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Diffstat (limited to 'doc/gawk.info')
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gawk.info | 1142 |
1 files changed, 675 insertions, 467 deletions
diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 9847e6be..4c422294 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -4042,6 +4042,7 @@ have to be named on the `awk' command line (*note Getline::). * Read Timeout:: Reading input with a timeout. * Command line directories:: What happens if you put a directory on the command line. +* Input Summary:: Input summary. File: gawk.info, Node: Records, Next: Fields, Up: Reading Files @@ -5829,7 +5830,7 @@ writing. (1) This assumes that standard input is the keyboard. -File: gawk.info, Node: Command line directories, Prev: Read Timeout, Up: Reading Files +File: gawk.info, Node: Command line directories, Next: Input Summary, Prev: Read Timeout, Up: Reading Files 4.11 Directories On The Command Line ==================================== @@ -5852,6 +5853,75 @@ error. usable data from an `awk' program. +File: gawk.info, Node: Input Summary, Prev: Command line directories, Up: Reading Files + +4.12 Summary +============ + + * Input is split into records based on the value of `RS'. The + possibilities are as follows: + + Value of `RS' Records are split on `awk' / `gawk' + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- + Any single That character `awk' + character + The empty string Runs of two or more `awk' + (`""') newlines + A regexp Text that matches the `gawk' + regexp + + * `gawk' sets `RT' to the text matched by `RS'. + + * After splitting the input into records, `awk' further splits the + record into individual fields, named `$1', `$2' and so on. `$0' is + the whole record, and `NF' indicates how many fields there are. + The default way to split fields is between whitespace characters. + + * Fields may be referenced using a variable, as in `$NF'. Fields + may also be assigned values, which causes the value of `$0' to be + recomputed when it is later referenced. Assigning to a field with + a number greater than `NF' creates the field and rebuilds the + record, using `OFS' to separate the fields. Incrementing `NF' + does the same thing. Decrementing `NF' throws away fields and + rebuilds the record. + + * Field splitting is more complicated than record splitting. + + Field separator value Fields are split ... `awk' / + `gawk' + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- + `FS == " "' On runs of whitespace `awk' + `FS == ANY SINGLE On that character `awk' + CHARACTER' + `FS == REGEXP' On text matching the `awk' + regexp + `FS == ""' Each individual character `gawk' + is a separate field + `FIELDWIDTHS == LIST OF Based on character `gawk' + COLUMNS' position + `FPAT == REGEXP' On text around text `gawk' + matching the regexp + + Using `FS = "\n"' causes the entire record to be a single field + (assuming that newlines separate records). + + * `FS' may be set from the command line using the `-F' option. This + can also be done using command-line variable assignment. + + * `PROCINFO["FS"]' can be used to see how fields are being split. + + * Use `getline' in its varioius forms to read additional records, + from the default input stream, from a file, or from a pipe or + co-process. + + * Use `PROCINFO[FILE, "READ_TIMEOUT"]' to cause reads to timeout for + FILE. + + * Directories on the command line are fatal for standard `awk'; + `gawk' ignores them if not in POSIX mode. + + + File: gawk.info, Node: Printing, Next: Expressions, Prev: Reading Files, Up: Top 5 Printing Output @@ -5885,6 +5955,7 @@ function. `gawk' allows access to inherited file descriptors. * Close Files And Pipes:: Closing Input and Output Files and Pipes. +* Output Summary:: Output summary. File: gawk.info, Node: Print, Next: Print Examples, Up: Printing @@ -6776,7 +6847,7 @@ that `gawk' provides: behavior. -File: gawk.info, Node: Close Files And Pipes, Prev: Special Files, Up: Printing +File: gawk.info, Node: Close Files And Pipes, Next: Output Summary, Prev: Special Files, Up: Printing 5.8 Closing Input and Output Redirections ========================================= @@ -6943,6 +7014,32 @@ call. See the system manual pages for information on how to decode this value. +File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Prev: Close Files And Pipes, Up: Printing + +5.9 Summary +=========== + + * The `print' statement prints comma-separated expressions. Each + expression is separated by the value of `OFS' and terminated by + the value of `ORS'. `OFMT' provides the conversion format for + numeric values for the `print' statement. + + * The `printf' statement provides finer-grained control over output, + with format control letters for different data types and various + flags that modify the behavior of the format control letters. + + * Output from both `print' and `printf' may be redirected to files, + pipes, and co-processes. + + * `gawk' provides special file names for access to standard input, + output and error, and for network communications. + + * Use `close()' to close open file, pipe and co-process redirections. + For co-processes, it is possible to close only one direction of the + communications. + + + File: gawk.info, Node: Expressions, Next: Patterns and Actions, Prev: Printing, Up: Top 6 Expressions @@ -6968,6 +7065,7 @@ operators. * Function Calls:: A function call is an expression. * Precedence:: How various operators nest. * Locales:: How the locale affects things. +* Expressions Summary:: Expressions summary. File: gawk.info, Node: Values, Next: All Operators, Up: Expressions @@ -8516,7 +8614,7 @@ String Concatenation POSIX. For maximum portability, do not use them. -File: gawk.info, Node: Locales, Prev: Precedence, Up: Expressions +File: gawk.info, Node: Locales, Next: Expressions Summary, Prev: Precedence, Up: Expressions 6.6 Where You Are Makes A Difference ==================================== @@ -8552,6 +8650,62 @@ used when `gawk' parses input data. This is discussed in detail in *note Conversion::. +File: gawk.info, Node: Expressions Summary, Prev: Locales, Up: Expressions + +6.7 Summary +=========== + + * Expressions are the basic elements of computation in programs. + They are