # Program to print labels. Each label is 5 lines of data @@ -12778,7 +12840,7 @@ not have been an even multiple of 20 labels in the data. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) "Real world" is defined as "a program actually used to get + (1) "Real world" is defined as "a program actually used to get something done." @@ -12920,7 +12982,7 @@ indices of `lines' indicate the order in which those lines were encountered. The `END' rule simply prints out the lines, in order. # histsort.awk --- compact a shell history file - # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.ai.mit.edu, Public Domain + # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.org, Public Domain # May 1993 # Thanks to Byron Rakitzis for the general idea @@ -12992,7 +13054,27 @@ an Array Into a String: Join Function.). AWK Programming' (`gawk.texi') have all been bracketed inside `file', and `endfile' lines. The `gawk' distribution uses a copy of `extract.awk' to extract the sample programs and install many of them -in a standard directory, where `gawk' can find them. +in a standard directory, where `gawk' can find them. The Texinfo file +looks something like this: + + ... + This program has a @code{BEGIN} block, + which prints a nice message: + + @example + @c file examples/messages.awk + BEGIN @{ print "Don't panic!" @} + @c end file + @end example + + It also prints some final advice: + + @example + @c file examples/messages.awk + END @{ print "Always avoid bored archeologists!" @} + @c end file + @end example + ... `extract.awk' begins by setting `IGNORECASE' to one, so that mixed upper-case and lower-case letters in the directives won't matter. @@ -13003,7 +13085,7 @@ exited with a zero exit status, signifying OK. # extract.awk --- extract files and run programs # from texinfo files - # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.ai.mit.edu, Public Domain + # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.org, Public Domain # May 1993 BEGIN { IGNORECASE = 1 } @@ -13039,7 +13121,9 @@ Explicit Input with `getline': Getline.). For an unexpected end of file, it calls the `unexpected_eof' function. If the line is an "endfile" line, then it breaks out of the loop. If the line is an `@group' or `@end group' line, then it ignores it, and goes on to the -next line. +next line. (These Texinfo control lines keep blocks of code together +on one page; unfortunately, TeX isn't always smart enough to do things +exactly right, and we have to give it some advice.) Most of the work is in the following few lines. If the line has no `@' symbols, it can be printed directly. Otherwise, each leading `@' @@ -13149,7 +13233,7 @@ process. If none are provided, the standard input is used. # awksed.awk --- do s/foo/bar/g using just print # Thanks to Michael Brennan for the idea - # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.ai.mit.edu, Public Domain + # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.org, Public Domain # August 1995 function usage() @@ -13338,7 +13422,7 @@ temporary file names will clash. #! /bin/sh # igawk --- like gawk but do @include processing - # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.ai.mit.edu, Public Domain + # Arnold Robbins, arnold@gnu.org, Public Domain # July 1993 if [ "$1" = debug ] @@ -13567,7 +13651,7 @@ for the desired library functions. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) On some very old versions of `awk', the test `getline junk < t' + (1) On some very old versions of `awk', the test `getline junk < t' can loop forever if the file exists but is empty. Caveat Emptor. @@ -14051,7 +14135,7 @@ matches, the associated ACTION is executed. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) The path may use a directory other than `/usr/local/share/awk', + (1) The path may use a directory other than `/usr/local/share/awk', depending upon how `gawk' was built and installed. @@ -14087,7 +14171,7 @@ special case that `FS' is a single space, fields are separated by runs of spaces, tabs and/or newlines.(1) If `FS' is the null string (`""'), then each individual character in the record becomes a separate field. Note that the value of `IGNORECASE' (*note Case-sensitivity in -Matching: Case-sensitivity.) also affects how fields are split when +Matching: Case-sensitivity.) also affects how fields are split when `FS' is a regular expression. Each field in the input line may be referenced by its position, `$1', @@ -14112,7 +14196,7 @@ Files: Reading Files. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) In POSIX `awk', newline does not separate fields. + (1) In POSIX `awk', newline does not separate fields. File: gawk.info, Node: Built-in Summary, Next: Arrays Summary, Prev: Fields Summary, Up: Variables/Fields @@ -15207,13 +15291,13 @@ Getting the `gawk' Distribution Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Phone: +1-617-542-5942 Fax (including Japan): +1-617-542-2652 - E-mail: `gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu' + E-mail: `gnu@gnu.org' Ordering from the FSF directly contributes to the support of the foundation and to the production of more free software. 