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diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 70c63046..67e5f0f1 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -184,7 +184,6 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * Getline Notes:: Important things to know about `getline'. * Getline Summary:: Summary of `getline' Variants. -* BEGINFILE/ENDFILE:: Two special patterns for advanced control. * Command line directories:: What happens if you put a directory on the command line. * Print:: The `print' statement. @@ -256,6 +255,7 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * I/O And BEGIN/END:: I/O issues in BEGIN/END rules. * Empty:: The empty pattern, which matches every record. +* BEGINFILE/ENDFILE:: Two special patterns for advanced control. * Using Shell Variables:: How to use shell variables with `awk'. * Action Overview:: What goes into an action. @@ -2927,7 +2927,6 @@ have to be named on the `awk' command line (*note Getline::). * Multiple Line:: Reading multi-line records. * Getline:: Reading files under explicit program control using the `getline' function. -* BEGINFILE/ENDFILE:: Two special patterns for advanced control. * Command line directories:: What happens if you put a directory on the command line. @@ -4091,7 +4090,7 @@ feature of `RS' does not apply. It does apply to the default field separator of a single space: `FS = " "'. -File: gawk.info, Node: Getline, Next: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE, Prev: Multiple Line, Up: Reading Files +File: gawk.info, Node: Getline, Next: Command line directories, Prev: Multiple Line, Up: Reading Files 3.9 Explicit Input with `getline' ================================= @@ -4515,70 +4514,9 @@ VAR Table 3.1: getline Variants and What They Set -File: gawk.info, Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE, Next: Command line directories, Prev: Getline, Up: Reading Files - -3.10 The `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE' Special Patterns -=================================================== - - NOTE: This minor node describes a `gawk'-specific feature. - - Two special kinds of rule, `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE', give you -"hooks" into `gawk''s command-line file processing loop. As with the -`BEGIN' and `END' rules (*note BEGIN/END::), all `BEGINFILE' rules in a -program are merged, in the order they are read by `gawk', and all -`ENDFILE' rules are merged as well. +File: gawk.info, Node: Command line directories, Prev: Getline, Up: Reading Files - The body of the `BEGINFILE' rules is executed just before `gawk' -reads the first record from a file. `FILENAME' is set to the name of -the current file, and `FNR' is set to zero. - - The `BEGINFILE' rule provides you the opportunity for two tasks that -would otherwise be difficult or impossible to perform: - - 1. You can test if the file is readable. Normally, it is a fatal - error if a file named on the command line cannot be opened for - reading. However, you can bypass the fatal error and move on to - the next file on the command line. - - You do this by checking if the `ERRNO' variable is not the empty - string; if so, then `gawk' was not able to open the file. In this - case, your program can execute the `nextfile' statement (*note - Nextfile Statement::). This casuses `gawk' to skip the file - entirely. Otherwise, `gawk' exits with the usual fatal error. - - 2. If you have written extensions that modify the record handling (by - inserting an "open hook"), you can invoke them at this point, - before `gawk' has started processing the file. (This is a _very_ - advanced feature, currently used only by the XMLgawk project - (http://xgawk.sourceforge.net).) - - The `ENDFILE' rule is called when `gawk' has finished processing the -last record in an input file. For the last input file, it will be -called before any `END' rules. - - Normally, when an error occurs when reading input in the normal input -processing loop, the error is fatal. However, if an `ENDFILE' rule is -present, the error becomes non-fatal, and instead `ERRNO' is set. This -makes it possible to catch and process I/O errors at the level of the -`awk' program. - - The `next' statement (*note Next Statement::) is not allowed inside -either a `BEGINFILE' or and `ENDFILE' rule. The `nextfile' statement -(*note Nextfile Statement::) is allowed only inside a `BEGINFILE' rule, -but not inside an `ENDFILE' rule. - - The `getline' statement (*note Getline::) is restricted inside both -`BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE'. Only the `getline VARIABLE < FILE' form is -allowed. - - `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE' are `gawk' extensions. In most other -`awk' implementations, or if `gawk' is in compatibility mode (*note -Options::), they are not special. - - -File: gawk.info, Node: Command line directories, Prev: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE, Up: Reading Files - -3.11 Directories On The Command Line +3.10 Directories On The Command Line ==================================== According to the POSIX standard, files named on the `awk' command line @@ -7270,6 +7208,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Pattern Overview, Next: Using Shell Variables, Up: Pat * Ranges:: Pairs of patterns specify record ranges. * BEGIN/END:: Specifying initialization and cleanup rules. * Empty:: The empty pattern, which matches every record. +* BEGINFILE/ENDFILE:: Two special patterns for advanced control. Patterns in `awk' control the execution of rules--a rule is executed when its pattern matches the current input record. The following is a @@ -7296,6 +7235,11 @@ summary of the types of `awk' patterns: `EMPTY' The empty pattern matches every input record. (*Note Empty::.) +`BEGINFILE' +`ENDFILE' + Special patterns for you to supply startup or cleanup actions to + done on a per file basis. (*Note BEGINFILE/ENDFILE::.) + File: gawk.info, Node: Regexp Patterns, Next: Expression Patterns, Up: Pattern Overview @@ -7386,9 +7330,9 @@ contain the string `foo': The subexpressions of a Boolean operator in a pattern can be constant regular expressions, comparisons, or any other `awk' expressions. Range patterns are not expressions, so they cannot appear -inside Boolean patterns. Likewise, the special patterns `BEGIN' and -`END', which never match any input record, are not expressions and -cannot appear inside Boolean patterns. +inside Boolean patterns. Likewise, the special patterns `BEGIN', `END', +`BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE', which never match any input record, are not +expressions and cannot appear inside Boolean patterns. File: gawk.info, Node: Ranges, Next: BEGIN/END, Prev: Expression Patterns, Up: Pattern Overview @@ -7453,9 +7397,7 @@ worked around; range patterns do not combine with other patterns: $ echo Yes | gawk '(/1/,/2/) || /Yes/' error--> gawk: cmd. line:1: (/1/,/2/) || /Yes/ - error--> gawk: cmd. line:1: ^ parse error - error--> gawk: cmd. line:2: (/1/,/2/) || /Yes/ - error--> gawk: cmd. line:2: ^ unexpected newline + error--> gawk: cmd. line:1: ^ syntax error File: gawk.info, Node: BEGIN/END, Next: Empty, Prev: Ranges, Up: Pattern Overview @@ -7563,7 +7505,7 @@ however, that Unix `awk', and possibly other implementations, do not. The third point follows from the first two. The meaning of `print' inside a `BEGIN' or `END' rule is the same as always: `print $0'. If -`$0' is the null string, then this prints an empty line. Many long +`$0' is the null string, then this prints an empty record. Many long time `awk' programmers use an unadorned `print' in `BEGIN' and `END' rules, to mean `print ""', relying on `$0' being null. Although one might generally get away with this in `BEGIN' rules, it is a very bad @@ -7579,7 +7521,7 @@ the input has been read. (*Note Next Statement::, and see *note Nextfile Statement::.) -File: gawk.info, Node: Empty, Prev: BEGIN/END, Up: Pattern Overview +File: gawk.info, Node: Empty, Next: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE, Prev: BEGIN/END, Up: Pattern Overview 6.1.5 The Empty Pattern ----------------------- @@ -7592,6 +7534,67 @@ input record. For example, the program: prints the first field of every record. +File: gawk.info, Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE, Prev: Empty, Up: Pattern Overview + +6.1.6 The `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE' Special Patterns +---------------------------------------------------- + + NOTE: This minor node describes a `gawk'-specific feature. + + Two special kinds of rule, `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE', give you +"hooks" into `gawk''s command-line file processing loop. As with the +`BEGIN' and `END' rules (*note BEGIN/END::), all `BEGINFILE' rules in a +program are merged, in the order they are read by `gawk', and all +`ENDFILE' rules are merged as well. + + The body of the `BEGINFILE' rules is executed just before `gawk' +reads the first record from a file. `FILENAME' is set to the name of +the current file, and `FNR' is set to zero. + + The `BEGINFILE' rule provides you the opportunity for two tasks that +would otherwise be difficult or impossible to perform: + + 1. You can test if the file is readable. Normally, it is a fatal + error if a file named on the command line cannot be opened for + reading. However, you can bypass the fatal error and move on to + the next file on the command line. + + You do this by checking if the `ERRNO' variable is not the empty + string; if so, then `gawk' was not able to open the file. In this + case, your program can execute the `nextfile' statement (*note + Nextfile Statement::). This casuses `gawk' to skip the file + entirely. Otherwise, `gawk' exits with the usual fatal error. + + 2. If you have written extensions that modify the record handling (by + inserting an "open hook"), you can invoke them at this point, + before `gawk' has started processing the file. (This is a _very_ + advanced feature, currently used only by the XMLgawk project + (http://xgawk.sourceforge.net).) + + The `ENDFILE' rule is called when `gawk' has finished processing the +last record in an input file. For the last input file, it will be +called before any `END' rules. + + Normally, when an error occurs when reading input in the normal input +processing loop, the error is fatal. However, if an `ENDFILE' rule is +present, the error becomes non-fatal, and instead `ERRNO' is set. This +makes it possible to catch and process I/O errors at the level of the +`awk' program. + + The `next' statement (*note Next Statement::) is not allowed inside +either a `BEGINFILE' or and `ENDFILE' rule. The `nextfile' statement +(*note Nextfile Statement::) is allowed only inside a `BEGINFILE' rule, +but not inside an `ENDFILE' rule. + + The `getline' statement (*note Getline::) is restricted inside both +`BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE'. Only the `getline VARIABLE < FILE' form is +allowed. + + `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE' are `gawk' extensions. In most other +`awk' implementations, or if `gawk' is in compatibility mode (*note +Options::), they are not special. + + File: gawk.info, Node: Using Shell Variables, Next: Action Overview, Prev: Pattern Overview, Up: Patterns and Actions 6.2 Using Shell Variables in Programs @@ -7607,7 +7610,7 @@ program. variable's value into the program inside the script. For example, in the following program: - echo -n "Enter search pattern: " + printf "Enter search pattern: " read pattern awk "/$pattern/ "'{ nmatches++ } END { print nmatches, "found" }' /path/to/data @@ -7628,7 +7631,7 @@ variable's value. Then use dynamic regexps to match the pattern (*note Computed Regexps::). The following shows how to redo the previous example using this technique: - echo -n "Enter search pattern: " + printf "Enter search pattern: " read pattern awk -v pat="$pattern" '$0 ~ pat { nmatches++ } END { print nmatches, "found" }' /path/to/data @@ -7655,8 +7658,8 @@ which (but not both) may be omitted. The purpose of the "action" is to tell `awk' what to do once a match for the pattern is found. Thus, in outline, an `awk' program generally looks like this: - [PATTERN] [{ ACTION }] - [PATTERN] [{ ACTION }] + [PATTERN] { ACTION } + PATTERN [{ ACTION }] ... function NAME(ARGS) { ... } ... @@ -7709,7 +7712,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Statements, Next: Built-in Variables, Prev: Action Ove "Control statements", such as `if', `while', and so on, control the flow of execution in `awk' programs. Most of the control statements in -`awk' are patterned on similar statements in C. +`awk' are patterned after similar statements in C. All the control statements start with special keywords, such as `if' and `while', to distinguish them from simple expressions. Many control @@ -7802,7 +7805,8 @@ is never executed and `awk' continues with the statement following the loop. This example prints the first three fields of each record, one per line: - awk '{ i = 1 + awk '{ + i = 1 while (i <= 3) { print $i i++ @@ -7847,7 +7851,8 @@ Contrast this with the corresponding `while' statement: This statement does not execute BODY even once if the CONDITION is false to begin with. The following is an example of a `do' statement: - { i = 1 + { + i = 1 do { print $0 i++ @@ -7880,7 +7885,8 @@ INCREMENT. Typically, INITIALIZATION sets a variable to either zero or one, INCREMENT adds one to it, and CONDITION compares it against the desired number of iterations. For example: - awk '{ for (i = 1; i <= 3; i++) + awk '{ + for (i = 1; i <= 3; i++) print $i }' inventory-shipped @@ -7969,7 +7975,7 @@ statement looks like this: } Control flow in the `switch' statement works as it does in C. Once a -match to a given case is made, case statement bodies are executed until +match to a given case is made, the case statement bodies execute until a `break', `continue', `next', `nextfile' or `exit' is encountered, or the end of the `switch' statement itself. For example: @@ -7997,8 +8003,8 @@ is executed and then falls through into the `default' section, executing its `print' statement. In turn, the -1 case will also be executed since the `default' does not halt execution. - This feature is a `gawk' extension, and is not available in POSIX -`awk'. + This `switch' statement is a `gawk' extension. If `gawk' is in +compatibility mode (*note Options::), it is not available. File: gawk.info, Node: Break Statement, Next: Continue Statement, Prev: Switch Statement, Up: Statements @@ -8013,9 +8019,10 @@ divisor of any integer, and also identifies prime numbers: # find smallest divisor of num { num = $1 - for (div = 2; div*div <= num; div++) + for (div = 2; div * div <= num; div++) { if (num % div == 0) break + } if (num % div == 0) printf "Smallest divisor of %d is %d\n", num, div else @@ -8040,19 +8047,22 @@ Statement::.) printf "Smallest divisor of %d is %d\n", num, div break } - if (div*div > num) { + if (div * div > num) { printf "%d is prime\n", num break } } } + The `break' statement is also used to break out of the `switch' +statement. This is discussed in *note Switch Statement::. + The `break' statement has no meaning when used outside the body of a -loop. However, although it was never documented, historical -implementations of `awk' treated the `break' statement outside of a -loop as if it were a `next' statement (*note Next Statement::). Recent -versions of Unix `awk' no longer allow this usage, nor does `gawk'. -(d.c.) +loop or `switch'. However, although it was never documented, +historical implementations of `awk' treated the `break' statement +outside of a loop as if it were a `next' statement (*note Next +Statement::). Recent versions of Unix `awk' no longer allow this usage, +nor does `gawk'. (d.c.) File: gawk.info, Node: Continue Statement, Next: Next Statement, Prev: Break Statement, Up: Statements @@ -8060,7 +8070,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Continue Statement, Next: Next Statement, Prev: Break 6.4.7 The `continue' Statement ------------------------------ -As with `break', the `continue' statement is used only inside `for', +Similar to `break', the `continue' statement is used only inside `for', `while', and `do' loops. It skips over the rest of the loop body, causing the next cycle around the loop to begin immediately. Contrast this with `break', which jumps out of the loop altogether. @@ -8143,15 +8153,19 @@ see the bad record. The error message is redirected to the standard error output stream, as error messages should be. For more detail see *note Special Files::. + If the `next' statement causes the end of the input to be reached, +then the code in any `END' rules is executed. *Note BEGIN/END::. + + The `next' statement is not inside `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE' rules. +*Note BEGINFILE/ENDFILE::. + According to the POSIX standard, the behavior is undefined if the `next' statement is used in a `BEGIN' or `END' rule. `gawk' treats it as a syntax error. Although POSIX permits it, some other `awk' implementations don't allow the `next' statement inside function bodies (*note User-defined::). Just as with any other `next' statement, a `next' statement inside a function body reads the next record and -starts processing it with the first rule in the program. If the `next' -statement causes the end of the input to be reached, then the code in -any `END' rules is executed. *Note BEGIN/END::. +starts processing it with the first rule in the program. File: gawk.info, Node: Nextfile Statement, Next: Exit Statement, Prev: Next Statement, Up: Statements @@ -8182,6 +8196,10 @@ Normally, in order to move on to the next data file, a program has to continue scanning the unwanted records. The `nextfile' statement accomplishes this much more efficiently. + In addition, `nextfile' is useful inside a `BEGINFILE' rule to skip +over a file that would otherwise cause `gawk' to exit with a fatal +error. *Note BEGINFILE/ENDFILE::. + While one might think that `close(FILENAME)' would accomplish the same as `nextfile', this isn't true. `close()' is reserved for closing files, pipes, and coprocesses that are opened with redirections. It is @@ -8199,13 +8217,6 @@ Versions::) also supports `nextfile'. However, it doesn't allow the and starts processing it with the first rule in the program, just as any other `nextfile' statement. - *Caution:* Versions of `gawk' prior to 3.0 used two words (`next -file') for the `nextfile' statement. In version 3.0, this was changed -to one word, because the treatment of `file' was inconsistent. When it -appeared after `next', `file' was a keyword; otherwise, it was a -regular identifier. The old usage is no longer accepted; `next file' -generates a syntax error. - The `nextfile' statement has a special purpose when used inside a `BEGINFILE' rule; see *note BEGINFILE/ENDFILE::. @@ -8225,8 +8236,8 @@ ignored. The `exit' statement is written as follows: program stops processing everything immediately. No input records are read. However, if an `END' rule is present, as part of executing the `exit' statement, the `END' rule is executed (*note BEGIN/END::). If -`exit' is used as part of an `END' rule, it causes the program to stop -immediately. +`exit' is used in the body of an `END' rule, it causes the program to +stop immediately. An `exit' statement that is not part of a `BEGIN' or `END' rule stops the execution of any further automatic rules for the current @@ -8352,8 +8363,8 @@ specific to `gawk' are marked with a pound sign (`#'). record. If the value is the null string (`""'), then each character in the record becomes a separate field. (This behavior is a `gawk' extension. POSIX `awk' does not specify the behavior - when `FS' is the null string.) *FIXME: NEXT ED:* Mark as common - extension. + when `FS' is the null string. Nonetheless, some other versions of + `awk' also treat `""' specially.) The default value is `" "', a string consisting of a single space. As a special exception, this value means that any sequence of @@ -8366,10 +8377,10 @@ specific to `gawk' are marked with a pound sign (`#'). awk -F, 'PROGRAM' INPUT-FILES - If `gawk' is using `FIELDWIDTHS' for field splitting, assigning a - value to `FS' causes `gawk' to return to the normal, `FS'-based - field splitting. An easy way to do this is to simply say `FS = - FS', perhaps with an explanatory comment. + If `gawk' is using `FIELDWIDTHS' or `FPAT' for field splitting, + assigning a value to `FS' causes `gawk' to return to the normal, + `FS'-based field splitting. An easy way to do this is to simply + say `FS = FS', perhaps with an explanatory comment. `IGNORECASE #' If `IGNORECASE' is nonzero or non-null, then all string comparisons @@ -8496,7 +8507,7 @@ with a pound sign (`#'). The value of `ARGV[0]' can vary from system to system. Also, you should note that the program text is _not_ included in `ARGV', nor are