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diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 9072bf06..aad73f7a 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -9,13 +9,12 @@ START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY * awk: (gawk)Invoking gawk. Text scanning and processing. END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY - Copyright (C) 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, -2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Free -Software Foundation, Inc. + Copyright (C) 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996-2005, 2007, 2009-2014 +Free Software Foundation, Inc. This is Edition 4.1 of `GAWK: Effective AWK Programming: A User's -Guide for GNU Awk', for the 4.1.0 (or later) version of the GNU +Guide for GNU Awk', for the 4.1.1 (or later) version of the GNU implementation of AWK. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document @@ -41,13 +40,12 @@ General Introduction This file documents `awk', a program that you can use to select particular records in a file and perform operations upon them. - Copyright (C) 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, -2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Free -Software Foundation, Inc. + Copyright (C) 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996-2005, 2007, 2009-2014 +Free Software Foundation, Inc. This is Edition 4.1 of `GAWK: Effective AWK Programming: A User's -Guide for GNU Awk', for the 4.1.0 (or later) version of the GNU +Guide for GNU Awk', for the 4.1.1 (or later) version of the GNU implementation of AWK. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document @@ -193,10 +191,12 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) field. * Command Line Field Separator:: Setting `FS' from the command-line. +* Full Line Fields:: Making the full line be a single + field. * Field Splitting Summary:: Some final points and a summary table. * Constant Size:: Reading constant width data. * Splitting By Content:: Defining Fields By Content -* Multiple Line:: Reading multi-line records. +* Multiple Line:: Reading multiline records. * Getline:: Reading files under explicit program control using the `getline' function. @@ -347,9 +347,9 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) `awk'. * Uninitialized Subscripts:: Using Uninitialized variables as subscripts. -* Multi-dimensional:: Emulating multidimensional arrays in +* Multidimensional:: Emulating multidimensional arrays in `awk'. -* Multi-scanning:: Scanning multidimensional arrays. +* Multiscanning:: Scanning multidimensional arrays. * Arrays of Arrays:: True multidimensional arrays. * Built-in:: Summarizes the built-in functions. * Calling Built-in:: How to call built-in functions. @@ -401,6 +401,8 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * Join Function:: A function to join an array into a string. * Getlocaltime Function:: A function to get formatted times. +* Readfile Function:: A function to read an entire file at + once. * Data File Management:: Functions for managing command-line data files. * Filetrans Function:: A function for handling data file @@ -518,6 +520,7 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * Extension API Functions Introduction:: Introduction to the API functions. * General Data Types:: The data types. * Requesting Values:: How to get a value. +* Memory Allocation Functions:: Functions for allocating memory. * Constructor Functions:: Functions for creating values. * Registration Functions:: Functions to register things with `gawk'. @@ -580,6 +583,8 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) version of `awk'. * POSIX/GNU:: The extensions in `gawk' not in POSIX `awk'. +* Feature History:: The history of the features in + `gawk'. * Common Extensions:: Common Extensions Summary. * Ranges and Locales:: How locales used to affect regexp ranges. @@ -612,9 +617,12 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * VMS Installation:: Installing `gawk' on VMS. * VMS Compilation:: How to compile `gawk' under VMS. +* VMS Dynamic Extensions:: Compiling `gawk' dynamic + extensions on VMS. * VMS Installation Details:: How to install `gawk' under VMS. * VMS Running:: How to run `gawk' under VMS. +* VMS GNV:: The VMS GNV Project. * VMS Old Gawk:: An old version comes with some VMS systems. * Bugs:: Reporting Problems and Bugs. @@ -1079,11 +1087,11 @@ by first pressing and holding the `CONTROL' key, next pressing the `d' key and finally releasing both keys. Dark Corners -............ +------------ Dark corners are basically fractal -- no matter how much you - illuminate, there's always a smaller but darker one. - Brian Kernighan + illuminate, there's always a smaller but darker one. -- Brian + Kernighan Until the POSIX standard (and `GAWK: Effective AWK Programming'), many features of `awk' were either poorly documented or not documented @@ -1262,11 +1270,11 @@ acknowledgements: Dr. Nelson Beebe, Andreas Buening, Dr. Manuel Collado, Antonio Colombo, Stephen Davies, Scott Deifik, Akim Demaille, Darrel Hankerson, Michal Jaegermann, Ju"rgen Kahrs, Stepan Kasal, John Malmberg, Dave -Pitts, Chet Ramey, Pat Rankin, Andrew Schorr, Corinna Vinschen, Anders -Wallin, and Eli Zaretskii (in alphabetical order) make up the current -`gawk' "crack portability team." Without their hard work and help, -`gawk' would not be nearly the fine program it is today. It has been -and continues to be a pleasure working with this team of fine people. +Pitts, Chet Ramey, Pat Rankin, Andrew Schorr, Corinna Vinschen, and Eli +Zaretskii (in alphabetical order) make up the current `gawk' "crack +portability team." Without their hard work and help, `gawk' would not +be nearly the fine program it is today. It has been and continues to +be a pleasure working with this team of fine people. Notable code and documentation contributions were made by a number of people. *Note Contributors::, for the full list. @@ -1758,30 +1766,30 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Sample Data Files, Next: Very Simple, Prev: Running ga =============================== Many of the examples in this Info file take their input from two sample -data files. The first, `BBS-list', represents a list of computer -bulletin board systems together with information about those systems. +data files. The first, `mail-list', represents a list of peoples' names +together with their email addresses and information about those people. The second data file, called `inventory-shipped', contains information about monthly shipments. In both files, each line is considered to be one "record". - In the data file `BBS-list', each record contains the name of a -computer bulletin board, its phone number, the board's baud rate(s), -and a code for the number of hours it is operational. An `A' in the -last column means the board operates 24 hours a day. A `B' in the last -column means the board only operates on evening and weekend hours. A -`C' means the board operates only on weekends: - - aardvark 555-5553 1200/300 B - alpo-net 555-3412 2400/1200/300 A - barfly 555-7685 1200/300 A - bites 555-1675 2400/1200/300 A - camelot 555-0542 300 C - core 555-2912 1200/300 C - fooey 555-1234 2400/1200/300 B - foot 555-6699 1200/300 B - macfoo 555-6480 1200/300 A - sdace 555-3430 2400/1200/300 A - sabafoo 555-2127 1200/300 C + In the data file `mail-list', each record contains the name of a +person, his/her phone number, his/her email-address, and a code for +their relationship with the author of the list. An `A' in the last +column means that the person is an acquaintance. An `F' in the last +column means that the person is a friend. An `R' means that the person +is a relative: + + Amelia 555-5553 amelia.zodiacusque@gmail.com F + Anthony 555-3412 anthony.asserturo@hotmail.com A + Becky 555-7685 becky.algebrarum@gmail.com A + Bill 555-1675 bill.drowning@hotmail.com A + Broderick 555-0542 broderick.aliquotiens@yahoo.com R + Camilla 555-2912 camilla.infusarum@skynet.be R + Fabius 555-1234 fabius.undevicesimus@ucb.edu F + Julie 555-6699 julie.perscrutabor@skeeve.com F + Martin 555-6480 martin.codicibus@hotmail.com A + Samuel 555-3430 samuel.lanceolis@shu.edu A + Jean-Paul 555-2127 jeanpaul.campanorum@nyu.edu R The data file `inventory-shipped' represents information about shipments during the year. Each record contains the month, the number @@ -1808,18 +1816,8 @@ and the first four months of the current year. Mar 24 75 70 495 Apr 21 70 74 514 - If you are reading this in GNU Emacs using Info, you can copy the -regions of text showing these sample files into your own test files. -This way you can try out the examples shown in the remainder of this -document. You do this by using the command `M-x write-region' to copy -text from the Info file into a file for use with `awk' (*Note -Miscellaneous File Operations: (emacs)Misc File Ops, for more -information). Using this information, create your own `BBS-list' and -`inventory-shipped' files and practice what you learn in this Info file. - - If you are using the stand-alone version of Info, see *note Extract -Program::, for an `awk' program that extracts these data files from -`gawk.texi', the Texinfo source file for this Info file. + The sample files are included in the `gawk' distribution, in the +directory `awklib/eg/data'. File: gawk.info, Node: Very Simple, Next: Two Rules, Prev: Sample Data Files, Up: Getting Started @@ -1828,32 +1826,32 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Very Simple, Next: Two Rules, Prev: Sample Data Files, ======================== The following command runs a simple `awk' program that searches the -input file `BBS-list' for the character string `foo' (a grouping of +input file `mail-list' for the character string `li' (a grouping of characters is usually called a "string"; the term "string" is based on similar usage in English, such as "a string of pearls," or "a string of cars in a train"): - awk '/foo/ { print $0 }' BBS-list + awk '/li/ { print $0 }' mail-list -When lines containing `foo' are found, they are printed because +When lines containing `li' are found, they are printed because `print $0' means print the current line. (Just `print' by itself means the same thing, so we could have written that instead.) - You will notice that slashes (`/') surround the string `foo' in the -`awk' program. The slashes indicate that `foo' is the pattern to -search for. This type of pattern is called a "regular expression", -which is covered in more detail later (*note Regexp::). The pattern is -allowed to match parts of words. There are single quotes around the -`awk' program so that the shell won't interpret any of it as special -shell characters. + You will notice that slashes (`/') surround the string `li' in the +`awk' program. The slashes indicate that `li' is the pattern to search +for. This type of pattern is called a "regular expression", which is +covered in more detail later (*note Regexp::). The pattern is allowed +to match parts of words. There are single quotes around the `awk' +program so that the shell won't interpret any of it as special shell +characters. Here is what this program prints: - $ awk '/foo/ { print $0 }' BBS-list - -| fooey 555-1234 2400/1200/300 B - -| foot 555-6699 1200/300 B - -| macfoo 555-6480 1200/300 A - -| sabafoo 555-2127 1200/300 C + $ awk '/li/ { print $0 }' mail-list + -| Amelia 555-5553 amelia.zodiacusque@gmail.com F + -| Broderick 555-0542 broderick.aliquotiens@yahoo.com R + -| Julie 555-6699 julie.perscrutabor@skeeve.com F + -| Samuel 555-3430 samuel.lanceolis@shu.edu A In an `awk' rule, either the pattern or the action can be omitted, but not both. If the pattern is omitted, then the action is performed @@ -1862,7 +1860,7 @@ is to print all lines that match the pattern. Thus, we could leave out the action (the `print' statement and the curly braces) in the previous example and the result would be the same: -`awk' prints all lines matching the pattern `foo'. By comparison, +`awk' prints all lines matching the pattern `li'. By comparison, omitting the `print' statement but retaining the curly braces makes an empty action that does nothing (i.e., no lines are printed). @@ -1968,25 +1966,19 @@ the string `21'. If a line contains both strings, it is printed twice, once by each rule. This is what happens if we run this program on our two sample data -files, `BBS-list' and `inventory-shipped': +files, `mail-list' and `inventory-shipped': $ awk '/12/ { print $0 } - > /21/ { print $0 }' BBS-list inventory-shipped - -| aardvark 555-5553 1200/300 B - -| alpo-net 555-3412 2400/1200/300 A - -| barfly 555-7685 1200/300 A - -| bites 555-1675 2400/1200/300 A - -| core 555-2912 1200/300 C - -| fooey 555-1234 2400/1200/300 B - -| foot 555-6699 1200/300 B - -| macfoo 555-6480 1200/300 A - -| sdace 555-3430 2400/1200/300 A - -| sabafoo 555-2127 1200/300 C - -| sabafoo 555-2127 1200/300 C + > /21/ { print $0 }' mail-list inventory-shipped + -| Anthony 555-3412 anthony.asserturo@hotmail.com A + -| Camilla 555-2912 camilla.infusarum@skynet.be R + -| Fabius 555-1234 fabius.undevicesimus@ucb.edu F + -| Jean-Paul 555-2127 jeanpaul.campanorum@nyu.edu R + -| Jean-Paul 555-2127 jeanpaul.campanorum@nyu.edu R -| Jan 21 36 64 620 -| Apr 21 70 74 514 -Note how the line beginning with `sabafoo' in `BBS-list' was printed +Note how the line beginning with `Jean-Paul' in `mail-list' was printed twice, once for each rule. @@ -2062,7 +2054,7 @@ Most often, each line in an `awk' program is a separate statement or separate rule, like this: awk '/12/ { print $0 } - /21/ { print $0 }' BBS-list inventory-shipped + /21/ { print $0 }' mail-list inventory-shipped However, `gawk' ignores newlines after any of the following symbols and keywords: @@ -2230,7 +2222,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Invoking Gawk, Next: Regexp, Prev: Getting Started, U 2 Running `awk' and `gawk' ************************** -This major node covers how to run awk, both POSIX-standard and +This major node covers how to run `awk', both POSIX-standard and `gawk'-specific command-line options, and what `awk' and `gawk' do with non-option arguments. It then proceeds to cover how `gawk' searches for source files, reading standard input along with other files, @@ -2306,22 +2298,8 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: `--file SOURCE-FILE' Read `awk' program source from SOURCE-FILE instead of in the first non-option argument. This option may be given multiple times; the - `awk' program consists of the concatenation the contents of each - specified SOURCE-FILE. - -`-i SOURCE-FILE' -`--include SOURCE-FILE' - Read `awk' source library from SOURCE-FILE. This option is - completely equivalent to using the `@include' directive inside - your program. This option is very similar to the `-f' option, but - there are two important differences. First, when `-i' is used, - the program source will not be loaded if it has been previously - loaded, whereas the `-f' will always load the file. Second, - because this option is intended to be used with code libraries, - `gawk' does not recognize such files as constituting main program - input. Thus, after processing an `-i' argument, `gawk' still - expects to find the main source code via the `-f' option or on the - command-line. + `awk' program consists of the concatenation of the contents of + each specified SOURCE-FILE. `-v VAR=VAL' `--assign VAR=VAL' @@ -2450,6 +2428,20 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: Print a "usage" message summarizing the short and long style options that `gawk' accepts and then exit. +`-i SOURCE-FILE' +`--include SOURCE-FILE' + Read `awk' source library from SOURCE-FILE. This option is + completely equivalent to using the `@include' directive inside + your program. This option is very similar to the `-f' option, but + there are two important differences. First, when `-i' is used, + the program source will not be loaded if it has been previously + loaded, whereas the `-f' will always load the file. Second, + because this option is intended to be used with code libraries, + `gawk' does not recognize such files as constituting main program + input. Thus, after processing an `-i' argument, `gawk' still + expects to find the main source code via the `-f' option or on the + command-line. + `-l LIB' `--load LIB' Load a shared library LIB. This searches for the library using the @@ -2482,7 +2474,7 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: `--bignum' Force arbitrary precision arithmetic on numbers. This option has no effect if `gawk' is not compiled to use the GNU MPFR and MP - libraries (*note Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic::). + libraries (*note Gawk and MPFR::). `-n' `--non-decimal-data' @@ -2750,13 +2742,14 @@ on the command-line with the `-f' option. In most `awk' implementations, you must supply a precise path name for each program file, unless the file is in the current directory. But in `gawk', if the file name supplied to the `-f' or `-i' options does not contain a -`/', then `gawk' searches a list of directories (called the "search -path"), one by one, looking for a file with the specified name. +directory separator `/', then `gawk' searches a list of directories +(called the "search path"), one by one, looking for a file with the +specified name. The search path is a string consisting of directory names separated by -colons. `gawk' gets its search path from the `AWKPATH' environment +colons(1). `gawk' gets its search path from the `AWKPATH' environment variable. If that variable does not exist, `gawk' uses a default path, -`.:/usr/local/share/awk'.(1) +`.:/usr/local/share/awk'.(2) The search path feature is particularly useful for building libraries of useful `awk' functions. The library files can be placed in a @@ -2797,7 +2790,9 @@ found, and `gawk' no longer needs to use `AWKPATH'. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) Your version of `gawk' may use a different directory; it will + (1) Semicolons on MS-Windows and MS-DOS. + + (2) Your version of `gawk' may use a different directory; it will depend upon how `gawk' was built and installed. The actual directory is the value of `$(datadir)' generated when `gawk' was configured. You probably don't need to worry about this, though. @@ -2849,10 +2844,6 @@ used by regular users. the `gawk' developers for testing and tuning. They are subject to change. The variables are: -`AVG_CHAIN_MAX' - The average number of items `gawk' will maintain on a hash chain - for managing arrays. - `AWK_HASH' If this variable exists with a value of `gst', `gawk' will switch to using the hash function from GNU Smalltalk for managing arrays. @@ -2864,6 +2855,13 @@ change. The variables are: debugging problems on filesystems on non-POSIX operating systems where I/O is performed in records, not in blocks. +`GAWK_MSG_SRC' + If this variable exists, `gawk' includes the source file name and + line number from which warning and/or fatal messages are + generated. Its purpose is to help isolate the source of a + message, since there can be multiple places which produce the same + warning or error message. + `GAWK_NO_DFA' If this variable exists, `gawk' does not use the DFA regexp matcher for "does it match" kinds of tests. This can cause `gawk' to be @@ -2876,6 +2874,14 @@ change. The variables are: This specifies the amount by which `gawk' should grow its internal evaluation stack, when needed. +`INT_CHAIN_MAX' + The average number of items `gawk' will maintain on a hash chain + for managing arrays indexed by integers. + +`STR_CHAIN_MAX' + The average number of items `gawk' will maintain on a hash chain + for managing arrays indexed by strings. + `TIDYMEM' If this variable exists, `gawk' uses the `mtrace()' library calls from GNU LIBC to help track down possible memory leaks. @@ -3052,8 +3058,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Undocumented, Prev: Obsolete, Up: Invoking Gawk 2.10 Undocumented Options and Features ====================================== - Use the Source, Luke! - Obi-Wan + Use the Source, Luke! -- Obi-Wan This minor node intentionally left blank. @@ -3097,14 +3102,14 @@ A regular expression can be used as a pattern by enclosing it in slashes. Then the regular expression is tested against the entire text of each record. (Normally, it only needs to match some part of the text in order to succeed.) For example, the following prints the -second field of each record that contains the string `foo' anywhere in +second field of each record that contains the string `li' anywhere in it: - $ awk '/foo/ { print $2 }' BBS-list - -| 555-1234 + $ awk '/li/ { print $2 }' mail-list + -| 555-5553 + -| 555-0542 -| 555-6699 - -| 555-6480 - -| 555-2127 + -| 555-3430 Regular expressions can also be used in matching expressions. These expressions allow you to specify the string to match against; it need @@ -3876,7 +3881,7 @@ have to be named on the `awk' command line (*note Getline::). * Field Separators:: The field separator and how to change it. * Constant Size:: Reading constant width data. * Splitting By Content:: Defining Fields By Content -* Multiple Line:: Reading multi-line records. +* Multiple Line:: Reading multiline records. * Getline:: Reading files under explicit program control using the `getline' function. * Read Timeout:: Reading input with a timeout. @@ -3912,67 +3917,82 @@ processed, so that the very first record is read with the proper separator. To do this, use the special `BEGIN' pattern (*note BEGIN/END::). For example: - awk 'BEGIN { RS = "/" } - { print $0 }' BBS-list - -changes the value of `RS' to `"/"', before reading any input. This is -a string whose first character is a slash; as a result, records are -separated by slashes. Then the input file is read, and the second rule -in the `awk' program (the action with no pattern) prints each record. -Because each `print' statement adds a newline at the end of its output, -this `awk' program copies the input with each slash changed to a -newline. Here are the results of running the program on `BBS-list': - - $ awk 'BEGIN { RS = "/" } - > { print $0 }' BBS-list - -| aardvark 555-5553 1200 - -| 300 B - -| alpo-net 555-3412 2400 - -| 1200 - -| 300 A - -| barfly 555-7685 1200 - -| 300 A - -| bites 555-1675 2400 - -| 1200 - -| 300 A - -| camelot 555-0542 300 C - -| core 555-2912 1200 - -| 300 C - -| fooey 555-1234 2400 - -| 1200 - -| 300 B - -| foot 555-6699 1200 - -| 300 B - -| macfoo 555-6480 1200 - -| 300 A - -| sdace 555-3430 2400 - -| 1200 - -| 300 A - -| sabafoo 555-2127 1200 - -| 300 C + awk 'BEGIN { RS = "u" } + { print $0 }' mail-list + +changes the value of `RS' to `u', before reading any input. This is a +string whose first character is the letter "u;" as a result, records +are separated by the letter "u." Then the input file is read, and the +second rule in the `awk' program (the action with no pattern) prints +each record. Because each `print' statement adds a newline at the end +of its output, this `awk' program copies the input with each `u' +changed to a newline. Here are the results of running the program on +`mail-list': + + $ awk 'BEGIN { RS = "u" } + > { print $0 }' mail-list + -| Amelia 555-5553 amelia.zodiac + -| sq + -| e@gmail.com F + -| Anthony 555-3412 anthony.assert + -| ro@hotmail.com A + -| Becky 555-7685 becky.algebrar + -| m@gmail.com A + -| Bill 555-1675 bill.drowning@hotmail.com A + -| Broderick 555-0542 broderick.aliq + -| otiens@yahoo.com R + -| Camilla 555-2912 camilla.inf + -| sar + -| m@skynet.be R + -| Fabi + -| s 555-1234 fabi + -| s. + -| ndevicesim + -| s@ + -| cb.ed + -| F + -| J + -| lie 555-6699 j + -| lie.perscr + -| tabor@skeeve.com F + -| Martin 555-6480 martin.codicib + -| s@hotmail.com A + -| Sam + -| el 555-3430 sam + -| el.lanceolis@sh + -| .ed + -| A + -| Jean-Pa + -| l 555-2127 jeanpa + -| l.campanor + -| m@ny + -| .ed + -| R -| -Note that the entry for the `camelot' BBS is not split. In the -original data file (*note Sample Data Files::), the line looks like -this: +Note that the entry for the name `Bill' is not split. In the original +data file (*note Sample Data Files::), the line looks like this: - camelot 555-0542 300 C + Bill 555-1675 bill.drowning@hotmail.com A -It has one baud rate only, so there are no slashes in the record, -unlike the others which have two or more baud rates. In fact, this -record is treated as part of the record for the `core' BBS; the newline +It contains no `u' so there is no reason to split the record, unlike +the others which have one or more occurrences of the `u'. In fact, +this record is treated as part of the previous record; the newline separating them in the output is the original newline in the data file, not the one added by `awk' when it printed the record! Another way to change the record separator is on the command line, using the variable-assignment feature (*note Other Arguments::): - awk '{ print $0 }' RS="/" BBS-list + awk '{ print $0 }' RS="u" mail-list -This sets `RS' to `/' before processing `BBS-list'. +This sets `RS' to `u' before processing `mail-list'. - Using an unusual character such as `/' for the record separator -produces correct behavior in the vast majority of cases. + Using an alphabetic character such as `u' for the record separator +is highly likely to produce strange results. Using an unusual +character such as `/' is more likely to produce correct behavior in the +majority of cases, but there are no guarantees. The moral is: Know Your +Data. There is one unusual case, that occurs when `gawk' is being fully POSIX-compliant (*note Options::). Then, the following (extreme) @@ -4075,18 +4095,23 @@ use for `RS' in this case: BEGIN { RS = "\0" } # whole file becomes one record? `gawk' in fact accepts this, and uses the NUL character for the -record separator. However, this usage is _not_ portable to other `awk' -implementations. +record separator. However, this usage is _not_ portable to most other +`awk' implementations. - All other `awk' implementations(1) store strings internally as -C-style strings. C strings use the NUL character as the string + Almost all other `awk' implementations(1) store strings internally +as C-style strings. C strings use the NUL character as the string terminator. In effect, this means that `RS = "\0"' is the same as `RS = ""'. (d.c.) + It happens that recent versions of `mawk' can use the NUL character +as a record separator. However, this is a special case: `mawk' does not +allow embedded NUL characters in strings. + The best way to treat a whole file as a single record is to simply read the file in, one record at a time, concatenating each record onto the end of the previous ones. + ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) At least that we know about. @@ -4136,26 +4161,24 @@ get the empty string. (If used in a numeric operation, you get zero.) field, is a special case: it represents the whole input record when you are not interested in specific fields. Here are some more examples: - $ awk '$1 ~ /foo/ { print $0 }' BBS-list - -| fooey 555-1234 2400/1200/300 B - -| foot 555-6699 1200/300 B - -| macfoo 555-6480 1200/300 A - -| sabafoo 555-2127 1200/300 C + $ awk '$1 ~ /li/ { print $0 }' mail-list + -| Amelia 555-5553 amelia.zodiacusque@gmail.com F + -| Julie 555-6699 julie.perscrutabor@skeeve.com F -This example prints each record in the file `BBS-list' whose first -field contains the string `foo'. The operator `~' is called a -"matching operator" (*note Regexp Usage::); it tests whether a string -(here, the field `$1') matches a given regular expression. +This example prints each record in the file `mail-list' whose first +field contains the string `li'. The operator `~' is called a "matching +operator" (*note Regexp Usage::); it tests whether a string (here, the +field `$1') matches a given regular expression. - By contrast, the following example looks for `foo' in _the entire + By contrast, the following example looks for `li' in _the entire record_ and prints the first field and the last field for each matching input record: - $ awk '/foo/ { print $1, $NF }' BBS-list - -| fooey B - -| foot B - -| macfoo A - -| sabafoo C + $ awk '/li/ { print $1, $NF }' mail-list + -| Amelia F + -| Broderick R + -| Julie F + -| Samuel A ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -4183,16 +4206,16 @@ For the twentieth record, field number 20 is printed; most likely, the record has fewer than 20 fields, so this prints a blank line. Here is another example of using expressions as field numbers: - awk '{ print $(2*2) }' BBS-list + awk '{ print $(2*2) }' mail-list `awk' evaluates the expression `(2*2)' and uses its value as the number of the field to print. The `*' sign represents multiplication, so the expression `2*2' evaluates to four. The parentheses are used so that the multiplication is done before the `$' operation; they are necessary whenever there is a binary operator in the field-number -expression. This example, then, prints the hours of operation (the -fourth field) for every line of the file `BBS-list'. (All of the `awk' -operators are listed, in order of decreasing precedence, in *note +expression. This example, then, prints the type of relationship (the +fourth field) for every line of the file `mail-list'. (All of the +`awk' operators are listed, in order of decreasing precedence, in *note Precedence::.) If the field number you compute is zero, you get the entire record. @@ -4369,6 +4392,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Field Separators, Next: Constant Size, Prev: Changing * Regexp Field Splitting:: Using regexps as the field separator. * Single Character Fields:: Making each character a separate field. * Command Line Field Separator:: Setting `FS' from the command-line. +* Full Line Fields:: Making the full line be a single field. * Field Splitting Summary:: Some final points and a summary table. The "field separator", which is either a single character or a @@ -4550,7 +4574,7 @@ Options::), if `FS' is the null string, then `gawk' also behaves this way. -File: gawk.info, Node: Command Line Field Separator, Next: Field Splitting Summary, Prev: Single Character Fields, Up: Field Separators +File: gawk.info, Node: Command Line Field Separator, Next: Full Line Fields, Prev: Single Character Fields, Up: Field Separators 4.5.4 Setting `FS' from the Command Line ---------------------------------------- @@ -4588,58 +4612,69 @@ type `-F\t' at the shell, without any quotes, the `\' gets deleted, so TABs and not `t's. Use `-v FS="t"' or `-F"[t]"' on the command line if you really do want to separate your fields with `t's. - As an example, let's use an `awk' program file called `baud.awk' -that contains the pattern `/300/' and the action `print $1': + As an example, let's use an `awk' program file called `edu.awk' that +contains the pattern `/edu/' and the action `print $1': - /300/ { print $1 } + /edu/ { print $1 } Let's also set `FS' to be the `-' character and run the program on -the file `BBS-list'. The following command prints a list of the names -of the bulletin boards that operate at 300 baud and the first three +the file `mail-list'. The following command prints a list of the names +of the people that work at or attend a university, and the first three digits of their phone numbers: - $ awk -F- -f baud.awk BBS-list - -| aardvark 555 - -| alpo - -| barfly 555 - -| bites 555 - -| camelot 555 - -| core 555 - -| fooey 555 - -| foot 555 - -| macfoo 555 - -| sdace 555 - -| sabafoo 555 - -Note the second line of output. The second line in the original file + $ awk -F- -f edu.awk mail-list + -| Fabius 555 + -| Samuel 555 + -| Jean + +Note the third line of output. The third line in the original file looked like this: - alpo-net 555-3412 2400/1200/300 A + Jean-Paul 555-2127 jeanpaul.campanorum@nyu.edu R - The `-' as part of the system's name was used as the field + The `-' as part of the person's name was used as the field separator, instead of the `-' in the phone number that was originally intended. This demonstrates why you have to be careful in choosing your field and record separators. Perhaps the most common use of a single character as the field separator occurs when processing the Unix system password file. On -many Unix systems, each user has a separate entry in the system password -file, one line per user. The information in these lines is separated -by colons. The first field is the user's login name and the second is -the user's (encrypted or shadow) password. A password file entry might -look like this: +many Unix systems, each user has a separate entry in the system +password file, one line per user. The information in these lines is +separated by colons. The first field is the user's login name and the +second is the user's encrypted or shadow password. (A shadow password +is indicated by the presence of a single `x' in the second field.) A +password file entry might look like this: - arnold:xyzzy:2076:10:Arnold Robbins:/home/arnold:/bin/bash + arnold:x:2076:10:Arnold Robbins:/home/arnold:/bin/bash The following program searches the system password file and prints -the entries for users who have no password: +the entries for users whose full name is not indicated: - awk -F: '$2 == ""' /etc/passwd + awk -F: '$5 == ""' /etc/passwd -File: gawk.info, Node: Field Splitting Summary, Prev: Command Line Field Separator, Up: Field Separators +File: gawk.info, Node: Full Line Fields, Next: Field Splitting Summary, Prev: Command Line Field Separator, Up: Field Separators + +4.5.5 Making The Full Line Be A Single Field +-------------------------------------------- + +Occasionally, it's useful to treat the whole input line as a single +field. This can be done easily and portably simply by setting `FS' to +`"\n"' (a newline).(1) + + awk -F'\n' 'PROGRAM' FILES ... -4.5.5 Field-Splitting Summary +When you do this, `$1' is the same as `$0'. + + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) Thanks to Andrew Schorr for this tip. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Field Splitting Summary, Prev: Full Line Fields, Up: Field Separators + +4.5.6 Field-Splitting Summary ----------------------------- It is important to remember that when you assign a string constant as @@ -4728,14 +4763,15 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Constant Size, Next: Splitting By Content, Prev: Field 4.6 Reading Fixed-Width Data ============================ -(This minor node discusses an advanced feature of `awk'. If you are a -novice `awk' user, you might want to skip it on the first reading.) + NOTE: This minor node discusses an advanced feature of `gawk'. If + you are a novice `awk' user, you might want to skip it on the + first reading. -`gawk' provides a facility for dealing with fixed-width fields with no -distinctive field separator. For example, data of this nature arises -in the input for old Fortran programs where numbers are run together, -or in the output of programs that did not anticipate the use of their -output as input for other programs. + `gawk' provides a facility for dealing with fixed-width fields with +no distinctive field separator. For example, data of this nature +arises in the input for old Fortran programs where numbers are run +together, or in the output of programs that did not anticipate the use +of their output as input for other programs. An example of the latter is a table where all the columns are lined up by the use of a variable number of spaces and _empty fields are just @@ -4834,10 +4870,11 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Splitting By Content, Next: Multiple Line, Prev: Const 4.7 Defining Fields By Content ============================== -(This minor node discusses an advanced feature of `awk'. If you are a -novice `awk' user, you might want to skip it on the first reading.) + NOTE: This minor node discusses an advanced feature of `gawk'. If + you are a novice `awk' user, you might want to skip it on the + first reading. -Normally, when using `FS', `gawk' defines the fields as the parts of + Normally, when using `FS', `gawk' defines the fields as the parts of the record that occur in between each field separator. In other words, `FS' defines what a field _is not_, instead of what a field _is_. However, there are times when you really want to define the fields by @@ -5291,8 +5328,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Getline/Pipe, Next: Getline/Variable/Pipe, Prev: Getli --------------------------------- Omniscience has much to recommend it. Failing that, attention to - details would be useful. - Brian Kernighan + details would be useful. -- Brian Kernighan The output of a command can also be piped into `getline', using `COMMAND | getline'. In this case, the string COMMAND is run as a @@ -5801,13 +5837,29 @@ prints the first and second fields of each input record, separated by a semicolon, with a blank line added after each newline: $ awk 'BEGIN { OFS = ";"; ORS = "\n\n" } - > { print $1, $2 }' BBS-list - -| aardvark;555-5553 + > { print $1, $2 }' mail-list + -| Amelia;555-5553 -| - -| alpo-net;555-3412 + -| Anthony;555-3412 + -| + -| Becky;555-7685 + -| + -| Bill;555-1675 + -| + -| Broderick;555-0542 + -| + -| Camilla;555-2912 + -| + -| Fabius;555-1234 + -| + -| Julie;555-6699 + -| + -| Martin;555-6480 + -| + -| Samuel;555-3430 + -| + -| Jean-Paul;555-2127 -| - -| barfly;555-7685 - ... If the value of `ORS' does not contain a newline, the program's output runs together on a single line. @@ -6176,25 +6228,25 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Printf Examples, Prev: Format Modifiers, Up: Printf The following simple example shows how to use `printf' to make an aligned table: - awk '{ printf "%-10s %s\n", $1, $2 }' BBS-list + awk '{ printf "%-10s %s\n", $1, $2 }' mail-list -This command prints the names of the bulletin boards (`$1') in the file -`BBS-list' as a string of 10 characters that are left-justified. It +This command prints the names of the people (`$1') in the file +`mail-list' as a string of 10 characters that are left-justified. It also prints the phone numbers (`$2') next on the line. This produces an aligned two-column table of names and phone numbers, as shown here: - $ awk '{ printf "%-10s %s\n", $1, $2 }' BBS-list - -| aardvark 555-5553 - -| alpo-net 555-3412 - -| barfly 555-7685 - -| bites 555-1675 - -| camelot 555-0542 - -| core 555-2912 - -| fooey 555-1234 - -| foot 555-6699 - -| macfoo 555-6480 - -| sdace 555-3430 - -| sabafoo 555-2127 + $ awk '{ printf "%-10s %s\n", $1, $2 }' mail-list + -| Amelia 555-5553 + -| Anthony 555-3412 + -| Becky 555-7685 + -| Bill 555-1675 + -| Broderick 555-0542 + -| Camilla 555-2912 + -| Fabius 555-1234 + -| Julie 555-6699 + -| Martin 555-6480 + -| Samuel 555-3430 + -| Jean-Paul 555-2127 In this case, the phone numbers had to be printed as strings because the numbers are separated by a dash. Printing the phone numbers as @@ -6212,14 +6264,14 @@ beginning of the `awk' program: awk 'BEGIN { print "Name Number" print "---- ------" } - { printf "%-10s %s\n", $1, $2 }' BBS-list + { printf "%-10s %s\n", $1, $2 }' mail-list The above example mixes `print' and `printf' statements in the same program. Using just `printf' statements can produce the same results: awk 'BEGIN { printf "%-10s %s\n", "Name", "Number" printf "%-10s %s\n", "----", "------" } - { printf "%-10s %s\n", $1, $2 }' BBS-list + { printf "%-10s %s\n", $1, $2 }' mail-list Printing each column heading with the same format specification used for the column elements ensures that the headings are aligned just like @@ -6231,7 +6283,7 @@ be emphasized by storing it in a variable, like this: awk 'BEGIN { format = "%-10s %s\n" printf format, "Name", "Number" printf format, "----", "------" } - { printf format, $1, $2 }' BBS-list + { printf format, $1, $2 }' mail-list At this point, it would be a worthwhile exercise to use the `printf' statement to line up the headings and table data for the @@ -6271,19 +6323,19 @@ work identically for `printf': the same OUTPUT-FILE do not erase OUTPUT-FILE, but append to it. (This is different from how you use redirections in shell scripts.) If OUTPUT-FILE does not exist, it is created. For example, here - is how an `awk' program can write a list of BBS names to one file - named `name-list', and a list of phone numbers to another file + is how an `awk' program can write a list of peoples' names to one + file named `name-list', and a list of phone numbers to another file named `phone-list': $ awk '{ print $2 > "phone-list" - > print $1 > "name-list" }' BBS-list + > print $1 > "name-list" }' mail-list $ cat phone-list -| 555-5553 -| 555-3412 ... $ cat name-list - -| aardvark - -| alpo-net + -| Amelia + -| Anthony ... Each output file contains one name or number per line. @@ -6304,12 +6356,12 @@ work identically for `printf': The redirection argument COMMAND is actually an `awk' expression. Its value is converted to a string whose contents give the shell command to be run. For example, the following produces two files, - one unsorted list of BBS names, and one list sorted in reverse + one unsorted list of peoples' names, and one list sorted in reverse alphabetical order: awk '{ print $1 > "names.unsorted" command = "sort -r > names.sorted" - print $1 | command }' BBS-list + print $1 | command }' mail-list The unsorted list is written with an ordinary redirection, while the sorted list is written by piping through the `sort' utility. @@ -7039,16 +7091,16 @@ assignment is performed at a time determined by its position among the input file arguments--after the processing of the preceding input file argument. For example: - awk '{ print $n }' n=4 inventory-shipped n=2 BBS-list + awk '{ print $n }' n=4 inventory-shipped n=2 mail-list prints the value of field number `n' for all input records. Before the first file is read, the command line sets the variable `n' equal to four. This causes the fourth field to be printed in lines from `inventory-shipped'. After the first file has finished, but before the second file is started, `n' is set to two, so that the second field is -printed in lines from `BBS-list': +printed in lines from `mail-list': - $ awk '{ print $n }' n=4 inventory-shipped n=2 BBS-list + $ awk '{ print $n }' n=4 inventory-shipped n=2 mail-list -| 15 -| 24 ... @@ -7095,7 +7147,7 @@ controlled by the `awk' built-in variable `CONVFMT' (*note Built-in Variables::). Numbers are converted using the `sprintf()' function with `CONVFMT' as the format specifier (*note String Functions::). - `CONVFMT''s default value is `"%.6g"', which prints a value with at + `CONVFMT''s default value is `"%.6g"', which creates a value with at most six significant digits. For some applications, you might want to change it to specify more precision. On most modern machines, 17 digits is usually enough to capture a floating-point number's value @@ -7143,7 +7195,7 @@ decimal point when reading the `awk' program source code, and for command-line variable assignments (*note Other Arguments::). However, when interpreting input data, for `print' and `printf' output, and for number to string conversion, the local decimal point character is used. -(d.c.). Here are some examples indicating the difference in behavior, +(d.c.) Here are some examples indicating the difference in behavior, on a GNU/Linux system: $ export POSIXLY_CORRECT=1 Force POSIX behavior @@ -7302,25 +7354,24 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Concatenation, Next: Assignment Ops, Prev: Arithmetic 6.2.2 String Concatenation -------------------------- - It seemed like a good idea at the time. - Brian Kernighan + It seemed like a good idea at the time. -- Brian Kernighan There is only one string operation: concatenation. It does not have a specific operator to represent it. Instead, concatenation is performed by writing expressions next to one another, with no operator. For example: - $ awk '{ print "Field number one: " $1 }' BBS-list - -| Field number one: aardvark - -| Field number one: alpo-net + $ awk '{ print "Field number one: " $1 }' mail-list + -| Field number one: Amelia + -| Field number one: Anthony ... Without the space in the string constant after the `:', the line runs together. For example: - $ awk '{ print "Field number one:" $1 }' BBS-list - -| Field number one:aardvark - -| Field number one:alpo-net + $ awk '{ print "Field number one:" $1 }' mail-list + -| Field number one:Amelia + -| Field number one:Anthony ... Because string concatenation does not have an explicit operator, it @@ -7609,8 +7660,7 @@ is a summary of increment and decrement expressions: Operator Evaluation Order Doctor, doctor! It hurts when I do this! - So don't do that! - Groucho Marx + So don't do that! -- Groucho Marx What happens for something like the following? @@ -7691,8 +7741,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Typing and Comparison, Next: Boolean Ops, Prev: Truth 6.3.2 Variable Typing and Comparison Expressions ------------------------------------------------ - The Guide is definitive. Reality is frequently inaccurate. - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy + The Guide is definitive. Reality is frequently inaccurate. -- The + Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Unlike other programming languages, `awk' variables do not have a fixed type. Instead, they can be either a number or a string, depending @@ -7872,7 +7922,6 @@ of error is very difficult to spot when scanning the source code. string comparison (true) `a = 2; b = " +2"' - `a == b' string comparison (false) @@ -7968,9 +8017,9 @@ Boolean operators are: `BOOLEAN1 && BOOLEAN2' True if both BOOLEAN1 and BOOLEAN2 are true. For example, the following statement prints the current input record if it contains - both `2400' and `foo': + both `edu' and `li': - if ($0 ~ /2400/ && $0 ~ /foo/) print + if ($0 ~ /edu/ && $0 ~ /li/) print The subexpression BOOLEAN2 is evaluated only if BOOLEAN1 is true. This can make a difference when BOOLEAN2 contains expressions that @@ -7981,9 +8030,9 @@ Boolean operators are: `BOOLEAN1 || BOOLEAN2' True if at least one of BOOLEAN1 or BOOLEAN2 is true. For example, the following statement prints all records in the input - that contain _either_ `2400' or `foo' or both: + that contain _either_ `edu' or `li' or both: - if ($0 ~ /2400/ || $0 ~ /foo/) print + if ($0 ~ /edu/ || $0 ~ /li/) print The subexpression BOOLEAN2 is evaluated only if BOOLEAN1 is false. This can make a difference when BOOLEAN2 contains expressions that @@ -8403,56 +8452,53 @@ operand is either a constant regular expression enclosed in slashes (`/REGEXP/'), or any expression whose string value is used as a dynamic regular expression (*note Computed Regexps::). The following example prints the second field of each input record whose first field is -precisely `foo': +precisely `li': - $ awk '$1 == "foo" { print $2 }' BBS-list + $ awk '$1 == "li" { print $2 }' mail-list -(There is no output, because there is no BBS site with the exact name -`foo'.) Contrast this with the following regular expression match, -which accepts any record with a first field that contains `foo': +(There is no output, because there is no person with the exact name +`li'.) Contrast this with the following regular expression match, which +accepts any record with a first field that contains `li': - $ awk '$1 ~ /foo/ { print $2 }' BBS-list - -| 555-1234 + $ awk '$1 ~ /foo/ { print $2 }' mail-list + -| 555-5553 -| 555-6699 - -| 555-6480 - -| 555-2127 A regexp constant as a pattern is also a special case of an -expression pattern. The expression `/foo/' has the value one if `foo' -appears in the current input record. Thus, as a pattern, `/foo/' -matches any record containing `foo'. +expression pattern. The expression `/li/' has the value one if `li' +appears in the current input record. Thus, as a pattern, `/li/' matches +any record containing `li'. Boolean expressions are also commonly used as patterns. Whether the pattern matches an input record depends on whether its subexpressions match. For example, the following command prints all the records in -`BBS-list' that contain both `2400' and `foo': - - $ awk '/2400/ && /foo/' BBS-list - -| fooey 555-1234 2400/1200/300 B - - The following command prints all records in `BBS-list' that contain -_either_ `2400' or `foo' (or both, of course): - - $ awk '/2400/ || /foo/' BBS-list - -| alpo-net 555-3412 2400/1200/300 A - -| bites 555-1675 2400/1200/300 A - -| fooey 555-1234 2400/1200/300 B - -| foot 555-6699 1200/300 B - -| macfoo 555-6480 1200/300 A - -| sdace 555-3430 2400/1200/300 A - -| sabafoo 555-2127 1200/300 C - - The following command prints all records in `BBS-list' that do _not_ -contain the string `foo': - - $ awk '! /foo/' BBS-list - -| aardvark 555-5553 1200/300 B - -| alpo-net 555-3412 2400/1200/300 A - -| barfly 555-7685 1200/300 A - -| bites 555-1675 2400/1200/300 A - -| camelot 555-0542 300 C - -| core 555-2912 1200/300 C - -| sdace 555-3430 2400/1200/300 A +`mail-list' that contain both `edu' and `li': + + $ awk '/edu/ && /li/' mail-list + -| Samuel 555-3430 samuel.lanceolis@shu.edu A + + The following command prints all records in `mail-list' that contain +_either_ `edu' or `li' (or both, of course): + + $ awk '/edu/ || /li/' mail-list + -| Amelia 555-5553 amelia.zodiacusque@gmail.com F + -| Broderick 555-0542 broderick.aliquotiens@yahoo.com R + -| Fabius 555-1234 fabius.undevicesimus@ucb.edu F + -| Julie 555-6699 julie.perscrutabor@skeeve.com F + -| Samuel 555-3430 samuel.lanceolis@shu.edu A + -| Jean-Paul 555-2127 jeanpaul.campanorum@nyu.edu R + + The following command prints all records in `mail-list' that do +_not_ contain the string `li': + + $ awk '! /li/' mail-list + -| Anthony 555-3412 anthony.asserturo@hotmail.com A + -| Becky 555-7685 becky.algebrarum@gmail.com A + -| Bill 555-1675 bill.drowning@hotmail.com A + -| Camilla 555-2912 camilla.infusarum@skynet.be R + -| Fabius 555-1234 fabius.undevicesimus@ucb.edu F + -| Martin 555-6480 martin.codicibus@hotmail.com A + -| Jean-Paul 555-2127 jeanpaul.campanorum@nyu.edu R The subexpressions of a Boolean operator in a pattern can be constant regular expressions, comparisons, or any other `awk' @@ -8529,6 +8575,10 @@ worked around; range patterns do not combine with other patterns: error--> gawk: cmd. line:1: (/1/,/2/) || /Yes/ error--> gawk: cmd. line:1: ^ syntax error + As a minor point of interest, although it is poor style, POSIX +allows you to put a newline after the comma in a range pattern. +(d.c.) + File: gawk.info, Node: BEGIN/END, Next: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE, Prev: Ranges, Up: Pattern Overview @@ -8559,19 +8609,19 @@ read. Likewise, an `END' rule is executed once only, after all the input is read. For example: $ awk ' - > BEGIN { print "Analysis of \"foo\"" } - > /foo/ { ++n } - > END { print "\"foo\" appears", n, "times." }' BBS-list - -| Analysis of "foo" - -| "foo" appears 4 times. - - This program finds the number of records in the input file `BBS-list' -that contain the string `foo'. The `BEGIN' rule prints a title for the -report. There is no need to use the `BEGIN' rule to initialize the -counter `n' to zero, since `awk' does this automatically (*note -Variables::). The second rule increments the variable `n' every time a -record containing the pattern `foo' is read. The `END' rule prints the -value of `n' at the end of the run. + > BEGIN { print "Analysis of \"li\"" } + > /li/ { ++n } + > END { print "\"li\" appears in", n, "records." }' mail-list + -| Analysis of "li" + -| "li" appears in 4 records. + + This program finds the number of records in the input file +`mail-list' that contain the string `li'. The `BEGIN' rule prints a +title for the report. There is no need to use the `BEGIN' rule to +initialize the counter `n' to zero, since `awk' does this automatically +(*note Variables::). The second rule increments the variable `n' every +time a record containing the pattern `li' is read. The `END' rule +prints the value of `n' at the end of the run. The special patterns `BEGIN' and `END' cannot be used in ranges or with Boolean operators (indeed, they cannot be used with any operators). @@ -8722,7 +8772,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Empty, Prev: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE, Up: Pattern Overview An empty (i.e., nonexistent) pattern is considered to match _every_ input record. For example, the program: - awk '{ print $1 }' BBS-list + awk '{ print $1 }' mail-list prints the first field of every record. @@ -9086,9 +9136,11 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Switch Statement, Next: Break Statement, Prev: For Sta 7.4.5 The `switch' Statement ---------------------------- -The `switch' statement allows the evaluation of an expression and the -execution of statements based on a `case' match. Case statements are -checked for a match in the order they are defined. If no suitable +This minor node describes a `gawk'-specific feature. + + The `switch' statement allows the evaluation of an expression and +the execution of statements based on a `case' match. Case statements +are checked for a match in the order they are defined. If no suitable `case' is found, the `default' section is executed, if supplied. Each `case' contains a single constant, be it numeric, string, or @@ -9347,12 +9399,12 @@ listed in `ARGV'. standard. See the Austin Group website (http://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=607). - The current version of the Brian Kernighan's `awk' (*note Other -Versions::) also supports `nextfile'. However, it doesn't allow the -`nextfile' statement inside function bodies (*note User-defined::). -`gawk' does; a `nextfile' inside a function body reads the next record -and starts processing it with the first rule in the program, just as -any other `nextfile' statement. + The current version of the Brian Kernighan's `awk', and `mawk' +(*note Other Versions::) also support `nextfile'. However, they don't +allow the `nextfile' statement inside function bodies (*note +User-defined::). `gawk' does; a `nextfile' inside a function body +reads the next record and starts processing it with the first rule in +the program, just as any other `nextfile' statement. File: gawk.info, Node: Exit Statement, Prev: Nextfile Statement, Up: Statements @@ -9495,7 +9547,7 @@ specific to `gawk' are marked with a pound sign (`#'). `FS' This is the input field separator (*note Field Separators::). The - value is a single-character string or a multi-character regular + value is a single-character string or a multicharacter regular expression that matches the separations between fields in an input record. If the value is the null string (`""'), then each character in the record becomes a separate field. (This behavior @@ -9597,7 +9649,7 @@ specific to `gawk' are marked with a pound sign (`#'). This is the subscript separator. It has the default value of `"\034"' and is used to separate the parts of the indices of a multidimensional array. Thus, the expression `foo["A", "B"]' - really accesses `foo["A\034B"]' (*note Multi-dimensional::). + really accesses `foo["A\034B"]' (*note Multidimensional::). `TEXTDOMAIN #' This variable is used for internationalization of programs at the @@ -9636,13 +9688,13 @@ with a pound sign (`#'). $ awk 'BEGIN { > for (i = 0; i < ARGC; i++) > print ARGV[i] - > }' inventory-shipped BBS-list + > }' inventory-shipped mail-list -| awk -| inventory-shipped - -| BBS-list + -| mail-list `ARGV[0]' contains `awk', `ARGV[1]' contains `inventory-shipped', - and `ARGV[2]' contains `BBS-list'. The value of `ARGC' is three, + and `ARGV[2]' contains `mail-list'. The value of `ARGC' is three, one more than the index of the last element in `ARGV', because the elements are numbered from zero. @@ -9679,9 +9731,18 @@ with a pound sign (`#'). An associative array containing the values of the environment. The array indices are the environment variable names; the elements are the values of the particular environment variables. For - example, `ENVIRON["HOME"]' might be `/home/arnold'. Changing this - array does not affect the environment passed on to any programs - that `awk' may spawn via redirection or the `system()' function. + example, `ENVIRON["HOME"]' might be `/home/arnold'. + + For POSIX `awk', changing this array does not affect the + environment passed on to any programs that `awk' may spawn via + redirection or the `system()' function. + + However, beginning with version 4.2, if not in POSIX compatibility + mode, `gawk' does update its own environment when `ENVIRON' is + changed, thus changing the environment seen by programs that it + creates. You should therefore be especially careful if you modify + `ENVIRON["PATH"]"', which is the search path for finding + executable programs. Some operating systems may not have environment variables. On such systems, the `ENVIRON' array is empty (except for @@ -9823,8 +9884,8 @@ with a pound sign (`#'). The following additional elements in the array are available to provide information about the MPFR and GMP libraries if your - version of `gawk' supports arbitrary precision numbers (*note - Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic::): + version of `gawk' supports arbitrary precision numbers (*note Gawk + and MPFR::): `PROCINFO["mpfr_version"]' The version of the GNU MPFR library. @@ -9903,7 +9964,7 @@ with a pound sign (`#'). the `delete' statement with the `SYMTAB' array. You may use an index for `SYMTAB' that is not a predefined - identifer: + identifier: SYMTAB["xxx"] = 5 print SYMTAB["xxx"] @@ -9969,13 +10030,13 @@ information contained in `ARGC' and `ARGV': $ awk 'BEGIN { > for (i = 0; i < ARGC; i++) > print ARGV[i] - > }' inventory-shipped BBS-list + > }' inventory-shipped mail-list -| awk -| inventory-shipped - -| BBS-list + -| mail-list In this example, `ARGV[0]' contains `awk', `ARGV[1]' contains -`inventory-shipped', and `ARGV[2]' contains `BBS-list'. Notice that +`inventory-shipped', and `ARGV[2]' contains `mail-list'. Notice that the `awk' program is not entered in `ARGV'. The other command-line options, with their arguments, are also not entered. This includes variable assignments done with the `-v' option (*note Options::). @@ -10088,7 +10149,7 @@ cannot have a variable and an array with the same name in the same * Numeric Array Subscripts:: How to use numbers as subscripts in `awk'. * Uninitialized Subscripts:: Using Uninitialized variables as subscripts. -* Multi-dimensional:: Emulating multidimensional arrays in +* Multidimensional:: Emulating multidimensional arrays in `awk'. * Arrays of Arrays:: True multidimensional arrays. @@ -10120,8 +10181,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Array Intro, Next: Reference to Elements, Up: Array Ba ---------------------------- Doing linear scans over an associative array is like trying to - club someone to death with a loaded Uzi. - Larry Wall + club someone to death with a loaded Uzi. -- Larry Wall The `awk' language provides one-dimensional arrays for storing groups of related strings or numbers. Every `awk' array must have a @@ -10431,42 +10491,45 @@ available: default `awk' behavior. `"@ind_str_asc"' - Order by indices compared as strings; this is the most basic sort. - (Internally, array indices are always strings, so with `a[2*5] = 1' - the index is `"10"' rather than numeric 10.) + Order by indices in ascending order compared as strings; this is + the most basic sort. (Internally, array indices are always + strings, so with `a[2*5] = 1' the index is `"10"' rather than + numeric 10.) `"@ind_num_asc"' - Order by indices but force them to be treated as numbers in the - process. Any index with a non-numeric value will end up - positioned as if it were zero. + Order by indices in ascending order but force them to be treated + as numbers in the process. Any index with a non-numeric value + will end up positioned as if it were zero. `"@val_type_asc"' - Order by element values rather than indices. Ordering is by the - type assigned to the element (*note Typing and Comparison::). All - numeric values come before all string values, which in turn come - before all subarrays. (Subarrays have not been described yet; - *note Arrays of Arrays::). + Order by element values in ascending order (rather than by + indices). Ordering is by the type assigned to the element (*note + Typing and Comparison::). All numeric values come before all + string values, which in turn come before all subarrays. + (Subarrays have not been described yet; *note Arrays of Arrays::.) `"@val_str_asc"' - Order by element values rather than by indices. Scalar values are - compared as strings. Subarrays, if present, come out last. + Order by element values in ascending order (rather than by + indices). Scalar values are compared as strings. Subarrays, if + present, come out last. `"@val_num_asc"' - Order by element values rather than by indices. Scalar values are - compared as numbers. Subarrays, if present, come out last. When - numeric values are equal, the string values are used to provide an - ordering: this guarantees consistent results across different - versions of the C `qsort()' function,(1) which `gawk' uses - internally to perform the sorting. + Order by element values in ascending order (rather than by + indices). Scalar values are compared as numbers. Subarrays, if + present, come out last. When numeric values are equal, the string + values are used to provide an ordering: this guarantees consistent + results across different versions of the C `qsort()' function,(1) + which `gawk' uses internally to perform the sorting. `"@ind_str_desc"' - Reverse order from the most basic sort. + String indices ordered from high to low. `"@ind_num_desc"' Numeric indices ordered from high to low. `"@val_type_desc"' - Element values, based on type, in descending order. + Element values, based on type, ordered from high to low. + Subarrays, if present, come out first. `"@val_str_desc"' Element values, treated as strings, ordered from high to low. @@ -10669,7 +10732,7 @@ knowledge of the actual rules since they can sometimes have a subtle effect on your programs. -File: gawk.info, Node: Uninitialized Subscripts, Next: Multi-dimensional, Prev: Numeric Array Subscripts, Up: Arrays +File: gawk.info, Node: Uninitialized Subscripts, Next: Multidimensional, Prev: Numeric Array Subscripts, Up: Arrays 8.4 Using Uninitialized Variables as Subscripts =============================================== @@ -10717,14 +10780,14 @@ string as a subscript if `--lint' is provided on the command line (*note Options::). -File: gawk.info, Node: Multi-dimensional, Next: Arrays of Arrays, Prev: Uninitialized Subscripts, Up: Arrays +File: gawk.info, Node: Multidimensional, Next: Arrays of Arrays, Prev: Uninitialized Subscripts, Up: Arrays 8.5 Multidimensional Arrays =========================== * Menu: -* Multi-scanning:: Scanning multidimensional arrays. +* Multiscanning:: Scanning multidimensional arrays. A multidimensional array is an array in which an element is identified by a sequence of indices instead of a single index. For @@ -10803,7 +10866,7 @@ the program produces the following output: 3 2 1 6 -File: gawk.info, Node: Multi-scanning, Up: Multi-dimensional +File: gawk.info, Node: Multiscanning, Up: Multidimensional 8.5.1 Scanning Multidimensional Arrays -------------------------------------- @@ -10843,7 +10906,7 @@ The result is to set `separate[1]' to `"1"' and `separate[2]' to recovered. -File: gawk.info, Node: Arrays of Arrays, Prev: Multi-dimensional, Up: Arrays +File: gawk.info, Node: Arrays of Arrays, Prev: Multidimensional, Up: Arrays 8.6 Arrays of Arrays ==================== @@ -11179,13 +11242,15 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: String Functions, Next: I/O Functions, Prev: Numeric F ----------------------------------- The functions in this minor node look at or change the text of one or -more strings. `gawk' understands locales (*note Locales::), and does -all string processing in terms of _characters_, not _bytes_. This -distinction is particularly important to understand for locales where -one character may be represented by multiple bytes. Thus, for example, -`length()' returns the number of characters in a string, and not the -number of bytes used to represent those characters, Similarly, -`index()' works with character indices, and not byte indices. +more strings. + + `gawk' understands locales (*note Locales::), and does all string +processing in terms of _characters_, not _bytes_. This distinction is +particularly important to understand for locales where one character +may be represented by multiple bytes. Thus, for example, `length()' +returns the number of characters in a string, and not the number of +bytes used to represent those characters. Similarly, `index()' works +with character indices, and not byte indices. In the following list, optional parameters are enclosed in square brackets ([ ]). Several functions perform string substitution; the @@ -11201,26 +11266,27 @@ pound sign (`#'): `gensub()'. `asort(SOURCE [, DEST [, HOW ] ]) #' - Return the number of elements in the array SOURCE. `gawk' sorts - the contents of SOURCE and replaces the indices of the sorted - values of SOURCE with sequential integers starting with one. If - the optional array DEST is specified, then SOURCE is duplicated - into DEST. DEST is then sorted, leaving the indices of SOURCE - unchanged. The optional third argument HOW is a string which - controls the rule for comparing values, and the sort direction. A - single space is required between the comparison mode, `string' or - `number', and the direction specification, `ascending' or - `descending'. You can omit direction and/or mode in which case it - will default to `ascending' and `string', respectively. An empty - string "" is the same as the default `"ascending string"' for the - value of HOW. If the `source' array contains subarrays as values, - they will come out last(first) in the `dest' array for - `ascending'(`descending') order specification. The value of - `IGNORECASE' affects the sorting. The third argument can also be - a user-defined function name in which case the value returned by - the function is used to order the array elements before - constructing the result array. *Note Array Sorting Functions::, - for more information. +`asorti(SOURCE [, DEST [, HOW ] ]) #' + These two functions are similar in behavior, so they are described + together. + + NOTE: The following description ignores the third argument, + HOW, since it requires understanding features that we have + not discussed yet. Thus, the discussion here is a deliberate + simplification. (We do provide all the details later on: + *Note Array Sorting Functions::, for the full story.) + + Both functions return the number of elements in the array SOURCE. + For `asort()', `gawk' sorts the values of SOURCE and replaces the + indices of the sorted values of SOURCE with sequential integers + starting with one. If the optional array DEST is specified, then + SOURCE is duplicated into DEST. DEST is then sorted, leaving the + indices of SOURCE unchanged. + + When comparing strings, `IGNORECASE' affects the sorting (*note + Array Sorting Functions::). If the SOURCE array contains + subarrays as values (*note Arrays of Arrays::), they will come + last, after all scalar values. For example, if the contents of `a' are as follows: @@ -11238,23 +11304,16 @@ pound sign (`#'): a[2] = "de" a[3] = "sac" - In order to reverse the direction of the sorted results in the - above example, `asort()' can be called with three arguments as - follows: + The `asorti()' function works similarly to `asort()', however, the + _indices_ are sorted, instead of the values. Thus, in the previous + example, starting with the same initial set of indices and values + in `a', calling `asorti(a)' would yield: - asort(a, a, "descending") + a[1] = "first" + a[2] = "last" + a[3] = "middle" - The `asort()' function is described in more detail in *note Array - Sorting Functions::. `asort()' is a `gawk' extension; it is not - available in compatibility mode (*note Options::). - -`asorti(SOURCE [, DEST [, HOW ] ]) #' - Return the number of elements in the array SOURCE. It works - similarly to `asort()', however, the _indices_ are sorted, instead - of the values. (Here too, `IGNORECASE' affects the sorting.) - - The `asorti()' function is described in more detail in *note Array - Sorting Functions::. `asorti()' is a `gawk' extension; it is not + `asort()' and `asorti()' are `gawk' extensions; they are not available in compatibility mode (*note Options::). `gensub(REGEXP, REPLACEMENT, HOW [, TARGET]) #' @@ -11266,7 +11325,7 @@ pound sign (`#'): `$0'. It returns the modified string as the result of the function and the original target string is _not_ changed. - `gensub()' is a general substitution function. It's purpose is to + `gensub()' is a general substitution function. Its purpose is to provide more features than the standard `sub()' and `gsub()' functions. @@ -11942,10 +12001,10 @@ parameters are enclosed in square brackets ([ ]): function--`gawk' also buffers its output and the `fflush()' function forces `gawk' to flush its buffers. - `fflush()' was added to Brian Kernighan's version of `awk' in 1994. - For over two decades, it was not part of the POSIX standard. As - of December, 2012, it was accepted for inclusion into the POSIX - standard. See the Austin Group website + `fflush()' was added to Brian Kernighan's version of `awk' in + April of 1992. For two decades, it was not part of the POSIX + standard. As of December, 2012, it was accepted for inclusion + into the POSIX standard. See the Austin Group website (http://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=634). POSIX standardizes `fflush()' as follows: If there is no argument, @@ -12148,7 +12207,8 @@ enclosed in square brackets ([ ]): Variables::). The default string value is `"%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y"'. This format string produces output that is equivalent to that of the `date' utility. You can assign - a new value to `PROCINFO["strftime"]' to change the default format. + a new value to `PROCINFO["strftime"]' to change the default + format; see below for the various format directives. `systime()' Return the current time as the number of seconds since the system @@ -12417,7 +12477,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Bitwise Functions, Next: Type Functions, Prev: Time Fu 9.1.6 Bit-Manipulation Functions -------------------------------- - I can explain it for you, but I can't understand it for you. + I can explain it for you, but I can't understand it for you. -- Anonymous Many languages provide the ability to perform "bitwise" operations @@ -12561,7 +12621,7 @@ of Arrays::). traversing a multidimensional array: you can test if an element is itself an array or not. The second is inside the body of a user-defined function (not discussed yet; *note User-defined::), to -test if a paramater is an array or not. +test if a parameter is an array or not. Note, however, that using `isarray()' at the global level to test variables makes no sense. Since you are the one writing the program, you @@ -12662,7 +12722,7 @@ a parameter with the same name as the function itself. In addition, according to the POSIX standard, function parameters cannot have the same name as one of the special built-in variables (*note Built-in Variables::. Not all versions of `awk' enforce this -restriction. +restriction.) The BODY-OF-FUNCTION consists of `awk' statements. It is the most important part of the definition, because it says what the function @@ -12705,8 +12765,8 @@ function. When this happens, we say the function is "recursive". The act of a function calling itself is called "recursion". All the built-in functions return a value to their caller. -User-defined functions can do also, using the `return' statement, which -is described in detail in *note Return Statement::. Many of the +User-defined functions can do so also, using the `return' statement, +which is described in detail in *note Return Statement::. Many of the subsequent examples in this minor node use the `return' statement. In many `awk' implementations, including `gawk', the keyword @@ -12776,7 +12836,8 @@ elements in an array and start over with a new list of elements (*note Delete::). Instead of having to repeat this loop everywhere that you need to clear out an array, your program can just call `delarray'. (This guarantees portability. The use of `delete ARRAY' to delete the -contents of an entire array is a nonstandard extension.) +contents of an entire array is a recent(1) addition to the POSIX +standard.) The following is an example of a recursive function. It takes a string as an input parameter and returns the string in backwards order. @@ -12816,13 +12877,19 @@ an `awk' version of `ctime()': return strftime(format, ts) } + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) Late in 2012. + File: gawk.info, Node: Function Caveats, Next: Return Statement, Prev: Function Example, Up: User-defined 9.2.3 Calling User-Defined Functions ------------------------------------ -This section describes how to call a user-defined function. +"Calling a function" means causing the function to run and do its job. +A function call is an expression and its value is the value returned by +the function. * Menu: @@ -12836,16 +12903,12 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Calling A Function, Next: Variable Scope, Up: Function 9.2.3.1 Writing A Function Call ............................... -"Calling a function" means causing the function to run and do its job. -A function call is an expression and its value is the value returned by -the function. - - A function call consists of the function name followed by the -arguments in parentheses. `awk' expressions are what you write in the -call for the arguments. Each time the call is executed, these -expressions are evaluated, and the values become the actual arguments. -For example, here is a call to `foo()' with three arguments (the first -being a string concatenation): +A function call consists of the function name followed by the arguments +in parentheses. `awk' expressions are what you write in the call for +the arguments. Each time the call is executed, these expressions are +evaluated, and the values become the actual arguments. For example, +here is a call to `foo()' with three arguments (the first being a +string concatenation): foo(x y, "lose", 4 * z) @@ -13240,7 +13303,7 @@ and then a closing right parenthesis, with the addition of a leading `@' character: the_func = "sum" - result = @the_func() # calls the `sum' function + result = @the_func() # calls the sum() function Here is a full program that processes the previously shown data, using indirect function calls. @@ -13391,8 +13454,8 @@ order. Next comes a sorting function. It is parameterized with the starting and ending field numbers and the comparison function. It -builds an array with the data and calls `quicksort' appropriately, and -then formats the results as a single string: +builds an array with the data and calls `quicksort()' appropriately, +and then formats the results as a single string: # do_sort --- sort the data according to `compare' # and return it as a string @@ -13487,7 +13550,7 @@ algorithms and program tasks in a single place. It simplifies programming, making program development more manageable, and making programs more readable. - In their seminal 1976 book, `Software Tools'(1), Brian Kernighan and + In their seminal 1976 book, `Software Tools',(1) Brian Kernighan and P.J. Plauger wrote: Good Programming is not learned from generalities, but by seeing @@ -13592,7 +13655,7 @@ will be accidentally shared with the user's program. In addition, several of the library functions use a prefix that helps indicate what function or set of functions use the variables--for -example, `_pw_byname' in the user database routines (*note Passwd +example, `_pw_byname()' in the user database routines (*note Passwd Functions::). This convention is recommended, since it even further decreases the chance of inadvertent conflict among variable names. Note that this convention is used equally well for variable names and @@ -13663,6 +13726,7 @@ programming use. vice versa. * Join Function:: A function to join an array into a string. * Getlocaltime Function:: A function to get formatted times. +* Readfile Function:: A function to read an entire file at once. File: gawk.info, Node: Strtonum Function, Next: Assert Function, Up: General Functions @@ -13842,9 +13906,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Round Function, Next: Cliff Random Function, Prev: Ass The way `printf' and `sprintf()' (*note Printf::) perform rounding often depends upon the system's C `sprintf()' subroutine. On many -machines, `sprintf()' rounding is "unbiased," which means it doesn't -always round a trailing `.5' up, contrary to naive expectations. In -unbiased rounding, `.5' rounds to even, rather than always up, so 1.5 +machines, `sprintf()' rounding is "unbiased", which means it doesn't +always round a trailing .5 up, contrary to naive expectations. In +unbiased rounding, .5 rounds to even, rather than always up, so 1.5 rounds to 2 but 4.5 rounds to 4. This means that if you are using a format that does rounding (e.g., `"%.0f"'), you should check what your system does. The following function does traditional rounding; it @@ -13878,7 +13942,7 @@ might be useful if your `awk''s `printf' does unbiased rounding: } # test harness - { print $0, round($0) } + # { print $0, round($0) } File: gawk.info, Node: Cliff Random Function, Next: Ordinal Functions, Prev: Round Function, Up: General Functions @@ -13954,8 +14018,8 @@ corresponding character. Both functions are written very nicely in } } - Some explanation of the numbers used by `chr' is worthwhile. The -most prominent character set in use today is ASCII.