3. You can get `gawk' by using anonymous `ftp' to the Internet host - `ftp.gnu.ai.mit.edu', in the directory `/pub/gnu'. + `gnudist.gnu.org', in the directory `/gnu/gawk'. Here is a list of alternate `ftp' sites from which you can obtain GNU software. When a site is listed as "SITE`:'DIRECTORY" the @@ -15221,19 +15305,27 @@ Getting the `gawk' Distribution should use a site that is geographically close to you. Asia: + `cair-archive.kaist.ac.kr:/pub/gnu' `ftp.cs.titech.ac.jp' `ftp.nectec.or.th:/pub/mirrors/gnu' `utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp:/ftpsync/prep' + Australia: + `archie.au:/gnu' (`archie.oz' or `archie.oz.au' for ACSnet) Africa: + `ftp.sun.ac.za:/pub/gnu' + Middle East: + `ftp.technion.ac.il:/pub/unsupported/gnu' + Europe: + `archive.eu.net' `ftp.denet.dk' `ftp.eunet.ch' @@ -15252,12 +15344,18 @@ Getting the `gawk' Distribution `nic.switch.ch:/mirror/gnu' `src.doc.ic.ac.uk:/gnu' `unix.hensa.ac.uk:/pub/uunet/systems/gnu' + South America: + `ftp.inf.utfsm.cl:/pub/gnu' `ftp.unicamp.br:/pub/gnu' + Western Canada: + `ftp.cs.ubc.ca:/mirror2/gnu' + USA: + `col.hp.com:/mirrors/gnu' `f.ms.uky.edu:/pub3/gnu' `ftp.cc.gatech.edu:/pub/gnu' @@ -15265,6 +15363,7 @@ Getting the `gawk' Distribution `ftp.digex.net:/pub/gnu' `ftp.hawaii.edu:/mirrors/gnu' `ftp.kpc.com:/pub/mirror/gnu' + USA (continued): `ftp.uu.net:/systems/gnu' `gatekeeper.dec.com:/pub/GNU' @@ -15283,21 +15382,21 @@ Extracting the Distribution `gawk' is distributed as a `tar' file compressed with the GNU Zip program, `gzip'. - Once you have the distribution (for example, `gawk-3.0.3.tar.gz'), + Once you have the distribution (for example, `gawk-3.0.4.tar.gz'), first use `gzip' to expand the file, and then use `tar' to extract it. You can use the following pipeline to produce the `gawk' distribution: # Under System V, add 'o' to the tar flags - gzip -d -c gawk-3.0.3.tar.gz | tar -xvpf - + gzip -d -c gawk-3.0.4.tar.gz | tar -xvpf - -This will create a directory named `gawk-3.0.3' in the current +This will create a directory named `gawk-3.0.4' in the current directory. The distribution file name is of the form `gawk-V.R.N.tar.gz'. The V represents the major version of `gawk', the R represents the current release of version V, and the N represents a "patch level", meaning that minor bugs have been fixed in the release. The current patch -level is 3, but when retrieving distributions, you should get the +level is 4, but when retrieving distributions, you should get the version with the highest version, release, and patch level. (Note that release levels greater than or equal to 90 denote "beta," or non-production software; you may not wish to retrieve such a version @@ -15470,7 +15569,7 @@ Compiling `gawk' for Unix ------------------------- After you have extracted the `gawk' distribution, `cd' to -`gawk-3.0.3'. Like most GNU software, `gawk' is configured +`gawk-3.0.4'. Like most GNU software, `gawk' is configured automatically for your Unix system by running the `configure' program. This program is a Bourne shell script that was generated automatically using GNU `autoconf'. (The `autoconf' software is described fully @@ -15958,15 +16057,15 @@ us decide whether the problem was really in the documentation. can send mail to. Internet: - `bug-gnu-utils@prep.ai.mit.edu' + `bug-gnu-utils@gnu.org' UUCP: - `uunet!prep.ai.mit.edu!bug-gnu-utils' + `uunet!gnu.org!bug-gnu-utils' Please include the version number of `gawk' you are using. You can get this information with the command `gawk --version'. You should send a carbon copy of your mail to Arnold Robbins, who can be reached -at `arnold@gnu.ai.mit.edu'. +at `arnold@gnu.org'. *Important!* Do *not* try to report bugs in `gawk' by posting to the Usenet/Internet newsgroup `comp.lang.awk'. While the `gawk' developers @@ -16024,12 +16123,14 @@ section briefly describes where to get them. Unix `awk' Brian Kernighan has been able to make his implementation of `awk' freely available. You can get it via anonymous `ftp' to the host - `netlib.att.com'. Change directory to `/netlib/research'. Use - "binary" or "image" mode, and retrieve `awk.bundle.Z'. + `netlib.bell-labs.com'. Change directory to `/netlib/research'. + Use "binary" or "image" mode, and retrieve `awk.bundle.gz'. - This is a shell archive that has been compressed with the - `compress' utility. It can be uncompressed with either - `uncompress' or the GNU `gunzip' utility. + This is a shell archive that has been compressed with the GNU + `gzip' utility. It can be uncompressed with the `gunzip' utility. + + You can also retrieve this version via the World Wide Web from + Brian Kernighan's home page (http://cm.bell-labs.com/who/bwk). This version requires an ANSI C compiler; GCC (the GNU C compiler) works quite nicely. @@ -16116,7 +16217,7 @@ Adding New Features You are free to add any new features you like to `gawk'. However, if you want your changes to be incorporated into the `gawk' distribution, there are several steps that you need to take in order to -make it possible for me to include to your changes. +make it possible for me to include your changes. 