any of `awk''s command-line options. *Note ARGC and ARGV::, - for information about how `awk' uses these variables. + for information about how `awk' uses these variables. (d.c.) `ARGIND #' The index in `ARGV' of the current file being processed. Every @@ -8519,7 +8530,7 @@ with a pound sign (`#'). Options::), it is not special. `ENVIRON' - An associative array that contains the values of the environment. + An associative array containing the values of the environment. The array indices are the environment variable names; the elements are the values of the particular environment variables. For example, `ENVIRON["HOME"]' might be `/home/arnold'. Changing this @@ -8562,7 +8573,7 @@ with a pound sign (`#'). `FNR' The current record number in the current file. `FNR' is - incremented each time a new record is read (*note Getline::). It + incremented each time a new record is read (*note Records::). It is reinitialized to zero each time a new input file is started. `NF' @@ -8587,10 +8598,10 @@ with a pound sign (`#'). alphabetically) are guaranteed to be available: `PROCINFO["egid"]' - The value of the `getegid' system call. + The value of the `getegid()' system call. `PROCINFO["euid"]' - The value of the `geteuid' system call. + The value of the `geteuid()' system call. `PROCINFO["FS"]' This is `"FS"' if field splitting with `FS' is in effect, @@ -8599,7 +8610,7 @@ with a pound sign (`#'). effect. `PROCINFO["gid"]' - The value of the `getgid' system call. + The value of the `getgid()' system call. `PROCINFO["pgrpid"]' The process group ID of the current process. @@ -8611,17 +8622,20 @@ with a pound sign (`#'). The parent process ID of the current process. `PROCINFO["uid"]' - The value of the `getuid' system call. + The value of the `getuid()' system call. `PROCINFO["version"]' - The version of `gawk'. This is available from version 3.1.4 - and later. + The version of `gawk'. On some systems, there may be elements in the array, `"group1"' through `"groupN"' for some N. N is the number of supplementary groups that the process has. Use the `in' operator to test for these elements (*note Reference to Elements::). + The `PROCINFO' array is also used to cause coprocesses to + communicate over pseudo-ttys instead of through two-way pipes; + this is discussed further in *note Two-way I/O::. + This array is a `gawk' extension. In other `awk' implementations, or if `gawk' is in compatibility mode (*note Options::), it is not special. @@ -8653,8 +8667,8 @@ Advanced Notes: Changing `NR' and `FNR' `awk' increments `NR' and `FNR' each time it reads a record, instead of setting them to the absolute value of the number of records read. This means that a program can change these variables and their new values -are incremented for each record. (d.c.) This is demonstrated in the -following example: +are incremented for each record. (d.c.) The following example shows +this: $ echo '1 > 2 @@ -8695,19 +8709,22 @@ information contained in `ARGC' and `ARGV': In this example, `ARGV[0]' contains `awk', `ARGV[1]' contains `inventory-shipped', and `ARGV[2]' contains `BBS-list'. Notice that -the `awk' program is not entered in `ARGV'. The other special -command-line options, with their arguments, are also not entered. This -includes variable assignments done with the `-v' option (*note -Options::). Normal variable assignments on the command line _are_ -treated as arguments and do show up in the `ARGV' array: - - $ cat showargs.awk - -| BEGIN { - -| printf "A=%d, B=%d\n", A, B - -| for (i = 0; i < ARGC; i++) - -| printf "\tARGV[%d] = %s\n", i, ARGV[i] - -| } - -| END { printf "A=%d, B=%d\n", A, B } +the `awk' program is not entered in `ARGV'. The other command-line +options, with their arguments, are also not entered. This includes +variable assignments done with the `-v' option (*note Options::). +Normal variable assignments on the command line _are_ treated as +arguments and do show up in the `ARGV' array. Given the following +program in a file named `showargs.awk': + + BEGIN { + printf "A=%d, B=%d\n", A, B + for (i = 0; i < ARGC; i++) + printf "\tARGV[%d] = %s\n", i, ARGV[i] + } + END { printf "A=%d, B=%d\n", A, B } + +Running it produces the following: + $ awk -v A=1 -f showargs.awk B=2 /dev/null -| A=1, B=0 -| ARGV[0] = awk @@ -8737,8 +8754,7 @@ elements from `ARGV' (*note Delete::). actual processing of the input begins. *Note Split Program::, and see *note Tee Program::, for examples of each way of removing elements from `ARGV'. The following fragment processes `ARGV' in order to examine, -and then remove, command-line options: *FIXME: NEXT ED:* Add xref to -rewind() function. +and then remove, command-line options: BEGIN { for (i = 1; i < ARGC; i++) { @@ -8780,15 +8796,16 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Arrays, Next: Functions, Prev: Patterns and Actions, ***************** An "array" is a table of values called "elements". The elements of an -array are distinguished by their indices. "Indices" may be either +array are distinguished by their "indices". Indices may be either numbers or strings. This major node describes how arrays work in `awk', how to use array elements, how to scan through every element in an array, and how to remove array elements. It also describes how `awk' simulates multidimensional arrays, as well as some of the less obvious points -about array usage. The major node finishes with a discussion of -`gawk''s facility for sorting an array based on its indices. +about array usage. The major node moves on to discuss `gawk''s facility +for sorting arrays, and ends with a brief description of `gawk''s +ability to support true multidimensional arrays. `awk' maintains a single set of names that may be used for naming variables, arrays, and functions (*note User-defined::). Thus, you @@ -8833,7 +8850,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Array Intro, Next: Reference to Elements, Up: Array Ba 7.1.1 Introduction to Arrays ---------------------------- - Doing linear scans over an associative array is like tryinng to + Doing linear scans over an associative array is like trying to club someone to death with a loaded Uzi. Larry Wall @@ -8868,7 +8885,6 @@ declared.) example, conceptually, if the element values are 8, `"foo"', `""', and 30: - *FIXME: NEXT ED:* Use real images here +---------+---------+--------+---------+ | 8 | "foo" | "" | 30 | Value +---------+---------+--------+---------+ @@ -8882,10 +8898,10 @@ position with zero elements before it. that each array is a collection of pairs: an index and its corresponding array element value: - Element 3 Value 30 - Element 1 Value "foo" - Element 0 Value 8 - Element 2 Value "" + Index 3 Value 30 + Index 1 Value "foo" + Index 0 Value 8 + Index 2 Value "" The pairs are shown in jumbled order because their order is irrelevant. @@ -8893,11 +8909,11 @@ The pairs are shown in jumbled order because their order is irrelevant. at any time. For example, suppose a tenth element is added to the array whose value is `"number ten"'. The result is: - Element 10 Value "number ten" - Element 3 Value 30 - Element 1 Value "foo" - Element 0 Value 8 - Element 2 Value "" + Index 10 Value "number ten" + Index 3 Value 30 + Index 1 Value "foo" + Index 0 Value 8 + Index 2 Value "" Now the array is "sparse", which just means some indices are missing. It has elements 0-3 and 10, but doesn't have elements 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or @@ -8908,10 +8924,10 @@ have to be positive integers. Any number, or even a string, can be an index. For example, the following is an array that translates words from English to French: - Element "dog" Value "chien" - Element "cat" Value "chat" - Element "one" Value "un" - Element 1 Value "un" + Index "dog" Value "chien" + Index "cat" Value "chat" + Index "one" Value "un" + Index 1 Value "un" Here we decided to translate the number one in both spelled-out and numeric form--thus illustrating that a single array can have both @@ -8950,9 +8966,21 @@ array `foo' at index `4.3'. A reference to an array element that has no recorded value yields a value of `""', the null string. This includes elements that have not been assigned any value as well as elements that have been deleted -(*note Delete::). Such a reference automatically creates that array -element, with the null string as its value. (In some cases, this is -unfortunate, because it might waste memory inside `awk'.) +(*note Delete::). + + NOTE: A reference to an element that does not exist + _automatically_ creates that array element, with the null string + as its value. (In some cases, this is unfortunate, because it + might waste memory inside `awk'.) + + Novice `awk' programmers often make the mistake of checking if an + element exists by checking if the value is empty: + + # Check if "foo" exists in a: Incorrect! + if (a["foo"] != "") ... + + This is incorrect, since this will _create_ `a["foo"]' if it + didn't exist before! To determine whether an element exists in an array at a certain index, use the following expression: @@ -9167,7 +9195,9 @@ array and then returns. delete an array and then use the array's name as a scalar (i.e., a regular variable). For example, the following does not work: - a[1] = 3; delete a; a = 3 + a[1] = 3 + delete a + a = 3 ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -9179,7 +9209,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Numeric Array Subscripts, Next: Uninitialized Subscript 7.3 Using Numbers to Subscript Arrays ===================================== -An important aspect about arrays to remember is that _array subscripts +An important aspect to remember about arrays is that _array subscripts are always strings_. When a numeric value is used as a subscript, it is converted to a string value before being used for subscripting (*note Conversion::). This means that the value of the built-in @@ -9201,8 +9231,8 @@ string value `"12.153"' (using the default conversion value of assigned the value one. The program then changes the value of `CONVFMT'. The test `(xyz in data)' generates a new string value from `xyz'--this time `"12.15"'--because the value of `CONVFMT' only allows -two significant digits. This test fails, since `"12.15"' is a -different string from `"12.153"'. +two significant digits. This test fails, since `"12.15"' is different +from `"12.153"'. According to the rules for conversions (*note Conversion::), integer values are always converted to strings as integers, no matter what