(1) Although an + Some explanation of the numbers used by `_ord_init()' is worthwhile. +The most prominent character set in use today is ASCII.(1) Although an 8-bit byte can hold 256 distinct values (from 0 to 255), ASCII only defines characters that use the values from 0 to 127.(2) In the now distant past, at least one minicomputer manufacturer used ASCII, but @@ -14005,7 +14069,7 @@ tests such as used here prohibitively expensive. (2) ASCII has been extended in many countries to use the values from 128 to 255 for country-specific characters. If your system uses these -extensions, you can simplify `_ord_init' to loop from 0 to 255. +extensions, you can simplify `_ord_init()' to loop from 0 to 255. File: gawk.info, Node: Join Function, Next: Getlocaltime Function, Prev: Ordinal Functions, Up: General Functions @@ -14055,7 +14119,7 @@ concatenation. The lack of an explicit operator for concatenation makes string operations more difficult than they really need to be. -File: gawk.info, Node: Getlocaltime Function, Prev: Join Function, Up: General Functions +File: gawk.info, Node: Getlocaltime Function, Next: Readfile Function, Prev: Join Function, Up: General Functions 10.2.7 Managing the Time of Day ------------------------------- @@ -14137,6 +14201,66 @@ the `getlocaltime()' function would have allowed the user to supply an optional timestamp value to use instead of the current time. +File: gawk.info, Node: Readfile Function, Prev: Getlocaltime Function, Up: General Functions + +10.2.8 Reading A Whole File At Once +----------------------------------- + +Often, it is convenient to have the entire contents of a file available +in memory as a single string. A straightforward but naive way to do +that might be as follows: + + function readfile(file, tmp, contents) + { + if ((getline tmp < file) < 0) + return + + contents = tmp + while (getline tmp < file) > 0) + contents = contents RT tmp + + close(file) + return contents + } + + This function reads from `file' one record at a time, building up +the full contents of the file in the local variable `contents'. It +works, but is not necessarily efficient. + + The following function, based on a suggestion by Denis Shirokov, +reads the entire contents of the named file in one shot: + + # readfile.awk --- read an entire file at once + + function readfile(file, tmp, save_rs) + { + save_rs = RS + RS = "^$" + getline tmp < file + close(file) + RS = save_rs + + return tmp + } + + It works by setting `RS' to `^$', a regular expression that will +never match if the file has contents. `gawk' reads data from the file +into `tmp' attempting to match `RS'. The match fails after each read, +but fails quickly, such that `gawk' fills `tmp' with the entire +contents of the file. (*Note Records::, for information on `RT' and +`RS'.) + + In the case that `file' is empty, the return value is the null +string. Thus calling code may use something like: + + contents = readfile("/some/path") + if (length(contents) == 0) + # file was empty ... + + This tests the result to see if it is empty or not. An equivalent +test would be `contents == ""'. + + File: gawk.info, Node: Data File Management, Next: Getopt Function, Prev: General Functions, Up: Library Functions 10.3 Data File Management @@ -14386,7 +14510,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Ignoring Assigns, Prev: Empty Files, Up: Data File Man Occasionally, you might not want `awk' to process command-line variable assignments (*note Assignment Options::). In particular, if you have a -file name that contain an `=' character, `awk' treats the file name as +file name that contains an `=' character, `awk' treats the file name as an assignment, and does not process it. Some users have suggested an additional command-line option for @@ -14543,7 +14667,7 @@ characters (*note String Functions::).(1) # <c> a character representing the current option # Private Data: - # _opti -- index in multi-flag option, e.g., -abc + # _opti -- index in multiflag option, e.g., -abc The function starts out with comments presenting a list of the global variables it uses, what the return values are, what they mean, @@ -14882,7 +15006,7 @@ later. The test can only be true for `gawk'. It is false if using `FS' or `FPAT', or on some other `awk' implementation. The code that checks for using `FPAT', using `using_fpat' and -`PROCINFO["FS"]' is similar. +`PROCINFO["FS"]', is similar. The main part of the function uses a loop to read database lines, split the line into fields, and then store the line into each array as @@ -14902,9 +15026,9 @@ create the element with the null string as its value: return _pw_byname[name] } - Similarly, the `getpwuid' function takes a user ID number argument. -If that user number is in the database, it returns the appropriate -line. Otherwise, it returns the null string: + Similarly, the `getpwuid()' function takes a user ID number +argument. If that user number is in the database, it returns the +appropriate line. Otherwise, it returns the null string: function getpwuid(uid) { @@ -15251,8 +15375,8 @@ index and value, use the indirect function call syntax (*note Indirect Calls::) on `process', passing it the index and the value. When calling `walk_array()', you would pass the name of a -user-defined function that expects to receive and index and a value, -and then processes the element. +user-defined function that expects to receive an index and a value, and +then processes the element. File: gawk.info, Node: Sample Programs, Next: Advanced Features, Prev: Library Functions, Up: Top @@ -15513,7 +15637,7 @@ fields to print are `$1', `$3', and `$5'. The intermediate fields are the fields to print, and `t' tracks the complete field list, including filler fields: - function set_charlist( field, i, j, f, g, t, + function set_charlist( field, i, j, f, g, n, m, t, filler, last, len) { field = 1 # count total fields @@ -15917,9 +16041,9 @@ groups in the `PROCINFO' array have the indices `"group1"' through However, we don't know in advance how many of these groups there are. This loop works by starting at one, concatenating the value with -`"group"', and then using `in' to see if that value is in the array. -Eventually, `i' is incremented past the last group in the array and the -loop exits. +`"group"', and then using `in' to see if that value is in the array +(*note Reference to Elements::). Eventually, `i' is incremented past +the last group in the array and the loop exits. The loop is also correct if there are _no_ supplementary groups; then the condition is false the first time it's tested, and the loop @@ -16566,8 +16690,10 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Alarm Program, Next: Translate Program, Prev: Dupword 11.3.2 An Alarm Clock Program ----------------------------- - Nothing cures insomnia like a ringing alarm clock. - Arnold Robbins + Nothing cures insomnia like a ringing alarm clock. -- Arnold + Robbins + + Sleep is for web developers. -- Erik Quanstrom The following program is a simple "alarm clock" program. You give it a time of day and an optional message. At the specified time, it @@ -16811,10 +16937,10 @@ program. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) On some older systems, `tr' may require that the lists be -written as range expressions enclosed in square brackets (`[a-z]') and -quoted, to prevent the shell from attempting a file name expansion. -This is not a feature. + (1) On some older systems, including Solaris, `tr' may require that +the lists be written as range expressions enclosed in square brackets +(`[a-z]') and quoted, to prevent the shell from attempting a file name +expansion. This is not a feature. (2) This program was written before `gawk' acquired the ability to split each character in a string into separate array elements. @@ -17124,11 +17250,11 @@ are simply removed. `extract.awk' uses the `join()' library function (*note Join Function::). The example programs in the online Texinfo source for `GAWK: -Effective AWK Programming' (`gawk.texi') have all been bracketed inside -`file' and `endfile' lines. The `gawk' distribution uses a copy of -`extract.awk' to extract the sample programs and install many of them -in a standard directory where `gawk' can find them. The Texinfo file -looks something like this: +Effective AWK Programming' (`gawktexi.in') have all been bracketed +inside `file' and `endfile' lines. The `gawk' distribution uses a copy +of `extract.awk' to extract the sample programs and install many of +them in a standard directory where `gawk' can find them. The Texinfo +file looks something like this: ... This program has a @code{BEGIN} rule, @@ -17880,8 +18006,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Advanced Features, Next: Internationalization, Prev: S ****************************** Write documentation as if whoever reads it is a violent psychopath - who knows where you live. - Steve English, as quoted by Peter Langston + who knows where you live. -- Steve English, as quoted by Peter + Langston This major node discusses advanced features in `gawk'. It's a bit of a "grab bag" of items that are otherwise unrelated to each other. @@ -18157,7 +18283,7 @@ seemingly ordered data: function cmp_randomize(i1, v1, i2, v2) { - # random order + # random order (caution: this may never terminate!) return (2 - 4 * rand()) } @@ -18171,7 +18297,7 @@ elements with otherwise equal values is to include the indices in the comparison rules. Note that doing this may make the loop traversal less efficient, so consider it only if necessary. The following comparison functions force a deterministic order, and are based on the -fact that the indices of two elements are never equal: +fact that the (string) indices of two elements are never equal: function cmp_numeric(i1, v1, i2, v2) { @@ -18230,9 +18356,9 @@ functions (*note String Functions::) for sorting arrays. For example: After the call to `asort()', the array `data' is indexed from 1 to some number N, the total number of elements in `data'. (This count is `asort()''s return value.) `data[1]' <= `data[2]' <= `data[3]', and so -on. The comparison is based on the type of the elements (*note Typing -and Comparison::). All numeric values come before all string values, -which in turn come before all subarrays. +on. The default comparison is based on the type of the elements (*note +Typing and Comparison::). All numeric values come before all string +values, which in turn come before all subarrays. An important side effect of calling `asort()' is that _the array's original indices are irrevocably lost_. As this isn't always @@ -18247,21 +18373,11 @@ desirable, `asort()' accepts a second argument: and then sorts `dest', destroying its indices. However, the `source' array is not affected. - `asort()' accepts a third string argument to control comparison of -array elements. As with `PROCINFO["sorted_in"]', this argument may be -one of the predefined names that `gawk' provides (*note Controlling -Scanning::), or the name of a user-defined function (*note Controlling -Array Traversal::). - - NOTE: In all cases, the sorted element values consist of the - original array's element values. The ability to control - comparison merely affects the way in which they are sorted. - Often, what's needed is to sort on the values of the _indices_ instead of the values of the elements. To do that, use the `asorti()' -function. The interface is identical to that of `asort()', except that -the index values are used for sorting, and become the values of the -result array: +function. The interface and behavior are identical to that of +`asort()', except that the index values are used for sorting, and +become the values of the result array: { source[$0] = some_func($0) } @@ -18276,32 +18392,41 @@ result array: } } - Similar to `asort()', in all cases, the sorted element values -consist of the original array's indices. The ability to control -comparison merely affects the way in which they are sorted. - - Sorting the array by replacing the indices provides maximal -flexibility. To traverse the elements in decreasing order, use a loop -that goes from N down to 1, either over the elements or over the -indices.(1) - - Copying array indices and elements isn't expensive in terms of -memory. Internally, `gawk' maintains "reference counts" to data. For -example, when `asort()' copies the first array to the second one, there -is only one copy of the original array elements' data, even though both -arrays use the values. + So far, so good. Now it starts to get interesting. Both `asort()' +and `asorti()' accept a third string argument to control comparison of +array elements. In *note String Functions::, we ignored this third +argument; however, the time has now come to describe how this argument +affects these two functions. + + Basically, the third argument specifies how the array is to be +sorted. There are two possibilities. As with `PROCINFO["sorted_in"]', +this argument may be one of the predefined names that `gawk' provides +(*note Controlling Scanning::), or it may be the name of a user-defined +function (*note Controlling Array Traversal::). + + In the latter case, _the function can compare elements in any way it +chooses_, taking into account just the indices, just the values, or +both. This is extremely powerful. + + Once the array is sorted, `asort()' takes the _values_ in their +final order, and uses them to fill in the result array, whereas +`asorti()' takes the _indices_ in their final order, and uses them to +fill in the result array. + + NOTE: Copying array indices and elements isn't expensive in terms + of memory. Internally, `gawk' maintains "reference counts" to + data. For example, when `asort()' copies the first array to the + second one, there is only one copy of the original array elements' + data, even though both arrays use the values. Because `IGNORECASE' affects string comparisons, the value of `IGNORECASE' also affects sorting for both `asort()' and `asorti()'. Note also that the locale's sorting order does _not_ come into play; -comparisons are based on character values only.(2) Caveat Emptor. +comparisons are based on character values only.(1) Caveat Emptor. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) You may also use one of the predefined sorting names that sorts -in decreasing order. - - (2) This is true because locale-based comparison occurs only when in + (1) This is true because locale-based comparison occurs only when in POSIX compatibility mode, and since `asort()' and `asorti()' are `gawk' extensions, they are not available in that case. @@ -18438,7 +18563,8 @@ regular pipes. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) This is very different from the same operator in the C shell. + (1) This is very different from the same operator in the C shell and +in Bash. File: gawk.info, Node: TCP/IP Networking, Next: Profiling, Prev: Two-way I/O, Up: Advanced Features @@ -18576,56 +18702,64 @@ First, the `awk' program: junk Here is the `awkprof.out' that results from running the `gawk' -profiler on this program and data (this example also illustrates that -`awk' programmers sometimes have to work late): +profiler on this program and data. (This example also illustrates that +`awk' programmers sometimes get up very early in the morning to work.) - # gawk profile, created Sun Aug 13 00:00:15 2000 + # gawk profile, created Thu Feb 27 05:16:21 2014 - # BEGIN block(s) + # BEGIN block(s) - BEGIN { - 1 print "First BEGIN rule" - 1 print "Second BEGIN rule" - } + BEGIN { + 1 print "First BEGIN rule" + } - # Rule(s) + BEGIN { + 1 print "Second BEGIN rule" + } - 5 /foo/ { # 2 - 2 print "matched /foo/, gosh" - 6 for (i = 1; i <= 3; i++) { - 6 sing() - } - } + # Rule(s) - 5 { - 5 if (/foo/) { # 2 - 2 print "if is true" - 3 } else { - 3 print "else is true" - } - } + 5 /foo/ { # 2 + 2 print "matched /foo/, gosh" + 6 for (i = 1; i <= 3; i++) { + 6 sing() + } + } - # END block(s) + 5 { + 5 if (/foo/) { # 2 + 2 print "if is true" + 3 } else { + 3 print "else is true" + } + } - END { - 1 print "First END rule" - 1 print "Second END rule" - } + # END block(s) - # Functions, listed alphabetically + END { + 1 print "First END rule" + } + + END { + 1 print "Second END rule" + } - 6 function sing(dummy) - { - 6 print "I gotta be me!" - } + + # Functions, listed alphabetically + + 6 function sing(dummy) + { + 6 print "I gotta be me!" + } This example illustrates many of the basic features of profiling output. They are as follows: - * The program is printed in the order `BEGIN' rule, `BEGINFILE' rule, - pattern/action rules, `ENDFILE' rule, `END' rule and functions, - listed alphabetically. Multiple `BEGIN' and `END' rules are - merged together, as are multiple `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE' rules. + * The program is printed in the order `BEGIN' rules, `BEGINFILE' + rules, pattern/action rules, `ENDFILE' rules, `END' rules and + functions, listed alphabetically. Multiple `BEGIN' and `END' + rules retain their separate identities, as do multiple `BEGINFILE' + and `ENDFILE' rules. * Pattern-action rules have two counts. The first count, to the left of the rule, shows how many times the rule's pattern was @@ -18676,8 +18810,7 @@ you typed when you wrote it. This is because `gawk' creates the profiled version by "pretty printing" its internal representation of the program. The advantage to this is that `gawk' can produce a standard representation. The disadvantage is that all source-code -comments are lost, as are the distinctions among multiple `BEGIN', -`END', `BEGINFILE', and `ENDFILE' rules. Also, things such as: +comments are lost. Also, things such as: /foo/ @@ -18736,6 +18869,9 @@ by the `Ctrl-<\>' key. called this way, `gawk' "pretty prints" the program into `awkprof.out', without any execution counts. + NOTE: The `--pretty-print' option still runs your program. This + will change in the next major release. + File: gawk.info, Node: Internationalization, Next: Debugger, Prev: Advanced Features, Up: Top @@ -19029,9 +19165,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Translator i18n, Next: I18N Example, Prev: Programmer =============================== Once a program's translatable strings have been marked, they must be -extracted to create the initial `.po' file. As part of translation, it -is often helpful to rearrange the order in which arguments to `printf' -are output. +extracted to create the initial `.pot' file. As part of translation, +it is often helpful to rearrange the order in which arguments to +`printf' are output. `gawk''s `--gen-pot' command-line option extracts the messages and is discussed next. After that, `printf''s ability to rearrange the @@ -19104,7 +19240,7 @@ second: $ gawk 'BEGIN { > string = "Dont Panic" - > printf _"%2$d characters live in \"%1$s\"\n", + > printf "%2$d characters live in \"%1$s\"\n", > string, length(string) > }' -| 10 characters live in "Dont Panic" @@ -19129,7 +19265,7 @@ precision capability: `gawk' does not allow you to mix regular format specifiers and those with positional specifiers in the same string: - $ gawk 'BEGIN { printf _"%d %3$s\n", 1, 2, "hi" }' + $ gawk 'BEGIN { printf "%d %3$s\n", 1, 2, "hi" }' error--> gawk: cmd. line:1: fatal: must use `count$' on all formats or none NOTE: There are some pathological cases that `gawk' may fail to @@ -19491,7 +19627,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Debugger Invocation, Next: Finding The Bug, Up: Sample 14.2.1 How to Start the Debugger -------------------------------- -Starting the debugger is almost exactly like running `awk', except you +Starting the debugger is almost exactly like running `gawk', except you have to pass an additional option `--debug' or the corresponding short option `-D'. The file(s) containing the program and any supporting code are given on the command line as arguments to one or more `-f' @@ -19604,8 +19740,8 @@ our test input above. Let's look at `NR': -| NR = number (2) So we can see that `are_equal()' was only called for the second record -of the file. Of course, this is because our program contained a rule -for `NR == 1': +of the file. Of course, this is because our program contains a rule for +`NR == 1': NR == 1 { last = $0 @@ -20378,8 +20514,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic, Next: Dynamic Extension authority; they tend to believe that all digits of a printed answer are significant. Disillusioned computer users have just the opposite approach; they are constantly afraid that their answers - are almost meaningless. - Donald Knuth(1) + are almost meaningless.(1) -- Donald Knuth This major node discusses issues that you may encounter when performing arithmetic. It begins by discussing some of the general @@ -20508,7 +20643,7 @@ automatic conversion (via `CONVFMT') and from printing (via `OFMT'). what the default string representations show. `CONVFMT''s default value is `"%.6g"', which yields a value with at -least six significant digits. For some applications, you might want to +most six significant digits. For some applications, you might want to change it to specify more precision. On most modern machines, most of the time, 17 digits is enough to capture a floating-point number's value exactly.(1) @@ -21047,11 +21182,15 @@ need it. arbitrary precision arithmetic. The easiest way to find out is to look at the output of the following command: - $ gawk --version - -| GNU Awk 4.1.0, API: 1.0 (GNU MPFR 3.1.0-p3, GNU MP 5.0.2) - -| Copyright (C) 1989, 1991-2013 Free Software Foundation. + $ ./gawk --version + -| GNU Awk 4.1.1, API: 1.1 (GNU MPFR 3.1.0-p3, GNU MP 5.0.2) + -| Copyright (C) 1989, 1991-2014 Free Software Foundation. ... +(You may see different version numbers than what's shown here. That's +OK; what's important is to see that GNU MPFR and GNU MP are listed in +the output.) + `gawk' uses the GNU MPFR (http://www.mpfr.org) and GNU MP (http://gmplib.org) (GMP) libraries for arbitrary precision arithmetic on numbers. So if you do not see the names of these libraries in the @@ -21260,9 +21399,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Changing Precision, Next: Exact Arithmetic, Prev: Floa them to full membership of the high-precision club, or do we treat them and all their associates as second-class citizens? Sometimes the first course is proper, sometimes the second, and it takes - careful analysis to tell which. - - Dirk Laurie(1) + careful analysis to tell which.(1) -- Dirk Laurie `gawk' does not implicitly modify the precision of any previously computed results when the working precision is changed with an @@ -21423,7 +21560,7 @@ floating-point value to begin with: gawk -M 'BEGIN { n = 13.0; print n % 2.0 }' - Note that for the particular example above, there is likely best to + Note that for the particular example above, it is likely best to just use the following: gawk -M 'BEGIN { n = 13; print n % 2 }' @@ -21627,6 +21764,7 @@ This (rather large) minor node describes the API in detail. * Extension API Functions Introduction:: Introduction to the API functions. * General Data Types:: The data types. * Requesting Values:: How to get a value. +* Memory Allocation Functions:: Functions for allocating memory. * Constructor Functions:: Functions for creating values. * Registration Functions:: Functions to register things with `gawk'. @@ -21675,6 +21813,8 @@ operations: * Symbol table access: retrieving a global variable, creating one, or changing one. + * Allocating, reallocating, and releasing memory. + * Creating and releasing cached values; this provides an efficient way to use values for multiple variables and can be a big performance win. @@ -21703,10 +21843,8 @@ operations: `EOF' `<stdio.h>' `FILE' `<stdio.h>' `NULL' `<stddef.h>' - `malloc()' `<stdlib.h>' `memcpy()' `<string.h>' `memset()' `<string.h>' - `realloc()' `<stdlib.h>' `size_t' `<sys/types.h>' `struct stat' `<sys/stat.h>' @@ -21732,7 +21870,9 @@ operations: * All pointers filled in by `gawk' are to memory managed by `gawk' and should be treated by the extension as read-only. Memory for _all_ strings passed into `gawk' from the extension _must_ come - from `malloc()' and is managed by `gawk' from then on. + from calling the API-provided function pointers `api_malloc()', + `api_calloc()' or `api_realloc()', and is managed by `gawk' from + then on. * The API defines several simple `struct's that map values as seen from `awk'. A value can be a `double', a string, or an array (as @@ -21770,12 +21910,11 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: General Data Types, Next: Requesting Values, Prev: Ext 16.4.2 General Purpose Data Types --------------------------------- - I have a true love/hate relationship with unions. - Arnold Robbins + I have a true love/hate relationship with unions. -- Arnold + Robbins That's the thing about unions: the compiler will arrange things so - they can accommodate both love and hate. - Chet Ramey + they can accommodate both love and hate. -- Chet Ramey The extension API defines a number of simple types and structures for general purpose use. Additional, more specialized, data structures @@ -21794,11 +21933,8 @@ that use them. allowing `gawk' to use them as it needs to. `typedef enum awk_bool {' - ` awk_false = 0,' - ` awk_true' - `} awk_bool_t;' A simple boolean type. @@ -21808,7 +21944,9 @@ that use them. `} awk_string_t;' This represents a mutable string. `gawk' owns the memory pointed to if it supplied the value. Otherwise, it takes ownership of the - memory pointed to. *Such memory must come from `malloc()'!* + memory pointed to. *Such memory must come from calling the + API-provided function pointers `api_malloc()', `api_calloc()', or + `api_realloc()'!* As mentioned earlier, strings are maintained using the current multibyte encoding. @@ -21913,7 +22051,7 @@ the value. See also the entry for "Cookie" in the *note Glossary::. -File: gawk.info, Node: Requesting Values, Next: Constructor Functions, Prev: General Data Types, Up: Extension API Description +File: gawk.info, Node: Requesting Values, Next: Memory Allocation Functions, Prev: General Data Types, Up: Extension API Description 16.4.3 Requesting Values ------------------------ @@ -21946,46 +22084,43 @@ Requested: Scalar Scalar Scalar false false Table 16.1: Value Types Returned -File: gawk.info, Node: Constructor Functions, Next: Registration Functions, Prev: Requesting Values, Up: Extension API Description +File: gawk.info, Node: Memory Allocation Functions, Next: Constructor Functions, Prev: Requesting Values, Up: Extension API Description -16.4.4 Constructor Functions and Convenience Macros ---------------------------------------------------- +16.4.4 Memory Allocation Functions and Convenience Macros +--------------------------------------------------------- -The API provides a number of "constructor" functions for creating -string and numeric values, as well as a number of convenience macros. -This node presents them all as function prototypes, in the way that -extension code would use them. +The API provides a number of "memory allocation" functions for +allocating memory that can be passed to `gawk', as well as a number of +convenience macros. -`static inline awk_value_t *' -`make_const_string(const char *string, size_t length, awk_value_t *result)' - This function creates a string value in the `awk_value_t' variable - pointed to by `result'. It expects `string' to be a C string - constant (or other string data), and automatically creates a - _copy_ of the data for storage in `result'. It returns `result'. +`void *gawk_malloc(size_t size);' + Call `gawk'-provided `api_malloc()' to allocate storage that may + be passed to `gawk'. -`static inline awk_value_t *' -`make_malloced_string(const char *string, size_t length, awk_value_t *result)' - This function creates a string value in the `awk_value_t' variable - pointed to by `result'. It expects `string' to be a `char *' value - pointing to data previously obtained from `malloc()'. The idea here - is that the data is passed directly to `gawk', which assumes - responsibility for it. It returns `result'. +`void *gawk_calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size);' + Call `gawk'-provided `api_calloc()' to allocate storage that may + be passed to `gawk'. -`static inline awk_value_t *' -`make_null_string(awk_value_t *result)' - This specialized function creates a null string (the "undefined" - value) in the `awk_value_t' variable pointed to by `result'. It - returns `result'. +`void *gawk_realloc(void *ptr, size_t size);' + Call `gawk'-provided `api_realloc()' to allocate storage that may + be passed to `gawk'. -`static inline awk_value_t *' -`make_number(double num, awk_value_t *result)' - This function simply creates a numeric value in the `awk_value_t' - variable pointed to by `result'. +`void gawk_free(void *ptr);' + Call `gawk'-provided `api_free()' to release storage that was + allocated with `gawk_malloc()', `gawk_calloc()' or + `gawk_realloc()'. - Two convenience macros may be used for allocating storage from -`malloc()' and `realloc()'. If the allocation fails, they cause `gawk' -to exit with a fatal error message. They should be used as if they were -procedure calls that do not return a value. + The API has to provide these functions because it is possible for an +extension to be compiled and linked against a different version of the +C library than was used for the `gawk' executable.(1) If `gawk' were to +use its version of `free()' when the memory came from an unrelated +version of `malloc()', unexpected behavior would likely result. + + Two convenience macros may be used for allocating storage from the +API-provided function pointers `api_malloc()' and `api_realloc()'. If +the allocation fails, they cause `gawk' to exit with a fatal error +message. They should be used as if they were procedure calls that do +not return a value. `#define emalloc(pointer, type, size, message) ...' The arguments to this macro are as follows: @@ -21994,7 +22129,7 @@ procedure calls that do not return a value. `type' The type of the pointer variable, used to create a cast for - the call to `malloc()'. + the call to `api_malloc()'. `size' The total number of bytes to be allocated. @@ -22014,14 +22149,57 @@ procedure calls that do not return a value. make_malloced_string(message, strlen(message), & result); `#define erealloc(pointer, type, size, message) ...' - This is like `emalloc()', but it calls `realloc()', instead of - `malloc()'. The arguments are the same as for the `emalloc()' + This is like `emalloc()', but it calls `api_realloc()', instead of + `api_malloc()'. The arguments are the same as for the `emalloc()' macro. + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) This is more common on MS-Windows systems, but can happen on +Unix-like systems as well. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Constructor Functions, Next: Registration Functions, Prev: Memory Allocation Functions, Up: Extension API Description + +16.4.5 Constructor Functions +---------------------------- + +The API provides a number of "constructor" functions for creating +string and numeric values, as well as a number of convenience macros. +This node presents them all as function prototypes, in the way that +extension code would use them. + +`static inline awk_value_t *' +`make_const_string(const char *string, size_t length, awk_value_t *result)' + This function creates a string value in the `awk_value_t' variable + pointed to by `result'. It expects `string' to be a C string + constant (or other string data), and automatically creates a + _copy_ of the data for storage in `result'. It returns `result'. + +`static inline awk_value_t *' +`make_malloced_string(const char *string, size_t length, awk_value_t *result)' + This function creates a string value in the `awk_value_t' variable + pointed to by `result'. It expects `string' to be a `char *' value + pointing to data previously obtained from the api-provided + functions `api_malloc()', `api_calloc()' or `api_realloc()'. The + idea here is that the data is passed directly to `gawk', which + assumes responsibility for it. It returns `result'. + +`static inline awk_value_t *' +`make_null_string(awk_value_t *result)' + This specialized function creates a null string (the "undefined" + value) in the `awk_value_t' variable pointed to by `result'. It + returns `result'. + +`static inline awk_value_t *' +`make_number(double num, awk_value_t *result)' + This function simply creates a numeric value in the `awk_value_t' + variable pointed to by `result'. + File: gawk.info, Node: Registration Functions, Next: Printing Messages, Prev: Constructor Functions, Up: Extension API Description -16.4.5 Registration Functions +16.4.6 Registration Functions ----------------------------- This minor node describes the API functions for registering parts of @@ -22039,7 +22217,7 @@ your extension with `gawk'. File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Functions, Next: Exit Callback Functions, Up: Registration Functions -16.4.5.1 Registering An Extension Function +16.4.6.1 Registering An Extension Function .......................................... Extension functions are described by the following record: @@ -22064,8 +22242,10 @@ Extension functions are described by the following record: `awk_value_t *(*function)(int num_actual_args, awk_value_t *result);' This is a pointer to the C function that provides the desired functionality. The function must fill in the result with either a - number or a string. `awk' takes ownership of any string memory. - As mentioned earlier, string memory *must* come from `malloc()'. + number or a string. `gawk' takes ownership of any string memory. + As mentioned earlier, string memory *must* come from the + api-provided functions `api_malloc()', `api_calloc()' or + `api_realloc()'. The `num_actual_args' argument tells the C function how many actual parameters were passed from the calling `awk' code. @@ -22091,7 +22271,7 @@ register it with `gawk' using this API function: File: gawk.info, Node: Exit Callback Functions, Next: Extension Version String, Prev: Extension Functions, Up: Registration Functions -16.4.5.2 Registering An Exit Callback Function +16.4.6.2 Registering An Exit Callback Function .............................................. An "exit callback" function is a function that `gawk' calls before it @@ -22120,7 +22300,7 @@ order--that is, in the reverse order in which they are registered with File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Version String, Next: Input Parsers, Prev: Exit Callback Functions, Up: Registration Functions -16.4.5.3 Registering An Extension Version String +16.4.6.3 Registering An Extension Version String ................................................ You can register a version string which indicates the name and version @@ -22136,7 +22316,7 @@ invoked with the `--version' option. File: gawk.info, Node: Input Parsers, Next: Output Wrappers, Prev: Extension Version String, Up: Registration Functions -16.4.5.4 Customized Input Parsers +16.4.6.4 Customized Input Parsers ................................. By default, `gawk' reads text files as its input. It uses the value of @@ -22358,7 +22538,7 @@ whether or not to activate an input parser (*note BEGINFILE/ENDFILE::). File: gawk.info, Node: Output Wrappers, Next: Two-way processors, Prev: Input Parsers, Up: Registration Functions -16.4.5.5 Customized Output Wrappers +16.4.6.5 Customized Output Wrappers ................................... An "output wrapper" is the mirror image of an input parser. It allows @@ -22465,7 +22645,7 @@ normally. File: gawk.info, Node: Two-way processors, Prev: Output Wrappers, Up: Registration Functions -16.4.5.6 Customized Two-way Processors +16.4.6.6 Customized Two-way Processors ...................................... A "two-way processor" combines an input parser and an output wrapper for @@ -22518,7 +22698,7 @@ can take this" and "take over for this" functions, File: gawk.info, Node: Printing Messages, Next: Updating `ERRNO', Prev: Registration Functions, Up: Extension API Description -16.4.6 Printing Messages +16.4.7 Printing Messages ------------------------ You can print different kinds of warning messages from your extension, @@ -22549,7 +22729,7 @@ the pity. File: gawk.info, Node: Updating `ERRNO', Next: Accessing Parameters, Prev: Printing Messages, Up: Extension API Description -16.4.7 Updating `ERRNO' +16.4.8 Updating `ERRNO' ----------------------- The following functions allow you to update the `ERRNO' variable: @@ -22570,7 +22750,7 @@ The following functions allow you to update the `ERRNO' variable: File: gawk.info, Node: Accessing Parameters, Next: Symbol Table Access, Prev: Updating `ERRNO', Up: Extension API Description -16.4.8 Accessing and Updating Parameters +16.4.9 Accessing and Updating Parameters ---------------------------------------- Two functions give you access to the arguments (parameters) passed to @@ -22596,8 +22776,8 @@ your extension function. They are: File: gawk.info, Node: Symbol Table Access, Next: Array Manipulation, Prev: Accessing Parameters, Up: Extension API Description -16.4.9 Symbol Table Access --------------------------- +16.4.10 Symbol Table Access +--------------------------- Two sets of routines provide access to global variables, and one set allows you to create and release cached values. @@ -22611,8 +22791,8 @@ allows you to create and release cached values. File: gawk.info, Node: Symbol table by name, Next: Symbol table by cookie, Up: Symbol Table Access -16.4.9.1 Variable Access and Update by Name -........................................... +16.4.10.1 Variable Access and Update by Name +............................................ The following routines provide the ability to access and update global `awk'-level variables by name. In compiler terminology, identifiers of @@ -22644,11 +22824,16 @@ termed a "symbol table". However, with the exception of the `PROCINFO' array, an extension cannot change any of those variables. + NOTE: It is possible for the lookup of `PROCINFO' to fail. This + happens if the `awk' program being run does not reference + `PROCINFO'; in this case `gawk' doesn't bother to create the array + and populate it. + File: gawk.info, Node: Symbol table by cookie, Next: Cached values, Prev: Symbol table by name, Up: Symbol Table Access -16.4.9.2 Variable Access and Update by Cookie -............................................. +16.4.10.2 Variable Access and Update by Cookie +.............................................. A "scalar cookie" is an opaque handle that provides access to a global variable or array. It is an optimization that avoids looking up @@ -22760,8 +22945,8 @@ like this: File: gawk.info, Node: Cached values, Prev: Symbol table by cookie, Up: Symbol Table Access -16.4.9.3 Creating and Using Cached Values -......................................... +16.4.10.3 Creating and Using Cached Values +.......................................... The routines in this section allow you to create and release cached values. As with scalar cookies, in theory, cached values are not @@ -22771,8 +22956,9 @@ variables using `sym_update()' or `sym_update_scalar()', as you like. However, you can understand the point of cached values if you remember that _every_ string value's storage _must_ come from -`malloc()'. If you have 20 variables, all of which have the same -string value, you must create 20 identical copies of the string.(1) +`api_malloc()', `api_calloc()' or `api_realloc()'. If you have 20 +variables, all of which have the same string value, you must create 20 +identical copies of the string.(1) It is clearly more efficient, if possible, to create a value once, and then tell `gawk' to reuse the value for multiple variables. That is @@ -22855,7 +23041,7 @@ using `release_value()'. File: gawk.info, Node: Array Manipulation, Next: Extension API Variables, Prev: Symbol Table Access, Up: Extension API Description -16.4.10 Array Manipulation +16.4.11 Array Manipulation -------------------------- The primary data structure(1) in `awk' is the associative array (*note @@ -22882,7 +23068,7 @@ arrays of arrays (*note General Data Types::). File: gawk.info, Node: Array Data Types, Next: Array Functions, Up: Array Manipulation -16.4.10.1 Array Data Types +16.4.11.1 Array Data Types .......................... The data types associated with arrays are listed below. @@ -22949,7 +23135,7 @@ overuse this term. File: gawk.info, Node: Array Functions, Next: Flattening Arrays, Prev: Array Data Types, Up: Array Manipulation -16.4.10.2 Array Functions +16.4.11.2 Array Functions ......................... The following functions relate to individual array elements. @@ -22975,7 +23161,8 @@ The following functions relate to individual array elements. strings (*note Conversion::); thus using integral values is safest. As with _all_ strings passed into `gawk' from an extension, the - string value of `index' must come from `malloc()', and `gawk' + string value of `index' must come from the API-provided functions + `api_malloc()', `api_calloc()' or `api_realloc()' and `gawk' releases the storage. `awk_bool_t set_array_element(awk_array_t a_cookie,' @@ -23026,7 +23213,7 @@ The following functions relate to individual array elements. File: gawk.info, Node: Flattening Arrays, Next: Creating Arrays, Prev: Array Functions, Up: Array Manipulation -16.4.10.3 Working With All The Elements of an Array +16.4.11.3 Working With All The Elements of an Array ................................................... To "flatten" an array is create a structure that represents the full @@ -23200,7 +23387,7 @@ return value to success, and returns: File: gawk.info, Node: Creating Arrays, Prev: Flattening Arrays, Up: Array Manipulation -16.4.10.4 How To Create and Populate Arrays +16.4.11.4 How To Create and Populate Arrays ........................................... Besides working with arrays created by `awk' code, you can create @@ -23339,7 +23526,7 @@ environment variable.) File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Variables, Next: Extension API Boilerplate, Prev: Array Manipulation, Up: Extension API Description -16.4.11 API Variables +16.4.12 API Variables --------------------- The API provides two sets of variables. The first provides information @@ -23356,7 +23543,7 @@ information about how `gawk' was invoked. File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Versioning, Next: Extension API Informational Variables, Up: Extension API Variables -16.4.11.1 API Version Constants and Variables +16.4.12.1 API Version Constants and Variables ............................................. The API provides both a "major" and a "minor" version number. The API @@ -23405,7 +23592,7 @@ Boilerplate::). File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Informational Variables, Prev: Extension Versioning, Up: Extension API Variables -16.4.11.2 Informational Variables +16.4.12.2 Informational Variables ................................. The API provides access to several variables that describe whether the @@ -23441,7 +23628,7 @@ change during execution. File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Boilerplate, Prev: Extension API Variables, Up: Extension API Description -16.4.12 Boilerplate Code +16.4.13 Boilerplate Code ------------------------ As mentioned earlier (*note Extension Mechanism Outline::), the function @@ -23558,8 +23745,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Example, Next: Extension Samples, Prev: Find 16.6 Example: Some File Functions ================================= - No matter where you go, there you are. - Buckaroo Bonzai + No matter where you go, there you are. -- Buckaroo Bonzai Two useful functions that are not in `awk' are `chdir()' (so that an `awk' program can change its directory) and `stat()' (so that an `awk' @@ -23960,7 +24146,7 @@ declarations and argument checking: awk_array_t array; int ret; struct stat sbuf; - /* default is stat() */ + /* default is lstat() */ int (*statfunc)(const char *path, struct stat *sbuf) = lstat; assert(result != NULL); @@ -24249,7 +24435,7 @@ follows: The usage is: The `fts()' function provides a hook to the C library `fts()' routines for traversing file hierarchies. Instead of returning data -about one file at a time in a stream, it fills in a multi-dimensional +about one file at a time in a stream, it fills in a multidimensional array with data about each file and directory encountered in the requested hierarchies. @@ -24344,7 +24530,7 @@ Otherwise it returns -1. lack of a comparison function, since `gawk' already provides powerful array sorting facilities. While an `fts_read()'-like interface could have been provided, this felt less natural than - simply creating a multi-dimensional array to represent the file + simply creating a multidimensional array to represent the file hierarchy and its information. See `test/fts.awk' in the `gawk' distribution for an example. @@ -24358,12 +24544,16 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch, Next: Extension Sample Fork, This extension provides an interface to the C library `fnmatch()' function. The usage is: - @load "fnmatch" +`@load "fnmatch"' + This is how you load the extension. - result = fnmatch(pattern, string, flags) +`result = fnmatch(pattern, string, flags)' + The return value is zero on success, `FNM_NOMATCH' if the string + did not match the pattern, or a different non-zero value if an + error occurred. - The `fnmatch' extension adds a single function named `fnmatch()', -one constant (`FNM_NOMATCH'), and an array of flag values named `FNM'. + Besides the `fnmatch()' function, the `fnmatch' extension adds one +constant (`FNM_NOMATCH'), and an array of flag values named `FNM'. The arguments to `fnmatch()' are: @@ -24377,10 +24567,6 @@ one constant (`FNM_NOMATCH'), and an array of flag values named `FNM'. Either zero, or the bitwise OR of one or more of the flags in the `FNM' array. - The return value is zero on success, `FNM_NOMATCH' if the string did -not match the pattern, or a different non-zero value if an error -occurred. - The flags are follows: `FNM["CASEFOLD"]' Corresponds to the `FNM_CASEFOLD' flag as defined in @@ -24416,14 +24602,14 @@ The `fork' extension adds three functions, as follows. This is how you load the extension. `pid = fork()' - This function creates a new process. The return value is the zero - in the child and the process-id number of the child in the parent, - or -1 upon error. In the latter case, `ERRNO' indicates the - problem. In the child, `PROCINFO["pid"]' and `PROCINFO["ppid"]' - are updated to reflect the correct values. + This function creates a new process. The return value is zero in + the child and the process-ID number of the child in the parent, or + -1 upon error. In the latter case, `ERRNO' indicates the problem. + In the child, `PROCINFO["pid"]' and `PROCINFO["ppid"]' are updated + to reflect the correct values. `ret = waitpid(pid)' - This function takes a numeric argument, which is the process-id to + This function takes a numeric argument, which is the process-ID to wait for. The return value is that of the `waitpid()' system call. `ret = wait()' @@ -24656,7 +24842,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Sample Readfile, Next: Extension Sample API T 16.7.10 Reading An Entire File ------------------------------ -The `readfile' extension adds a single function named `readfile()': +The `readfile' extension adds a single function named `readfile()', and +an input parser: `@load "readfile"' This is how you load the extension. @@ -24666,6 +24853,12 @@ The `readfile' extension adds a single function named `readfile()': a string containing the entire contents of the requested file. Upon error, the function returns the empty string and sets `ERRNO'. +`BEGIN { PROCINFO["readfile"] = 1 }' + In addition, the extension adds an input parser that is activated + if `PROCINFO["readfile"]' exists. When activated, each input file + is returned in its entirety as `$0'. `RT' is set to the null + string. + Here is an example: @load "readfile" @@ -24731,11 +24924,13 @@ provides a number of `gawk' extensions, including one for processing XML files. This is the evolution of the original `xgawk' (XML `gawk') project. - As of this writing, there are four extensions: + As of this writing, there are five extensions: * XML parser extension, using the Expat (http://expat.sourceforge.net) XML parsing library. + * PDF extension. + * PostgreSQL extension. * GD graphics library extension. @@ -24815,6 +25010,7 @@ you can find more information. `awk'. * POSIX/GNU:: The extensions in `gawk' not in POSIX `awk'. +* Feature History:: The history of the features in `gawk'. * Common Extensions:: Common Extensions Summary. * Ranges and Locales:: How locales used to affect regexp ranges. * Contributors:: The major contributors to `gawk'. @@ -24882,7 +25078,7 @@ the changes, with cross-references to further details: * Multiple `BEGIN' and `END' rules (*note BEGIN/END::). - * Multidimensional arrays (*note Multi-dimensional::). + * Multidimensional arrays (*note Multidimensional::). File: gawk.info, Node: SVR4, Next: POSIX, Prev: V7/SVR3.1, Up: Language History @@ -24993,7 +25189,7 @@ in his version of `awk'. available in his `awk'. -File: gawk.info, Node: POSIX/GNU, Next: Common Extensions, Prev: BTL, Up: Language History +File: gawk.info, Node: POSIX/GNU, Next: Feature History, Prev: BTL, Up: Language History A.5 Extensions in `gawk' Not in POSIX `awk' =========================================== @@ -25145,12 +25341,397 @@ the current version of `gawk'. - Prestandard VAX C compiler for VAX/VMS + - GCC for VAX and Alpha has not been tested for a while. + -File: gawk.info, Node: Common Extensions, Next: Ranges and Locales, Prev: POSIX/GNU, Up: Language History +File: gawk.info, Node: Feature History, Next: Common Extensions, Prev: POSIX/GNU, Up: Language History + +A.6 History of `gawk' Features +============================== + +This minor node describes the features in `gawk' over and above those +in POSIX `awk', in the order they were added to `gawk'. + + Version 2.10 of `gawk' introduced the following features: + + * The `AWKPATH' environment variable for specifying a path search for + the `-f' command-line option (*note Options::). + + * The `IGNORECASE' variable and its effects (*note + Case-sensitivity::). + + * The `/dev/stdin', `/dev/stdout', `/dev/stderr' and `/dev/fd/N' + special file names (*note Special Files::). + + Version 2.13 of `gawk' introduced the following features: + + * The `FIELDWIDTHS' variable and its effects (*note Constant Size::). + + * The `systime()' and `strftime()' built-in functions for obtaining + and printing timestamps (*note Time Functions::). + + * Additional command-line options (*note Options::): + + - The `-W lint' option to provide error and portability checking + for both the source code and at runtime. + + - The `-W compat' option to turn off the GNU extensions. + + - The `-W posix' option for full POSIX compliance. + + Version 2.14 of `gawk' introduced the following feature: + + * The `next file' statement for skipping to the next data file + (*note Nextfile Statement::). + + Version 2.15 of `gawk' introduced the following features: + + * New variables (*note Built-in Variables::): + + - `ARGIND', which tracks the movement of `FILENAME' through + `ARGV'. + + - `ERRNO', which contains the system error message when + `getline' returns -1 or `close()' fails. + + * The `/dev/pid', `/dev/ppid', `/dev/pgrpid', and `/dev/user' + special file names. These have since been removed. + + * The ability to delete all of an array at once with `delete ARRAY' + (*note Delete::). + + * Command line option changes (*note Options::): + + - The ability to use GNU-style long-named options that start + with `--'. + + - The `--source' option for mixing command-line and library-file + source code. + + Version 3.0 of `gawk' introduced the following features: + + * New or changed variables: + + - `IGNORECASE' changed, now applying to string comparison as + well as regexp operations (*note Case-sensitivity::). + + - `RT', which contains the input text that matched `RS' (*note + Records::). + + * Full support for both POSIX and GNU regexps (*note Regexp::). + + * The `gensub()' function for more powerful text manipulation (*note + String Functions::). + + * The `strftime()' function acquired a default time format, allowing + it to be called with no arguments (*note Time Functions::). + + * The ability for `FS' and for the third argument to `split()' to be + null strings (*note Single Character Fields::). + + * The ability for `RS' to be a regexp (*note Records::). + + * The `next file' statement became `nextfile' (*note Nextfile + Statement::). + + * The `fflush()' function from the Bell Laboratories research + version of `awk' (*note I/O Functions::). + + * New command line options: + + - The `--lint-old' option to warn about constructs that are not + available in the original Version 7 Unix version of `awk' + (*note V7/SVR3.1::). + + - The `-m' option from the Bell Laboratories research version + of `awk' This was later removed. + + - The `--re-interval' option to provide interval expressions in + regexps (*note Regexp Operators::). + + - The `--traditional' option was added as a better name for + `--compat' (*note Options::). + + * The use of GNU Autoconf to control the configuration process + (*note Quick Installation::). + + * Amiga support. + + + Version 3.1 of `gawk' introduced the following features: + + * New variables (*note Built-in Variables::): + + - `BINMODE', for non-POSIX systems, which allows binary I/O for + input and/or output files (*note PC Using::). + + - `LINT', which dynamically controls lint warnings. + + - `PROCINFO', an array for providing process-related + information. + + - `TEXTDOMAIN', for setting an application's + internationalization text domain (*note + Internationalization::). + + * The ability to use octal and hexadecimal constants in `awk' + program source code (*note Nondecimal-numbers::). + + * The `|&' operator for two-way I/O to a coprocess (*note Two-way + I/O::). + + * The `/inet' special files for TCP/IP networking using `|&' (*note + TCP/IP Networking::). + + * The optional second argument to `close()' that allows closing one + end of a two-way pipe to a coprocess (*note Two-way I/O::). + + * The optional third argument to the `match()' function for + capturing text-matching subexpressions within a regexp (*note + String Functions::). + + * Positional specifiers in `printf' formats for making translations + easier (*note Printf Ordering::). + + * A number of new built-in functions: + + - The `asort()' and `asorti()' functions for sorting arrays + (*note Array Sorting::). + + - The `bindtextdomain()', `dcgettext()' and `dcngettext()' + functions for internationalization (*note Programmer i18n::). + + - The `extension()' function and the ability to add new + built-in functions dynamically (*note Dynamic Extensions::). + + - The `mktime()' function for creating timestamps (*note Time + Functions::). + + - The `and()', `or()', `xor()', `compl()', `lshift()', + `rshift()', and `strtonum()' functions (*note Bitwise + Functions::). + + * The support for `next file' as two words was removed completely + (*note Nextfile Statement::). + + * Additional commnd line options (*note Options::): + + - The `--dump-variables' option to print a list of all global + variables. + + - The `--exec' option, for use in CGI scripts. + + - The `--gen-po' command-line option and the use of a leading + underscore to mark strings that should be translated (*note + String Extraction::). + + - The `--non-decimal-data' option to allow non-decimal input + data (*note Nondecimal Data::). + + - The `--profile' option and `pgawk', the profiling version of + `gawk', for producing execution profiles of `awk' programs + (*note Profiling::). + + - The `--use-lc-numeric' option to force `gawk' to use the + locale's decimal point for parsing input data (*note + Conversion::). + + * The use of GNU Automake to help in standardizing the configuration + process (*note Quick Installation::). + + * The use of GNU `gettext' for `gawk''s own message output (*note + Gawk I18N::). -A.6 Common Extensions Summary + * BeOS support. This was later removed. + + * Tandem support. This was later removed. + + * The Atari port became officially unsupported. + + * The source code changed to use ISO C standard-style function + definitions. + + * POSIX compliance for `sub()' and `gsub()' (*note Gory Details::). + + * The `length()' function was extended to accept an array argument + and return the number of elements in the array (*note String + Functions::). + + * The `strftime()' function acquired a third argument to enable + printing times as UTC (*note Time Functions::). + + Version 4.0 of `gawk' introduced the following features: + + * Variable additions: + + - `FPAT', which allows you to specify a regexp that matches the + fields, instead of matching the field separator (*note + Splitting By Content::). + + - If `PROCINFO["sorted_in"]' exists, `for(iggy in foo)' loops + sort the indices before looping over them. The value of this + element provides control over how the indices are sorted + before the loop traversal starts (*note Controlling + Scanning::). + + - `PROCINFO["strftime"]', which holds the default format for + `strftime()' (*note Time Functions::). + + * The special files `/dev/pid', `/dev/ppid', `/dev/pgrpid' and + `/dev/user' were removed. + + * Support for IPv6 was added via the `/inet6' special file. + `/inet4' forces IPv4 and `/inet' chooses the system default, which + is probably IPv4 (*note TCP/IP Networking::). + + * The use of `\s' and `\S' escape sequences in regular expressions + (*note GNU Regexp Operators::). + + * Interval expressions became part of default regular expressions + (*note Regexp Operators::). + + * POSIX character classes work even with `--traditional' (*note + Regexp Operators::). + + * `break' and `continue' became invalid outside a loop, even with + `--traditional' (*note Break Statement::, and also see *note + Continue Statement::). + + * `fflush()', `nextfile', and `delete ARRAY' are allowed if + `--posix' or `--traditional', since they are all now part of POSIX. + + * An optional third argument to `asort()' and `asorti()', specifying + how to sort (*note String Functions::). + + * The behavior of `fflush()' changed to match Brian Kernighan's `awk' + and for POSIX; now both `fflush()' and `fflush("")' flush all open + output redirections (*note I/O Functions::). + + * The `isarray()' function which distinguishes if an item is an array + or not, to make it possible to traverse multidimensional arrays + (*note Type Functions::). + + * The `patsplit()' function which gives the same capability as + `FPAT', for splitting (*note String Functions::). + + * An optional fourth argument to the `split()' function, which is an + array to hold the values of the separators (*note String + Functions::). + + * Arrays of arrays (*note Arrays of Arrays::). + + * The `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE' special patterns (*note + BEGINFILE/ENDFILE::). + + * Indirect function calls (*note Indirect Calls::). + + * `switch' / `case' are enabled by default (*note Switch + Statement::). + + * Command line option changes (*note Options::): + + - The `-b' and `--characters-as-bytes' options which prevent + `gawk' from treating input as a multibyte string. + + - The redundant `--compat', `--copyleft', and `--usage' long + options were removed. + + - The `--gen-po' option was finally renamed to the correct + `--gen-pot'. + + - The `--sandbox' option which disables certain features. + + - All long options acquired corresponding short options, for + use in `#!' scripts. + + * Directories named on the command line now produce a warning, not a + fatal error, unless `--posix' or `--traditional' are used (*note + Command line directories::). + + * The `gawk' internals were rewritten, bringing the `dgawk' debugger + and possibly improved performance (*note Debugger::). + + * Per the GNU Coding Standards, dynamic extensions must now define a + global symbol indicating that they are GPL-compatible (*note + Plugin License::). + + * In POSIX mode, string comparisons use `strcoll()' / `wcscoll()' + (*note POSIX String Comparison::). + + * The option for raw sockets was removed, since it was never + implemented (*note TCP/IP Networking::). + + * Ranges of the form `[d-h]' are treated as if they were in the C + locale, no matter what kind of regexp is being used, and even if + `--posix' (*note Ranges and Locales::). + + * Support was removed for the following systems: + + - Atari + + - Amiga + + - BeOS + + - Cray + + - MIPS RiscOS + + - MS-DOS with Microsoft Compiler + + - MS-Windows with Microsoft Compiler + + - NeXT + + - SunOS 3.x, Sun 386 (Road Runner) + + - Tandem (non-POSIX) + + - Prestandard VAX C compiler for VAX/VMS + + Version 4.1 of `gawk' introduced the following features: + + * Three new arrays: `SYMTAB', `FUNCTAB', and + `PROCINFO["identifiers"]' (*note Auto-set::). + + * The three executables `gawk', `pgawk', and `dgawk', were merged + into one, named just `gawk'. As a result the command line options + changed. + + * Command line option changes (*note Options::): + + - The `-D' option invokes the debugger. + + - The `-i' and `--include' options load `awk' library files. + + - The `-l' and `--load' options load compiled dynamic + extensions. + + - The `-M' and `--bignum' options enable MPFR. + + - The `-o' only does pretty-printing. + + - The `-p' option is used for profiling. + + - The `-R' option was removed. + + * Support for high precision arithmetic with MPFR. (*note Gawk and + MPFR::). + + * The `and()', `or()' and `xor()' functions changed to allow any + number of arguments, with a minimum of two (*note Bitwise + Functions::). + + * The dynamic extension interface was completely redone (*note + Dynamic Extensions::). + + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Common Extensions, Next: Ranges and Locales, Prev: Feature History, Up: Language History + +A.7 Common Extensions Summary ============================= This minor node summarizes the common extensions supported by `gawk', @@ -25160,18 +25741,18 @@ available versions of `awk' (*note Other Versions::). Feature BWK Awk Mawk GNU Awk -------------------------------------------------------- `\x' Escape sequence X X X -`RS' as regexp X X `FS' as null string X X X -`/dev/stdin' special file X X +`/dev/stdin' special file X X X `/dev/stdout' special file X X X `/dev/stderr' special file X X X -`**' and `**=' operators X X +`delete' without subscript X X X `fflush()' function X X X -`func' keyword X X +`length()' of an array X X X `nextfile' statement X X X -`delete' without subscript X X X -`length()' of an array X X +`**' and `**=' operators X X +`func' keyword X X `BINMODE' variable X X +`RS' as regexp X X Time related functions X X (Technically speaking, as of late 2012, `fflush()', `delete ARRAY', @@ -25181,7 +25762,7 @@ POSIX.) File: gawk.info, Node: Ranges and Locales, Next: Contributors, Prev: Common Extensions, Up: Language History -A.7 Regexp Ranges and Locales: A Long Sad Story +A.8 Regexp Ranges and Locales: A Long Sad Story =============================================== This minor node describes the confusing history of ranges within @@ -25204,7 +25785,7 @@ as working in this fashion, and in particular, would teach that the `[A-Z]' was the "correct" way to match uppercase letters. And indeed, this was true.(1) - The 1993 POSIX standard introduced the idea of locales (*note + The 1992 POSIX standard introduced the idea of locales (*note Locales::). Since many locales include other letters besides the plain twenty-six letters of the American English alphabet, the POSIX standard added character classes (*note Bracket Expressions::) as a way to match @@ -25267,17 +25848,17 @@ of range expressions was _undefined_.(3) By using this lovely technical term, the standard gives license to implementors to implement ranges in whatever way they choose. The `gawk' maintainer chose to apply the pre-POSIX meaning in all cases: -the default regexp matching; with `--traditional', and with `--posix'; +the default regexp matching; with `--traditional' and with `--posix'; in all cases, `gawk' remains POSIX compliant. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) And Life was good. - (2) And thus was born the Campain for Rational Range Interpretation -(or RRI). A number of GNU tools, such as `grep' and `sed', have either -implemented this change, or will soon. Thanks to Karl Berry for -coining the phrase "Rational Range Interpretation." + (2) And thus was born the Campaign for Rational Range Interpretation +(or RRI). A number of GNU tools have either implemented this change, or +will soon. Thanks to Karl Berry for coining the phrase "Rational Range +Interpretation." (3) See the standard (http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap09.html#tag_09_03_05) @@ -25287,11 +25868,10 @@ and its rationale File: gawk.info, Node: Contributors, Prev: Ranges and Locales, Up: Language History -A.8 Major Contributors to `gawk' +A.9 Major Contributors to `gawk' ================================ - Always give credit where credit is due. - Anonymous + Always give credit where credit is due. -- Anonymous This minor node names the major contributors to `gawk' and/or this Info file, in approximate chronological order: @@ -25388,11 +25968,19 @@ Info file, in approximate chronological order: * Patrick T.J. McPhee contributed the code for dynamic loading in Windows32 environments. (This is no longer supported) + * Anders Wallin helped keep the VMS port going for several years. + + * Assaf Gordon contributed the code to implement the `--sandbox' + option. + * John Haque made the following contributions: - The modifications to convert `gawk' into a byte-code interpreter, including the debugger. + - The addition of true multidimensional arrays. *note Arrays + of Arrays::. + - The additional modifications for support of arbitrary precision arithmetic. @@ -25403,12 +25991,19 @@ Info file, in approximate chronological order: - Improved array internals for arrays indexed by integers. + - The improved array sorting features were driven by John + together with Pat Rankin. + * Efraim Yawitz contributed the original text for *note Debugger::. * The development of the extension API first released with `gawk' 4.1 was driven primarily by Arnold Robbins and Andrew Schorr, with notable contributions from the rest of the development team. + * Antonio Giovanni Colombo rewrote a number of examples in the early + chapters that were severely dated, for which I am incredibly + grateful. + * Arnold Robbins has been working on `gawk' since 1988, at first helping David Trueman, and as the primary maintainer since around 1994. @@ -25465,7 +26060,7 @@ There are three ways to get GNU software: supported. If you have the `wget' program, you can use a command like the following: - wget http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gawk/gawk-4.1.0.tar.gz + wget http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gawk/gawk-4.1.1.tar.gz The GNU software archive is mirrored around the world. The up-to-date list of mirror sites is available from the main FSF web site @@ -25484,26 +26079,26 @@ compression programs: `gzip', `bzip2', and `xz'. For simplicity, the rest of these instructions assume you are using the one compressed with the GNU Zip program, `gzip'. - Once you have the distribution (for example, `gawk-4.1.0.tar.gz'), + Once you have the distribution (for example, `gawk-4.1.1.tar.gz'), use `gzip' to expand the file and then use `tar' to extract it. You can use the following pipeline to produce the `gawk' distribution: # Under System V, add 'o' to the tar options - gzip -d -c gawk-4.1.0.tar.gz | tar -xvpf - + gzip -d -c gawk-4.1.1.tar.gz | tar -xvpf - On a system with GNU `tar', you can let `tar' do the decompression for you: - tar -xvpzf gawk-4.1.0.tar.gz + tar -xvpzf gawk-4.1.1.tar.gz -Extracting the archive creates a directory named `gawk-4.1.0' in the +Extracting the archive creates a directory named `gawk-4.1.1' in the current directory. The distribution file name is of the form `gawk-V.R.P.tar.gz'. The V represents the major version of `gawk', the R represents the current release of version V, and the P represents a "patch level", meaning that minor bugs have been fixed in the release. The current patch -level is 0, but when retrieving distributions, you should get the +level is 1, but when retrieving distributions, you should get the version with the highest version, release, and patch level. (Note, however, that patch levels greater than or equal to 70 denote "beta" or nonproduction software; you might not want to retrieve such a version @@ -25525,6 +26120,13 @@ to different non-Unix operating systems: Various `.c', `.y', and `.h' files The actual `gawk' source code. +`ABOUT-NLS' + Information about GNU `gettext' and translations. + +`AUTHORS' + A file with some information about the authorship of `gawk'. It + exists only to satisfy the pedants at the Free Software Foundation. + `README' `README_d/README.*' Descriptive files: `README' for `gawk' under Unix and the rest for @@ -25550,16 +26152,6 @@ Various `.c', `.y', and `.h' files `COPYING' The GNU General Public License. -`FUTURES' - A brief list of features and changes being contemplated for future - releases, with some indication of the time frame for the feature, - based on its difficulty. - -`LIMITATIONS' - A list of those factors that limit `gawk''s performance. Most of - these depend on the hardware or operating system software and are - not limits in `gawk' itself. - `POSIX.STD' A description of behaviors in the POSIX standard for `awk' which are left undefined, or where `gawk' may not comply fully, as well @@ -25591,11 +26183,18 @@ Various `.c', `.y', and `.h' files The `troff' source for a manual page describing `gawk'. This is distributed for the convenience of Unix users. -`doc/gawk.texi' +`doc/gawktexi.in' +`doc/sidebar.awk' The Texinfo source file for this Info file. It should be - processed with TeX (via `texi2dvi' or `texi2pdf') to produce a - printed document, and with `makeinfo' to produce an Info or HTML - file. + processed by `doc/sidebar.awk' before processing with `texi2dvi' + or `texi2pdf' to produce a printed document, and with `makeinfo' + to produce an Info or HTML file. The `Makefile' takes care of + this processing and produces printable output via `texi2dvi' or + `texi2pdf'. + +`doc/gawk.texi' + The file produced after processing `gawktexi.in' with + `sidebar.awk'. `doc/gawk.info' The generated Info file for this Info file. @@ -25625,15 +26224,21 @@ Various `.c', `.y', and `.h' files `Makefile.in' `aclocal.m4' +`bisonfix.awk' +`config.guess' `configh.in' `configure.ac' `configure' `custom.h' +`depcomp' +`install-sh' `missing_d/*' +`mkinstalldirs' `m4/*' - These files and subdirectories are used when configuring `gawk' - for various Unix systems. They are explained in *note Unix - Installation::. + These files and subdirectories are used when configuring and + compiling `gawk' for various Unix systems. Most of them are + explained in *note Unix Installation::. The rest are there to + support the main infrastructure. `po/*' The `po' library contains message translations. @@ -25654,6 +26259,11 @@ Various `.c', `.y', and `.h' files of the programs in this Info file are available in appropriate subdirectories of `awklib/eg'. +`extension/*' + The source code, manual pages, and infrastructure files for the + sample extensions included with `gawk'. *Note Dynamic + Extensions::, for more information. + `posix/*' Files needed for building `gawk' on POSIX-compliant systems. @@ -25698,7 +26308,7 @@ Unix-derived systems, GNU/Linux, BSD-based systems, and the Cygwin environment for MS-Windows. After you have extracted the `gawk' distribution, `cd' to -`gawk-4.1.0'. Like most GNU software, `gawk' is configured +`gawk-4.1.1'. Like most GNU software, `gawk' is configured automatically for your system by running the `configure' program. This program is a Bourne shell script that is generated automatically using GNU `autoconf'. (The `autoconf' software is described fully starting @@ -25737,8 +26347,8 @@ failure is not described there, please send in a bug report (*note Bugs::). Of course, once you've built `gawk', it is likely that you will wish -to install it. To do so, you need to run the command `make check', as -a user with the appropriate permissions. How to do this varies by +to install it. To do so, you need to run the command `make install', +as a user with the appropriate permissions. How to do this varies by system, but on many systems you can use the `sudo' command to do so. The command then becomes `sudo make install'. It is likely that you will be asked for your password, and you will have to have been set up @@ -25753,6 +26363,12 @@ B.2.2 Additional Configuration Options There are several additional options you may use on the `configure' command line when compiling `gawk' from scratch, including: +`--disable-extensions' + Disable configuring and building the sample extensions in the + `extension' directory. This is useful for cross-compiling. The + default action is to dynamically check if the extensions can be + configured and compiled. + `--disable-lint' Disable all lint checking within `gawk'. The `--lint' and `--lint-old' options (*note Options::) are accepted, but silently @@ -26015,10 +26631,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: PC Using, Next: Cygwin, Prev: PC Testing, Up: PC Inst B.3.1.4 Using `gawk' on PC Operating Systems ............................................ -With the exception of the Cygwin environment, the `|&' operator and -TCP/IP networking (*note TCP/IP Networking::) are not supported for -MS-DOS or MS-Windows. EMX (OS/2 only) does support at least the `|&' -operator. +Under MS-DOS and MS-Windows, the Cygwin and MinGW environments support +both the `|&' operator and TCP/IP networking (*note TCP/IP +Networking::). EMX (OS/2 only) supports at least the `|&' operator. The MS-DOS and MS-Windows versions of `gawk' search for program files as described in *note AWKPATH Variable::. However, semicolons @@ -26111,13 +26726,13 @@ B.3.1.5 Using `gawk' In The Cygwin Environment `gawk' can be built and used "out of the box" under MS-Windows if you are using the Cygwin environment (http://www.cygwin.com). This -environment provides an excellent simulation of Unix, using the GNU -tools, such as Bash, the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), GNU Make, and -other GNU programs. Compilation and installation for Cygwin is the +environment provides an excellent simulation of GNU/Linux, using the +GNU tools, such as Bash, the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), GNU Make, +and other GNU programs. Compilation and installation for Cygwin is the same as for a Unix system: - tar -xvpzf gawk-4.1.0.tar.gz - cd gawk-4.1.0 + tar -xvpzf gawk-4.1.1.tar.gz + cd gawk-4.1.1 ./configure make @@ -26125,10 +26740,6 @@ same as for a Unix system: on Cygwin takes considerably longer. However, it does finish, and then the `make' proceeds as usual. - NOTE: The `|&' operator and TCP/IP networking (*note TCP/IP - Networking::) are fully supported in the Cygwin environment. This - is not true for any other environment on MS-Windows. - File: gawk.info, Node: MSYS, Prev: Cygwin, Up: PC Installation @@ -26155,51 +26766,112 @@ older designation "VMS" is used throughout to refer to OpenVMS. * Menu: * VMS Compilation:: How to compile `gawk' under VMS. +* VMS Dynamic Extensions:: Compiling `gawk' dynamic extensions on + VMS. * VMS Installation Details:: How to install `gawk' under VMS. * VMS Running:: How to run `gawk' under VMS. +* VMS GNV:: The VMS GNV Project. * VMS Old Gawk:: An old version comes with some VMS systems. -File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Compilation, Next: VMS Installation Details, Up: VMS Installation +File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Compilation, Next: VMS Dynamic Extensions, Up: VMS Installation B.3.2.1 Compiling `gawk' on VMS ............................... To compile `gawk' under VMS, there is a `DCL' command procedure that issues all the necessary `CC' and `LINK' commands. There is also a -`Makefile' for use with the `MMS' utility. From the source directory, -use either: +`Makefile' for use with the `MMS' and `MMK' utilities. From the source +directory, use either: - $ @[.VMS]VMSBUILD.COM + $ @[.vms]vmsbuild.com or: - $ MMS/DESCRIPTION=[.VMS]DESCRIP.MMS GAWK + $ MMS/DESCRIPTION=[.vms]descrip.mms gawk + +or: + + $ MMK/DESCRIPTION=[.vms]descrip.mms gawk + + `MMK' is an open source, free, near-clone of `MMS' and can better +handle `ODS-5' volumes with upper- and lowercase filenames. `MMK' is +available from `https://github.com/endlesssoftware/mmk'. + + With `ODS-5' volumes and extended parsing enabled, the case of the +target parameter may need to be exact. - Older versions of `gawk' could be built with VAX C or GNU C on -VAX/VMS, as well as with DEC C, but that is no longer supported. DEC C -(also briefly known as "Compaq C" and now known as "HP C," but referred -to here as "DEC C") is required. Both `VMSBUILD.COM' and `DESCRIP.MMS' -contain some obsolete support for the older compilers but are set up to -use DEC C by default. + `gawk' has been tested under VAX/VMS 7.3 and Alpha/VMS 7.3-1 using +Compaq C V6.4, and Alpha/VMS 7.3, Alpha/VMS 7.3-2, and IA64/VMS 8.3. +The most recent builds used HP C V7.3 on Alpha VMS 8.3 and both Alpha +and IA64 VMS 8.4 used HP C 7.3.(1) - `gawk' has been tested under Alpha/VMS 7.3-1 using Compaq C V6.4, -and on Alpha/VMS 7.3, Alpha/VMS 7.3-2, and IA64/VMS 8.3.(1) + The `[.vms]gawk_build_steps.txt' provides information on how to build +`gawk' into a PCSI kit that is compatible with the GNV product. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) The IA64 architecture is also known as "Itanium." -File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Installation Details, Next: VMS Running, Prev: VMS Compilation, Up: VMS Installation +File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions, Next: VMS Installation Details, Prev: VMS Compilation, Up: VMS Installation -B.3.2.2 Installing `gawk' on VMS +B.3.2.2 Compiling `gawk' Dynamic Extensions on VMS +.................................................. + +The extensions that have been ported to VMS can be built using one of +the following commands. + + $ MMS/DESCRIPTION=[.vms]descrip.mms extensions + +or: + + $ MMK/DESCRIPTION=[.vms]descrip.mms extensions + + `gawk' uses `AWKLIBPATH' as either an environment variable or a +logical name to find the dynamic extensions. + + Dynamic extensions need to be compiled with the same compiler +options for floating point, pointer size, and symbol name handling as +were used to compile `gawk' itself. Alpha and Itanium should use IEEE +floating point. The pointer size is 32 bits, and the symbol name +handling should be exact case with CRC shortening for symbols longer +than 32 bits. + + For Alpha and Itanium: + + /name=(as_is,short) + /float=ieee/ieee_mode=denorm_results + + For VAX: + + /name=(as_is,short) + + Compile time macros need to be defined before the first VMS-supplied +header file is included. + + #if (__CRTL_VER >= 70200000) && !defined (__VAX) + #define _LARGEFILE 1 + #endif + + #ifndef __VAX + #ifdef __CRTL_VER + #if __CRTL_VER >= 80200000 + #define _USE_STD_STAT 1 + #endif + #endif + #endif + + +File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Installation Details, Next: VMS Running, Prev: VMS Dynamic Extensions, Up: VMS Installation + +B.3.2.3 Installing `gawk' on VMS ................................ -To install `gawk', all you need is a "foreign" command, which is a -`DCL' symbol whose value begins with a dollar sign. For example: +To use `gawk', all you need is a "foreign" command, which is a `DCL' +symbol whose value begins with a dollar sign. For example: - $ GAWK :== $disk1:[gnubin]GAWK + $ GAWK :== $disk1:[gnubin]gawk Substitute the actual location of `gawk.exe' for `$disk1:[gnubin]'. The symbol should be placed in the `login.com' of any user who wants to run @@ -26207,9 +26879,27 @@ symbol should be placed in the `login.com' of any user who wants to run Alternatively, the symbol may be placed in the system-wide `sylogin.com' procedure, which allows all users to run `gawk'. - Optionally, the help entry can be loaded into a VMS help library: + If your `gawk' was installed by a PCSI kit into the `GNV$GNU:' +directory tree, the program will be known as +`GNV$GNU:[bin]gnv$gawk.exe' and the help file will be +`GNV$GNU:[vms_help]gawk.hlp'. + + The PCSI kit also installs a `GNV$GNU:[vms_bin]gawk_verb.cld' file +which can be used to add `gawk' and `awk' as DCL commands. + + For just the current process you can use: + + $ set command gnv$gnu:[vms_bin]gawk_verb.cld - $ LIBRARY/HELP SYS$HELP:HELPLIB [.VMS]GAWK.HLP + Or the system manager can use `GNV$GNU:[vms_bin]gawk_verb.cld' to +add the `gawk' and `awk' to the system wide `DCLTABLES'. + + The DCL syntax is documented in the `gawk.hlp' file. + + Optionally, the `gawk.hlp' entry can be loaded into a VMS help +library: + + $ LIBRARY/HELP sys$help:helplib [.vms]gawk.hlp (You may want to substitute a site-specific help library rather than the standard VMS library `HELPLIB'.) After loading the help text, the @@ -26231,9 +26921,9 @@ If `AWK_LIBRARY' has no definition, a default value of `SYS$LIBRARY:' is used for it. -File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Running, Next: VMS Old Gawk, Prev: VMS Installation Details, Up: VMS Installation +File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Running, Next: VMS GNV, Prev: VMS Installation Details, Up: VMS Installation -B.3.2.3 Running `gawk' on VMS +B.3.2.4 Running `gawk' on VMS ............................. Command-line parsing and quoting conventions are significantly different @@ -26259,6 +26949,35 @@ If any other dash-type options (or multiple parameters such as data files to process) are present, there is no ambiguity and `--' can be omitted. + The `exit' value is a Unix-style value and is encoded to a VMS exit +status value when the program exits. + + The VMS severity bits will be set based on the `exit' value. A +failure is indicated by 1 and VMS sets the `ERROR' status. A fatal +error is indicated by 2 and VMS will set the `FATAL' status. All other +values will have the `SUCCESS' status. The exit value is encoded to +comply with VMS coding standards and will have the `C_FACILITY_NO' of +`0x350000' with the constant `0xA000' added to the number shifted over +by 3 bits to make room for the severity codes. + + To extract the actual `gawk' exit code from the VMS status use: + + unix_status = (vms_status .and. &x7f8) / 8 + +A C program that uses `exec()' to call `gawk' will get the original +Unix-style exit value. + + Older versions of `gawk' treated a Unix exit code 0 as 1, a failure +as 2, a fatal error as 4, and passed all the other numbers through. +This violated the VMS exit status coding requirements. + + VAX/VMS floating point uses unbiased rounding. *Note Round +Function::. + + VMS reports time values in GMT unless one of the `SYS$TIMEZONE_RULE' +or `TZ' logical names is set. Older versions of VMS, such as VAX/VMS +7.3 do not set these logical names. + The default search path, when looking for `awk' program files specified by the `-f' option, is `"SYS$DISK:[],AWK_LIBRARY:"'. The logical name `AWKPATH' can be used to override this default. The format @@ -26267,9 +26986,27 @@ When defining it, the value should be quoted so that it retains a single translation and not a multitranslation `RMS' searchlist. -File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Old Gawk, Prev: VMS Running, Up: VMS Installation +File: gawk.info, Node: VMS GNV, Next: VMS Old Gawk, Prev: VMS Running, Up: VMS Installation + +B.3.2.5 The VMS GNV Project +........................... + +The VMS GNV package provides a build environment similar to POSIX with +ports of a collection of open source tools. The `gawk' found in the GNV +base kit is an older port. Currently the GNV project is being +reorganized to supply individual PCSI packages for each component. See +`https://sourceforge.net/p/gnv/wiki/InstallingGNVPackages/'. -B.3.2.4 Some VMS Systems Have An Old Version of `gawk' + The normal build procedure for `gawk' produces a program that is +suitable for use with GNV. + + The `vms/gawk_build_steps.txt' in the source documents the procedure +for building a VMS PCSI kit that is compatible with GNV. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Old Gawk, Prev: VMS GNV, Up: VMS Installation + +B.3.2.6 Some VMS Systems Have An Old Version of `gawk' ...................................................... Some versions of VMS have an old version of `gawk'. To access it, @@ -26286,8 +27023,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Bugs, Next: Other Versions, Prev: Non-Unix Installatio B.4 Reporting Problems and Bugs =============================== - There is nothing more dangerous than a bored archeologist. - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy + There is nothing more dangerous than a bored archeologist. -- The + Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy If you have problems with `gawk' or think that you have found a bug, please report it to the developers; we cannot promise to do anything @@ -26353,7 +27090,8 @@ considered authoritative if it conflicts with this Info file. MS-DOS with DJGPP Scott Deifik, <scottd.mail@sbcglobal.net>. MS-Windows with MINGW Eli Zaretskii, <eliz@gnu.org>. OS/2 Andreas Buening, <andreas.buening@nexgo.de>. -VMS Pat Rankin, <r.pat.rankin@gmail.com> +VMS Pat Rankin, <r.pat.rankin@gmail.com>, and John + Malmberg, <wb8tyw@qsl.net>. z/OS (OS/390) Dave Pitts, <dpitts@cozx.com>. If your bug is also reproducible under Unix, please send a copy of @@ -26366,8 +27104,8 @@ B.5 Other Freely Available `awk' Implementations ================================================ It's kind of fun to put comments like this in your awk code. - `// Do C++ comments work? answer: yes! of course' - Michael Brennan + `// Do C++ comments work? answer: yes! of course' -- Michael + Brennan There are a number of other freely available `awk' implementations. This minor node briefly describes where to get them: @@ -26458,12 +27196,18 @@ Busybox Awk The OpenSolaris POSIX `awk' The version of `awk' in `/usr/xpg4/bin' on Solaris is more-or-less POSIX-compliant. It is based on the `awk' from Mortice Kern - Systems for PCs. The source code can be downloaded from the - OpenSolaris web site (http://www.opensolaris.org). This author - was able to make it compile and work under GNU/Linux with 1-2 - hours of work. Making it more generally portable (using GNU - Autoconf and/or Automake) would take more work, and this has not - been done, at least to our knowledge. + Systems for PCs. This author was able to make it compile and work + under GNU/Linux with 1-2 hours of work. Making it more generally + portable (using GNU Autoconf and/or Automake) would take more + work, and this has not been done, at least to our knowledge. + + The source code used to be available from the OpenSolaris web site. + However, that project was ended and the web site shut down. + Fortunately, the Illumos project + (http://wiki.illumos.org/display/illumos/illumos+Home) makes this + implementation available. You can view the files one at a time + from + `https://github.com/joyent/illumos-joyent/blob/master/usr/src/cmd/awk_xpg4'. `jawk' This is an interpreter for `awk' written in Java. It claims to be @@ -26493,6 +27237,11 @@ QSE Awk `http://www.quiktrim.org/QTawk.html' for more information, including the manual and a download link. +Other Versions + See also the Wikipedia article + (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awk_language#Versions_and_implementations), + for information on additional versions. + File: gawk.info, Node: Notes, Next: Basic Concepts, Prev: Installation, Up: Top @@ -26959,10 +27708,9 @@ C.3 Probable Future Extensions ============================== AWK is a language similar to PERL, only considerably more elegant. - Arnold Robbins + -- Arnold Robbins - Hey! - Larry Wall + Hey! -- Larry Wall The `TODO' file in the `gawk' Git repository lists possible future enhancements. Some of these relate to the source code, and others to @@ -27096,7 +27844,7 @@ Some goals for the new API were: fashion for C code. - The ability to create arrays (including `gawk''s true - multi-dimensional arrays). + multidimensional arrays). Some additional important goals were: @@ -27278,7 +28026,7 @@ D.1 What a Program Does ======================= At the most basic level, the job of a program is to process some input -data and produce results. See *note figure-general-flow::. +data and produce results. See *note figure-general-flow::. _______ +------+ / \ +---------+ @@ -27511,9 +28259,6 @@ Bash The GNU version of the standard shell (the Bourne-Again SHell). See also "Bourne Shell." -BBS - See "Bulletin Board System." - Bit Short for "Binary Digit." All values in computer memory ultimately reduce to binary digits: values that are either zero or @@ -27559,11 +28304,6 @@ Built-in Variable Braces See "Curly Braces." -Bulletin Board System - A computer system allowing users to log in and read and/or leave - messages for other users of the system, much like leaving paper - notes on a bulletin board. - C The system programming language that most GNU software is written in. The `awk' programming language has C-like syntax, and this @@ -27670,8 +28410,8 @@ Dynamic Regular Expression (*Note Computed Regexps::.) Environment - A collection of strings, of the form NAME`='VAL, that each program - has available to it. Users generally place values into the + A collection of strings, of the form NAME`='`val', that each + program has available to it. Users generally place values into the environment in order to provide information to various programs. Typical examples are the environment variables `HOME' and `PATH'. @@ -28086,7 +28826,6 @@ GNU General Public License ************************** Version 3, 29 June 2007 - Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. `http://fsf.org/' Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this @@ -28809,7 +29548,6 @@ GNU Free Documentation License ****************************** Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 - Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. `http://fsf.org/' @@ -29313,17 +30051,17 @@ Index * ! (exclamation point), !~ operator <5>: Computed Regexps. (line 6) * ! (exclamation point), !~ operator <6>: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) * ! (exclamation point), !~ operator: Regexp Usage. (line 19) -* " (double quote) <1>: Quoting. (line 37) -* " (double quote): Read Terminal. (line 25) +* " (double quote) in shell commands: Read Terminal. (line 25) * " (double quote), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 28) +* " (double quote), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 37) * # (number sign), #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. (line 6) * # (number sign), commenting: Comments. (line 6) -* $ (dollar sign): Regexp Operators. (line 35) * $ (dollar sign), $ field operator <1>: Precedence. (line 43) * $ (dollar sign), $ field operator: Fields. (line 19) * $ (dollar sign), incrementing fields and arrays: Increment Ops. (line 30) +* $ (dollar sign), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 35) * % (percent sign), % operator: Precedence. (line 55) * % (percent sign), %= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * % (percent sign), %= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) @@ -29331,13 +30069,13 @@ Index * & (ampersand), && operator: Boolean Ops. (line 57) * & (ampersand), gsub()/gensub()/sub() functions and: Gory Details. (line 6) -* ' (single quote) <1>: Quoting. (line 31) -* ' (single quote) <2>: Long. (line 33) * ' (single quote): One-shot. (line 15) +* ' (single quote) in gawk command lines: Long. (line 33) +* ' (single quote), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 31) * ' (single quote), vs. apostrophe: Comments. (line 27) * ' (single quote), with double quotes: Quoting. (line 53) -* () (parentheses) <1>: Profiling. (line 138) -* () (parentheses): Regexp Operators. (line 79) +* () (parentheses), in a profile: Profiling. (line 146) +* () (parentheses), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 79) * * (asterisk), * operator, as multiplication operator: Precedence. (line 55) * * (asterisk), * operator, as regexp operator: Regexp Operators. @@ -29350,40 +30088,41 @@ Index * * (asterisk), **= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) * * (asterisk), *= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * * (asterisk), *= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) -* + (plus sign): Regexp Operators. (line 102) * + (plus sign), + operator: Precedence. (line 52) * + (plus sign), ++ operator <1>: Precedence. (line 46) * + (plus sign), ++ operator: Increment Ops. (line 11) * + (plus sign), += operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * + (plus sign), += operator: Assignment Ops. (line 82) +* + (plus sign), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 102) * , (comma), in range patterns: Ranges. (line 6) * - (hyphen), - operator: Precedence. (line 52) * - (hyphen), -- operator <1>: Precedence. (line 46) * - (hyphen), -- operator: Increment Ops. (line 48) * - (hyphen), -= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * - (hyphen), -= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) -* - (hyphen), filenames beginning with: Options. (line 73) +* - (hyphen), filenames beginning with: Options. (line 59) * - (hyphen), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17) -* --assign option: Options. (line 46) +* --assign option: Options. (line 32) * --bignum option: Options. (line 201) -* --c option: Options. (line 95) -* --characters-as-bytes option: Options. (line 82) -* --copyright option: Options. (line 102) -* --debug option: Options. (line 122) -* --disable-lint configuration option: Additional Configuration Options. +* --characters-as-bytes option: Options. (line 68) +* --copyright option: Options. (line 88) +* --debug option: Options. (line 108) +* --disable-extensions configuration option: Additional Configuration Options. (line 9) +* --disable-lint configuration option: Additional Configuration Options. + (line 15) * --disable-nls configuration option: Additional Configuration Options. - (line 24) -* --dump-variables option <1>: Library Names. (line 45) -* --dump-variables option: Options. (line 107) -* --exec option: Options. (line 139) + (line 30) +* --dump-variables option: Options. (line 93) +* --dump-variables option, using for library functions: Library Names. + (line 45) +* --exec option: Options. (line 125) * --field-separator option: Options. (line 21) * --file option: Options. (line 25) * --gen-pot option <1>: String Extraction. (line 6) -* --gen-pot option: Options. (line 161) -* --help option: Options. (line 168) -* --include option: Options. (line 32) -* --L option: Options. (line 288) +* --gen-pot option: Options. (line 147) +* --help option: Options. (line 154) +* --include option: Options. (line 159) * --lint option <1>: Options. (line 182) * --lint option: Command Line. (line 20) * --lint-old option: Options. (line 288) @@ -29405,29 +30144,31 @@ Index * --sandbox option, input redirection with getline: Getline. (line 19) * --sandbox option, output redirection with print, printf: Redirection. (line 6) -* --source option: Options. (line 131) -* --traditional option: Options. (line 95) +* --source option: Options. (line 117) +* --traditional option: Options. (line 81) * --traditional option, --posix option and: Options. (line 266) * --use-lc-numeric option: Options. (line 215) * --version option: Options. (line 293) * --with-whiny-user-strftime configuration option: Additional Configuration Options. - (line 29) -* -b option: Options. (line 82) -* -C option: Options. (line 102) -* -D option: Options. (line 122) -* -d option: Options. (line 107) -* -E option: Options. (line 139) -* -e option: Options. (line 131) -* -F option: Command Line Field Separator. - (line 6) + (line 35) +* -b option: Options. (line 68) +* -C option: Options. (line 88) +* -c option: Options. (line 81) +* -D option: Options. (line 108) +* -d option: Options. (line 93) +* -E option: Options. (line 125) +* -e option: Options. (line 117) * -f option: Options. (line 25) * -F option: Options. (line 21) * -f option: Long. (line 12) * -F option, -Ft sets FS to TAB: Options. (line 301) +* -F option, command line: Command Line Field Separator. + (line 6) * -f option, multiple uses: Options. (line 306) -* -g option: Options. (line 161) -* -h option: Options. (line 168) -* -i option: Options. (line 32) +* -g option: Options. (line 147) +* -h option: Options. (line 154) +* -i option: Options. (line 159) +* -L option: Options. (line 288) * -l option: Options. (line 173) * -M option: Options. (line 201) * -N option: Options. (line 215) @@ -29440,9 +30181,9 @@ Index * -S option: Options. (line 279) * -v option: Assignment Options. (line 12) * -V option: Options. (line 293) -* -v option: Options. (line 46) -* -W option: Options. (line 60) -* . (period): Regexp Operators. (line 43) +* -v option: Options. (line 32) +* -W option: Options. (line 46) +* . (period), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 43) * .gmo files: Explaining gettext. (line 41) * .gmo files, converting from .po: I18N Example. (line 62) * .gmo files, specifying directory of <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 47) @@ -29451,7 +30192,7 @@ Index * .po files: Explaining gettext. (line 36) * .po files, converting to .gmo: I18N Example. (line 62) * .pot files: Explaining gettext. (line 30) -* / (forward slash): Regexp. (line 10) +* / (forward slash) to enclose regular expressions: Regexp. (line 10) * / (forward slash), / operator: Precedence. (line 55) * / (forward slash), /= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * / (forward slash), /= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) @@ -29459,17 +30200,18 @@ Index (line 147) * / (forward slash), patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 24) * /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. (line 147) -* /dev/... special files (gawk): Special FD. (line 46) -* /dev/fd/N special files: Special FD. (line 46) +* /dev/... special files: Special FD. (line 46) +* /dev/fd/N special files (gawk): Special FD. (line 46) * /inet/... special files (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * /inet4/... special files (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * /inet6/... special files (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) -* ; (semicolon): Statements/Lines. (line 91) -* ; (semicolon), AWKPATH variable and: PC Using. (line 11) +* ; (semicolon), AWKPATH variable and: PC Using. (line 10) * ; (semicolon), separating statements in actions <1>: Statements. (line 10) -* ; (semicolon), separating statements in actions: Action Overview. +* ; (semicolon), separating statements in actions <2>: Action Overview. (line 19) +* ; (semicolon), separating statements in actions: Statements/Lines. + (line 91) * < (left angle bracket), < operator <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * < (left angle bracket), < operator: Comparison Operators. (line 11) @@ -29490,15 +30232,13 @@ Index (line 11) * > (right angle bracket), >> operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * > (right angle bracket), >> operator (I/O): Redirection. (line 50) -* ? (question mark) regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 59) -* ? (question mark) regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 111) * ? (question mark), ?: operator: Precedence. (line 92) -* [] (square brackets): Regexp Operators. (line 55) -* \ (backslash) <1>: Regexp Operators. (line 18) -* \ (backslash) <2>: Quoting. (line 31) -* \ (backslash) <3>: Comments. (line 50) -* \ (backslash): Read Terminal. (line 25) +* ? (question mark), regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. + (line 59) +* ? (question mark), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 111) +* [] (square brackets), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 55) +* \ (backslash): Comments. (line 50) +* \ (backslash) in shell commands: Read Terminal. (line 25) * \ (backslash), \" escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 76) * \ (backslash), \' operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 56) @@ -29545,22 +30285,27 @@ Index * \ (backslash), in escape sequences, POSIX and: Escape Sequences. (line 112) * \ (backslash), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 28) -* ^ (caret): GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 59) +* \ (backslash), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 31) +* \ (backslash), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 18) * ^ (caret), ^ operator: Precedence. (line 49) * ^ (caret), ^= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * ^ (caret), ^= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) * ^ (caret), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17) -* ^ (caret), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 22) -* ^, in FS: Regexp Field Splitting. +* ^ (caret), in FS: Regexp Field Splitting. + (line 59) +* ^ (caret), regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 59) +* ^ (caret), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 22) * _ (underscore), C macro: Explaining gettext. (line 70) * _ (underscore), in names of private variables: Library Names. (line 29) * _ (underscore), translatable string: Programmer i18n. (line 69) * _gr_init() user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 82) +* _ord_init() user-defined function: Ordinal Functions. (line 16) * _pw_init() user-defined function: Passwd Functions. (line 105) * accessing fields: Fields. (line 6) +* accessing global variables from extensions: Symbol Table Access. + (line 6) * account information <1>: Group Functions. (line 6) * account information: Passwd Functions. (line 16) * actions: Action Overview. (line 6) @@ -29570,21 +30315,21 @@ Index * Ada programming language: Glossary. (line 20) * adding, features to gawk: Adding Code. (line 6) * adding, fields: Changing Fields. (line 53) -* advanced features, fixed-width data: Constant Size. (line 9) +* advanced features, fixed-width data: Constant Size. (line 10) * advanced features, gawk: Advanced Features. (line 6) -* advanced features, network connections, See Also networks, connections: Advanced Features. - (line 6) * advanced features, network programming: TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * advanced features, nondecimal input data: Nondecimal Data. (line 6) * advanced features, processes, communicating with: Two-way I/O. (line 23) * advanced features, specifying field content: Splitting By Content. - (line 9) -* Aho, Alfred <1>: Contributors. (line 12) + (line 10) +* Aho, Alfred <1>: Contributors. (line 11) * Aho, Alfred: History. (line 17) -* alarm clock example program: Alarm Program. (line 9) -* alarm.awk program: Alarm Program. (line 29) +* alarm clock example program: Alarm Program. (line 11) +* alarm.awk program: Alarm Program. (line 31) * algorithms: Basic High Level. (line 68) +* allocating memory for extensions: Memory Allocation Functions. + (line 6) * Alpha (DEC): Manual History. (line 28) * amazing awk assembler (aaa): Glossary. (line 12) * amazingly workable formatter (awf): Glossary. (line 25) @@ -29595,17 +30340,25 @@ Index * ampersand (&), gsub()/gensub()/sub() functions and: Gory Details. (line 6) * anagram.awk program: Anagram Program. (line 22) +* anagrams, finding: Anagram Program. (line 6) +* and: Bitwise Functions. (line 39) * AND bitwise operation: Bitwise Functions. (line 6) * and Boolean-logic operator: Boolean Ops. (line 6) -* and() function (gawk): Bitwise Functions. (line 39) * ANSI: Glossary. (line 35) +* API informational variables: Extension API Informational Variables. + (line 6) +* API version: Extension Versioning. + (line 6) * arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. (line 6) +* arbitrary precision integers: Arbitrary Precision Integers. + (line 6) * archeologists: Bugs. (line 6) -* ARGC/ARGV variables <1>: ARGC and ARGV. (line 6) +* arctangent: Numeric Functions. (line 11) * ARGC/ARGV variables: Auto-set. (line 11) * ARGC/ARGV variables, command-line arguments: Other Arguments. (line 12) +* ARGC/ARGV variables, how to use: ARGC and ARGV. (line 6) * ARGC/ARGV variables, portability and: Executable Scripts. (line 42) * ARGIND variable: Auto-set. (line 40) * ARGIND variable, command-line arguments: Other Arguments. (line 12) @@ -29615,54 +30368,74 @@ Index * arguments, command-line, invoking awk: Command Line. (line 6) * arguments, in function calls: Function Calls. (line 16) * arguments, processing: Getopt Function. (line 6) +* ARGV array, indexing into: Other Arguments. (line 12) * arithmetic operators: Arithmetic Ops. (line 6) +* array manipulation in extensions: Array Manipulation. (line 6) +* array members: Reference to Elements. + (line 6) +* array scanning order, controlling: Controlling Scanning. + (line 12) +* array, number of elements: String Functions. (line 194) * arrays: Arrays. (line 6) +* arrays of arrays: Arrays of Arrays. (line 6) +* arrays, an example of using: Array Example. (line 6) +* arrays, and IGNORECASE variable: Array Intro. (line 91) * arrays, as parameters to functions: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 47) -* arrays, associative: Array Intro. (line 50) +* arrays, associative: Array Intro. (line 49) * arrays, associative, library functions and: Library Names. (line 57) * arrays, deleting entire contents: Delete. (line 39) -* arrays, elements, assigning: Assigning Elements. (line 6) +* arrays, elements that don't exist: Reference to Elements. + (line 23) +* arrays, elements, assigning values: Assigning Elements. (line 6) * arrays, elements, deleting: Delete. (line 6) -* arrays, elements, order of: Scanning an Array. (line 48) -* arrays, elements, referencing: Reference to Elements. - (line 6) -* arrays, elements, retrieving number of: String Functions. (line 29) +* arrays, elements, order of access by in operator: Scanning an Array. + (line 48) +* arrays, elements, retrieving number of: String Functions. (line 32) * arrays, for statement and: Scanning an Array. (line 20) -* arrays, IGNORECASE variable and: Array Intro. (line 92) -* arrays, indexing: Array Intro. (line 50) +* arrays, indexing: Array Intro. (line 49) * arrays, merging into strings: Join Function. (line 6) -* arrays, multidimensional: Multi-dimensional. (line 10) -* arrays, multidimensional, scanning: Multi-scanning. (line 11) -* arrays, names of: Arrays. (line 18) +* arrays, multidimensional: Multidimensional. (line 10) +* arrays, multidimensional, scanning: Multiscanning. (line 11) +* arrays, names of, and names of functions/variables: Arrays. (line 18) +* arrays, numeric subscripts: Numeric Array Subscripts. + (line 6) +* arrays, referencing elements: Reference to Elements. + (line 6) * arrays, scanning: Scanning an Array. (line 6) * arrays, sorting: Array Sorting Functions. (line 6) -* arrays, sorting, IGNORECASE variable and: Array Sorting Functions. - (line 81) -* arrays, sparse: Array Intro. (line 71) -* arrays, subscripts: Numeric Array Subscripts. - (line 6) +* arrays, sorting, and IGNORECASE variable: Array Sorting Functions. + (line 83) +* arrays, sparse: Array Intro. (line 70) * arrays, subscripts, uninitialized variables as: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 6) +* arrays, unassigned elements: Reference to Elements. + (line 18) * artificial intelligence, gawk and: Distribution contents. - (line 55) -* ASCII <1>: Glossary. (line 141) + (line 52) +* ASCII <1>: Glossary. (line 133) * ASCII: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) -* asort() function (gawk) <1>: Array Sorting Functions. +* asort <1>: Array Sorting Functions. (line 6) -* asort() function (gawk): String Functions. (line 29) +* asort: String Functions. (line 32) * asort() function (gawk), arrays, sorting: Array Sorting Functions. (line 6) -* asorti() function (gawk): String Functions. (line 77) +* asorti <1>: Array Sorting Functions. + (line 6) +* asorti: String Functions. (line 32) +* asorti() function (gawk), arrays, sorting: Array Sorting Functions. + (line 6) * assert() function (C library): Assert Function. (line 6) * assert() user-defined function: Assert Function. (line 28) * assertions: Assert Function. (line 6) +* assign values to variables, in debugger: Viewing And Changing Data. + (line 59) * assignment operators: Assignment Ops. (line 6) * assignment operators, evaluation order: Assignment Ops. (line 111) * assignment operators, lvalues/rvalues: Assignment Ops. (line 32) * assignments as filenames: Ignoring Assigns. (line 6) -* associative arrays: Array Intro. (line 50) +* associative arrays: Array Intro. (line 49) * asterisk (*), * operator, as multiplication operator: Precedence. (line 55) * asterisk (*), * operator, as regexp operator: Regexp Operators. @@ -29675,9 +30448,10 @@ Index * asterisk (*), **= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) * asterisk (*), *= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * asterisk (*), *= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) -* atan2() function: Numeric Functions. (line 11) +* atan2: Numeric Functions. (line 11) +* automatic displays, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 24) * awf (amazingly workable formatter) program: Glossary. (line 25) -* awk debugging, enabling: Options. (line 122) +* awk debugging, enabling: Options. (line 108) * awk language, POSIX version: Assignment Ops. (line 136) * awk profiling, enabling: Options. (line 235) * awk programs <1>: Two Rules. (line 6) @@ -29714,7 +30488,7 @@ Index * awk, POSIX and: Preface. (line 23) * awk, POSIX and, See Also POSIX awk: Preface. (line 