1. Get the latest version. It is much easier for me to integrate changes if they are relative to the most recent distributed @@ -16125,7 +16226,7 @@ make it possible for me to include to your changes. Distribution: Getting, for information on getting the latest version of `gawk'. - 2. See *note : (Version)Top standards, GNU Coding Standards. This + 2. See *note (Version)Top:: standards, GNU Coding Standards. This document describes how GNU software should be written. If you haven't read it, please do so, preferably *before* starting to modify `gawk'. (The `GNU Coding Standards' are available as part @@ -16194,7 +16295,7 @@ make it possible for me to include to your changes. effect, or assign the copyright in your changes to the FSF. Both of these actions are easy to do, and *many* people have done so already. If you have questions, please contact me (*note Reporting - Problems and Bugs: Bugs.), or `gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu'. + Problems and Bugs: Bugs.), or `gnu@gnu.org'. 5. Update the documentation. Along with your new code, please supply new sections and or chapters for this Info file. If at all @@ -16211,10 +16312,10 @@ make it possible for me to include to your changes. 6. Submit changes as context diffs or unified diffs. Use `diff -c -r -N' or `diff -u -r -N' to compare the original `gawk' source tree with your version. (I find context diffs to be more readable, but - unified diffs are more compact.) I recommend using the GNU version - of `diff'. Send the output produced by either run of `diff' to me - when you submit your changes. *Note Reporting Problems and Bugs: - Bugs, for the electronic mail information. + unified diffs are more compact.) I recommend using the GNU + version of `diff'. Send the output produced by either run of + `diff' to me when you submit your changes. *Note Reporting + Problems and Bugs: Bugs, for the electronic mail information. Using this format makes it easy for me to apply your changes to the master version of the `gawk' source code (using `patch'). If I @@ -16298,7 +16399,7 @@ several steps to follow. the public domain, and submit a signed statement to that effect, or assign the copyright in your code to the FSF. Both of these actions are easy to do, and *many* people have done so already. If - you have questions, please contact me, or `gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu'. + you have questions, please contact me, or `gnu@gnu.org'. Following these steps will make it much easier to integrate your changes into `gawk', and have them co-exist happily with the code for @@ -16340,9 +16441,9 @@ Databases A `PROCINFO' Array The special files that provide process-related information (*note - Special File Names in `gawk': Special Files.) may be superseded by - a `PROCINFO' array that would provide the same information, in an - easier to access fashion. + Special File Names in `gawk': Special Files.) may be superseded + by a `PROCINFO' array that would provide the same information, in + an easier to access fashion. More `lint' warnings There are more things that could be checked for portability. @@ -16363,12 +16464,6 @@ Use of GNU `malloc' The GNU version of `malloc' could potentially speed up `gawk', since it relies heavily on the use of dynamic memory allocation. -Use of the `rx' regexp library - The `rx' regular expression library could potentially speed up all - regexp operations that require knowing the exact location of - matches. This includes record termination, field and array - splitting, and the `sub', `gsub', `gensub' and `match' functions. - File: gawk.info, Node: Improvements, Prev: Future Extensions, Up: Notes @@ -16515,7 +16610,7 @@ CHEM A preprocessor for `pic' that reads descriptions of molecules and produces `pic' input for drawing them. It was written in `awk' by Brian Kernighan and Jon Bentley, and is available from - `netlib@research.att.com'. + <netlib@research.bell-labs.com>. Compound Statement A series of `awk' statements, enclosed in curly braces. Compound @@ -17200,11 +17295,11 @@ Index * ! operator: Boolean Ops. * != operator: Typing and Comparison. -* !~ operator <1>: Regexp Constants. -* !~ operator <2>: Typing and Comparison. -* !~ operator <3>: Regexp Usage. +* !~ operator <1>: Typing and Comparison. +* !~ operator <2>: Regexp Constants. +* !~ operator <3>: Computed Regexps. * !~ operator <4>: Case-sensitivity. -* !~ operator: Computed Regexps. +* !~ operator: Regexp Usage. * # (comment): Comments. * #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. * $ (field operator): Fields. @@ -17223,10 +17318,10 @@ Index * --traditional option: Options. * --usage option: Options. * --version option: Options. -* -f option: Long. -* -F option <1>: Command Line Field Separator. -* -F option: Options. * -f option: Options. +* -F option <1>: Options. +* -F option: Command Line Field Separator. +* -f option: Long. * -v option: Options. * -W option: Options. * /dev/fd: Special Files. @@ -17236,8 +17331,8 @@ Index * /dev/stderr: Special Files. * /dev/stdin: Special Files. * /dev/stdout: Special Files. -* /dev/user <1>: Special Files. -* /dev/user: Passwd Functions. +* /dev/user <1>: Passwd Functions. +* /dev/user: Special Files. * < operator: Typing and Comparison. * <= operator: Typing and Comparison. * == operator: Typing and Comparison. @@ -17256,8 +17351,8 @@ Index * _tm_addup: Mktime Function. * _tm_isleap: Mktime