the @@ -9221,8 +9251,8 @@ the same element! As with many things in `awk', the majority of the time things work as one would expect them to. But it is useful to have a precise -knowledge of the actual rules which sometimes can have a subtle effect -on your programs. +knowledge of the actual rules since they can sometimes have a subtle +effect on your programs. File: gawk.info, Node: Uninitialized Subscripts, Next: Multi-dimensional, Prev: Numeric Array Subscripts, Up: Arrays @@ -9247,9 +9277,10 @@ might look like this: Unfortunately, the very first line of input data did not come out in the output! - At first glance, this program should have worked. The variable -`lines' is uninitialized, and uninitialized variables have the numeric -value zero. So, `awk' should have printed the value of `l[0]'. + Upon first glance, we would think that this program should have +worked. The variable `lines' is uninitialized, and uninitialized +variables have the numeric value zero. So, `awk' should have printed +the value of `l[0]'. The issue here is that subscripts for `awk' arrays are _always_ strings. Uninitialized variables, when used as strings, have the value @@ -9436,41 +9467,24 @@ and then sorts `dest', destroying its indices. However, the `source' array is not affected. Often, what's needed is to sort on the values of the _indices_ -instead of the values of the elements. To do that, starting with -`gawk' 3.1.2, use the `asorti()' function. The interface is identical -to that of `asort()', except that the index values are used for -sorting, and become the values of the result array: +instead of the values of the elements. To do that, use the `asorti()' +function. The interface is identical to that of `asort()', except that +the index values are used for sorting, and become the values of the +result array: { source[$0] = some_func($0) } END { n = asorti(source, dest) for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) { - DO SOMETHING WITH dest[i] Work with sorted indices directly + Work with sorted indices directly: + DO SOMETHING WITH dest[i] ... - DO SOMETHING WITH source[dest[i]] Access original array via sorted indices + Access original array via sorted indices: + DO SOMETHING WITH source[dest[i]] } } - If your version of `gawk' is 3.1.0 or 3.1.1, you don't have -`asorti()'. Instead, use a helper array to hold the sorted index -values, and then access the original array's elements. It works in the -following way: - - POPULATE THE ARRAY data - # copy indices - j = 1 - for (i in data) { - ind[j] = i # index value becomes element value - j++ - } - n = asort(ind) # index values are now sorted - for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) { - DO SOMETHING WITH ind[i] Work with sorted indices directly - ... - DO SOMETHING WITH data[ind[i]] Access original array via sorted indices - } - Sorting the array by replacing the indices provides maximal flexibility. To traverse the elements in decreasing order, use a loop that goes from N down to 1, either over the elements or over the @@ -9487,9 +9501,15 @@ to `ind', there is only one copy of the actual index strings. comparison rules." Because `IGNORECASE' affects string comparisons, the value of `IGNORECASE' also affects sorting for both `asort()' and `asorti()'. Note also that the locale's sorting order does _not_ come -into play; comparisons are based on character values only. Caveat +into play; comparisons are based on character values only.(1) Caveat Emptor. + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) This is true because locale-based comparison occurs only when in +POSIX compatibility mode, and since `asort()' and `asorti()' are `gawk' +extensions, they are not available in that case. + File: gawk.info, Node: Arrays of Arrays, Prev: Array Sorting, Up: Arrays @@ -9605,7 +9625,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Functions, Next: Internationalization, Prev: Arrays, This major node describes `awk''s built-in functions, which fall into three categories: numeric, string, and I/O. `gawk' provides additional groups of functions to work with values that represent time, do bit -manipulation, and internationalize and localize programs. +manipulation, sort arrays, and internationalize and localize programs. Besides the built-in functions, `awk' has provisions for writing new functions that the rest of a program can use. The second half of this @@ -9695,39 +9715,32 @@ The following list describes all of the built-in functions that work with numbers. Optional parameters are enclosed in square brackets ([ ]): -`int(X)' - This returns the nearest integer to X, located between X and zero - and truncated toward zero. - - For example, `int(3)' is 3, `int(3.9)' is 3, `int(-3.9)' is -3, - and `int(-3)' is -3 as well. +`atan2(Y, X)' + Return the arctangent of `Y / X' in radians. -`sqrt(X)' - This returns the positive square root of X. `gawk' reports an - error if X is negative. Thus, `sqrt(4)' is 2. +`cos(X)' + Return the cosine of X, with X in radians. `exp(X)' - This returns the exponential of X (`e ^ X') or reports an error if - X is out of range. The range of values X can have depends on your + Return the exponential of X (`e ^ X') or report an error if X is + out of range. The range of values X can have depends on your machine's floating-point representation. -`log(X)' - This returns the natural logarithm of X, if X is positive; - otherwise, it reports an error. - -`sin(X)' - This returns the sine of X, with X in radians. +`int(X)' + Return the nearest integer to X, located between X and zero and + truncated toward zero. -`cos(X)' - This returns the cosine of X, with X in radians. + For example, `int(3)' is 3, `int(3.9)' is 3, `int(-3.9)' is -3, + and `int(-3)' is -3 as well. -`atan2(Y, X)' - This returns the arctangent of `Y / X' in radians. +`log(X)' + Return the natural logarithm of X, if X is positive; otherwise, + report an error. `rand()' - This returns a random number. The values of `rand()' are - uniformly distributed between zero and one. The value could be - zero but is never one.(1) + Return a random number. The values of `rand()' are uniformly + distributed between zero and one. The value could be zero but is + never one.(1) Often random integers are needed instead. Following is a user-defined function that can be used to obtain a random @@ -9757,25 +9770,32 @@ brackets ([ ]): *Caution:* In most `awk' implementations, including `gawk', `rand()' starts generating numbers from the same starting number, - or "seed", each time you run `awk'. Thus, a program generates the - same results each time you run it. The numbers are random within - one `awk' run but predictable from run to run. This is convenient - for debugging, but if you want a program to do different things - each time it is used, you must change the seed to a value that is - different in each run. To do this, use `srand()'. + or "seed", each time you run `awk'.(2) Thus, a program generates + the same results each time you run it. The numbers are random + within one `awk' run but predictable from run to run. This is + convenient for debugging, but if you want a program to do + different things each time it is used, you must change the seed to + a value that is different in each run. To do this, use `srand()'. + +`sin(X)' + Return the sine of X, with X in radians. + +`sqrt(X)' + Return the positive square root of X. `gawk' reports an error if + X is negative. Thus, `sqrt(4)' is 2. `srand([X])' - The function `srand()' sets the starting point, or seed, for - generating random numbers to the value X. + Set the starting point, or seed, for generating random numbers to + the value X. Each seed value leads to a particular sequence of random - numbers.(2) Thus, if the seed is set to the same value a second + numbers.(3) Thus, if the seed is set to the same value a second time, the same sequence of random numbers is produced again. - Different `awk' implementations use different random-number - generators internally. Don't expect the same `awk' program to - produce the same series of random numbers when executed by - different versions of `awk'. + CAUTION: Different `awk' implementations use different + random-number generators internally. Don't expect the same + `awk' program to produce the same series of random numbers + when executed by different versions of `awk'. If the argument X is omitted, as in `srand()', then the current date and time of day are used for a seed. This is the way to get @@ -9790,10 +9810,12 @@ brackets ([ ]): (1) The C version of `rand()' is known to produce fairly poor sequences of random numbers. However, nothing requires that an `awk' implementation use the C `rand()' to implement the `awk' version of -`rand()'. In fact, `gawk' uses the BSD `random' function, which is +`rand()'. In fact, `gawk' uses the BSD `random()' function, which is considerably better than `rand()', to produce random numbers. - (2) Computer-generated random numbers really are not truly random. + (2) `mawk' uses a different seed each time. + + (3) Computer-generated random numbers really are not truly random. They are technically known as "pseudorandom." This means that while the numbers in a sequence appear to be random, you can in fact generate the same sequence of random numbers over and over again. @@ -9816,15 +9838,14 @@ with a pound sign (`#'): `gensub()'. `asort(SOURCE [, DEST]) #' - `asort()' is a `gawk'-specific extension, returning the number of - elements in the array SOURCE. The contents of SOURCE are sorted - using `gawk''s normal rules for comparing values (in particular, - `IGNORECASE' affects the sorting) and the indices of the sorted - values of SOURCE are replaced with sequential integers starting - with one. If the optional array DEST is specified, then SOURCE is - duplicated into DEST. DEST is then sorted, leaving the indices of - SOURCE unchanged. For example, if the contents of `a' are as - follows: + Return the number of elements in the array SOURCE. `gawk' sorts + the contents of SOURCE using the normal rules for comparing values + (in particular, `IGNORECASE' affects the sorting) and replaces the + indices of the sorted values of SOURCE with sequential integers + starting with one. If the optional array DEST is specified, then + SOURCE is duplicated into DEST. DEST is then sorted, leaving the + indices of SOURCE unchanged. For example, if the contents of `a' + are as follows: a["last"] = "de" a["first"] = "sac" @@ -9845,22 +9866,20 @@ with a pound sign (`#'): in compatibility mode (*note Options::). `asorti(SOURCE [, DEST]) #' - `asorti()' is a `gawk'-specific extension, returning the number of - elements in the array SOURCE. It works similarly to `asort()', - however, the _indices_ are sorted, instead of the values. As - array indices are always strings, the comparison performed is - always a string comparison. (Here too, `IGNORECASE' affects the - sorting.) + Return the number of elements in the array SOURCE. It works + similarly to `asort()', however, the _indices_ are sorted, instead + of the values. As array indices are always strings, the + comparison performed is always a string comparison. (Here too, + `IGNORECASE' affects the sorting.) The `asorti()' function is described in more detail in *note Array - Sorting::. It was added in `gawk' 3.1.2. `asorti()' is a `gawk' - extension; it is not available in compatibility mode (*note - Options::). + Sorting::. `asorti()' is a `gawk' extension; it is not available + in compatibility mode (*note Options::). `index(IN, FIND)' - This searches the string IN for the first occurrence of the string - FIND, and returns the position in characters where that occurrence - begins in the string IN. Consider the following example: + Search the string IN for the first occurrence of the string FIND, + and return the position in characters where that occurrence begins + in the string IN. Consider the following example: $ awk 'BEGIN { print index("peanut", "an") }' -| 3 @@ -9869,8 +9888,8 @@ with a pound sign (`#'): string indices in `awk' start at one.) `length([STRING])' - This returns the number of characters in STRING. If STRING is a - number, the length of the digit string representing that number is + Return the number of characters in STRING. If STRING is a number, + the length of the digit string representing that number is returned. For example, `length("abcde")' is 5. By contrast, `length(15 * 35)' works out to 3. In this example, 15 * 35 = 525, and 525 is then converted to the string `"525"', which has three @@ -9899,25 +9918,24 @@ with a pound sign (`#'): If `--lint' has been specified on the command line, `gawk' issues a warning about this. - Beginning with `gawk' version 3.1.5, when supplied an array - argument, the `length()' function returns the number of elements - in the array. This is less useful than it might seem at first, as - the array is not guaranteed to be indexed from one to the number - of elements in it. If `--lint' is provided on the command line - (*note Options::), `gawk' warns that passing an array argument is - not portable. If `--posix' is supplied, using an array argument - is a fatal error (*note Arrays::). + With `gawk' and several other `awk' implementations, when supplied + an array argument, the `length()' function returns the number of + elements in the array. This is less useful than it might seem at + first, as the array is not guaranteed to be indexed from one to + the number of elements in it. If `--lint' is provided on the + command line (*note Options::), `gawk' warns that passing an array + argument is not portable. If `--posix' is supplied, using an + array argument is a fatal error (*note Arrays::). `match(STRING, REGEXP [, ARRAY])' - The `match()' function searches STRING for the longest, leftmost - substring matched by the regular expression, REGEXP. It returns - the character position, or "index", at which that substring begins - (one, if it starts at the beginning of STRING). If no match is - found, it returns zero. + Search STRING for the longest, leftmost substring matched by the + regular expression, REGEXP and return the character position, or + "index", at which that substring begins (one, if it starts at the + beginning of STRING). If no match is found, return zero. The REGEXP argument may be either a regexp constant (`/.../') or a string constant (`"..."'). In the latter case, the string is - treated as a regexp to be matched. *note Computed Regexps::, for a + treated as a regexp to be matched. *Note Computed Regexps::, for a discussion of the difference between the two forms, and the implications for writing your program correctly. @@ -9971,12 +9989,11 @@ with a pound sign (`#'): $ echo foooobazbarrrrr | > gawk '{ match($0, /(fo+).+(bar*)/, arr) - > print arr[1], arr[2] }' + > print arr[1], arr[2] }' -| foooo barrrrr - In addition, beginning with `gawk' 3.1.2, multidimensional - subscripts are available providing the start index and length of - each matched subexpression: + In addition, multidimensional subscripts are available providing + the start index and length of each matched subexpression: $ echo foooobazbarrrrr | > gawk '{ match($0, /(fo+).+(bar*)/, arr) @@ -9997,14 +10014,14 @@ with a pound sign (`#'): compatibility mode (*note Options::), using a third argument is a fatal error. -`patsplit(STRING, ARRAY [, FIELDPAT [, SEPS ] ])' - This function divides STRING into pieces defined by FIELDPAT and - stores the pieces in ARRAY and the separator strings in the SEPS - array. The first piece is stored in `ARRAY[1]', the second piece - in `ARRAY[2]', and so forth. The string value of the third - argument, FIELDPAT, is a regexp describing the fields in STRING - (just as `FPAT' is a regexp describing the fields in input - records). If FIELDPAT is omitted, the value of `FPAT' is used. +`patsplit(STRING, ARRAY [, FIELDPAT [, SEPS ] ]) #' + Divide STRING into pieces defined by FIELDPAT and store the pieces + in ARRAY and the separator strings in the SEPS array. The first + piece is stored in `ARRAY[1]', the second piece in `ARRAY[2]', and + so forth. The third argument, FIELDPAT, is a regexp describing + the fields in STRING (just as `FPAT' is a regexp describing the + fields in input records). It may be either a regexp constant or a + string. If FIELDPAT is omitted, the value of `FPAT' is used. `patsplit()' returns the number of elements created. `SEPS[I]' is the separator string between `ARRAY[I]' and `ARRAY[I+1]'. Any leading separator will be in `SEPS[0]'. @@ -10012,6 +10029,12 @@ with a pound sign (`#'): The `patsplit()' function splits strings into pieces in a manner similar to the way input lines are split into fields using `FPAT'. + Before splitting the string, `patsplit()' deletes any previously + existing elements in the arrays ARRAY and SEPS. + + The `patsplit()' function is a `gawk' extension. In compatibility + mode (*note Options::), it is not available. + `split(STRING, ARRAY [, FIELDSEP [, SEPS ] ])' This function divides STRING into pieces separated by FIELDSEP and stores the pieces in ARRAY and the separator strings in the SEPS @@ -11678,17 +11701,17 @@ to force it to be a string value.) Here is the result of running the program: $ gawk -f indirectcall.awk class_data1 - => Biology 101: - => sum: <352.8> - => average: <88.2> - => - => Chemistry 305: - => sum: <356.4> - => average: <89.1> - => - => English 401: - => sum: <376.1> - => average: <94.025> + -| Biology 101: + -| sum: <352.8> + -| average: <88.2> + -| + -| Chemistry 305: + -| sum: <356.4> + -| average: <89.1> + -| + -| English 401: + -| sum: <376.1> + -| average: <94.025> The ability to use indirect function calls is more powerful than you may think at first. The C and C++ languages provide "function @@ -11808,23 +11831,23 @@ names of the two comparison functions: Finally, here are the results when the enhanced program is run: $ gawk -f quicksort.awk -f indirectcall.awk class_data2 - => Biology 101: - => sum: <352.8> - => average: <88.2> - => sort: <78.5 87.0 92.4 94.9> - => rsort: <94.9 92.4 87.0 78.5> - => - => Chemistry 305: - => sum: <356.4> - => average: <89.1> - => sort: <75.2 88.2 94.7 98.3> - => rsort: <98.3 94.7 88.2 75.2> - => - => English 401: - => sum: <376.1> - => average: <94.025> - => sort: <87.1 93.4 95.6 100.0> - => rsort: <100.0 95.6 93.4 87.1> + -| Biology 101: + -| sum: <352.8> + -| average: <88.2> + -| sort: <78.5 87.0 92.4 94.9> + -| rsort: <94.9 92.4 87.0 78.5> + -| + -| Chemistry 305: + -| sum: <356.4> + -| average: <89.1> + -| sort: <75.2 88.2 94.7 98.3> + -| rsort: <98.3 94.7 88.2 75.2> + -| + -| English 401: + -| sum: <376.1> + -| average: <94.025> + -| sort: <87.1 93.4 95.6 100.0> + -| rsort: <100.0 95.6 93.4 87.1> Remember that you must supply a leading `@' in front of an indirect function call. @@ -24493,7 +24516,7 @@ Index (line 67) * advanced features, data files as single record: Records. (line 172) * advanced features, fixed-width data: Constant Size. (line 9) -* advanced features, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 192) +* advanced features, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 195) * advanced features, gawk: Advanced Features. (line 6) * advanced features, gawk, network programming: TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) @@ -24545,7 +24568,7 @@ Index * arithmetic operators: Arithmetic Ops. (line 6) * arrays: Arrays. (line 6) * arrays, as parameters to functions: Function Caveats. (line 55) -* arrays, associative: Array Intro. (line 51) +* arrays, associative: Array Intro. (line 50) * arrays, associative, clearing: Internals. (line 66) * arrays, associative, library functions and: Library Names. (line 57) * arrays, deleting entire contents: Delete. (line 39) @@ -24557,16 +24580,16 @@ Index (line 6) * arrays, elements, retrieving number of: String Functions. (line 18) * arrays, for statement and: Scanning an Array. (line 20) -* arrays, IGNORECASE variable and: Array Intro. (line 93) -* arrays, indexing: Array Intro. (line 51) +* arrays, IGNORECASE variable and: Array Intro. (line 92) +* arrays, indexing: Array Intro. (line 50) * arrays, merging into strings: Join Function. (line 6) * arrays, multidimensional: Multi-dimensional. (line 10) * arrays, multidimensional, scanning: Multi-scanning. (line 11) -* arrays, names of: Arrays. (line 17) +* arrays, names of: Arrays. (line 18) * arrays, scanning: Scanning an Array. (line 6) * arrays, sorting: Array Sorting. (line 6) -* arrays, sorting, IGNORECASE variable and: Array Sorting. (line 86) -* arrays, sparse: Array Intro. (line 72) +* arrays, sorting, IGNORECASE variable and: Array Sorting. (line 69) +* arrays, sparse: Array Intro. (line 71) * arrays, subscripts: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 6) * arrays, subscripts, uninitialized variables as: Uninitialized Subscripts. @@ -24577,7 +24600,7 @@ Index * asort() function (gawk) <1>: String Functions. (line 18) * asort() function (gawk): Array