23) * awk, regexp constants and: Comparison Operators. - (line 103) + (line 102) * awk, See Also gawk: Preface. (line 36) * awk, terms describing: This Manual. (line 6) * awk, uses for <1>: When. (line 6) @@ -29731,16 +30505,14 @@ Index * awk, versions of, See Also Brian Kernighan's awk: BTL. (line 6) * awka compiler for awk: Other Versions. (line 64) * AWKLIBPATH environment variable: AWKLIBPATH Variable. (line 6) -* AWKPATH environment variable <1>: PC Using. (line 11) +* AWKPATH environment variable <1>: PC Using. (line 10) * AWKPATH environment variable: AWKPATH Variable. (line 6) * awkprof.out file: Profiling. (line 6) * awksed.awk program: Simple Sed. (line 25) -* awkvars.out file: Options. (line 107) +* awkvars.out file: Options. (line 93) * b debugger command (alias for break): Breakpoint Control. (line 11) -* backslash (\) <1>: Regexp Operators. (line 18) -* backslash (\) <2>: Quoting. (line 31) -* backslash (\) <3>: Comments. (line 50) -* backslash (\): Read Terminal. (line 25) +* backslash (\): Comments. (line 50) +* backslash (\) in shell commands: Read Terminal. (line 25) * backslash (\), \" escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 76) * backslash (\), \' operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 56) @@ -29787,17 +30559,18 @@ Index * backslash (\), in escape sequences, POSIX and: Escape Sequences. (line 112) * backslash (\), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 28) +* backslash (\), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 31) +* backslash (\), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 18) * backtrace debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 13) -* BBS-list file: Sample Data Files. (line 6) -* Beebe, Nelson <1>: Other Versions. (line 78) -* Beebe, Nelson: Acknowledgments. (line 60) -* BEGIN pattern <1>: Profiling. (line 62) +* Beebe, Nelson H.F. <1>: Other Versions. (line 78) +* Beebe, Nelson H.F.: Acknowledgments. (line 60) +* BEGIN pattern <1>: Using BEGIN/END. (line 6) * BEGIN pattern <2>: BEGIN/END. (line 6) -* BEGIN pattern <3>: Field Separators. (line 44) -* BEGIN pattern: Records. (line 29) +* BEGIN pattern: Field Separators. (line 45) +* BEGIN pattern, and profiling: Profiling. (line 62) * BEGIN pattern, assert() user-defined function and: Assert Function. (line 83) -* BEGIN pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 73) +* BEGIN pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 70) * BEGIN pattern, exit statement and: Exit Statement. (line 12) * BEGIN pattern, getline and: Getline Notes. (line 19) * BEGIN pattern, headings, adding: Print Examples. (line 43) @@ -29814,29 +30587,36 @@ Index * BEGIN pattern, TEXTDOMAIN variable and: Programmer i18n. (line 60) * BEGINFILE pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 6) * BEGINFILE pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. - (line 73) + (line 70) * beginfile() user-defined function: Filetrans Function. (line 62) -* Benzinger, Michael: Contributors. (line 98) +* Bentley, Jon: Glossary. (line 143) +* Benzinger, Michael: Contributors. (line 97) +* Berry, Karl <1>: Ranges and Locales. (line 74) * Berry, Karl: Acknowledgments. (line 33) * binary input/output: User-modified. (line 10) +* bindtextdomain <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 47) +* bindtextdomain: I18N Functions. (line 12) * bindtextdomain() function (C library): Explaining gettext. (line 49) -* bindtextdomain() function (gawk) <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 47) -* bindtextdomain() function (gawk): I18N Functions. (line 12) * bindtextdomain() function (gawk), portability and: I18N Portability. (line 33) -* BINMODE variable <1>: PC Using. (line 34) +* BINMODE variable <1>: PC Using. (line 33) * BINMODE variable: User-modified. (line 10) +* bit-manipulation functions: Bitwise Functions. (line 6) * bits2str() user-defined function: Bitwise Functions. (line 70) +* bitwise AND: Bitwise Functions. (line 39) +* bitwise complement: Bitwise Functions. (line 43) +* bitwise OR: Bitwise Functions. (line 49) +* bitwise XOR: Bitwise Functions. (line 55) * bitwise, complement: Bitwise Functions. (line 25) * bitwise, operations: Bitwise Functions. (line 6) * bitwise, shift: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) * body, in actions: Statements. (line 10) * body, in loops: While Statement. (line 14) * Boolean expressions: Boolean Ops. (line 6) -* Boolean expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 41) +* Boolean expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 39) * Boolean operators, See Boolean expressions: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * Bourne shell, quoting rules for: Quoting. (line 18) -* braces ({}): Profiling. (line 134) +* braces ({}): Profiling. (line 142) * braces ({}), actions and: Action Overview. (line 19) * braces ({}), statements, grouping: Statements. (line 10) * bracket expressions <1>: Bracket Expressions. (line 6) @@ -29855,18 +30635,45 @@ Index (line 6) * break debugger command: Breakpoint Control. (line 11) * break statement: Break Statement. (line 6) +* breakpoint: Debugging Terms. (line 33) +* breakpoint at location, how to delete: Breakpoint Control. (line 36) +* breakpoint commands: Debugger Execution Control. + (line 10) +* breakpoint condition: Breakpoint Control. (line 54) +* breakpoint, delete by number: Breakpoint Control. (line 64) +* breakpoint, how to disable or enable: Breakpoint Control. (line 69) +* breakpoint, setting: Breakpoint Control. (line 11) * Brennan, Michael <1>: Other Versions. (line 6) * Brennan, Michael <2>: Two-way I/O. (line 6) * Brennan, Michael <3>: Simple Sed. (line 25) -* Brennan, Michael: Delete. (line 56) -* Brian Kernighan's awk: Other Versions. (line 13) +* Brennan, Michael <4>: Delete. (line 56) +* Brennan, Michael: Foreword. (line 83) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <1>: I/O Functions. (line 40) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <2>: Gory Details. (line 15) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <3>: String Functions. (line 490) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <4>: Delete. (line 48) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <5>: Nextfile Statement. (line 47) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <6>: Continue Statement. (line 43) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <7>: Break Statement. (line 51) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <8>: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 16) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <9>: Concatenation. (line 36) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <10>: Getline/Pipe. (line 62) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <11>: Regexp Field Splitting. + (line 67) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <12>: GNU Regexp Operators. + (line 83) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <13>: Escape Sequences. (line 116) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <14>: When. (line 21) +* Brian Kernighan's awk: Preface. (line 15) * Brian Kernighan's awk, extensions: BTL. (line 6) -* Broder, Alan J.: Contributors. (line 89) -* Brown, Martin: Contributors. (line 83) -* BSD-based operating systems: Glossary. (line 624) +* Brian Kernighan's awk, source code: Other Versions. (line 13) +* Brini, Davide: Signature Program. (line 6) +* Broder, Alan J.: Contributors. (line 88) +* Brown, Martin: Contributors. (line 82) +* BSD-based operating systems: Glossary. (line 616) * bt debugger command (alias for backtrace): Execution Stack. (line 13) -* Buening, Andreas <1>: Bugs. (line 71) -* Buening, Andreas <2>: Contributors. (line 93) +* Buening, Andreas <1>: Bugs. (line 70) +* Buening, Andreas <2>: Contributors. (line 92) * Buening, Andreas: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * buffering, input/output <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 70) * buffering, input/output: I/O Functions. (line 137) @@ -29879,7 +30686,7 @@ Index * built-in functions: Functions. (line 6) * built-in functions, evaluation order: Calling Built-in. (line 30) * built-in variables: Built-in Variables. (line 6) -* built-in variables, -v option, setting with: Options. (line 54) +* built-in variables, -v option, setting with: Options. (line 40) * built-in variables, conveying information: Auto-set. (line 6) * built-in variables, user-modifiable: User-modified. (line 6) * Busybox Awk: Other Versions. (line 88) @@ -29887,24 +30694,29 @@ Index (line 47) * call by value: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 18) -* caret (^): GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 59) +* call stack, display in debugger: Execution Stack. (line 13) * caret (^), ^ operator: Precedence. (line 49) * caret (^), ^= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * caret (^), ^= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) * caret (^), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17) +* caret (^), regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. + (line 59) * caret (^), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 22) * case keyword: Switch Statement. (line 6) -* case sensitivity, array indices and: Array Intro. (line 92) -* case sensitivity, converting case: String Functions. (line 524) +* case sensitivity, and regexps: User-modified. (line 82) +* case sensitivity, and string comparisons: User-modified. (line 82) +* case sensitivity, array indices and: Array Intro. (line 91) +* case sensitivity, converting case: String Functions. (line 520) * case sensitivity, example programs: Library Functions. (line 53) * case sensitivity, gawk: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) -* case sensitivity, regexps and <1>: User-modified. (line 82) * case sensitivity, regexps and: Case-sensitivity. (line 6) -* case sensitivity, string comparisons and: User-modified. (line 82) -* CGI, awk scripts for: Options. (line 139) +* CGI, awk scripts for: Options. (line 125) +* changing precision of a number: Changing Precision. (line 6) +* character classes, See bracket expressions: Regexp Operators. + (line 55) +* character lists in regular expression: Bracket Expressions. (line 6) * character lists, See bracket expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 55) -* character sets (machine character encodings) <1>: Glossary. (line 141) +* character sets (machine character encodings) <1>: Glossary. (line 133) * character sets (machine character encodings): Ordinal Functions. (line 45) * character sets, See Also bracket expressions: Regexp Operators. @@ -29913,10 +30725,10 @@ Index * characters, transliterating: Translate Program. (line 6) * characters, values of as numbers: Ordinal Functions. (line 6) * Chassell, Robert J.: Acknowledgments. (line 33) -* chdir extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. +* chdir() extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. (line 12) -* chem utility: Glossary. (line 151) -* chr extension function: Extension Sample Ord. +* chem utility: Glossary. (line 143) +* chr() extension function: Extension Sample Ord. (line 15) * chr() user-defined function: Ordinal Functions. (line 16) * clear debugger command: Breakpoint Control. (line 36) @@ -29924,24 +30736,26 @@ Index (line 6) * cliff_rand() user-defined function: Cliff Random Function. (line 12) -* close() function <1>: I/O Functions. (line 10) -* close() function <2>: Close Files And Pipes. +* close <1>: I/O Functions. (line 10) +* close: Close Files And Pipes. (line 18) -* close() function <3>: Getline/Pipe. (line 28) -* close() function: Getline/Variable/File. - (line 30) +* close file or coprocess: I/O Functions. (line 10) +* close() function, portability: Close Files And Pipes. + (line 81) * close() function, return value: Close Files And Pipes. (line 130) * close() function, two-way pipes and: Two-way I/O. (line 77) -* Close, Diane <1>: Contributors. (line 21) +* Close, Diane <1>: Contributors. (line 20) * Close, Diane: Manual History. (line 41) * Collado, Manuel: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * collating elements: Bracket Expressions. (line 69) * collating symbols: Bracket Expressions. (line 76) +* Colombo, Antonio <1>: Contributors. (line 135) * Colombo, Antonio: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * columns, aligning: Print Examples. (line 70) * columns, cutting: Cut Program. (line 6) * comma (,), in range patterns: Ranges. (line 6) +* command completion, in debugger: Readline Support. (line 6) * command line, arguments <1>: ARGC and ARGV. (line 6) * command line, arguments <2>: Auto-set. (line 11) * command line, arguments: Other Arguments. (line 6) @@ -29951,16 +30765,16 @@ Index * command line, FS on, setting: Command Line Field Separator. (line 6) * command line, invoking awk from: Command Line. (line 6) -* command line, options <1>: Command Line Field Separator. - (line 6) -* command line, options <2>: Options. (line 6) -* command line, options: Long. (line 12) -* command line, options, end of: Options. (line 68) +* command line, option -f: Long. (line 12) +* command line, options: Options. (line 6) +* command line, options, end of: Options. (line 54) * command line, variables, assigning on: Assignment Options. (line 6) * command-line options, processing: Getopt Function. (line 6) * command-line options, string extraction: String Extraction. (line 6) * commands debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 10) +* commands to execute at breakpoint: Debugger Execution Control. + (line 10) * commenting: Comments. (line 6) * commenting, backslash continuation and: Statements/Lines. (line 76) * common extensions, ** operator: Arithmetic Ops. (line 30) @@ -29969,12 +30783,12 @@ Index * common extensions, /dev/stdin special file: Special FD. (line 46) * common extensions, /dev/stdout special file: Special FD. (line 46) * common extensions, \x escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 61) -* common extensions, BINMODE variable: PC Using. (line 34) +* common extensions, BINMODE variable: PC Using. (line 33) * common extensions, delete to delete entire arrays: Delete. (line 39) * common extensions, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 83) * common extensions, length() applied to an array: String Functions. - (line 198) -* common extensions, RS as a regexp: Records. (line 120) + (line 194) +* common extensions, RS as a regexp: Records. (line 135) * common extensions, single character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * comp.lang.awk newsgroup: Bugs. (line 38) @@ -29982,74 +30796,89 @@ Index (line 9) * comparison expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 14) * comparison expressions, string vs. regexp: Comparison Operators. - (line 79) + (line 78) * compatibility mode (gawk), extensions: POSIX/GNU. (line 6) * compatibility mode (gawk), file names: Special Caveats. (line 9) * compatibility mode (gawk), hexadecimal numbers: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 60) * compatibility mode (gawk), octal numbers: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 60) -* compatibility mode (gawk), specifying: Options. (line 95) -* compiled programs <1>: Glossary. (line 165) +* compatibility mode (gawk), specifying: Options. (line 81) +* compiled programs <1>: Glossary. (line 157) * compiled programs: Basic High Level. (line 15) * compiling gawk for Cygwin: Cygwin. (line 6) * compiling gawk for MS-DOS and MS-Windows: PC Compiling. (line 13) * compiling gawk for VMS: VMS Compilation. (line 6) * compiling gawk with EMX for OS/2: PC Compiling. (line 28) -* compl() function (gawk): Bitwise Functions. (line 43) +* compl: Bitwise Functions. (line 43) * complement, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 25) * compound statements, control statements and: Statements. (line 10) -* concatenating: Concatenation. (line 9) +* concatenating: Concatenation. (line 8) * condition debugger command: Breakpoint Control. (line 54) * conditional expressions: Conditional Exp. (line 6) -* configuration option, --disable-lint: Additional Configuration Options. +* configuration option, --disable-extensions: Additional Configuration Options. (line 9) +* configuration option, --disable-lint: Additional Configuration Options. + (line 15) * configuration option, --disable-nls: Additional Configuration Options. - (line 24) + (line 30) * configuration option, --with-whiny-user-strftime: Additional Configuration Options. - (line 29) + (line 35) * configuration options, gawk: Additional Configuration Options. (line 6) +* constant regexps: Regexp Usage. (line 57) * constants, floating-point: Floating-point Constants. (line 6) * constants, nondecimal: Nondecimal Data. (line 6) +* constants, numeric: Scalar Constants. (line 6) * constants, types of: Constants. (line 6) * context, floating-point: Floating-point Context. (line 6) +* continue program, in debugger: Debugger Execution Control. + (line 33) * continue statement: Continue Statement. (line 6) * control statements: Statements. (line 6) -* converting, case: String Functions. (line 524) -* converting, dates to timestamps: Time Functions. (line 75) -* converting, during subscripting: Numeric Array Subscripts. +* controlling array scanning order: Controlling Scanning. + (line 12) +* convert string to lower case: String Functions. (line 521) +* convert string to number: String Functions. (line 385) +* convert string to upper case: String Functions. (line 527) +* converting integer array subscripts: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 31) +* converting, dates to timestamps: Time Functions. (line 76) * converting, numbers to strings <1>: Bitwise Functions. (line 109) * converting, numbers to strings: Conversion. (line 6) * converting, strings to numbers <1>: Bitwise Functions. (line 109) * converting, strings to numbers: Conversion. (line 6) * CONVFMT variable <1>: User-modified. (line 28) * CONVFMT variable: Conversion. (line 29) -* CONVFMT variable, array subscripts and: Numeric Array Subscripts. +* CONVFMT variable, and array subscripts: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 6) -* cookie: Glossary. (line 157) +* cookie: Glossary. (line 149) * coprocesses <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 44) * coprocesses: Redirection. (line 102) * coprocesses, closing: Close Files And Pipes. (line 6) * coprocesses, getline from: Getline/Coprocess. (line 6) -* cos() function: Numeric Functions. (line 15) +* cos: Numeric Functions. (line 15) +* cosine: Numeric Functions. (line 15) * counting: Wc Program. (line 6) * csh utility: Statements/Lines. (line 44) * csh utility, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 348) * csh utility, |& operator, comparison with: Two-way I/O. (line 44) -* ctime() user-defined function: Function Example. (line 72) +* ctime() user-defined function: Function Example. (line 73) * currency symbols, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 103) +* current system time: Time Functions. (line 66) * custom.h file: Configuration Philosophy. (line 30) +* customized input parser: Input Parsers. (line 6) +* customized output wrapper: Output Wrappers. (line 6) +* customized two-way processor: Two-way processors. (line 6) * cut utility: Cut Program. (line 6) * cut.awk program: Cut Program. (line 45) * d debugger command (alias for delete): Breakpoint Control. (line 64) * d.c., See dark corner: Conventions. (line 38) -* dark corner <1>: Glossary. (line 197) +* dark corner <1>: Glossary. (line 189) * dark corner: Conventions. (line 38) * dark corner, "0" is actually true: Truth Values. (line 24) * dark corner, /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. @@ -30070,15 +30899,15 @@ Index * dark corner, exit statement: Exit Statement. (line 30) * dark corner, field separators: Field Splitting Summary. (line 46) -* dark corner, FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 93) +* dark corner, FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 102) * dark corner, FILENAME variable: Getline Notes. (line 19) -* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 314) +* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 323) * dark corner, format-control characters: Control Letters. (line 18) * dark corner, FS as null string: Single Character Fields. (line 20) -* dark corner, input files: Records. (line 103) +* dark corner, input files: Records. (line 118) * dark corner, invoking awk: Command Line. (line 16) -* dark corner, length() function: String Functions. (line 184) +* dark corner, length() function: String Functions. (line 180) * dark corner, locale's decimal point character: Conversion. (line 77) * dark corner, multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 35) * dark corner, NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 107) @@ -30089,26 +30918,26 @@ Index (line 147) * dark corner, regexp constants, as arguments to user-defined functions: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) -* dark corner, split() function: String Functions. (line 363) -* dark corner, strings, storing: Records. (line 195) +* dark corner, split() function: String Functions. (line 359) +* dark corner, strings, storing: Records. (line 210) * dark corner, value of ARGV[0]: Auto-set. (line 35) -* data, fixed-width: Constant Size. (line 9) +* data, fixed-width: Constant Size. (line 10) * data-driven languages: Basic High Level. (line 85) * database, group, reading: Group Functions. (line 6) * database, users, reading: Passwd Functions. (line 6) * date utility, GNU: Time Functions. (line 17) -* date utility, POSIX: Time Functions. (line 262) -* dates, converting to timestamps: Time Functions. (line 75) +* date utility, POSIX: Time Functions. (line 263) +* dates, converting to timestamps: Time Functions. (line 76) * dates, information related to, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 115) -* Davies, Stephen <1>: Contributors. (line 75) +* Davies, Stephen <1>: Contributors. (line 74) * Davies, Stephen: Acknowledgments. (line 60) -* dcgettext() function (gawk) <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 19) -* dcgettext() function (gawk): I18N Functions. (line 22) +* dcgettext <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 19) +* dcgettext: I18N Functions. (line 22) * dcgettext() function (gawk), portability and: I18N Portability. (line 33) -* dcngettext() function (gawk) <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 36) -* dcngettext() function (gawk): I18N Functions. (line 28) +* dcngettext <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 36) +* dcngettext: I18N Functions. (line 28) * dcngettext() function (gawk), portability and: I18N Portability. (line 33) * deadlocks: Two-way I/O. (line 70) @@ -30208,20 +31037,33 @@ Index (line 67) * debugger commands, watch: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 67) +* debugger default list amount: Debugger Info. (line 69) +* debugger history file: Debugger Info. (line 80) +* debugger history size: Debugger Info. (line 65) +* debugger options: Debugger Info. (line 57) +* debugger prompt: Debugger Info. (line 77) +* debugger, how to start: Debugger Invocation. (line 6) +* debugger, read commands from a file: Debugger Info. (line 96) * debugging awk programs: Debugger. (line 6) * debugging gawk, bug reports: Bugs. (line 9) * decimal point character, locale specific: Options. (line 263) * decrement operators: Increment Ops. (line 35) * default keyword: Switch Statement. (line 6) * Deifik, Scott <1>: Bugs. (line 70) -* Deifik, Scott <2>: Contributors. (line 54) +* Deifik, Scott <2>: Contributors. (line 53) * Deifik, Scott: Acknowledgments. (line 60) +* delete ARRAY: Delete. (line 39) +* delete breakpoint at location: Breakpoint Control. (line 36) +* delete breakpoint by number: Breakpoint Control. (line 64) * delete debugger command: Breakpoint Control. (line 64) * delete statement: Delete. (line 6) +* delete watchpoint: Viewing And Changing Data. + (line 84) * deleting elements in arrays: Delete. (line 6) * deleting entire arrays: Delete. (line 39) * Demaille, Akim: Acknowledgments. (line 60) -* differences between gawk and awk: String Functions. (line 198) +* describe call stack frame, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 27) +* differences between gawk and awk: String Functions. (line 194) * differences in awk and gawk, ARGC/ARGV variables: ARGC and ARGV. (line 88) * differences in awk and gawk, ARGIND variable: Auto-set. (line 40) @@ -30236,17 +31078,19 @@ Index * differences in awk and gawk, BEGINFILE/ENDFILE patterns: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, BINMODE variable <1>: PC Using. - (line 34) + (line 33) * differences in awk and gawk, BINMODE variable: User-modified. (line 23) * differences in awk and gawk, close() function: Close Files And Pipes. (line 81) -* differences in awk and gawk, ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 73) +* differences in awk and gawk, command line directories: Command line directories. + (line 6) +* differences in awk and gawk, ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 82) * differences in awk and gawk, error messages: Special FD. (line 16) * differences in awk and gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable: User-modified. (line 35) * differences in awk and gawk, FPAT variable: User-modified. (line 45) -* differences in awk and gawk, FUNCTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 119) +* differences in awk and gawk, FUNCTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 128) * differences in awk and gawk, function arguments (gawk): Calling Built-in. (line 16) * differences in awk and gawk, getline command: Getline. (line 19) @@ -30266,83 +31110,95 @@ Index (line 34) * differences in awk and gawk, LINT variable: User-modified. (line 98) * differences in awk and gawk, match() function: String Functions. - (line 261) + (line 257) * differences in awk and gawk, print/printf statements: Format Modifiers. (line 13) -* differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 133) -* differences in awk and gawk, record separators: Records. (line 117) +* differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 142) +* differences in awk and gawk, record separators: Records. (line 132) * differences in awk and gawk, regexp constants: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) * differences in awk and gawk, regular expressions: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) -* differences in awk and gawk, RS/RT variables: Records. (line 172) -* differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 266) +* differences in awk and gawk, RS/RT variables: Records. (line 187) +* differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 275) * differences in awk and gawk, single-character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, split() function: String Functions. - (line 351) + (line 347) * differences in awk and gawk, strings: Scalar Constants. (line 20) -* differences in awk and gawk, strings, storing: Records. (line 191) -* differences in awk and gawk, strtonum() function (gawk): String Functions. - (line 406) -* differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 274) +* differences in awk and gawk, strings, storing: Records. (line 206) +* differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 283) * differences in awk and gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. (line 162) * differences in awk and gawk, trunc-mod operation: Arithmetic Ops. (line 66) * directories, command line: Command line directories. (line 6) -* directories, searching <1>: Igawk Program. (line 368) -* directories, searching <2>: AWKLIBPATH Variable. (line 6) -* directories, searching: AWKPATH Variable. (line 6) +* directories, searching: Igawk Program. (line 368) +* directories, searching for shared libraries: AWKLIBPATH Variable. + (line 6) +* directories, searching for source files: AWKPATH Variable. (line 6) +* disable breakpoint: Breakpoint Control. (line 69) * disable debugger command: Breakpoint Control. (line 69) * display debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 8) +* display debugger options: Debugger Info. (line 57) * division: Arithmetic Ops. (line 44) -* do-while statement <1>: Do Statement. (line 6) -* do-while statement: Regexp Usage. (line 19) +* do-while statement: Do Statement. (line 6) +* do-while statement, use of regexps in: Regexp Usage. (line 19) * documentation, of awk programs: Library Names. (line 6) * documentation, online: Manual History. (line 11) * documents, searching: Dupword Program. (line 6) -* dollar sign ($): Regexp Operators. (line 35) * dollar sign ($), $ field operator <1>: Precedence. (line 43) * dollar sign ($), $ field operator: Fields. (line 19) * dollar sign ($), incrementing fields and arrays: Increment Ops. (line 30) +* dollar sign ($), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 35) * double precision floating-point: General Arithmetic. (line 21) -* double quote (") <1>: Quoting. (line 37) -* double quote ("): Read Terminal. (line 25) +* double quote (") in shell commands: Read Terminal. (line 25) * double quote ("), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 28) +* double quote ("), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 37) * down debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 21) * Drepper, Ulrich: Acknowledgments. (line 52) +* dump all variables of a program: Options. (line 93) * dump debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 9) * dupword.awk program: Dupword Program. (line 31) +* dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 179) +* dynamically loaded extensions: Dynamic Extensions. (line 6) * e debugger command (alias for enable): Breakpoint Control. (line 73) * EBCDIC: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) +* effective group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 147) +* effective user ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 151) * egrep utility <1>: Egrep Program. (line 6) * egrep utility: Bracket Expressions. (line 24) * egrep.awk program: Egrep Program. (line 54) -* elements in arrays: Reference to Elements. - (line 6) -* elements in arrays, assigning: Assigning Elements. (line 6) +* elements in arrays, assigning values: Assigning Elements. (line 6) * elements in arrays, deleting: Delete. (line 6) -* elements in arrays, order of: Scanning an Array. (line 48) +* elements in arrays, order of access by in operator: Scanning an Array. + (line 48) * elements in arrays, scanning: Scanning an Array. (line 6) +* elements of arrays: Reference to Elements. + (line 6) * email address for bug reports, bug-gawk@gnu.org: Bugs. (line 30) * EMISTERED: TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) +* empty array elements: Reference to Elements. + (line 18) * empty pattern: Empty. (line 6) +* empty strings: Records. (line 122) * empty strings, See null strings: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 43) +* enable breakpoint: Breakpoint Control. (line 73) * enable debugger command: Breakpoint Control. (line 73) * end debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 10) -* END pattern <1>: Profiling. (line 62) +* END pattern <1>: Using BEGIN/END. (line 6) * END pattern: BEGIN/END. (line 6) +* END pattern, and profiling: Profiling. (line 62) * END pattern, assert() user-defined function and: Assert Function. (line 75) * END pattern, backslash continuation and: Egrep Program. (line 220) -* END pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 73) +* END pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 70) * END pattern, exit statement and: Exit Statement. (line 12) * END pattern, next/nextfile statements and <1>: Next Statement. (line 45) @@ -30351,36 +31207,40 @@ Index * END pattern, operators and: Using BEGIN/END. (line 17) * END pattern, print statement and: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 16) * ENDFILE pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 6) -* ENDFILE pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 73) +* ENDFILE pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 70) * endfile() user-defined function: Filetrans Function. (line 62) * endgrent() function (C library): Group Functions. (line 215) * endgrent() user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 218) * endpwent() function (C library): Passwd Functions. (line 210) * endpwent() user-defined function: Passwd Functions. (line 213) * ENVIRON array: Auto-set. (line 60) -* environment variables: Auto-set. (line 60) -* epoch, definition of: Glossary. (line 243) +* environment variables used by gawk: Environment Variables. + (line 6) +* environment variables, in ENVIRON array: Auto-set. (line 60) +* epoch, definition of: Glossary. (line 235) * equals sign (=), = operator: Assignment Ops. (line 6) * equals sign (=), == operator <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * equals sign (=), == operator: Comparison Operators. (line 11) * EREs (Extended Regular Expressions): Bracket Expressions. (line 24) * ERRNO variable <1>: TCP/IP Networking. (line 54) -* ERRNO variable <2>: Auto-set. (line 73) -* ERRNO variable <3>: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26) -* ERRNO variable <4>: Close Files And Pipes. +* ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 82) +* ERRNO variable, with BEGINFILE pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26) +* ERRNO variable, with close() function: Close Files And Pipes. (line 138) -* ERRNO variable: Getline. (line 19) +* ERRNO variable, with getline command: Getline. (line 19) * error handling: Special FD. (line 16) -* error handling, ERRNO variable and: Auto-set. (line 73) +* error handling, ERRNO variable and: Auto-set. (line 82) * error output: Special FD. (line 6) * escape processing, gsub()/gensub()/sub() functions: Gory Details. (line 6) -* escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 6) +* escape sequences, in strings: Escape Sequences. (line 6) * eval debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 23) +* evaluate expressions, in debugger: Viewing And Changing Data. + (line 23) * evaluation order: Increment Ops. (line 60) -* evaluation order, concatenation: Concatenation. (line 42) +* evaluation order, concatenation: Concatenation. (line 41) * evaluation order, functions: Calling Built-in. (line 30) * examining fields: Fields. (line 6) * exclamation point (!), ! operator <1>: Egrep Program. (line 170) @@ -30400,9 +31260,13 @@ Index * exclamation point (!), !