Function. * accessing fields: Fields. -* account information <1>: Passwd Functions. -* account information: Group Functions. +* account information <1>: Group Functions. +* account information: Passwd Functions. * acronym: History. * action, curly braces: Action Overview. * action, default: Very Simple. @@ -17272,17 +17367,17 @@ Index * amiga: Amiga Installation. * anchors in regexps: Regexp Operators. * and operator: Boolean Ops. -* anonymous ftp <1>: Getting. -* anonymous ftp: Other Versions. +* anonymous ftp <1>: Other Versions. +* anonymous ftp: Getting. * applications of awk: When. * ARGC: Auto-set. -* ARGIND <1>: Auto-set. -* ARGIND: Other Arguments. +* ARGIND <1>: Other Arguments. +* ARGIND: Auto-set. * argument processing: Getopt Function. * arguments in function call: Function Calls. * arguments, command line: Invoking Gawk. -* ARGV <1>: Auto-set. -* ARGV: Other Arguments. +* ARGV <1>: Other Arguments. +* ARGV: Auto-set. * arithmetic operators: Arithmetic Ops. * array assignment: Assigning Elements. * array reference: Reference to Elements. @@ -17309,33 +17404,30 @@ Index * atan2: Numeric Functions. * atari: Atari Installation. * automatic initialization: More Complex. -* awk language, POSIX version <1>: OFMT. -* awk language, POSIX version <2>: Next Statement. -* awk language, POSIX version <3>: Continue Statement. -* awk language, POSIX version <4>: Format Modifiers. -* awk language, POSIX version <5>: Field Splitting Summary. -* awk language, POSIX version <6>: Arithmetic Ops. -* awk language, POSIX version <7>: User-modified. -* awk language, POSIX version <8>: Precedence. -* awk language, POSIX version <9>: Assignment Ops. -* awk language, POSIX version <10>: String Functions. -* awk language, POSIX version <11>: Regexp Operators. -* awk language, POSIX version <12>: Escape Sequences. -* awk language, POSIX version <13>: Regexp Operators. -* awk language, POSIX version <14>: String Functions. -* awk language, POSIX version <15>: Definition Syntax. -* awk language, POSIX version <16>: Break Statement. -* awk language, POSIX version <17>: Regexp Operators. -* awk language, POSIX version: Conversion. +* awk language, POSIX version <1>: Definition Syntax. +* awk language, POSIX version <2>: String Functions. +* awk language, POSIX version <3>: User-modified. +* awk language, POSIX version <4>: Next Statement. +* awk language, POSIX version <5>: Continue Statement. +* awk language, POSIX version <6>: Break Statement. +* awk language, POSIX version <7>: Precedence. +* awk language, POSIX version <8>: Assignment Ops. +* awk language, POSIX version <9>: Arithmetic Ops. +* awk language, POSIX version <10>: Conversion. +* awk language, POSIX version <11>: Format Modifiers. +* awk language, POSIX version <12>: OFMT. +* awk language, POSIX version <13>: Field Splitting Summary. +* awk language, POSIX version <14>: Regexp Operators. +* awk language, POSIX version: Escape Sequences. * awk language, V.4 version <1>: SVR4. * awk language, V.4 version: Escape Sequences. * AWKPATH environment variable: AWKPATH Variable. * awksed: Simple Sed. -* backslash continuation <1>: Statements/Lines. -* backslash continuation: Egrep Program. +* backslash continuation <1>: Egrep Program. +* backslash continuation: Statements/Lines. * backslash continuation and comments: Statements/Lines. -* backslash continuation in csh <1>: More Complex. -* backslash continuation in csh: Statements/Lines. +* backslash continuation in csh <1>: Statements/Lines. +* backslash continuation in csh: More Complex. * basic function of awk: Getting Started. * BBS-list file: Sample Data Files. * BEGIN special pattern: BEGIN/END. @@ -17347,9 +17439,8 @@ Index * break statement: Break Statement. * break, outside of loops: Break Statement. * Brennan, Michael <1>: Other Versions. -* Brennan, Michael <2>: Delete. -* Brennan, Michael <3>: Other Versions. -* Brennan, Michael: Simple Sed. +* Brennan, Michael <2>: Simple Sed. +* Brennan, Michael: Delete. * buffer matching operators: GNU Regexp Operators. * buffering output: I/O Functions. * buffering, interactive vs. non-interactive: I/O Functions. @@ -17393,8 +17484,8 @@ Index * comp.lang.awk: Bugs. * comparison expressions: Typing and Comparison. * comparisons, string vs. regexp: Typing and Comparison. -* compatibility mode <1>: Options. -* compatibility mode: POSIX/GNU. +* compatibility mode <1>: POSIX/GNU. +* compatibility mode: Options. * complemented character list: Regexp Operators. * compound statement: Statements. * computed regular expressions: Computed Regexps. @@ -17411,42 +17502,40 @@ Index * conversions, during subscripting: Numeric Array Subscripts. * converting dates to timestamps: Mktime Function. * CONVFMT <1>: Numeric Array Subscripts. -* CONVFMT <2>: Conversion. -* CONVFMT: User-modified. +* CONVFMT <2>: User-modified. +* CONVFMT: Conversion. * cos: Numeric Functions. -* csh, backslash continuation <1>: More Complex. -* csh, backslash continuation: Statements/Lines. +* csh, backslash continuation <1>: Statements/Lines. +* csh, backslash continuation: More Complex. * curly braces: Action Overview. * custom.h configuration file: Configuration Philosophy. * cut utility: Cut Program. * cut.awk: Cut Program. * d.c., see "dark corner": This Manual. -* dark corner <1>: Control Letters. -* dark corner <2>: Continue Statement. -* dark corner <3>: Using Constant Regexps. -* dark corner <4>: Single Character Fields. -* dark corner <5>: OFMT. -* dark corner <6>: Auto-set. -* dark corner <7>: Truth Values. -* dark corner <8>: Field Splitting Summary. -* dark corner <9>: Assignment Options. -* dark corner <10>: This Manual. -* dark corner <11>: Escape Sequences. -* dark corner <12>: Format Modifiers. -* dark corner <13>: Break Statement. -* dark corner <14>: Invoking Gawk. -* dark corner <15>: Plain Getline. -* dark corner <16>: Using Constant Regexps. +* dark corner <1>: Other Arguments. +* dark corner <2>: Invoking Gawk. +* dark corner <3>: String Functions. +* dark corner <4>: Uninitialized Subscripts. +* dark corner <5>: Auto-set. +* dark corner <6>: Exit Statement. +* dark corner <7>: Continue Statement. +* dark corner <8>: Break Statement. +* dark corner <9>: Using BEGIN/END. +* dark corner <10>: Truth Values. +* dark corner <11>: Conversion. +* dark corner <12>: Assignment Options. +* dark corner <13>: Using Constant Regexps. +* dark corner <14>: Format Modifiers. +* dark corner <15>: Control Letters. +* dark corner <16>: OFMT. * dark corner <17>: Getline Summary. -* dark corner <18>: Multiple Line. -* dark corner <19>: String Functions. -* dark corner <20>: Conversion. -* dark corner <21>: Uninitialized Subscripts. -* dark corner <22>: Auto-set. -* dark corner <23>: Records. -* dark corner <24>: Exit Statement. -* dark corner <25>: Other Arguments. -* dark corner: Using BEGIN/END. +* dark corner <18>: Plain Getline. +* dark corner <19>: Multiple Line. +* dark corner <20>: Field Splitting Summary. +* dark corner <21>: Single Character Fields. +* dark corner <22>: Records. +* dark corner <23>: Escape Sequences. +* dark corner: This Manual. * data-driven languages: Getting Started. * dates, converting to timestamps: Mktime Function. * decrement operators: Increment Ops. @@ -17460,28 +17549,25 @@ Index * deleting entire arrays: Delete. * deprecated features: Obsolete. * deprecated options: Obsolete. -* differences between gawk and awk <1>: Records. -* differences between gawk and awk <2>: Scalar Constants. -* differences between gawk and awk <3>: Getline Summary. -* differences between gawk and awk <4>: ARGC and ARGV. -* differences between gawk and awk <5>: Calling Built-in. +* differences between gawk and awk <1>: AWKPATH Variable. +* differences between gawk and awk <2>: String Functions. +* differences between gawk and awk <3>: Calling Built-in. +* differences between gawk and awk <4>: Delete. +* differences between gawk and awk <5>: ARGC and ARGV. * differences between gawk and awk <6>: Nextfile Statement. -* differences between gawk and awk <7>: AWKPATH Variable. -* differences between gawk and awk <8>: Getline Intro. -* differences between gawk and awk <9>: Special Files. -* differences between gawk and awk <10>: Conditional Exp. -* differences between gawk and awk <11>: Arithmetic Ops. -* differences between gawk and awk <12>: String Functions. -* differences between gawk and awk <13>: I/O And BEGIN/END. +* differences between gawk and awk <7>: I/O And BEGIN/END. +* differences between gawk and awk <8>: Conditional Exp. +* differences between gawk and awk <9>: Arithmetic Ops. +* differences between gawk and awk <10>: Using Constant Regexps. +* differences between gawk and awk <11>: Scalar Constants. +* differences between gawk and awk <12>: Close Files And Pipes. +* differences between gawk and awk <13>: Special Files. * differences between gawk and awk <14>: Redirection. -* differences between gawk and awk <15>: Case-sensitivity. -* differences between gawk and awk <16>: Using Constant Regexps. -* differences between gawk and awk <17>: Close Files And Pipes. -* differences between gawk and awk <18>: String Functions. -* differences between gawk and awk <19>: Close Files And Pipes. -* differences between gawk and awk <20>: Delete. -* differences between gawk and awk <21>: Single Character Fields. -* differences between gawk and awk: Records. +* differences between gawk and awk <15>: Getline Summary. +* differences between gawk and awk <16>: Getline Intro. +* differences between gawk and awk <17>: Single Character Fields. +* differences between gawk and awk <18>: Records. +* differences between gawk and awk: Case-sensitivity. * directory search: AWKPATH Variable. * division: Arithmetic Ops. * documenting awk programs <1>: Library Names. @@ -17489,8 +17575,8 @@ Index * dupword.awk: Dupword Program. * dynamic regular expressions: Computed Regexps. * EBCDIC: Ordinal Functions. -* egrep <1>: One-shot. -* egrep: Regexp Operators. +* egrep <1>: Regexp Operators. +* egrep: One-shot. * egrep utility: Egrep Program. * egrep.awk: Egrep Program. * element assignment: Assigning Elements. @@ -17510,13 +17596,13 @@ Index * environment variable, AWKPATH: AWKPATH Variable. * environment variable, POSIXLY_CORRECT: Options. * equivalence classes: Regexp Operators. -* ERRNO <1>: Getline Intro. +* ERRNO <1>: Auto-set. * ERRNO <2>: Close Files And Pipes. -* ERRNO: Auto-set. +* ERRNO: Getline Intro. * errors, common <1>: Typing and Comparison. -* errors, common <2>: Computed Regexps. +* errors, common <2>: Print Examples. * errors, common <3>: Basic Field Splitting. -* errors, common: Print Examples. +* errors, common: Computed Regexps. * escape processing, sub et. al.: String Functions. * escape sequence notation: Escape Sequences. * evaluation, order of: Calling Built-in. @@ -17545,9 +17631,9 @@ Index * FIELDWIDTHS: User-modified. * file descriptors: Special Files. * file, awk program: Long. -* FILENAME <1>: Reading Files. +* FILENAME <1>: Auto-set. * FILENAME <2>: Getline Summary. -* FILENAME: Auto-set. +* FILENAME: Reading Files. * FILENAME, being set by getline: Getline Summary. * Fish, Fred: Bugs. * flushing buffers: I/O Functions. @@ -17561,16 +17647,15 @@ Index * formatted output: Printf. * formatted timestamps: Gettimeofday Function. * Free Software Foundation <1>: Getting. -* Free Software Foundation <2>: Manual History. -* Free Software Foundation: Getting. +* Free Software Foundation: Manual History. * FreeBSD: Manual History. * Friedl, Jeffrey: Acknowledgements. -* FS <1>: Basic Field Splitting. -* FS: User-modified. -* ftp, anonymous <1>: Getting. -* ftp, anonymous: Other Versions. -* function call <1>: Function Calls. -* function call: Function Caveats. +* FS <1>: User-modified. +* FS: Basic Field Splitting. +* ftp, anonymous <1>: Other Versions. +* ftp, anonymous: Getting. +* function call <1>: Function Caveats. +* function call: Function Calls. * function definition: Definition Syntax. * function, recursive: Definition Syntax. * functions, undefined: Function Caveats. @@ -17602,11 +17687,11 @@ Index * gsub, third argument of: String Functions. * Hankerson, Darrel <1>: Bugs. * Hankerson, Darrel: Acknowledgements. -* historical features <1>: Command Line Field Separator. +* historical features <1>: Historical Features. * historical features <2>: String Functions. -* historical features <3>: Break Statement. -* historical features <4>: Continue Statement. -* historical features: Historical Features. +* historical features <3>: Continue Statement. +* historical features <4>: Break Statement. +* historical features: Command Line Field Separator. * history of awk: History. * histsort.awk: History Sorting. * how awk works: Two Rules. @@ -17616,13 +17701,13 @@ Index * id.awk: Id Program. * if-else statement: If Statement. * igawk.sh: Igawk Program. -* IGNORECASE <1>: User-modified. -* IGNORECASE <2>: Array Intro. +* IGNORECASE <1>: Array Intro. +* IGNORECASE <2>: User-modified. * IGNORECASE: Case-sensitivity. * IGNORECASE and array subscripts: Array Intro. * ignoring case: Case-sensitivity. -* implementation limits <1>: Getline Summary. -* implementation limits: Redirection. +* implementation limits <1>: Redirection. +* implementation limits: Getline Summary. * in operator: Typing and Comparison. * increment operators: Increment Ops. * index: String Functions. @@ -17648,17 +17733,17 @@ Index * inventory-shipped file: Sample Data Files. * invocation of gawk: Invoking Gawk. * ISO 8601: Time Functions. -* ISO 8859-1 <1>: Case-sensitivity. -* ISO 8859-1: Glossary. +* ISO 8859-1 <1>: Glossary. +* ISO 8859-1: Case-sensitivity. * ISO Latin-1 <1>: Glossary. * ISO Latin-1: Case-sensitivity. -* Jaegermann, Michal <1>: Acknowledgements. -* Jaegermann, Michal: Bugs. +* Jaegermann, Michal <1>: Bugs. +* Jaegermann, Michal: Acknowledgements. * join: Join Function. -* Kernighan, Brian <1>: Concatenation. -* Kernighan, Brian <2>: Acknowledgements. -* Kernighan, Brian <3>: Other Versions. -* Kernighan, Brian <4>: BTL. +* Kernighan, Brian <1>: Other Versions. +* Kernighan, Brian <2>: BTL. +* Kernighan, Brian <3>: Concatenation. +* Kernighan, Brian <4>: Acknowledgements. * Kernighan, Brian: History. * known bugs: Known Bugs. * labels.awk: Labels Program. @@ -17671,12 +17756,12 @@ Index * limitations <1>: Redirection. * limitations: Getline Summary. * line break: Statements/Lines. -* line continuation <1>: Boolean Ops. -* line continuation <2>: Print Examples. -* line continuation <3>: Statements/Lines. -* line continuation: Conditional Exp. -* Linux <1>: Manual History. -* Linux: Atari Compiling. +* line continuation <1>: Conditional Exp. +* line continuation <2>: Boolean Ops. +* line continuation <3>: Print Examples. +* line continuation: Statements/Lines. +* Linux <1>: Atari Compiling. +* Linux: Manual History. * locale, definition of: Time Functions. * log: Numeric Functions. * logical false: Truth Values. @@ -17695,10 +17780,10 @@ Index * mawk: Other Versions. * merging strings: Join Function. * metacharacters: Regexp Operators. -* mistakes, common <1>: Basic Field Splitting. -* mistakes, common <2>: Typing and Comparison. -* mistakes, common <3>: Computed Regexps. -* mistakes, common: Print Examples. +* mistakes, common <1>: Typing and Comparison. +* mistakes, common <2>: Print Examples. +* mistakes, common <3>: Basic Field Splitting. +* mistakes, common: Computed Regexps. * mktime: Mktime Function. * modifiers (in format specifiers): Format Modifiers. * multi-dimensional subscripts: Multi-dimensional. @@ -17718,15 +17803,15 @@ Index * next, inside a user-defined function: Next Statement. * nextfile function: Nextfile Function. * nextfile statement: Nextfile Statement. -* NF <1>: Fields. -* NF: Auto-set. +* NF <1>: Auto-set. +* NF: Fields. * non-interactive buffering vs. interactive: I/O Functions. * not operator: Boolean Ops. * NR <1>: Auto-set. * NR: Records. -* null string <1>: Conversion. -* null string <2>: Regexp Field Splitting. -* null string: Truth Values. +* null string <1>: Truth Values. +* null string <2>: Conversion. +* null string: Regexp Field Splitting. * null string, as array subscript: Uninitialized Subscripts. * number of fields, NF: Fields. * number of records, NR, FNR: Records. @@ -17739,10 +17824,10 @@ Index * obsolete features: Obsolete. * obsolete options: Obsolete. * OFMT <1>: User-modified. -* OFMT <2>: OFMT. -* OFMT: Conversion. -* OFS <1>: Output Separators. -* OFS: User-modified. +* OFMT <2>: Conversion. +* OFMT: OFMT. +* OFS <1>: User-modified. +* OFS: Output Separators. * old awk: History. * old awk vs. new awk: Names. * one-liners: One-liners. @@ -17763,8 +17848,8 @@ Index * or operator: Boolean Ops. * ord: Ordinal Functions. * order of evaluation: Calling Built-in. -* ORS <1>: Output Separators. -* ORS: User-modified. +* ORS <1>: User-modified. +* ORS: Output Separators. * output: Printing. * output field separator, OFS: Output Separators. * output format specifier, OFMT: OFMT. @@ -17788,33 +17873,30 @@ Index * PERL: Future Extensions. * pipeline, input: Getline/Pipe. * pipes for output: Redirection. -* portability issues <1>: Delete. -* portability issues <2>: Statements/Lines. -* portability issues <3>: String Functions. -* portability issues <4>: Close Files And Pipes. -* portability issues <5>: Definition Syntax. -* portability issues <6>: I/O Functions. -* portability issues <7>: Portability Notes. -* portability issues: Escape Sequences. +* portability issues <1>: Portability Notes. +* portability issues <2>: Definition Syntax. +* portability issues <3>: I/O Functions. +* portability issues <4>: String Functions. +* portability issues <5>: Delete. +* portability issues <6>: Close Files And Pipes. +* portability issues <7>: Escape Sequences. +* portability issues: Statements/Lines. * porting gawk: New Ports. -* POSIX awk <1>: Assignment Ops. -* POSIX awk <2>: Field Splitting Summary. -* POSIX awk <3>: Format Modifiers. -* POSIX awk <4>: String Functions. -* POSIX awk <5>: OFMT. -* POSIX awk <6>: Escape Sequences. -* POSIX awk <7>: Definition Syntax. -* POSIX awk <8>: Arithmetic Ops. -* POSIX awk <9>: Precedence. +* POSIX awk <1>: Definition Syntax. +* POSIX awk <2>: String Functions. +* POSIX awk <3>: User-modified. +* POSIX awk <4>: Next Statement. +* POSIX awk <5>: Continue Statement. +* POSIX awk <6>: Break Statement. +* POSIX awk <7>: Precedence. +* POSIX awk <8>: Assignment Ops. +* POSIX awk <9>: Arithmetic Ops. * POSIX awk <10>: Conversion. -* POSIX awk <11>: User-modified. -* POSIX awk <12>: Next Statement. -* POSIX awk <13>: Continue Statement. -* POSIX awk <14>: Break Statement. -* POSIX awk <15>: Regexp Operators. -* POSIX awk <16>: String Functions. -* POSIX awk <17>: Precedence. -* POSIX awk: Regexp Operators. +* POSIX awk <11>: Format Modifiers. +* POSIX awk <12>: OFMT. +* POSIX awk <13>: Field Splitting Summary. +* POSIX awk <14>: Regexp Operators. +* POSIX awk: Escape Sequences. * POSIX mode: Options. * POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. * precedence: Precedence. @@ -17831,8 +17913,8 @@ Index * program, awk: This Manual. * program, definition of: Getting Started. * program, self contained: Executable Scripts. -* programs, documenting <1>: Comments. -* programs, documenting: Library Names. +* programs, documenting <1>: Library Names. +* programs, documenting: Comments. * pwcat program: Passwd Functions. * pwcat.c: Passwd Functions. * quotient: Arithmetic Ops. @@ -17842,9 +17924,9 @@ Index * rand: Numeric Functions. * random numbers, seed of: Numeric Functions. * range pattern: Ranges. -* Rankin, Pat <1>: Acknowledgements. -* Rankin, Pat <2>: Bugs. -* Rankin, Pat: Assignment Ops. +* Rankin, Pat <1>: Bugs. +* Rankin, Pat <2>: Assignment Ops. +* Rankin, Pat: Acknowledgements. * reading files: Reading Files. * reading files, getline command: Getline. * reading files, multiple line records: Multiple Line. @@ -17861,8 +17943,8 @@ Index * regexp comparison vs. string comparison: Typing and Comparison. * regexp constant: Regexp Usage. * regexp constants, difference between slashes and quotes: Computed Regexps. -* regexp match/non-match operators <1>: Regexp Usage. -* regexp match/non-match operators: Typing and Comparison. +* regexp match/non-match operators <1>: Typing and Comparison. +* regexp match/non-match operators: Regexp Usage. * regexp matching operators: Regexp Usage. * regexp operators: Regexp Operators. * regexp operators, GNU specific: GNU Regexp Operators. @@ -17893,9 +17975,9 @@ Index * RS: Records. * RSTART <1>: String Functions. * RSTART: Auto-set. -* RT <1>: Records. -* RT <2>: Auto-set. -* RT: Multiple Line. +* RT <1>: Auto-set. +* RT <2>: Multiple Line. +* RT: Records. * rule, definition of: Getting Started. * running awk programs: Running gawk. * running long programs: Long. @@ -17907,13 +17989,13 @@ Index * scripts, shell: Executable Scripts. * search path: AWKPATH Variable. * search path, for source files: AWKPATH