Sorting. (line 6) * asort() function (gawk), arrays, sorting: Array Sorting. (line 6) -* asorti() function (gawk): String Functions. (line 47) +* asorti() function (gawk): String Functions. (line 46) * assert function (C library): Assert Function. (line 6) * assert user-defined function: Assert Function. (line 28) * assertions: Assert Function. (line 6) @@ -24587,7 +24610,7 @@ Index * assignments as filenames: Ignoring Assigns. (line 6) * assoc_clear internal function: Internals. (line 66) * assoc_lookup internal function: Internals. (line 70) -* associative arrays: Array Intro. (line 51) +* associative arrays: Array Intro. (line 50) * asterisk (*), * operator, as multiplication operator: Precedence. (line 55) * asterisk (*), * operator, as regexp operator: Regexp Operators. @@ -24602,7 +24625,7 @@ Index * asterisk (*), **= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) * asterisk (*), *= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * asterisk (*), *= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) -* atan2() function: Numeric Functions. (line 37) +* atan2() function: Numeric Functions. (line 11) * atari: Atari Installation. (line 9) * awf (amazingly workable formatter) program: Glossary. (line 20) * awk language, POSIX version: Assignment Ops. (line 136) @@ -24727,7 +24750,7 @@ Index * BEGIN pattern, getline and: Getline Notes. (line 19) * BEGIN pattern, headings, adding: Print Examples. (line 43) * BEGIN pattern, next/nextfile statements and <1>: Next Statement. - (line 39) + (line 45) * BEGIN pattern, next/nextfile statements and: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 36) * BEGIN pattern, OFS/ORS variables, assigning values to: Output Separators. @@ -24738,6 +24761,8 @@ Index * BEGIN pattern, pwcat program: Passwd Functions. (line 128) * BEGIN pattern, running awk programs and: Cut Program. (line 66) * BEGIN pattern, TEXTDOMAIN variable and: Programmer i18n. (line 58) +* BEGINFILE pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. + (line 73) * BEGINFILE special pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 6) * beginfile user-defined function: Filetrans Function. (line 60) * Bell Laboratories awk extensions: BTL. (line 6) @@ -24805,8 +24830,8 @@ Index * caret (^), ^= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) * caret (^), in character lists: Character Lists. (line 16) * case keyword: Switch Statement. (line 6) -* case sensitivity, array indices and: Array Intro. (line 93) -* case sensitivity, converting case: String Functions. (line 492) +* case sensitivity, array indices and: Array Intro. (line 92) +* case sensitivity, converting case: String Functions. (line 493) * case sensitivity, example programs: Library Functions. (line 43) * case sensitivity, gawk: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) * case sensitivity, regexps and <1>: User-modified. (line 82) @@ -24911,7 +24936,7 @@ Index * constants, types of: Constants. (line 6) * continue statement: Continue Statement. (line 6) * control statements: Statements. (line 6) -* converting, case: String Functions. (line 492) +* converting, case: String Functions. (line 493) * converting, dates to timestamps: Time Functions. (line 72) * converting, during subscripting: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 31) @@ -24927,7 +24952,7 @@ Index * coprocesses, closing: Close Files And Pipes. (line 6) * coprocesses, getline from: Getline/Coprocess. (line 6) -* cos() function: Numeric Functions. (line 34) +* cos() function: Numeric Functions. (line 14) * counting: Wc Program. (line 6) * csh utility: Statements/Lines. (line 44) * csh utility, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 300) @@ -24947,8 +24972,8 @@ Index * dark corner, ^, in FS: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 59) * dark corner, array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. - (line 42) -* dark corner, break statement: Break Statement. (line 47) + (line 43) +* dark corner, break statement: Break Statement. (line 51) * dark corner, close() function: Close Files And Pipes. (line 131) * dark corner, command-line arguments: Assignment Options. (line 43) @@ -24962,13 +24987,13 @@ Index (line 47) * dark corner, FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 92) * dark corner, FILENAME variable: Getline Notes. (line 19) -* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 192) +* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 195) * dark corner, format-control characters: Control Letters. (line 18) * dark corner, FS as null string: Single Character Fields. (line 20) * dark corner, input files: Records. (line 98) * dark corner, invoking awk: Command Line. (line 16) -* dark corner, length() function: String Functions. (line 87) +* dark corner, length() function: String Functions. (line 84) * dark corner, multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 35) * dark corner, NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 107) * dark corner, OFMT variable: OFMT. (line 27) @@ -24978,8 +25003,9 @@ Index (line 148) * dark corner, regexp constants, as arguments to user-defined functions: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) -* dark corner, split() function: String Functions. (line 259) +* dark corner, split() function: String Functions. (line 260) * dark corner, strings, storing: Records. (line 188) +* dark corner, value of ARGV[0]: Auto-set. (line 35) * data, fixed-width: Constant Size. (line 9) * data-driven languages: Basic High Level. (line 85) * database, group, reading: Group Functions. (line 6) @@ -25109,9 +25135,9 @@ Index * deleting elements in arrays: Delete. (line 6) * deleting entire arrays: Delete. (line 39) * dgawk: Debugger. (line 6) -* differences between gawk and awk: String Functions. (line 101) +* differences between gawk and awk: String Functions. (line 98) * differences in awk and gawk, ARGC/ARGV variables: ARGC and ARGV. - (line 86) + (line 88) * differences in awk and gawk, ARGIND variable: Auto-set. (line 40) * differences in awk and gawk, array elements, deleting: Delete. (line 39) @@ -25149,7 +25175,7 @@ Index (line 34) * differences in awk and gawk, LINT variable: User-modified. (line 98) * differences in awk and gawk, match() function: String Functions. - (line 165) + (line 161) * differences in awk and gawk, next/nextfile statements: Nextfile Statement. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, print/printf statements: Format Modifiers. @@ -25161,15 +25187,15 @@ Index * differences in awk and gawk, regular expressions: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) * differences in awk and gawk, RS/RT variables: Records. (line 164) -* differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 181) +* differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 184) * differences in awk and gawk, single-character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, split() function: String Functions. - (line 248) + (line 249) * differences in awk and gawk, strings: Scalar Constants. (line 20) * differences in awk and gawk, strings, storing: Records. (line 184) * differences in awk and gawk, strtonum() function (gawk): String Functions. - (line 286) + (line 287) * differences in awk and gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. (line 153) * differences in awk and gawk, trunc-mod operation: Arithmetic Ops. @@ -25230,12 +25256,13 @@ Index * END pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 73) * END pattern, exit statement and: Exit Statement. (line 12) * END pattern, next/nextfile statements and <1>: Next Statement. - (line 39) + (line 45) * END pattern, next/nextfile statements and: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 36) * END pattern, operators and: Using BEGIN/END. (line 17) * END pattern, pgawk program: Profiling. (line 69) * END pattern, print statement and: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 16) +* ENDFILE pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 73) * ENDFILE special pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 6) * endfile user-defined function: Filetrans Function. (line 60) * endgrent function (C library): Group Functions. (line 215) @@ -25284,7 +25311,7 @@ Index * exclamation point (!), !~ operator: Regexp Usage. (line 19) * exit statement: Exit Statement. (line 6) * exit status, of gawk: Exit Status. (line 6) -* exp() function: Numeric Functions. (line 22) +* exp() function: Numeric Functions. (line 17) * expand utility: Very Simple. (line 69) * expressions: Expressions. (line 6) * expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 6) @@ -25421,7 +25448,7 @@ Index * floating-point, numbers, AWKNUM internal type: Internals. (line 19) * FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 102) * FNR variable: Records. (line 6) -* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 192) +* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 195) * for statement: For Statement. (line 6) * for statement, in arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 20) * force_number internal function: Internals. (line 27) @@ -25498,7 +25525,7 @@ Index * functions, library, user database, reading: Passwd Functions. (line 6) * functions, names of <1>: Definition Syntax. (line 21) -* functions, names of: Arrays. (line 17) +* functions, names of: Arrays. (line 18) * functions, recursive: Definition Syntax. (line 73) * functions, return values, setting: Internals. (line 136) * functions, string-translation: I18N Functions. (line 6) @@ -25508,15 +25535,15 @@ Index * functions, user-defined, counts: Profiling. (line 135) * functions, user-defined, library of: Library Functions. (line 6) * functions, user-defined, next/nextfile statements and <1>: Nextfile Statement. - (line 39) + (line 43) * functions, user-defined, next/nextfile statements and: Next Statement. - (line 39) + (line 45) * G-d: Acknowledgments. (line 79) * Garfinkle, Scott: Contributors. (line 37) * gawk, awk and <1>: This Manual. (line 14) * gawk, awk and: Preface. (line 22) * gawk, bitwise operations in: Bitwise Functions. (line 39) -* gawk, break statement in: Break Statement. (line 47) +* gawk, break statement in: Break Statement. (line 51) * gawk, built-in variables and: Built-in Variables. (line 14) * gawk, character classes and: Character Lists. (line 91) * gawk, coding style in: Adding Code. (line 32) @@ -25565,9 +25592,7 @@ Index * gawk, list of contributors to: Contributors. (line 6) * gawk, MS-DOS version