built from constants, variables, function calls and + combinations of the various kinds of values with operators. + + * `awk' supplies three kinds of constants: numeric, string, and + regexp. `gawk' lets you specify numeric constants in octal and + hexadecimal (bases 8 and 16) in addition to decimal (base 10). In + certain contexts, a standalone regexp constant such as `/foo/' has + the same meaning as `$0 ~ /foo/'. + + * Variables hold values between uses in computations. A number of + built-in variables provide information to your `awk' program, and + a number of others let you control how `awk' behaves. + + * Numbers are automatically converted to strings, and strings to + numbers, as needed by `awk'. Numeric values are converted as if + they were formatted with `sprintf()' using the format in `CONVFMT'. + + * `awk' provides the usual arithmetic operators (addition, + subtraction, multiplication, division, modulus), and unary plus + and minus. It also provides comparison operators, boolean + operators, and regexp matching operators. String concatenation is + accomplished by placing two expressions next to each other; there + is no explicit operator. The three-operand `?:' operator provides + an "if-else" test within expressions. + + * Assignment operators provide convenient shorthands for common + arithmetic operations. + + * In `awk', a value is considered to be true if it is non-zero _or_ + non-null. Otherwise, the value is false. + + * A value's type is set upon each assignment and may change over its + lifetime. The type determines how it behaves in comparisons + (string or numeric). + + * Function calls return a value which may be used as part of a larger + expression. Expressions used to pass parameter values are fully + evaluated before the function is called. `awk' provides built-in + and user-defined functions; this is described later on in this + Info file. + + * Operator precedence specifies the order in which operations are + performed, unless explicitly overridden by parentheses. `awk''s + operator precedence is compatible with that of C. + + * Locales can affect the format of data as output by an `awk' + program, and occasionally the format for data read as input. + + + File: gawk.info, Node: Patterns and Actions, Next: Arrays, Prev: Expressions, Up: Top 7 Patterns, Actions, and Variables @@ -8575,6 +8729,7 @@ top of. Now it's time to start building something useful. * Statements:: Describes the various control statements in detail. * Built-in Variables:: Summarizes the built-in variables. +* Pattern Action Summary:: Patterns and Actions summary. File: gawk.info, Node: Pattern Overview, Next: Using Shell Variables, Up: Patterns and Actions @@ -9667,7 +9822,7 @@ statement with a nonzero argument, as shown in the following example: systems. -File: gawk.info, Node: Built-in Variables, Prev: Statements, Up: Patterns and Actions +File: gawk.info, Node: Built-in Variables, Next: Pattern Action Summary, Prev: Statements, Up: Patterns and Actions 7.5 Built-in Variables ====================== @@ -10293,6 +10448,55 @@ are passed on to the `awk' program. (*Note Getopt Function::, for an `awk' library function that parses command-line options.) +File: gawk.info, Node: Pattern Action Summary, Prev: Built-in Variables, Up: Patterns and Actions + +7.6 Summary +=========== + + * Pattern-action pairs make up the basic elements of an `awk' + program. Patterns are either normal expressions, range + expressions, regexp constants, one of the special keywords + `BEGIN', `END', `BEGINFILE', `ENDFILE', or empty. The action + executes if the current record matches the pattern. Empty + (missing) patterns match all records. + + * I/O from `BEGIN' and `END' rules have certain constraints. This + is also true, only more so, for `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE' rules. + The latter two give you "hooks" into `gawk''s file processing, + allowing you to recover from a file that otherwise would cause a + fatal error (such as a file that cannot be opened). + + * Shell variables can be used in `awk' programs by careful use of + shell quoting. It is easier to pass a shell variable into `awk' + by using the `-v' option and an `awk' variable. + + * Actions consist of statements enclosed in curly braces. Statements + are built up from expressions, control statements, compound + statements, input and output statements, and deletion statements. + + * The control statements in `awk' are `if'-`else', `while', `for', + and `do'-`while'. `gawk' adds the `switch' statement. There are + two flavors of `for' statement: one for for performing general + looping, and the other iterating through an array. + + * `break' and `continue' let you exit early or start the next + iteration of a loop (or get out of a `switch'). + + * `next' and `nextfile' let you read the next record and start over + at the top of your program, or skip to the next input file and + start over, respectively. + + * The `exit' statement terminates your program. When executed from + an action (or function body) it transfers control to the `END' + statements. From an `END' statement body, it exits immediately. + You may pass an optional numeric value to be used at `awk''s exit + status. + + * Some built-in variables provide control over `awk', mainly for I/O. + Other variables convey information from `awk' to your program. + + + File: gawk.info, Node: Arrays, Next: Functions, Prev: Patterns and Actions, Up: Top 8 Arrays in `awk' @@ -33411,468 +33615,472 @@ Node: Leftmost Longest176154 Node: Computed Regexps177355 Node: Regexp Summary180727 Node: Reading Files182199 -Node: Records184201 -Node: awk split records184944 -Node: gawk split records189802 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1194323 -Node: Fields194360 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1197324 -Node: Nonconstant Fields197410 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1199640 -Node: Changing Fields199842 -Node: Field Separators205796 -Node: Default Field Splitting208498 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting209615 -Node: Single Character Fields212956 -Node: Command Line Field Separator214015 -Node: Full Line 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