Variable. -* sed utility <1>: Simple Sed. -* sed utility <2>: Igawk Program. +* sed utility <1>: Igawk Program. +* sed utility <2>: Simple Sed. * sed utility: Field Splitting Summary. * seed for random numbers: Numeric Functions. * self contained programs: Executable Scripts. -* shell quoting <1>: Read Terminal. -* shell quoting: Long. +* shell quoting <1>: Long. +* shell quoting: Read Terminal. * shell scripts: Executable Scripts. * short-circuit operators: Boolean Ops. * side effect: Assignment Ops. @@ -17948,8 +18030,8 @@ Index * sub: String Functions. * sub, third argument of: String Functions. * subscripts in arrays: Multi-dimensional. -* SUBSEP <1>: User-modified. -* SUBSEP: Multi-dimensional. +* SUBSEP <1>: Multi-dimensional. +* SUBSEP: User-modified. * substr: String Functions. * subtraction: Arithmetic Ops. * system: I/O Functions. @@ -17996,244 +18078,244 @@ Index * wordfreq.sh: Word Sorting. * || operator: Boolean Ops. * ~ operator <1>: Typing and Comparison. -* ~ operator <2>: Regexp Usage. -* ~ operator <3>: Case-sensitivity. -* ~ operator <4>: Computed Regexps. -* ~ operator: Regexp Constants. +* ~ operator <2>: Regexp Constants. +* ~ operator <3>: Computed Regexps. +* ~ operator <4>: Case-sensitivity. +* ~ operator: Regexp Usage. 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+Node: Printf164289 +Node: Basic Printf165193 +Node: Control Letters166727 +Node: Format Modifiers169415 +Node: Printf Examples173564 +Node: Redirection176343 +Node: Special Files180982 +Node: Close Files And Pipes186219 +Node: Expressions190280 +Node: Constants192476 +Node: Scalar Constants192955 +Node: Regexp Constants193959 +Node: Using Constant Regexps194421 +Node: Variables197622 +Node: Using Variables198276 +Node: Assignment Options199711 +Node: Conversion201656 +Node: Arithmetic Ops204838 +Node: Concatenation206972 +Node: Assignment Ops208394 +Node: Increment Ops213990 +Node: Truth Values216518 +Node: Typing and Comparison217566 +Node: Boolean Ops223573 +Node: Conditional Exp227266 +Node: Function Calls229043 +Node: Precedence231923 +Node: Patterns and Actions235311 +Node: Pattern Overview235737 +Node: Kinds of Patterns236512 +Node: Regexp Patterns237649 +Node: Expression Patterns238203 +Node: Ranges241855 +Node: BEGIN/END244579 +Node: Using BEGIN/END245048 +Node: I/O And 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Syntax353609 +Node: Function Example357858 +Node: Function Caveats360188 +Node: Return Statement364059 +Node: Invoking Gawk366714 +Node: Options367949 +Node: Other Arguments376778 +Node: AWKPATH Variable379426 +Node: Obsolete382174 +Node: Undocumented382840 +Node: Known Bugs383089 +Node: Library Functions384227 +Node: Portability Notes386646 +Node: Nextfile Function387930 +Node: Assert Function392798 +Node: Round Function396150 +Node: Ordinal Functions397788 +Node: Join Function401232 +Node: Mktime Function403277 +Node: Gettimeofday Function414844 +Node: Filetrans Function418849 +Node: Getopt Function422512 +Node: Passwd Functions433861 +Node: Group Functions442182 +Node: Library Names450066 +Node: Sample Programs453991 +Node: Clones454482 +Node: Cut Program455576 +Node: Egrep Program465598 +Node: Id Program473254 +Node: Split Program476518 +Node: Tee Program479879 +Node: Uniq Program482668 +Node: Wc Program490206 +Node: Miscellaneous Programs494616 +Node: Dupword Program495526 +Node: Alarm Program497190 +Node: Translate Program501728 +Node: Labels Program506531 +Node: Word Sorting510067 +Node: History Sorting514412 +Node: Extract Program516374 +Node: Simple Sed523969 +Node: Igawk Program527306 +Node: Language History540619 +Node: V7/SVR3.1541852 +Node: SVR4544507 +Node: POSIX546029 +Node: BTL547649 +Node: POSIX/GNU548412 +Node: Gawk Summary552844 +Node: Command Line Summary553666 +Node: Language Summary556642 +Node: Variables/Fields559022 +Node: Fields Summary559756 +Node: Built-in Summary561542 +Node: Arrays Summary565257 +Node: Data Type Summary566550 +Node: Rules Summary568376 +Node: Pattern Summary569904 +Node: Regexp Summary572089 +Node: Actions Summary575472 +Node: Operator Summary577304 +Node: Control Flow Summary578531 +Node: I/O Summary579088 +Node: Printf Summary582077 +Node: Special File Summary585415 +Node: Built-in Functions Summary587093 +Node: Time Functions Summary591093 +Node: String Constants Summary591984 +Node: Functions Summary593304 +Node: Historical Features594365 +Node: Installation595863 +Node: Gawk Distribution597078 +Node: Getting597581 +Node: Extracting600532 +Node: Distribution contents601919 +Node: Unix Installation606695 +Node: Quick Installation607204 +Node: Configuration Philosophy608722 +Node: VMS Installation611124 +Node: VMS Compilation611663 +Node: VMS Installation Details613267 +Node: VMS Running614909 +Node: VMS POSIX616499 +Node: PC Installation617779 +Node: Atari Installation621182 +Node: Atari Compiling622366 +Node: Atari Using624275 +Node: Amiga Installation627122 +Node: Bugs628233 +Node: Other Versions631286 +Node: Notes632972 +Node: Compatibility Mode633579 +Node: Additions634422 +Node: Adding Code635120 +Node: New Ports640450 +Node: Future Extensions644610 +Node: Improvements646553 +Node: Glossary648421 +Node: Copying665492 +Node: Index684684 End Tag Table |