of: PC Using. (line 11) * gawk, newlines in: Statements/Lines. (line 12) -* gawk, next file statement in: Nextfile Statement. (line 46) -* gawk, nextfile statement in <1>: Nextfile Function. (line 6) -* gawk, nextfile statement in: Nextfile Statement. (line 46) +* gawk, nextfile statement in: Nextfile Function. (line 6) * gawk, octal numbers and: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 42) * gawk, OS/2 version of: PC Using. (line 11) * gawk, regexp constants and: Using Constant Regexps. @@ -25588,7 +25613,7 @@ Index (line 63) * General Public License (GPL): Glossary. (line 295) * General Public License, See GPL: Manual History. (line 11) -* gensub() function (gawk) <1>: String Functions. (line 400) +* gensub() function (gawk) <1>: String Functions. (line 401) * gensub() function (gawk): Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) * gensub() function (gawk), escape processing: Gory Details. (line 6) @@ -25656,10 +25681,10 @@ Index * group database, reading: Group Functions. (line 6) * group file: Group Functions. (line 6) * groups, information about: Group Functions. (line 6) -* gsub() function <1>: String Functions. (line 384) +* gsub() function <1>: String Functions. (line 385) * gsub() function: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) -* gsub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 364) +* gsub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 365) * gsub() function, escape processing: Gory Details. (line 6) * h debugger command (alias for help): Miscellaneous Dgawk Commands. (line 71) @@ -25693,8 +25718,8 @@ Index * ignore debugger command: Breakpoint Control. (line 80) * IGNORECASE variable <1>: User-modified. (line 82) * IGNORECASE variable: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) -* IGNORECASE variable, array sorting and: Array Sorting. (line 86) -* IGNORECASE variable, array subscripts and: Array Intro. (line 93) +* IGNORECASE variable, array sorting and: Array Sorting. (line 69) +* IGNORECASE variable, array subscripts and: Array Intro. (line 92) * IGNORECASE variable, in example programs: Library Functions. (line 43) * implementation issues, gawk: Notes. (line 6) @@ -25702,16 +25727,16 @@ Index * implementation issues, gawk, limits <1>: Redirection. (line 135) * implementation issues, gawk, limits: Getline Notes. (line 14) * in operator <1>: Id Program. (line 93) -* in operator <2>: For Statement. (line 74) +* in operator <2>: For Statement. (line 75) * in operator <3>: Precedence. (line 83) * in operator: Comparison Operators. (line 11) * in operator, arrays and <1>: Scanning an Array. (line 17) * in operator, arrays and: Reference to Elements. - (line 25) + (line 37) * increment operators: Increment Ops. (line 6) -* index() function: String Functions. (line 60) -* indexing arrays: Array Intro. (line 51) +* index() function: String Functions. (line 57) +* indexing arrays: Array Intro. (line 50) * indirect function calls: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * info debugger command: Dgawk Info. (line 12) * initialization, automatic: More Complex. (line 38) @@ -25743,7 +25768,7 @@ Index * installation, vms: VMS Installation. (line 6) * installing gawk: Installation. (line 6) * INT signal (MS-DOS): Profiling. (line 210) -* int() function: Numeric Functions. (line 11) +* int() function: Numeric Functions. (line 22) * integers: Basic Data Typing. (line 21) * integers, unsigned: Basic Data Typing. (line 28) * interacting with other programs: I/O Functions. (line 64) @@ -25817,7 +25842,7 @@ Index (line 11) * left shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) * leftmost longest match: Multiple Line. (line 26) -* length() function: String Functions. (line 71) +* length() function: String Functions. (line 68) * Lesser General Public License (LGPL): Glossary. (line 373) * LGPL (Lesser General Public License): Glossary. (line 373) * libraries of awk functions: Library Functions. (line 6) @@ -25857,7 +25882,7 @@ Index * lint checking: User-modified. (line 98) * lint checking, array elements: Delete. (line 34) * lint checking, array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. - (line 42) + (line 43) * lint checking, empty programs: Command Line. (line 16) * lint checking, issuing warnings: Options. (line 141) * lint checking, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. @@ -25877,13 +25902,13 @@ Index * localization, See internationalization, localization: I18N and L10N. (line 6) * log files, timestamps in: Time Functions. (line 6) -* log() function: Numeric Functions. (line 27) +* log() function: Numeric Functions. (line 29) * logical false/true: Truth Values. (line 6) * logical operators, See Boolean expressions: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * login information: Passwd Functions. (line 16) * long options: Command Line. (line 13) * loops: While Statement. (line 6) -* loops, continue statements and: For Statement. (line 63) +* loops, continue statements and: For Statement. (line 64) * loops, count for header: Profiling. (line 129) * loops, exiting: Break Statement. (line 6) * loops, See Also while statement: While Statement. (line 6) @@ -25901,9 +25926,9 @@ Index (line 6) * marked strings, extracting: String Extraction. (line 6) * Marx, Groucho: Increment Ops. (line 61) -* match() function: String Functions. (line 111) +* match() function: String Functions. (line 108) * match() function, RSTART/RLENGTH variables: String Functions. - (line 129) + (line 125) * matching, expressions, See comparison expressions: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) * matching, leftmost longest: Multiple Line. (line 26) @@ -25926,11 +25951,11 @@ Index * n debugger command (alias for next): Dgawk Execution Control. (line 43) * names, arrays/variables <1>: Library Names. (line 6) -* names, arrays/variables: Arrays. (line 17) +* names, arrays/variables: Arrays. (line 18) * names, functions <1>: Library Names. (line 6) * names, functions: Definition Syntax. (line 21) * namespace issues <1>: Library Names. (line 6) -* namespace issues: Arrays. (line 17) +* namespace issues: Arrays. (line 18) * namespace issues, functions: Definition Syntax. (line 21) * nargs internal variable: Internals. (line 46) * nawk utility: Names. (line 17) @@ -25953,18 +25978,16 @@ Index * next debugger command: Dgawk Execution Control. (line 43) * next file statement: POSIX/GNU. (line 155) -* next file statement, in gawk: Nextfile Statement. (line 46) * next statement <1>: Next Statement. (line 6) * next statement: Boolean Ops. (line 85) * next statement, BEGIN/END patterns and: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 36) -* next statement, user-defined functions and: Next Statement. (line 39) +* next statement, user-defined functions and: Next Statement. (line 45) * nextfile statement: Nextfile Statement. (line 6) * nextfile statement, BEGIN/END patterns and: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 36) * nextfile statement, implementing: Nextfile Function. (line 6) -* nextfile statement, in gawk: Nextfile Statement. (line 46) * nextfile statement, user-defined functions and: Nextfile Statement. - (line 39) + (line 43) * nextfile user-defined function: Nextfile Function. (line 38) * nexti debugger command: Dgawk Execution Control. (line 49) @@ -25979,7 +26002,7 @@ Index * not Boolean-logic operator: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * NR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 118) * NR variable: Records. (line 6) -* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 192) +* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 195) * null strings <1>: Basic Data Typing. (line 47) * null strings <2>: Truth Values. (line 6) * null strings <3>: Regexp Field Splitting. @@ -25987,7 +26010,7 @@ Index * null strings: Records. (line 102) * null strings, array elements and: Delete. (line 27) * null strings, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. - (line 42) + (line 43) * null strings, converting numbers to strings: Conversion. (line 21) * null strings, matching: Gory Details. (line 159) * null strings, quoting and: Quoting. (line 62) @@ -26010,7 +26033,7 @@ Index * numbers, hexadecimal: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 6) * numbers, NODE internal type: Internals. (line 23) * numbers, octal: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 6) -* numbers, random: Numeric Functions. (line 70) +* numbers, random: Numeric Functions. (line 63) * numbers, rounding: Round Function. (line 6) * numeric, constants: Scalar Constants. (line 6) * numeric, output format: OFMT. (line 6) @@ -26102,7 +26125,7 @@ Index * parentheses (): Regexp Operators. (line 78) * parentheses (), pgawk program: Profiling. (line 144) * password file: Passwd Functions. (line 16) -* patsplit() function: String Functions. (line 200) +* patsplit() function: String Functions. (line 195) * patterns: Patterns and Actions. (line 6) * patterns, comparison expressions as: Expression Patterns. (line 14) @@ -26112,7 +26135,7 @@ Index * patterns, expressions as: Regexp Patterns. (line 6) * patterns, ranges in: Ranges. (line 6) * patterns, regexp constants as: Expression Patterns. (line 36) -* patterns, types of: Pattern Overview. (line 14) +* patterns, types of: Pattern Overview. (line 15) * pawk profiling Bell Labs awk: Other Versions. (line 93) * PC operating systems, gawk on: PC Using. (line 6) * PC operating systems, gawk on, installing: PC Installation. (line 6) @@ -26159,7 +26182,7 @@ Index * portability, gawk: New Ports. (line 6) * portability, gettext library and: Explaining gettext. (line 10) * portability, internationalization and: I18N Portability. (line 6) -* portability, length() function: String Functions. (line 80) +* portability, length() function: String Functions. (line 77) * portability, new awk vs. old awk: Conversion. (line 54) * portability, next statement in user-defined functions: Function Caveats. (line 99) @@ -26167,7 +26190,7 @@ Index * portability, operators: Increment Ops. (line 61) * portability, operators, not in POSIX awk: Precedence. (line 98) * portability, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 305) -* portability, substr() function: String Functions. (line 482) +* portability, substr() function: String Functions. (line 483) * portable object files <1>: Translator i18n. (line 6) * portable object files: Explaining gettext. (line 36) * portable object files, converting to message object files: I18N Example. @@ -26188,7 +26211,7 @@ Index * POSIX awk, backslashes in string constants: Escape Sequences. (line 113) * POSIX awk, BEGIN/END patterns: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 16) -* POSIX awk, break statement and: Break Statement. (line 47) +* POSIX awk, break statement and: Break Statement. (line 51) * POSIX awk, changes in awk versions: POSIX. (line 6) * POSIX awk, character lists and: Character Lists. (line 23) * POSIX awk, character lists and, character classes: Character Lists. @@ -26202,10 +26225,10 @@ Index * POSIX awk, FS variable and: User-modified. (line 66) * POSIX awk, function keyword in: Definition Syntax. (line 78) * POSIX awk, functions and, gsub()/sub(): Gory Details. (line 53) -* POSIX awk, functions and, length(): String Functions. (line 80) +* POSIX awk, functions and, length(): String Functions. (line 77) * POSIX awk, GNU long options and: Options. (line 15) * POSIX awk, interval expressions in: Regexp Operators. (line 134) -* POSIX awk, next/nextfile statements and: Next Statement. (line 39) +* POSIX awk, next/nextfile statements and: Next Statement. (line 45) * POSIX awk, numeric strings and: Variable Typing. (line 6) * POSIX awk, OFMT variable and <1>: Conversion. (line 54) * POSIX awk, OFMT variable and: OFMT. (line 27) @@ -26308,12 +26331,12 @@ Index * r debugger command (alias for run): Dgawk Execution Control. (line 62) * Rakitzis, Byron: History Sorting. (line 25) -* rand() function: Numeric Functions. (line 40) +* rand() function: Numeric Functions. (line 33) * random numbers, Cliff: Cliff Random Function. (line 6) * random numbers, rand()/srand() functions: Numeric Functions. - (line 40) -* random numbers, seed of: Numeric Functions. (line 70) + (line 33) +* random numbers, seed of: Numeric Functions. (line 63) * range expressions: Character Lists. (line 6) * range patterns: Ranges. (line 6) * Rankin, Pat <1>: Bugs. (line 71) @@ -26339,7 +26362,7 @@ Index * recursive functions: Definition Syntax. (line 73) * redirection of input: Getline/File. (line 6) * redirection of output: Redirection. (line 6) -* reference counting, sorting arrays: Array Sorting. (line 79) +* reference counting, sorting arrays: Array Sorting. (line 62) * regexp constants <1>: Comparison Operators. (line 103) * regexp constants <2>: Regexp Constants. (line 6) @@ -26405,8 +26428,8 @@ Index * right angle bracket (>), >> operator (I/O): Redirection. (line 50) * right shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) * Ritchie, Dennis: Basic Data Typing. (line 71) -* RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 168) -* RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 129) +* RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 171) +* RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 125) * Robbins, Arnold <1>: Future Extensions. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <2>: Bugs. (line 29) * Robbins, Arnold <3>: Contributors. (line 95) @@ -26431,9 +26454,9 @@ Index * RS variable: Records. (line 20) * RS variable, multiline records and: Multiple Line. (line 17) * rshift() function (gawk): Bitwise Functions. (line 46) -* RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 174) -* RSTART variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 129) -* RT variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 181) +* RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 177) +* RSTART variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 125) +* RT variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 184) * RT variable <2>: Multiple Line. (line 129) * RT variable: Records. (line 112) * Rubin, Paul <1>: Contributors. (line 16) @@ -26454,7 +26477,7 @@ Index * search paths, for source files <1>: VMS Running. (line 28) * search paths, for source files <2>: Igawk Program. (line 358) * search paths, for source files: AWKPATH Variable. (line 6) -* searching: String Functions. (line 60) +* searching: String Functions. (line 57) * searching, files for regular expressions: Egrep Program. (line 6) * searching, for words: Dupword Program. (line 6) * sed utility <1>: Glossary. (line 12) @@ -26492,7 +26515,7 @@ Index * side effects <1>: Increment Ops. (line 11) * side effects: Concatenation. (line 42) * side effects, array indexing: Reference to Elements. - (line 30) + (line 42) * side effects, asort() function: Array Sorting. (line 25) * side effects, assignment expressions: Assignment Ops. (line 23) * side effects, Boolean operators: Boolean Ops. (line 30) @@ -26507,7 +26530,7 @@ Index * signals, USR1/SIGUSR1: Profiling. (line 185) * silent debugger command: Dgawk Execution Control. (line 10) -* sin() function: Numeric Functions. (line 31) +* sin() function: Numeric Functions. (line 73) * single quote (') <1>: Quoting. (line 31) * single quote (') <2>: Long. (line 33) * single quote ('): One-shot. (line 15) @@ -26531,18 +26554,18 @@ Index * source code, mawk: Other Versions. (line 34) * source code, mixing: Options. (line 102) * source files, search path for: Igawk Program. (line 358) -* sparse arrays: Array Intro. (line 72) +* sparse arrays: Array Intro. (line 71) * Spencer, Henry: Glossary. (line 12) * split utility: Split Program. (line 6) -* split() function: String Functions. (line 215) +* split() function: String Functions. (line 216) * split() function, array elements, deleting: Delete. (line 56) * split.awk program: Split Program. (line 30) -* sprintf() function <1>: String Functions. (line 278) +* sprintf() function <1>: String Functions. (line 279) * sprintf() function: OFMT. (line 15) * sprintf() function, OFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 124) * sprintf() function, print/printf statements and: Round Function. (line 6) -* sqrt() function: Numeric Functions. (line 18) +* sqrt() function: Numeric Functions. (line 76) * square brackets ([]): Regexp Operators. (line 55) * srand() function: Numeric Functions. (line 80) * Stallman, Richard <1>: Glossary. (line 286) @@ -26585,14 +26608,14 @@ Index * strings, null: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 43) * strings, numeric: Variable Typing. (line 6) -* strings, splitting: String Functions. (line 234) -* strtonum() function (gawk): String Functions. (line 286) +* strings, splitting: String Functions. (line 235) +* strtonum() function (gawk): String Functions. (line 287) * strtonum() function (gawk), --non-decimal-data option and: Nondecimal Data. (line 36) -* sub() function <1>: String Functions. (line 307) +* sub() function <1>: String Functions. (line 308) * sub() function: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) -* sub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 364) +* sub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 365) * sub() function, escape processing: Gory Details. (line 6) * subscript separators: User-modified. (line 147) * subscripts in arrays, multidimensional: Multi-dimensional. (line 10) @@ -26605,7 +26628,7 @@ Index * SUBSEP variable: User-modified. (line 147) * SUBSEP variable, multidimensional arrays: Multi-dimensional. (line 16) -* substr() function: String Functions. (line 451) +* substr() function: String Functions. (line 452) * Sumner, Andrew: Other Versions. (line 81) * switch statement: Switch Statement. (line 6) * syntactic ambiguity: /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. @@ -26657,8 +26680,8 @@ Index * timestamps, converting dates to: Time Functions. (line 72) * timestamps, formatted: Gettimeofday Function. (line 6) -* tolower() function: String Functions. (line 493) -* toupper() function: String Functions. (line 499) +* tolower() function: String Functions. (line 494) +* toupper() function: String Functions. (line 500) * tr utility: Translate Program. (line 6) * trace debugger command: Miscellaneous Dgawk Commands. (line 113) @@ -26683,8 +26706,8 @@ Index * troubleshooting, gawk, fatal errors, function arguments: Calling Built-in. (line 16) * troubleshooting, getline function: File Checking. (line 24) -* troubleshooting, gsub()/sub() functions: String Functions. (line 374) -* troubleshooting, match() function: String Functions. (line 195) +* troubleshooting, gsub()/sub() functions: String Functions. (line 375) +* troubleshooting, match() function: String Functions. (line 190) * troubleshooting, print statement, omitting commas: Print Examples. (line 31) * troubleshooting, printing: Redirection. (line 118) @@ -26693,7 +26716,7 @@ Index * troubleshooting, regexp constants vs. string constants: Computed Regexps. (line 38) * troubleshooting, string concatenation: Concatenation. (line 27) -* troubleshooting, substr() function: String Functions. (line 469) +* troubleshooting, substr() function: String Functions. (line 470) * troubleshooting, system() function: I/O Functions. (line 88) * troubleshooting, typographical errors, global variables: Options. (line 92) @@ -26766,7 +26789,7 @@ Index * variables, global, for library functions: Library Names. (line 11) * variables, global, printing list of: Options. (line 88) * variables, initializing: Using Variables. (line 20) -* variables, names of: Arrays. (line 17) +* variables, names of: Arrays. (line 18) * variables, private: Library Names. (line 11) * variables, setting: Options. (line 30) * variables, shadowing: Definition Syntax. (line 61) @@ -26908,349 +26931,351 @@ Node: Leftmost Longest123883 Node: Computed Regexps125084 Node: Locales128501 Node: Reading Files131591 -Node: Records133607 -Ref: Records-Footnote-1142173 -Node: Fields142210 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1145242 -Node: Nonconstant Fields145328 -Node: Changing Fields147530 -Node: Field Separators152815 -Node: Default Field Splitting155444 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting156561 -Node: Single Character Fields159911 -Node: Command Line Field Separator160962 -Node: Field Splitting Summary164401 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1167587 -Node: Constant Size167688 -Node: Splitting By Content172159 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1175761 -Node: Multiple Line175801 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1181541 -Node: Getline181720 -Node: Plain Getline183941 -Node: Getline/Variable186030 -Node: Getline/File187171 -Node: Getline/Variable/File188493 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1190092 -Node: Getline/Pipe190179 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe192727 -Node: 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