~ operator: Regexp Usage. (line 19) * exit statement: Exit Statement. (line 6) * exit status, of gawk: Exit Status. (line 6) -* exp() function: Numeric Functions. (line 18) +* exit status, of VMS: VMS Running. (line 29) +* exit the debugger: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. + (line 99) +* exp: Numeric Functions. (line 18) * expand utility: Very Simple. (line 69) -* Expat XML parser library: gawkextlib. (line 33) +* Expat XML parser library: gawkextlib. (line 35) +* exponent: Numeric Functions. (line 18) * expressions: Expressions. (line 6) * expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 6) * expressions, assignment: Assignment Ops. (line 6) @@ -30414,6 +31278,20 @@ Index (line 9) * expressions, selecting: Conditional Exp. (line 6) * Extended Regular Expressions (EREs): Bracket Expressions. (line 24) +* extension API: Extension API Description. + (line 6) +* extension API informational variables: Extension API Informational Variables. + (line 6) +* extension API version: Extension Versioning. + (line 6) +* extension API, version number: Auto-set. (line 238) +* extension example: Extension Example. (line 6) +* extension registration: Registration Functions. + (line 6) +* extension search path: Finding Extensions. (line 6) +* extensions distributed with gawk: Extension Samples. (line 6) +* extensions, allocating memory: Memory Allocation Functions. + (line 6) * extensions, Brian Kernighan's awk <1>: Common Extensions. (line 6) * extensions, Brian Kernighan's awk: BTL. (line 6) * extensions, common, ** operator: Arithmetic Ops. (line 30) @@ -30422,47 +31300,49 @@ Index * extensions, common, /dev/stdin special file: Special FD. (line 46) * extensions, common, /dev/stdout special file: Special FD. (line 46) * extensions, common, \x escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 61) -* extensions, common, BINMODE variable: PC Using. (line 34) +* extensions, common, BINMODE variable: PC Using. (line 33) * extensions, common, delete to delete entire arrays: Delete. (line 39) +* extensions, common, fflush() function: I/O Functions. (line 40) * extensions, common, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 83) * extensions, common, length() applied to an array: String Functions. - (line 198) -* extensions, common, RS as a regexp: Records. (line 120) + (line 194) +* extensions, common, RS as a regexp: Records. (line 135) * extensions, common, single character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * extensions, in gawk, not in POSIX awk: POSIX/GNU. (line 6) * extensions, mawk: Common Extensions. (line 6) +* extensions, where to find: gawkextlib. (line 6) * extract.awk program: Extract Program. (line 79) * extraction, of marked strings (internationalization): String Extraction. (line 6) * f debugger command (alias for frame): Execution Stack. (line 25) * false, logical: Truth Values. (line 6) * FDL (Free Documentation License): GNU Free Documentation License. - (line 6) + (line 7) * features, adding to gawk: Adding Code. (line 6) * features, advanced, See advanced features: Obsolete. (line 6) * features, deprecated: Obsolete. (line 6) * features, undocumented: Undocumented. (line 6) -* Fenlason, Jay <1>: Contributors. (line 19) +* Fenlason, Jay <1>: Contributors. (line 18) * Fenlason, Jay: History. (line 30) -* fflush() function: I/O Functions. (line 25) +* fflush: I/O Functions. (line 25) * field numbers: Nonconstant Fields. (line 6) * field operator $: Fields. (line 19) * field operators, dollar sign as: Fields. (line 19) +* field separator, in multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 41) +* field separator, on command line: Command Line Field Separator. + (line 6) +* field separator, POSIX and: Field Splitting Summary. + (line 40) * field separators <1>: User-modified. (line 56) -* field separators: Field Separators. (line 14) -* field separators, choice of: Field Separators. (line 50) +* field separators: Field Separators. (line 15) +* field separators, choice of: Field Separators. (line 51) * field separators, FIELDWIDTHS variable and: User-modified. (line 35) * field separators, FPAT variable and: User-modified. (line 45) -* field separators, in multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 41) -* field separators, on command line: Command Line Field Separator. - (line 6) -* field separators, POSIX and <1>: Field Splitting Summary. - (line 40) * field separators, POSIX and: Fields. (line 6) * field separators, regular expressions as <1>: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 6) -* field separators, regular expressions as: Field Separators. (line 50) +* field separators, regular expressions as: Field Separators. (line 51) * field separators, See Also OFS: Changing Fields. (line 64) * field separators, spaces as: Cut Program. (line 109) * fields <1>: Basic High Level. (line 73) @@ -30475,16 +31355,16 @@ Index * fields, number of: Fields. (line 33) * fields, numbers: Nonconstant Fields. (line 6) * fields, printing: Print Examples. (line 21) -* fields, separating: Field Separators. (line 14) +* fields, separating: Field Separators. (line 15) * fields, single-character: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * FIELDWIDTHS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 35) -* FIELDWIDTHS variable: Constant Size. (line 22) +* FIELDWIDTHS variable: Constant Size. (line 23) * file descriptors: Special FD. (line 6) * file names, distinguishing: Auto-set. (line 52) * file names, in compatibility mode: Special Caveats. (line 9) * file names, standard streams in gawk: Special FD. (line 46) -* FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 93) +* FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 102) * FILENAME variable: Reading Files. (line 6) * FILENAME variable, getline, setting with: Getline Notes. (line 19) * filenames, assignments as: Ignoring Assigns. (line 6) @@ -30500,10 +31380,9 @@ Index * files, /inet/... (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * files, /inet4/... (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * files, /inet6/... (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) -* files, as single records: Records. (line 200) * files, awk programs in: Long. (line 6) * files, awkprof.out: Profiling. (line 6) -* files, awkvars.out: Options. (line 107) +* files, awkvars.out: Options. (line 93) * files, closing: I/O Functions. (line 10) * files, descriptors, See file descriptors: Special FD. (line 6) * files, group: Group Functions. (line 6) @@ -30530,7 +31409,7 @@ Index * files, portable object template: Explaining gettext. (line 30) * files, portable object, converting to message object files: I18N Example. (line 62) -* files, portable object, generating: Options. (line 161) +* files, portable object, generating: Options. (line 147) * files, processing, ARGIND variable and: Auto-set. (line 47) * files, reading: Rewind Function. (line 6) * files, reading, multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 6) @@ -30539,34 +31418,40 @@ Index * files, source, search path for: Igawk Program. (line 368) * files, splitting: Split Program. (line 6) * files, Texinfo, extracting programs from: Extract Program. (line 6) +* find substring in string: String Functions. (line 151) +* finding extensions: Finding Extensions. (line 6) * finish debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 39) -* Fish, Fred: Contributors. (line 51) -* fixed-width data: Constant Size. (line 9) +* Fish, Fred: Contributors. (line 50) +* fixed-width data: Constant Size. (line 10) * flag variables <1>: Tee Program. (line 20) * flag variables: Boolean Ops. (line 67) -* floating-point numbers, arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. - (line 6) * floating-point, numbers <1>: Unexpected Results. (line 6) * floating-point, numbers: General Arithmetic. (line 6) -* fnmatch extension function: Extension Sample Fnmatch. +* floating-point, numbers, arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. (line 6) -* FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 103) +* floating-point, VAX/VMS: VMS Running. (line 51) +* flush buffered output: I/O Functions. (line 25) +* fnmatch() extension function: Extension Sample Fnmatch. + (line 12) +* FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 112) * FNR variable: Records. (line 6) -* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 314) +* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 323) * for statement: For Statement. (line 6) * for statement, looping over arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 20) -* fork extension function: Extension Sample Fork. +* fork() extension function: Extension Sample Fork. (line 11) +* format specifiers: Basic Printf. (line 15) * format specifiers, mixing regular with positional specifiers: Printf Ordering. (line 57) * format specifiers, printf statement: Control Letters. (line 6) * format specifiers, strftime() function (gawk): Time Functions. - (line 88) -* format strings: Basic Printf. (line 15) + (line 89) +* format time string: Time Functions. (line 48) * formats, numeric output: OFMT. (line 6) * formatting output: Printf. (line 6) -* forward slash (/): Regexp. (line 10) +* formatting strings: String Functions. (line 378) +* forward slash (/) to enclose regular expressions: Regexp. (line 10) * forward slash (/), / operator: Precedence. (line 55) * forward slash (/), /= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * forward slash (/), /= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) @@ -30575,34 +31460,36 @@ Index * forward slash (/), patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 24) * FPAT variable <1>: User-modified. (line 45) * FPAT variable: Splitting By Content. - (line 26) + (line 27) * frame debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 25) * Free Documentation License (FDL): GNU Free Documentation License. - (line 6) -* Free Software Foundation (FSF) <1>: Glossary. (line 305) + (line 7) +* Free Software Foundation (FSF) <1>: Glossary. (line 297) * Free Software Foundation (FSF) <2>: Getting. (line 10) * Free Software Foundation (FSF): Manual History. (line 6) -* FreeBSD: Glossary. (line 624) +* FreeBSD: Glossary. (line 616) * FS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 56) -* FS variable: Field Separators. (line 14) +* FS variable: Field Separators. (line 15) * FS variable, --field-separator option and: Options. (line 21) * FS variable, as null string: Single Character Fields. (line 20) * FS variable, as TAB character: Options. (line 259) -* FS variable, changing value of: Field Separators. (line 34) +* FS variable, changing value of: Field Separators. (line 35) * FS variable, running awk programs and: Cut Program. (line 68) * FS variable, setting from command line: Command Line Field Separator. (line 6) * FS, containing ^: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 59) -* FSF (Free Software Foundation) <1>: Glossary. (line 305) +* FS, in multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 41) +* FSF (Free Software Foundation) <1>: Glossary. (line 297) * FSF (Free Software Foundation) <2>: Getting. (line 10) * FSF (Free Software Foundation): Manual History. (line 6) -* fts extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. +* fts() extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. (line 77) -* FUNCTAB array: Auto-set. (line 119) +* FUNCTAB array: Auto-set. (line 128) * function calls: Function Calls. (line 6) * function calls, indirect: Indirect Calls. (line 6) +* function definition example: Function Example. (line 6) * function pointers: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * functions, arrays as parameters to: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 47) @@ -30639,16 +31526,17 @@ Index * functions, undefined: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 71) * functions, user-defined: User-defined. (line 6) -* functions, user-defined, calling: Calling A Function. (line 6) -* functions, user-defined, counts: Profiling. (line 129) +* functions, user-defined, calling: Function Caveats. (line 6) +* functions, user-defined, counts, in a profile: Profiling. (line 137) * functions, user-defined, library of: Library Functions. (line 6) * functions, user-defined, next/nextfile statements and <1>: Nextfile Statement. (line 47) * functions, user-defined, next/nextfile statements and: Next Statement. (line 45) * G-d: Acknowledgments. (line 78) -* Garfinkle, Scott: Contributors. (line 35) -* gawk program, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 172) +* Garfinkle, Scott: Contributors. (line 34) +* gawk program, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 179) +* gawk version: Auto-set. (line 213) * gawk, ARGIND variable in: Other Arguments. (line 12) * gawk, awk and <1>: This Manual. (line 14) * gawk, awk and: Preface. (line 23) @@ -30657,7 +31545,7 @@ Index * gawk, built-in variables and: Built-in Variables. (line 14) * gawk, character classes and: Bracket Expressions. (line 90) * gawk, coding style in: Adding Code. (line 38) -* gawk, command-line options: GNU Regexp Operators. +* gawk, command-line options, and regular expressions: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 70) * gawk, comparison operators and: Comparison Operators. (line 50) @@ -30669,7 +31557,7 @@ Index * gawk, distribution: Distribution contents. (line 6) * gawk, ERRNO variable in <1>: TCP/IP Networking. (line 54) -* gawk, ERRNO variable in <2>: Auto-set. (line 73) +* gawk, ERRNO variable in <2>: Auto-set. (line 82) * gawk, ERRNO variable in <3>: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26) * gawk, ERRNO variable in <4>: Close Files And Pipes. (line 138) @@ -30680,19 +31568,19 @@ Index * gawk, features, advanced: Advanced Features. (line 6) * gawk, field separators and: User-modified. (line 77) * gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable in <1>: User-modified. (line 35) -* gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable in: Constant Size. (line 22) +* gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable in: Constant Size. (line 23) * gawk, file names in: Special Files. (line 6) * gawk, format-control characters: Control Letters. (line 18) * gawk, FPAT variable in <1>: User-modified. (line 45) * gawk, FPAT variable in: Splitting By Content. - (line 26) -* gawk, FUNCTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 119) + (line 27) +* gawk, FUNCTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 128) * gawk, function arguments and: Calling Built-in. (line 16) * gawk, hexadecimal numbers and: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 42) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <1>: Array Sorting Functions. - (line 81) -* gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <2>: String Functions. (line 29) -* gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <3>: Array Intro. (line 92) + (line 83) +* gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <2>: String Functions. (line 48) +* gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <3>: Array Intro. (line 91) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <4>: User-modified. (line 82) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) * gawk, implementation issues: Notes. (line 6) @@ -30710,14 +31598,14 @@ Index * gawk, line continuation in: Conditional Exp. (line 34) * gawk, LINT variable in: User-modified. (line 98) * gawk, list of contributors to: Contributors. (line 6) -* gawk, MS-DOS version of: PC Using. (line 11) -* gawk, MS-Windows version of: PC Using. (line 11) +* gawk, MS-DOS version of: PC Using. (line 10) +* gawk, MS-Windows version of: PC Using. (line 10) * gawk, newlines in: Statements/Lines. (line 12) * gawk, octal numbers and: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 42) -* gawk, OS/2 version of: PC Using. (line 11) +* gawk, OS/2 version of: PC Using. (line 10) * gawk, PROCINFO array in <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 116) * gawk, PROCINFO array in <2>: Time Functions. (line 47) -* gawk, PROCINFO array in: Auto-set. (line 133) +* gawk, PROCINFO array in: Auto-set. (line 142) * gawk, regexp constants and: Using Constant Regexps. (line 28) * gawk, regular expressions, case sensitivity: Case-sensitivity. @@ -30725,16 +31613,14 @@ Index * gawk, regular expressions, operators: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 6) * gawk, regular expressions, precedence: Regexp Operators. (line 161) -* gawk, RT variable in <1>: Auto-set. (line 266) -* gawk, RT variable in <2>: Getline/Variable/File. - (line 10) -* gawk, RT variable in <3>: Multiple Line. (line 129) -* gawk, RT variable in: Records. (line 117) +* gawk, RT variable in <1>: Auto-set. (line 275) +* gawk, RT variable in <2>: Multiple Line. (line 129) +* gawk, RT variable in: Records. (line 132) * gawk, See Also awk: Preface. (line 36) * gawk, source code, obtaining: Getting. (line 6) -* gawk, splitting fields and: Constant Size. (line 87) +* gawk, splitting fields and: Constant Size. (line 88) * gawk, string-translation functions: I18N Functions. (line 6) -* gawk, SYMTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 274) +* gawk, SYMTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 283) * gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable in: User-modified. (line 162) * gawk, timestamps: Time Functions. (line 6) * gawk, uses for: Preface. (line 36) @@ -30742,11 +31628,13 @@ Index * gawk, VMS version of: VMS Installation. (line 6) * gawk, word-boundary operator: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 63) +* gawkextlib: gawkextlib. (line 6) * gawkextlib project: gawkextlib. (line 6) -* General Public License (GPL): Glossary. (line 314) +* General Public License (GPL): Glossary. (line 306) * General Public License, See GPL: Manual History. (line 11) -* gensub() function (gawk) <1>: String Functions. (line 86) -* gensub() function (gawk): Using Constant Regexps. +* generate time values: Time Functions. (line 25) +* gensub <1>: String Functions. (line 82) +* gensub: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) * gensub() function (gawk), escape processing: Gory Details. (line 6) * getaddrinfo() function (C library): TCP/IP Networking. (line 38) @@ -30771,6 +31659,8 @@ Index * getline command, FILENAME variable and: Getline Notes. (line 19) * getline command, return values: Getline. (line 19) * getline command, variants: Getline Summary. (line 6) +* getline from a file: Getline/File. (line 6) +* getline into a variable: Getline/Variable. (line 6) * getline statement, BEGINFILE/ENDFILE patterns and: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 54) * getlocaltime() user-defined function: Getlocaltime Function. @@ -30786,95 +31676,105 @@ Index * gettext library: Explaining gettext. (line 6) * gettext library, locale categories: Explaining gettext. (line 80) * gettext() function (C library): Explaining gettext. (line 62) -* gettimeofday extension function: Extension Sample Time. +* gettimeofday() extension function: Extension Sample Time. (line 13) -* GMP: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. - (line 6) +* git utility <1>: Adding Code. (line 111) +* git utility <2>: Accessing The Source. + (line 10) +* git utility <3>: Other Versions. (line 29) +* git utility: gawkextlib. (line 29) +* git, use of for gawk source code: Derived Files. (line 6) +* GMP: Gawk and MPFR. (line 6) * GNITS mailing list: Acknowledgments. (line 52) * GNU awk, See gawk: Preface. (line 49) * GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License. - (line 6) -* GNU General Public License: Glossary. (line 314) -* GNU Lesser General Public License: Glossary. (line 405) + (line 7) +* GNU General Public License: Glossary. (line 306) +* GNU Lesser General Public License: Glossary. (line 397) * GNU long options <1>: Options. (line 6) * GNU long options: Command Line. (line 13) -* GNU long options, printing list of: Options. (line 168) -* GNU Project <1>: Glossary. (line 323) +* GNU long options, printing list of: Options. (line 154) +* GNU Project <1>: Glossary. (line 315) * GNU Project: Manual History. (line 11) -* GNU/Linux <1>: Glossary. (line 624) +* GNU/Linux <1>: Glossary. (line 616) * GNU/Linux <2>: I18N Example. (line 55) * GNU/Linux: Manual History. (line 28) -* GPL (General Public License) <1>: Glossary. (line 314) +* Gordon, Assaf: Contributors. (line 105) +* GPL (General Public License) <1>: Glossary. (line 306) * GPL (General Public License): Manual History. (line 11) -* GPL (General Public License), printing: Options. (line 102) +* GPL (General Public License), printing: Options. (line 88) * grcat program: Group Functions. (line 16) -* Grigera, Juan: Contributors. (line 58) +* Grigera, Juan: Contributors. (line 57) * group database, reading: Group Functions. (line 6) * group file: Group Functions. (line 6) +* group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 186) * groups, information about: Group Functions. (line 6) -* gsub() function <1>: String Functions. (line 139) -* gsub() function: Using Constant Regexps. +* gsub <1>: String Functions. (line 135) +* gsub: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) -* gsub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 464) +* gsub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 460) * gsub() function, escape processing: Gory Details. (line 6) * h debugger command (alias for help): Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 66) -* Hankerson, Darrel <1>: Contributors. (line 61) +* Hankerson, Darrel <1>: Contributors. (line 60) * Hankerson, Darrel: Acknowledgments. (line 60) -* Haque, John: Contributors. (line 104) +* Haque, John: Contributors. (line 108) * Hartholz, Elaine: Acknowledgments. (line 38) * Hartholz, Marshall: Acknowledgments. (line 38) -* Hasegawa, Isamu: Contributors. (line 95) +* Hasegawa, Isamu: Contributors. (line 94) * help debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 66) * hexadecimal numbers: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 6) * hexadecimal values, enabling interpretation of: Options. (line 207) +* history expansion, in debugger: Readline Support. (line 6) * histsort.awk program: History Sorting. (line 25) * Hughes, Phil: Acknowledgments. (line 43) -* HUP signal: Profiling. (line 204) +* HUP signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 211) * hyphen (-), - operator: Precedence. (line 52) * hyphen (-), -- operator <1>: Precedence. (line 46) * hyphen (-), -- operator: Increment Ops. (line 48) * hyphen (-), -= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * hyphen (-), -= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) -* hyphen (-), filenames beginning with: Options. (line 73) +* hyphen (-), filenames beginning with: Options. (line 59) * hyphen (-), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17) * i debugger command (alias for info): Debugger Info. (line 13) * id utility: Id Program. (line 6) * id.awk program: Id Program. (line 30) * IEEE-754 format: Floating-point Representation. (line 6) -* if statement <1>: If Statement. (line 6) -* if statement: Regexp Usage. (line 19) +* if statement: If Statement. (line 6) * if statement, actions, changing: Ranges. (line 25) +* if statement, use of regexps in: Regexp Usage. (line 19) * igawk.sh program: Igawk Program. (line 124) +* ignore breakpoint: Breakpoint Control. (line 87) * ignore debugger command: Breakpoint Control. (line 87) -* IGNORECASE variable <1>: Array Sorting Functions. - (line 81) -* IGNORECASE variable <2>: String Functions. (line 29) -* IGNORECASE variable <3>: Array Intro. (line 92) -* IGNORECASE variable <4>: User-modified. (line 82) -* IGNORECASE variable: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) -* IGNORECASE variable, array sorting and: Array Sorting Functions. - (line 81) -* IGNORECASE variable, array subscripts and: Array Intro. (line 92) +* IGNORECASE variable: User-modified. (line 82) +* IGNORECASE variable, and array indices: Array Intro. (line 91) +* IGNORECASE variable, and array sorting functions: Array Sorting Functions. + (line 83) * IGNORECASE variable, in example programs: Library Functions. (line 53) +* IGNORECASE variable, with ~ and !~ operators: Case-sensitivity. + (line 26) +* Illumos: Other Versions. (line 104) +* Illumos, POSIX-compliant awk: Other Versions. (line 104) * implementation issues, gawk: Notes. (line 6) * implementation issues, gawk, debugging: Compatibility Mode. (line 6) * implementation issues, gawk, limits <1>: Redirection. (line 135) * implementation issues, gawk, limits: Getline Notes. (line 14) -* in operator <1>: Id Program. (line 93) -* in operator <2>: Scanning an Array. (line 17) -* in operator <3>: Reference to Elements. - (line 37) -* in operator <4>: For Statement. (line 75) -* in operator <5>: Precedence. (line 83) +* in operator <1>: For Statement. (line 75) +* in operator <2>: Precedence. (line 83) * in operator: Comparison Operators. (line 11) +* in operator, index existence in multidimensional arrays: Multidimensional. + (line 43) +* in operator, order of array access: Scanning an Array. (line 48) +* in operator, testing if array element exists: Reference to Elements. + (line 37) +* in operator, use in loops: Scanning an Array. (line 17) * increment operators: Increment Ops. (line 6) -* index() function: String Functions. (line 155) -* indexing arrays: Array Intro. (line 50) +* index: String Functions. (line 151) +* indexing arrays: Array Intro. (line 49) * indirect function calls: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * infinite precision: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. (line 6) @@ -30890,7 +31790,8 @@ Index * input files, reading: Reading Files. (line 6) * input files, running awk without: Read Terminal. (line 6) * input files, variable assignments and: Other Arguments. (line 19) -* input pipeline: Getline/Pipe. (line 10) +* input pipeline: Getline/Pipe. (line 9) +* input record, length of: String Functions. (line 171) * input redirection: Getline/File. (line 6) * input, data, nondecimal: Nondecimal Data. (line 6) * input, explicit: Getline. (line 6) @@ -30899,17 +31800,21 @@ Index * input, splitting into records: Records. (line 6) * input, standard <1>: Special FD. (line 6) * input, standard: Read Terminal. (line 6) +* input/output functions: I/O Functions. (line 6) * input/output, binary: User-modified. (line 10) * input/output, from BEGIN and END: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 6) * input/output, two-way: Two-way I/O. (line 44) * insomnia, cure for: Alarm Program. (line 6) * installation, VMS: VMS Installation. (line 6) * installing gawk: Installation. (line 6) -* INT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 207) -* int() function: Numeric Functions. (line 23) -* integer, arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Integers. - (line 6) +* instruction tracing, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 89) +* int: Numeric Functions. (line 23) +* INT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) +* integer array indices: Numeric Array Subscripts. + (line 31) * integers: General Arithmetic. (line 6) +* integers, arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Integers. + (line 6) * integers, unsigned: General Arithmetic. (line 15) * interacting with other programs: I/O Functions. (line 72) * internationalization <1>: I18N and L10N. (line 6) @@ -30928,39 +31833,43 @@ Index * internationalization, localization, portability and: I18N Portability. (line 6) * internationalizing a program: Explaining gettext. (line 6) -* interpreted programs <1>: Glossary. (line 365) +* interpreted programs <1>: Glossary. (line 357) * interpreted programs: Basic High Level. (line 15) -* interval expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 116) +* interval expressions, regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 116) * inventory-shipped file: Sample Data Files. (line 32) -* isarray() function (gawk): Type Functions. (line 11) -* ISO: Glossary. (line 376) -* ISO 8859-1: Glossary. (line 141) -* ISO Latin-1: Glossary. (line 141) +* invoke shell command: I/O Functions. (line 72) +* isarray: Type Functions. (line 11) +* ISO: Glossary. (line 368) +* ISO 8859-1: Glossary. (line 133) +* ISO Latin-1: Glossary. (line 133) * Jacobs, Andrew: Passwd Functions. (line 90) -* Jaegermann, Michal <1>: Contributors. (line 46) +* Jaegermann, Michal <1>: Contributors. (line 45) * Jaegermann, Michal: Acknowledgments. (line 60) -* Java implementation of awk: Other Versions. (line 106) -* Java programming language: Glossary. (line 388) -* jawk: Other Versions. (line 106) +* Java implementation of awk: Other Versions. (line 112) +* Java programming language: Glossary. (line 380) +* jawk: Other Versions. (line 112) * Jedi knights: Undocumented. (line 6) * join() user-defined function: Join Function. (line 18) -* Kahrs, Ju"rgen <1>: Contributors. (line 71) +* Kahrs, Ju"rgen <1>: Contributors. (line 70) * Kahrs, Ju"rgen: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Kasal, Stepan: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Kenobi, Obi-Wan: Undocumented. (line 6) -* Kernighan, Brian <1>: Basic Data Typing. (line 55) -* Kernighan, Brian <2>: Other Versions. (line 13) -* Kernighan, Brian <3>: Contributors. (line 12) -* Kernighan, Brian <4>: BTL. (line 6) -* Kernighan, Brian <5>: Concatenation. (line 6) -* Kernighan, Brian <6>: Acknowledgments. (line 72) -* Kernighan, Brian <7>: Conventions. (line 34) +* Kernighan, Brian <1>: Glossary. (line 143) +* Kernighan, Brian <2>: Basic Data Typing. (line 55) +* Kernighan, Brian <3>: Other Versions. (line 13) +* Kernighan, Brian <4>: Contributors. (line 11) +* Kernighan, Brian <5>: BTL. (line 6) +* Kernighan, Brian <6>: Library Functions. (line 12) +* Kernighan, Brian <7>: Concatenation. (line 6) +* Kernighan, Brian <8>: Getline/Pipe. (line 6) +* Kernighan, Brian <9>: Acknowledgments. (line 72) +* Kernighan, Brian <10>: Conventions. (line 34) * Kernighan, Brian: History. (line 17) -* kill command, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 181) +* kill command, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 188) * Knights, jedi: Undocumented. (line 6) * Knuth, Donald: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. (line 6) -* Kwok, Conrad: Contributors. (line 35) +* Kwok, Conrad: Contributors. (line 34) * l debugger command (alias for list): Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 72) * labels.awk program: Labels Program. (line 51) @@ -30983,12 +31892,15 @@ Index * left angle bracket (<), <= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * left angle bracket (<), <= operator: Comparison Operators. (line 11) +* left shift: Bitwise Functions. (line 46) * left shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) * leftmost longest match: Multiple Line. (line 26) -* length() function: String Functions. (line 168) -* Lesser General Public License (LGPL): Glossary. (line 405) -* LGPL (Lesser General Public License): Glossary. (line 405) -* libmawk: Other Versions. (line 114) +* length: String Functions. (line 164) +* length of input record: String Functions. (line 171) +* length of string: String Functions. (line 164) +* Lesser General Public License (LGPL): Glossary. (line 397) +* LGPL (Lesser General Public License): Glossary. (line 397) +* libmawk: Other Versions. (line 120) * libraries of awk functions: Library Functions. (line 6) * libraries of awk functions, assertions: Assert Function. (line 6) * libraries of awk functions, associative arrays and: Library Names. @@ -31032,50 +31944,66 @@ Index * lint checking, undefined functions: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 88) * LINT variable: User-modified. (line 98) -* Linux <1>: Glossary. (line 624) +* Linux <1>: Glossary. (line 616) * Linux <2>: I18N Example. (line 55) * Linux: Manual History. (line 28) +* list all global variables, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 48) * list debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 72) +* list function definitions, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 30) * loading, library: Options. (line 173) -* local variables: Variable Scope. (line 6) +* local variables, in a function: Variable Scope. (line 6) * locale categories: Explaining gettext. (line 80) * locale decimal point character: Options. (line 263) * locale, definition of: Locales. (line 6) * localization: I18N and L10N. (line 6) * localization, See internationalization, localization: I18N and L10N. (line 6) +* log: Numeric Functions. (line 30) * log files, timestamps in: Time Functions. (line 6) -* log() function: Numeric Functions. (line 30) +* logarithm: Numeric Functions. (line 30) * logical false/true: Truth Values. (line 6) * logical operators, See Boolean expressions: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * login information: Passwd Functions. (line 16) * long options: Command Line. (line 13) * loops: While Statement. (line 6) +* loops, break statement and: Break Statement. (line 6) * loops, continue statements and: For Statement. (line 64) -* loops, count for header: Profiling. (line 123) +* loops, count for header, in a profile: Profiling. (line 131) +* loops, do-while: Do Statement. (line 6) * loops, exiting: Break Statement. (line 6) +* loops, for, array scanning: Scanning an Array. (line 6) +* loops, for, iterative: For Statement. (line 6) * loops, See Also while statement: While Statement. (line 6) +* loops, while: While Statement. (line 6) * ls utility: More Complex. (line 15) -* lshift() function (gawk): Bitwise Functions. (line 46) +* lshift: Bitwise Functions. (line 46) * lvalues/rvalues: Assignment Ops. (line 32) +* mail-list file: Sample Data Files. (line 6) * mailing labels, printing: Labels Program. (line 6) * mailing list, GNITS: Acknowledgments. (line 52) +* Malmberg, John <1>: Bugs. (line 70) * Malmberg, John: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * mark parity: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) * marked string extraction (internationalization): String Extraction. (line 6) * marked strings, extracting: String Extraction. (line 6) * Marx, Groucho: Increment Ops. (line 60) -* match() function: String Functions. (line 208) +* match: String Functions. (line 204) +* match regexp in string: String Functions. (line 204) * match() function, RSTART/RLENGTH variables: String Functions. - (line 225) + (line 221) * matching, expressions, See comparison expressions: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) * matching, leftmost longest: Multiple Line. (line 26) * matching, null strings: Gory Details. (line 164) -* mawk program: Other Versions. (line 44) -* McPhee, Patrick: Contributors. (line 101) +* mawk utility <1>: Other Versions. (line 44) +* mawk utility <2>: Nextfile Statement. (line 47) +* mawk utility <3>: Concatenation. (line 36) +* mawk utility <4>: Getline/Pipe. (line 62) +* mawk utility: Escape Sequences. (line 124) +* maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 227) +* McPhee, Patrick: Contributors. (line 100) * message object files: Explaining gettext. (line 41) * message object files, converting from portable object files: I18N Example. (line 62) @@ -31083,15 +32011,18 @@ Index (line 47) * message object files, specifying directory of: Explaining gettext. (line 53) +* messages from extensions: Printing Messages. (line 6) +* metacharacters in regular expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 6) * metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 130) -* mktime() function (gawk): Time Functions. (line 25) +* minimum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 230) +* mktime: Time Functions. (line 25) * modifiers, in format specifiers: Format Modifiers. (line 6) * monetary information, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 103) -* MPFR: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. - (line 6) +* MPFR: Gawk and MPFR. (line 6) * msgfmt utility: I18N Example. (line 62) * multiple precision: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. (line 6) +* multiple-line records: Multiple Line. (line 6) * n debugger command (alias for next): Debugger Execution Control. (line 43) * names, arrays/variables <1>: Library Names. (line 6) @@ -31103,7 +32034,7 @@ Index * namespace issues, functions: Definition Syntax. (line 20) * nawk utility: Names. (line 17) * negative zero: Unexpected Results. (line 34) -* NetBSD: Glossary. (line 624) +* NetBSD: Glossary. (line 616) * networks, programming: TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * networks, support for: Special Network. (line 6) * newlines <1>: Boolean Ops. (line 67) @@ -31120,6 +32051,7 @@ Index (line 19) * next debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 43) +* next file statement: Feature History. (line 168) * next statement <1>: Next Statement. (line 6) * next statement: Boolean Ops. (line 85) * next statement, BEGIN/END patterns and: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 37) @@ -31135,27 +32067,31 @@ Index (line 47) * nexti debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 49) -* NF variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 108) +* NF variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 117) * NF variable: Fields. (line 33) * NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 107) * ni debugger command (alias for nexti): Debugger Execution Control. (line 49) * noassign.awk program: Ignoring Assigns. (line 15) +* non-existent array elements: Reference to Elements. + (line 23) * not Boolean-logic operator: Boolean Ops. (line 6) -* NR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 128) +* NR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 137) * NR variable: Records. (line 6) -* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 314) +* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 323) * null strings <1>: Basic Data Typing. (line 26) * null strings <2>: Truth Values. (line 6) * null strings <3>: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 43) -* null strings: Records. (line 107) -* null strings, array elements and: Delete. (line 27) +* null strings: Records. (line 122) +* null strings in gawk arguments, quoting and: Quoting. (line 62) +* null strings, and deleting array elements: Delete. (line 27) * null strings, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 43) * null strings, converting numbers to strings: Conversion. (line 21) * null strings, matching: Gory Details. (line 164) -* null strings, quoting and: Quoting. (line 62) +* number as string of bits: Bitwise Functions. (line 109) +* number of array elements: String Functions. (line 194) * number sign (#), #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. (line 6) * number sign (#), commenting: Comments. (line 6) @@ -31170,9 +32106,9 @@ Index * numbers, floating-point: General Arithmetic. (line 6) * numbers, hexadecimal: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 6) * numbers, octal: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 6) -* numbers, random: Numeric Functions. (line 64) * numbers, rounding: Round Function. (line 6) -* numeric, constants: Scalar Constants. (line 6) +* numeric constants: Scalar Constants. (line 6) +* numeric functions: Numeric Functions. (line 6) * numeric, output format: OFMT. (line 6) * numeric, strings: Variable Typing. (line 6) * o debugger command (alias for option): Debugger Info. (line 57) @@ -31187,7 +32123,7 @@ Index * OFS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 124) * OFS variable <2>: Output Separators. (line 6) * OFS variable: Changing Fields. (line 64) -* OpenBSD: Glossary. (line 624) +* OpenBSD: Glossary. (line 616) * OpenSolaris: Other Versions. (line 96) * operating systems, BSD-based: Manual History. (line 28) * operating systems, PC, gawk on: PC Using. (line 6) @@ -31207,7 +32143,7 @@ Index * operators, input/output <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * operators, input/output <2>: Redirection. (line 22) * operators, input/output <3>: Getline/Coprocess. (line 6) -* operators, input/output <4>: Getline/Pipe. (line 10) +* operators, input/output <4>: Getline/Pipe. (line 9) * operators, input/output: Getline/File. (line 6) * operators, logical, See Boolean expressions: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * operators, precedence <1>: Precedence. (line 6) @@ -31215,37 +32151,35 @@ Index * operators, relational, See operators, comparison: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) * operators, short-circuit: Boolean Ops. (line 57) -* operators, string: Concatenation. (line 9) +* operators, string: Concatenation. (line 8) * operators, string-matching: Regexp Usage. (line 19) * operators, string-matching, for buffers: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 48) * operators, word-boundary (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 63) * option debugger command: Debugger Info. (line 57) -* options, command-line <1>: Command Line Field Separator. - (line 6) -* options, command-line <2>: Options. (line 6) -* options, command-line: Long. (line 12) -* options, command-line, end of: Options. (line 68) +* options, command-line: Options. (line 6) +* options, command-line, end of: Options. (line 54) * options, command-line, invoking awk: Command Line. (line 6) * options, command-line, processing: Getopt Function. (line 6) * options, deprecated: Obsolete. (line 6) * options, long <1>: Options. (line 6) * options, long: Command Line. (line 13) -* options, printing list of: Options. (line 168) +* options, printing list of: Options. (line 154) +* or: Bitwise Functions. (line 49) * OR bitwise operation: Bitwise Functions. (line 6) * or Boolean-logic operator: Boolean Ops. (line 6) -* or() function (gawk): Bitwise Functions. (line 49) -* ord extension function: Extension Sample Ord. +* ord() extension function: Extension Sample Ord. (line 12) * ord() user-defined function: Ordinal Functions. (line 16) -* order of evaluation, concatenation: Concatenation. (line 42) +* order of evaluation, concatenation: Concatenation. (line 41) * ORS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 129) * ORS variable: Output Separators. (line 20) * output field separator, See OFS variable: Changing Fields. (line 64) * output record separator, See ORS variable: Output Separators. (line 20) * output redirection: Redirection. (line 6) +* output wrapper: Output Wrappers. (line 6) * output, buffering: I/O Functions. (line 29) * output, duplicating into files: Tee Program. (line 6) * output, files, closing: Close Files And Pipes. @@ -31258,45 +32192,48 @@ Index * output, standard: Special FD. (line 6) * p debugger command (alias for print): Viewing And Changing Data. (line 36) -* P1003.1 POSIX standard: Glossary. (line 462) -* parentheses () <1>: Profiling. (line 138) -* parentheses (): Regexp Operators. (line 79) +* P1003.1 POSIX standard: Glossary. (line 454) +* parent process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 195) +* parentheses (), in a profile: Profiling. (line 146) +* parentheses (), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 79) * password file: Passwd Functions. (line 16) -* patsplit() function (gawk): String Functions. (line 295) +* patsplit: String Functions. (line 291) * patterns: Patterns and Actions. (line 6) * patterns, comparison expressions as: Expression Patterns. (line 14) -* patterns, counts: Profiling. (line 110) +* patterns, counts, in a profile: Profiling. (line 118) * patterns, default: Very Simple. (line 34) * patterns, empty: Empty. (line 6) * patterns, expressions as: Regexp Patterns. (line 6) * patterns, ranges in: Ranges. (line 6) -* patterns, regexp constants as: Expression Patterns. (line 36) +* patterns, regexp constants as: Expression Patterns. (line 34) * patterns, types of: Pattern Overview. (line 15) * pawk (profiling version of Brian Kernighan's awk): Other Versions. (line 78) -* pawk, awk-like facilities for Python: Other Versions. (line 118) +* pawk, awk-like facilities for Python: Other Versions. (line 124) * PC operating systems, gawk on: PC Using. (line 6) * PC operating systems, gawk on, installing: PC Installation. (line 6) * percent sign (%), % operator: Precedence. (line 55) * percent sign (%), %= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * percent sign (%), %= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) -* period (.): Regexp Operators. (line 43) +* period (.), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 43) * Perl: Future Extensions. (line 6) -* Peters, Arno: Contributors. (line 86) -* Peterson, Hal: Contributors. (line 40) -* pipes, closing: Close Files And Pipes. +* Peters, Arno: Contributors. (line 85) +* Peterson, Hal: Contributors. (line 39) +* pipe, closing: Close Files And Pipes. (line 6) -* pipes, input: Getline/Pipe. (line 10) -* pipes, output: Redirection. (line 57) -* Pitts, Dave <1>: Bugs. (line 73) +* pipe, input: Getline/Pipe. (line 9) +* pipe, output: Redirection. (line 57) +* Pitts, Dave <1>: Bugs. (line 70) * Pitts, Dave: Acknowledgments. (line 60) -* plus sign (+): Regexp Operators. (line 102) +* Plauger, P.J.: Library Functions. (line 12) +* plug-in: Extension Intro. (line 6) * plus sign (+), + operator: Precedence. (line 52) * plus sign (+), ++ operator <1>: Precedence. (line 46) * plus sign (+), ++ operator: Increment Ops. (line 11) * plus sign (+), += operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * plus sign (+), += operator: Assignment Ops. (line 82) +* plus sign (+), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 102) * pointers to functions: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * portability: Escape Sequences. (line 94) * portability, #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. (line 33) @@ -31308,14 +32245,14 @@ Index (line 112) * portability, close() function and: Close Files And Pipes. (line 81) -* portability, data files as single record: Records. (line 179) +* portability, data files as single record: Records. (line 194) * portability, deleting array elements: Delete. (line 56) * portability, example programs: Library Functions. (line 42) * portability, functions, defining: Definition Syntax. (line 99) * portability, gawk: New Ports. (line 6) * portability, gettext library and: Explaining gettext. (line 10) * portability, internationalization and: I18N Portability. (line 6) -* portability, length() function: String Functions. (line 177) +* portability, length() function: String Functions. (line 173) * portability, new awk vs. old awk: Conversion. (line 55) * portability, next statement in user-defined functions: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 91) @@ -31323,12 +32260,12 @@ Index * portability, operators: Increment Ops. (line 60) * portability, operators, not in POSIX awk: Precedence. (line 98) * portability, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 353) -* portability, substr() function: String Functions. (line 514) +* portability, substr() function: String Functions. (line 510) * portable object files <1>: Translator i18n. (line 6) * portable object files: Explaining gettext. (line 36) * portable object files, converting to message object files: I18N Example. (line 62) -* portable object files, generating: Options. (line 161) +* portable object files, generating: Options. (line 147) * portable object template files: Explaining gettext. (line 30) * porting gawk: New Ports. (line 6) * positional specifiers, printf statement <1>: Printf Ordering. @@ -31353,14 +32290,14 @@ Index * POSIX awk, changes in awk versions: POSIX. (line 6) * POSIX awk, continue statement and: Continue Statement. (line 43) * POSIX awk, CONVFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 28) -* POSIX awk, date utility and: Time Functions. (line 262) +* POSIX awk, date utility and: Time Functions. (line 263) * POSIX awk, field separators and <1>: Field Splitting Summary. (line 40) * POSIX awk, field separators and: Fields. (line 6) * POSIX awk, FS variable and: User-modified. (line 66) * POSIX awk, function keyword in: Definition Syntax. (line 83) * POSIX awk, functions and, gsub()/sub(): Gory Details. (line 54) -* POSIX awk, functions and, length(): String Functions. (line 177) +* POSIX awk, functions and, length(): String Functions. (line 173) * POSIX awk, GNU long options and: Options. (line 15) * POSIX awk, interval expressions in: Regexp Operators. (line 135) * POSIX awk, next/nextfile statements and: Next Statement. (line 45) @@ -31371,7 +32308,7 @@ Index * POSIX awk, printf format strings and: Format Modifiers. (line 159) * POSIX awk, regular expressions and: Regexp Operators. (line 161) * POSIX awk, timestamps and: Time Functions. (line 6) -* POSIX awk, | I/O operator and: Getline/Pipe. (line 56) +* POSIX awk, | I/O operator and: Getline/Pipe. (line 55) * POSIX mode: Options. (line 247) * POSIX, awk and: Preface. (line 23) * POSIX, gawk extensions not included in: POSIX/GNU. (line 6) @@ -31393,6 +32330,8 @@ Index * print statement, See Also redirection, of output: Redirection. (line 17) * print statement, sprintf() function and: Round Function. (line 6) +* print variables, in debugger: Viewing And Changing Data. + (line 36) * printf debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 54) * printf statement <1>: Printf. (line 6) @@ -31412,22 +32351,30 @@ Index * printf statement, sprintf() function and: Round Function. (line 6) * printf statement, syntax of: Basic Printf. (line 6) * printing: Printing. (line 6) -* printing, list of options: Options. (line 168) +* printing messages from extensions: Printing Messages. (line 6) +* printing, list of options: Options. (line 154) * printing, mailing labels: Labels Program. (line 6) * printing, unduplicated lines of text: Uniq Program. (line 6) * printing, user information: Id Program. (line 6) * private variables: Library Names. (line 11) +* process group idIDof gawk process: Auto-set. (line 189) +* process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 192) * processes, two-way communications with: Two-way I/O. (line 23) * processing data: Basic High Level. (line 6) -* PROCINFO array <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 116) -* PROCINFO array <2>: Id Program. (line 15) -* PROCINFO array <3>: Group Functions. (line 6) -* PROCINFO array <4>: Passwd Functions. (line 6) -* PROCINFO array <5>: Time Functions. (line 47) -* PROCINFO array <6>: Auto-set. (line 133) -* PROCINFO array: Obsolete. (line 11) +* PROCINFO array <1>: Passwd Functions. (line 6) +* PROCINFO array <2>: Time Functions. (line 47) +* PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 142) +* PROCINFO array, and communications via ptys: Two-way I/O. (line 116) +* PROCINFO array, and group membership: Group Functions. (line 6) +* PROCINFO array, and user and group ID numbers: Id Program. (line 15) +* PROCINFO array, testing the field splitting: Passwd Functions. + (line 161) +* PROCINFO array, uses: Auto-set. (line 248) +* PROCINFO, values of sorted_in: Controlling Scanning. + (line 24) * profiling awk programs: Profiling. (line 6) -* profiling awk programs, dynamically: Profiling. (line 172) +* profiling awk programs, dynamically: Profiling. (line 179) +* program identifiers: Auto-set. (line 160) * program, definition of: Getting Started. (line 21) * programmers, attractiveness of: Two-way I/O. (line 6) * programming conventions, --non-decimal-data option: Nondecimal Data. @@ -31445,34 +32392,34 @@ Index * programming conventions, private variable names: Library Names. (line 23) * programming language, recipe for: History. (line 6) -* Programming languages, Ada: Glossary. (line 20) +* programming languages, Ada: Glossary. (line 20) * programming languages, data-driven vs. procedural: Getting Started. (line 12) -* Programming languages, Java: Glossary. (line 388) +* programming languages, Java: Glossary. (line 380) * programming, basic steps: Basic High Level. (line 20) * programming, concepts: Basic Concepts. (line 6) * pwcat program: Passwd Functions. (line 23) * q debugger command (alias for quit): Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 99) -* QSE Awk: Other Versions. (line 124) -* question mark (?) regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 59) -* question mark (?) regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 111) +* QSE Awk: Other Versions. (line 130) +* Quanstrom, Erik: Alarm Program. (line 8) * question mark (?), ?: operator: Precedence. (line 92) -* QuikTrim Awk: Other Versions. (line 128) +* question mark (?), regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. + (line 59) +* question mark (?), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 111) +* QuikTrim Awk: Other Versions. (line 134) * quit debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 99) -* QUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 207) -* quoting <1>: Comments. (line 27) -* quoting <2>: Long. (line 26) -* quoting: Read Terminal. (line 25) -* quoting, rules for: Quoting. (line 6) -* quoting, tricks for: Quoting. (line 71) +* QUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) +* quoting in gawk command lines: Long. (line 26) +* quoting in gawk command lines, tricks for: Quoting. (line 71) +* quoting, for small awk programs: Comments. (line 27) * r debugger command (alias for run): Debugger Execution Control. (line 62) * Rakitzis, Byron: History Sorting. (line 25) +* Ramey, Chet <1>: General Data Types. (line 6) * Ramey, Chet: Acknowledgments. (line 60) -* rand() function: Numeric Functions. (line 34) +* rand: Numeric Functions. (line 34) * random numbers, Cliff: Cliff Random Function. (line 6) * random numbers, rand()/srand() functions: Numeric Functions. @@ -31480,55 +32427,61 @@ Index * random numbers, seed of: Numeric Functions. (line 64) * range expressions (regexps): Bracket Expressions. (line 6) * range patterns: Ranges. (line 6) -* Rankin, Pat <1>: Bugs. (line 72) -* Rankin, Pat <2>: Contributors. (line 38) +* range patterns, line continuation and: Ranges. (line 65) +* Rankin, Pat <1>: Bugs. (line 70) +* Rankin, Pat <2>: Contributors. (line 37) * Rankin, Pat <3>: Assignment Ops. (line 100) * Rankin, Pat: Acknowledgments. (line 60) -* reada extension function: Extension Sample Read write array. +* reada() extension function: Extension Sample Read write array. (line 15) * readable data files, checking: File Checking. (line 6) * readable.awk program: File Checking. (line 11) * readdir extension: Extension Sample Readdir. (line 9) -* readfile extension function: Extension Sample Readfile. - (line 11) +* readfile() extension function: Extension Sample Readfile. + (line 12) +* readfile() user-defined function: Readfile Function. (line 30) +* reading input files: Reading Files. (line 6) * recipe for a programming language: History. (line 6) * record separators <1>: User-modified. (line 143) * record separators: Records. (line 14) -* record separators, changing: Records. (line 81) -* record separators, regular expressions as: Records. (line 117) +* record separators, changing: Records. (line 93) +* record separators, regular expressions as: Records. (line 132) * record separators, with multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 10) * records <1>: Basic High Level. (line 73) * records: Reading Files. (line 14) * records, multiline: Multiple Line. (line 6) * records, printing: Print. (line 22) * records, splitting input into: Records. (line 6) -* records, terminating: Records. (line 117) -* records, treating files as: Records. (line 200) +* records, terminating: Records. (line 132) +* records, treating files as: Records. (line 219) * recursive functions: Definition Syntax. (line 73) +* redirect gawk output, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 72) * redirection of input: Getline/File. (line 6) * redirection of output: Redirection. (line 6) * reference counting, sorting arrays: Array Sorting Functions. - (line 75) + (line 77) +* regexp: Regexp. (line 6) * regexp constants <1>: Comparison Operators. - (line 103) + (line 102) * regexp constants <2>: Regexp Constants. (line 6) * regexp constants: Regexp Usage. (line 57) * regexp constants, /=.../, /= operator and: Assignment Ops. (line 147) -* regexp constants, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 36) +* regexp constants, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 34) * regexp constants, in gawk: Using Constant Regexps. (line 28) * regexp constants, slashes vs. quotes: Computed Regexps. (line 28) * regexp constants, vs. string constants: Computed Regexps. (line 38) -* regexp, See regular expressions: Regexp. (line 6) +* register extension: Registration Functions. + (line 6) * regular expressions: Regexp. (line 6) -* regular expressions as field separators: Field Separators. (line 50) +* regular expressions as field separators: Field Separators. (line 51) * regular expressions, anchors in: Regexp Operators. (line 22) * regular expressions, as field separators: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 6) * regular expressions, as patterns <1>: Regexp Patterns. (line 6) * regular expressions, as patterns: Regexp Usage. (line 6) -* regular expressions, as record separators: Records. (line 117) +* regular expressions, as record separators: Records. (line 132) * regular expressions, case sensitivity <1>: User-modified. (line 82) * regular expressions, case sensitivity: Case-sensitivity. (line 6) * regular expressions, computed: Computed Regexps. (line 6) @@ -31555,12 +32508,13 @@ Index * regular expressions, searching for: Egrep Program. (line 6) * relational operators, See comparison operators: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) +* replace in string: String Functions. (line 406) * return debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 54) * return statement, user-defined functions: Return Statement. (line 6) * return value, close() function: Close Files And Pipes. (line 130) -* rev() user-defined function: Function Example. (line 52) +* rev() user-defined function: Function Example. (line 53) * revoutput extension: Extension Sample Revout. (line 11) * revtwoway extension: Extension Sample Rev2way. @@ -31575,25 +32529,28 @@ Index (line 11) * right angle bracket (>), >> operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * right angle bracket (>), >> operator (I/O): Redirection. (line 50) +* right shift: Bitwise Functions. (line 52) * right shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) * Ritchie, Dennis: Basic Data Typing. (line 55) -* RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 253) -* RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 225) +* RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 262) +* RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 221) * Robbins, Arnold <1>: Future Extensions. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <2>: Bugs. (line 32) -* Robbins, Arnold <3>: Contributors. (line 125) -* Robbins, Arnold <4>: Alarm Program. (line 6) -* Robbins, Arnold <5>: Passwd Functions. (line 90) -* Robbins, Arnold <6>: Getline/Pipe. (line 40) +* Robbins, Arnold <3>: Contributors. (line 139) +* Robbins, Arnold <4>: General Data Types. (line 6) +* Robbins, Arnold <5>: Alarm Program. (line 6) +* Robbins, Arnold <6>: Passwd Functions. (line 90) +* Robbins, Arnold <7>: Getline/Pipe. (line 39) * Robbins, Arnold: Command Line Field Separator. - (line 80) -* Robbins, Bill: Getline/Pipe. (line 40) + (line 73) +* Robbins, Bill: Getline/Pipe. (line 39) * Robbins, Harry: Acknowledgments. (line 78) * Robbins, Jean: Acknowledgments. (line 78) * Robbins, Miriam <1>: Passwd Functions. (line 90) -* Robbins, Miriam <2>: Getline/Pipe. (line 40) +* Robbins, Miriam <2>: Getline/Pipe. (line 39) * Robbins, Miriam: Acknowledgments. (line 78) -* Rommel, Kai Uwe: Contributors. (line 43) +* Rommel, Kai Uwe: Contributors. (line 42) +* round to nearest integer: Numeric Functions. (line 23) * round() user-defined function: Round Function. (line 16) * rounding mode, floating-point: Rounding Mode. (line 6) * rounding numbers: Round Function. (line 6) @@ -31603,15 +32560,13 @@ Index * RS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 143) * RS variable: Records. (line 20) * RS variable, multiline records and: Multiple Line. (line 17) -* rshift() function (gawk): Bitwise Functions. (line 52) -* RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 259) -* RSTART variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 225) -* RT variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 266) -* RT variable <2>: Getline/Variable/File. - (line 10) -* RT variable <3>: Multiple Line. (line 129) -* RT variable: Records. (line 117) -* Rubin, Paul <1>: Contributors. (line 16) +* rshift: Bitwise Functions. (line 52) +* RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 268) +* RSTART variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 221) +* RT variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 275) +* RT variable <2>: Multiple Line. (line 129) +* RT variable: Records. (line 132) +* Rubin, Paul <1>: Contributors. (line 15) * Rubin, Paul: History. (line 30) * rule, definition of: Getting Started. (line 21) * run debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. @@ -31619,59 +32574,84 @@ Index * rvalues/lvalues: Assignment Ops. (line 32) * s debugger command (alias for step): Debugger Execution Control. (line 68) +* sample debugging session: Sample Debugging Session. + (line 6) * sandbox mode: Options. (line 279) +* save debugger options: Debugger Info. (line 84) +* scalar or array: Type Functions. (line 11) * scalar values: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) -* Schorr, Andrew <1>: Contributors. (line 121) +* scanning arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 6) +* scanning multidimensional arrays: Multiscanning. (line 11) +* Schorr, Andrew <1>: Contributors. (line 131) * Schorr, Andrew: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Schreiber, Bert: Acknowledgments. (line 38) * Schreiber, Rita: Acknowledgments. (line 38) -* search paths <1>: VMS Running. (line 29) -* search paths <2>: PC Using. (line 11) -* search paths <3>: Igawk Program. (line 368) -* search paths <4>: AWKLIBPATH Variable. (line 6) -* search paths: AWKPATH Variable. (line 6) +* search and replace in strings: String Functions. (line 82) +* search in string: String Functions. (line 151) +* search paths <1>: VMS Running. (line 58) +* search paths <2>: PC Using. (line 10) +* search paths: Igawk Program. (line 368) * search paths, for shared libraries: AWKLIBPATH Variable. (line 6) -* search paths, for source files <1>: VMS Running. (line 29) -* search paths, for source files <2>: PC Using. (line 11) +* search paths, for source files <1>: VMS Running. (line 58) +* search paths, for source files <2>: PC Using. (line 10) * search paths, for source files <3>: Igawk Program. (line 368) * search paths, for source files: AWKPATH Variable. (line 6) -* searching: String Functions. (line 155) * searching, files for regular expressions: Egrep Program. (line 6) * searching, for words: Dupword Program. (line 6) * sed utility <1>: Glossary. (line 12) * sed utility <2>: Simple Sed. (line 6) * sed utility: Field Splitting Summary. (line 46) -* semicolon (;): Statements/Lines. (line 91) -* semicolon (;), AWKPATH variable and: PC Using. (line 11) +* seeding random number generator: Numeric Functions. (line 64) +* semicolon (;), AWKPATH variable and: PC Using. (line 10) * semicolon (;), separating statements in actions <1>: Statements. (line 10) -* semicolon (;), separating statements in actions: Action Overview. +* semicolon (;), separating statements in actions <2>: Action Overview. (line 19) +* semicolon (;), separating statements in actions: Statements/Lines. + (line 91) * separators, field: User-modified. (line 56) * separators, field, FIELDWIDTHS variable and: User-modified. (line 35) * separators, field, FPAT variable and: User-modified. (line 45) * separators, field, POSIX and: Fields. (line 6) * separators, for records <1>: User-modified. (line 143) * separators, for records: Records. (line 14) -* separators, for records, regular expressions as: Records. (line 117) +* separators, for records, regular expressions as: Records. (line 132) * separators, for statements in actions: Action Overview. (line 19) * separators, subscript: User-modified. (line 156) +* set breakpoint: Breakpoint Control. (line 11) * set debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 59) +* set directory of message catalogs: I18N Functions. (line 12) +* set watchpoint: Viewing And Changing Data. + (line 67) +* setting rounding mode: Setting Rounding Mode. + (line 6) +* setting working precision: Setting Precision. (line 6) +* shadowing of variable values: Definition Syntax. (line 61) +* shell quoting, double quote: Read Terminal. (line 25) +* shell quoting, rules for: Quoting. (line 6) * shells, piping commands into: Redirection. (line 142) * shells, quoting: Using Shell Variables. (line 12) * shells, quoting, rules for: Quoting. (line 18) * shells, scripts: One-shot. (line 22) +* shells, sea: Undocumented. (line 8) * shells, variables: Using Shell Variables. (line 6) * shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) * short-circuit operators: Boolean Ops. (line 57) +* show all source files, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 45) +* show breakpoints: Debugger Info. (line 21) +* show function arguments, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 18) +* show local variables, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 34) +* show name of current source file, in debugger: Debugger Info. + (line 37) +* show watchpoints: Debugger Info. (line 51) * si debugger command (alias for stepi): Debugger Execution Control. (line 76) * side effects <1>: Increment Ops. (line 11) -* side effects: Concatenation. (line 42) +* side effects: Concatenation. (line 41) * side effects, array indexing: Reference to Elements. (line 42) * side effects, asort() function: Array Sorting Functions. @@ -31689,7 +32669,7 @@ Index (line 110) * sidebar, Changing FS Does Not Affect the Fields: Field Splitting Summary. (line 38) -* sidebar, Changing NR and FNR: Auto-set. (line 312) +* sidebar, Changing NR and FNR: Auto-set. (line 321) * sidebar, Controlling Output Buffering with system(): I/O Functions. (line 135) * sidebar, Escape Sequences for Metacharacters: Escape Sequences. @@ -31703,7 +32683,7 @@ Index * sidebar, Piping into sh: Redirection. (line 140) * sidebar, Portability Issues with #!: Executable Scripts. (line 31) * sidebar, Recipe For A Programming Language: History. (line 6) -* sidebar, RS = "\0" Is Not Portable: Records. (line 177) +* sidebar, RS = "\0" Is Not Portable: Records. (line 192) * sidebar, So Why Does gawk have BEGINFILE and ENDFILE?: Filetrans Function. (line 83) * sidebar, Syntactic Ambiguities Between /= and Regular Expressions: Assignment Ops. @@ -31713,30 +32693,36 @@ Index (line 56) * sidebar, Using close()'s Return Value: Close Files And Pipes. (line 128) -* SIGHUP signal: Profiling. (line 204) -* SIGINT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 207) -* signals, HUP/SIGHUP: Profiling. (line 204) -* signals, INT/SIGINT (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 207) -* signals, QUIT/SIGQUIT (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 207) -* signals, USR1/SIGUSR1: Profiling. (line 181) -* SIGQUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 207) -* SIGUSR1 signal: Profiling. (line 181) +* SIGHUP signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 211) +* SIGINT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) +* signals, HUP/SIGHUP, for profiling: Profiling. (line 211) +* signals, INT/SIGINT (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) +* signals, QUIT/SIGQUIT (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) +* signals, USR1/SIGUSR1, for profiling: Profiling. (line 188) +* signature program: Signature Program. (line 6) +* SIGQUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) +* SIGUSR1 signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 188) * silent debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 10) -* sin() function: Numeric Functions. (line 75) +* sin: Numeric Functions. (line 75) +* sine: Numeric Functions. (line 75) * single precision floating-point: General Arithmetic. (line 21) -* single quote (') <1>: Quoting. (line 31) -* single quote (') <2>: Long. (line 33) * single quote ('): One-shot. (line 15) +* single quote (') in gawk command lines: Long. (line 33) +* single quote ('), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 31) * single quote ('), vs. apostrophe: Comments. (line 27) * single quote ('), with double quotes: Quoting. (line 53) * single-character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) +* single-step execution, in the debugger: Debugger Execution Control. + (line 43) * Skywalker, Luke: Undocumented. (line 6) -* sleep extension function: Extension Sample Time. +* sleep utility: Alarm Program. (line 111) +* sleep() extension function: Extension Sample Time. (line 23) -* sleep utility: Alarm Program. (line 109) * Solaris, POSIX-compliant awk: Other Versions. (line 96) +* sort array: String Functions. (line 32) +* sort array indices: String Functions. (line 32) * sort function, arrays, sorting: Array Sorting Functions. (line 6) * sort utility: Word Sorting. (line 50) @@ -31747,38 +32733,44 @@ Index * source code, Brian Kernighan's awk: Other Versions. (line 13) * source code, Busybox Awk: Other Versions. (line 88) * source code, gawk: Gawk Distribution. (line 6) -* source code, jawk: Other Versions. (line 106) -* source code, libmawk: Other Versions. (line 114) +* source code, Illumos awk: Other Versions. (line 104) +* source code, jawk: Other Versions. (line 112) +* source code, libmawk: Other Versions. (line 120) * source code, mawk: Other Versions. (line 44) -* source code, mixing: Options. (line 131) +* source code, mixing: Options. (line 117) * source code, pawk: Other Versions. (line 78) -* source code, QSE Awk: Other Versions. (line 124) -* source code, QuikTrim Awk: Other Versions. (line 128) +* source code, pawk (Python version): Other Versions. (line 124) +* source code, QSE Awk: Other Versions. (line 130) +* source code, QuikTrim Awk: Other Versions. (line 134) * source code, Solaris awk: Other Versions. (line 96) * source files, search path for: Igawk Program. (line 368) -* sparse arrays: Array Intro. (line 71) +* sparse arrays: Array Intro. (line 70) * Spencer, Henry: Glossary. (line 12) +* split: String Functions. (line 313) +* split string into array: String Functions. (line 291) * split utility: Split Program. (line 6) -* split() function: String Functions. (line 317) * split() function, array elements, deleting: Delete. (line 61) * split.awk program: Split Program. (line 30) -* sprintf() function <1>: String Functions. (line 382) -* sprintf() function: OFMT. (line 15) +* sprintf <1>: String Functions. (line 378) +* sprintf: OFMT. (line 15) * sprintf() function, OFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 124) * sprintf() function, print/printf statements and: Round Function. (line 6) -* sqrt() function: Numeric Functions. (line 78) -* square brackets ([]): Regexp Operators. (line 55) -* srand() function: Numeric Functions. (line 82) -* Stallman, Richard <1>: Glossary. (line 305) -* Stallman, Richard <2>: Contributors. (line 24) +* sqrt: Numeric Functions. (line 78) +* square brackets ([]), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 55) +* square root: Numeric Functions. (line 78) +* srand: Numeric Functions. (line 82) +* stack frame: Debugging Terms. (line 10) +* Stallman, Richard <1>: Glossary. (line 297) +* Stallman, Richard <2>: Contributors. (line 23) * Stallman, Richard <3>: Acknowledgments. (line 18) * Stallman, Richard: Manual History. (line 6) * standard error: Special FD. (line 6) * standard input <1>: Special FD. (line 6) * standard input: Read Terminal. (line 6) * standard output: Special FD. (line 6) -* stat extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. +* starting the debugger: Debugger Invocation. (line 6) +* stat() extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. (line 18) * statements, compound, control statements and: Statements. (line 10) * statements, control, in actions: Statements. (line 6) @@ -31787,55 +32779,65 @@ Index (line 68) * stepi debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 76) +* stop automatic display, in debugger: Viewing And Changing Data. + (line 80) * stream editors <1>: Simple Sed. (line 6) * stream editors: Field Splitting Summary. (line 46) -* strftime() function (gawk): Time Functions. (line 48) +* strftime: Time Functions. (line 48) * string constants: Scalar Constants. (line 15) * string constants, vs. regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 38) * string extraction (internationalization): String Extraction. (line 6) -* string operators: Concatenation. (line 9) +* string length: String Functions. (line 164) +* string operators: Concatenation. (line 8) +* string, regular expression match: String Functions. (line 204) +* string-manipulation functions: String Functions. (line 6) * string-matching operators: Regexp Usage. (line 19) +* string-translation functions: I18N Functions. (line 6) +* strings splitting, example: String Functions. (line 333) * strings, converting <1>: Bitwise Functions. (line 109) * strings, converting: Conversion. (line 6) +* strings, converting letter case: String Functions. (line 520) * strings, converting, numbers to: User-modified. (line 28) -* strings, empty, See null strings: Records. (line 107) +* strings, empty, See null strings: Records. (line 122) * strings, extracting: String Extraction. (line 6) * strings, for localization: Programmer i18n. (line 14) -* strings, length of: Scalar Constants. (line 20) +* strings, length limitations: Scalar Constants. (line 20) * strings, merging arrays into: Join Function. (line 6) * strings, null: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 43) * strings, numeric: Variable Typing. (line 6) -* strings, splitting: String Functions. (line 337) -* strtonum() function (gawk): String Functions. (line 389) +* strtonum: String Functions. (line 385) * strtonum() function (gawk), --non-decimal-data option and: Nondecimal Data. (line 36) -* sub() function <1>: String Functions. (line 410) -* sub() function: Using Constant Regexps. +* sub <1>: String Functions. (line 406) +* sub: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) -* sub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 464) +* sub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 460) * sub() function, escape processing: Gory Details. (line 6) * subscript separators: User-modified. (line 156) -* subscripts in arrays, multidimensional: Multi-dimensional. (line 10) -* subscripts in arrays, multidimensional, scanning: Multi-scanning. +* subscripts in arrays, multidimensional: Multidimensional. (line 10) +* subscripts in arrays, multidimensional, scanning: Multiscanning. (line 11) * subscripts in arrays, numbers as: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 6) * subscripts in arrays, uninitialized variables as: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 6) * SUBSEP variable: User-modified. (line 156) -* SUBSEP variable, multidimensional arrays: Multi-dimensional. +* SUBSEP variable, and multidimensional arrays: Multidimensional. (line 16) -* substr() function: String Functions. (line 483) +* substitute in string: String Functions. (line 82) +* substr: String Functions. (line 479) +* substring: String Functions. (line 479) * Sumner, Andrew: Other Versions. (line 64) +* supplementary groups of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 243) * switch statement: Switch Statement. (line 6) -* SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 274) +* SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 283) * syntactic ambiguity: /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. (line 147) -* system() function: I/O Functions. (line 72) -* systime() function (gawk): Time Functions. (line 65) +* system: I/O Functions. (line 72) +* systime: Time Functions. (line 66) * t debugger command (alias for tbreak): Breakpoint Control. (line 90) * tbreak debugger command: Breakpoint Control. (line 90) * Tcl: Library Names. (line 57) @@ -31843,17 +32845,17 @@ Index * TCP/IP, support for: Special Network. (line 6) * tee utility: Tee Program. (line 6) * tee.awk program: Tee Program. (line 26) -* terminating records: Records. (line 117) +* temporary breakpoint: Breakpoint Control. (line 90) +* terminating records: Records. (line 132) * testbits.awk program: Bitwise Functions. (line 70) * testext extension: Extension Sample API Tests. (line 6) * Texinfo <1>: Adding Code. (line 99) * Texinfo <2>: Distribution contents. - (line 80) + (line 77) * Texinfo <3>: Extract Program. (line 12) * Texinfo <4>: Dupword Program. (line 17) * Texinfo <5>: Library Functions. (line 33) -* Texinfo <6>: Sample Data Files. (line 66) * Texinfo: Conventions. (line 6) * Texinfo, chapter beginnings in files: Regexp Operators. (line 22) * Texinfo, extracting programs from source files: Extract Program. @@ -31873,31 +32875,35 @@ Index * tilde (~), ~ operator <5>: Computed Regexps. (line 6) * tilde (~), ~ operator <6>: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) * tilde (~), ~ operator: Regexp Usage. (line 19) -* time, alarm clock example program: Alarm Program. (line 9) +* time functions: Time Functions. (line 6) +* time, alarm clock example program: Alarm Program. (line 11) * time, localization and: Explaining gettext. (line 115) * time, managing: Getlocaltime Function. (line 6) * time, retrieving: Time Functions. (line 17) * timeout, reading input: Read Timeout. (line 6) * timestamps: Time Functions. (line 6) -* timestamps, converting dates to: Time Functions. (line 75) +* timestamps, converting dates to: Time Functions. (line 76) * timestamps, formatted: Getlocaltime Function. (line 6) -* tolower() function: String Functions. (line 525) -* toupper() function: String Functions. (line 531) +* tolower: String Functions. (line 521) +* toupper: String Functions. (line 527) * tr utility: Translate Program. (line 6) * trace debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 108) +* traceback, display in debugger: Execution Stack. (line 13) +* translate string: I18N Functions. (line 22) * translate.awk program: Translate Program. (line 55) +* treating files, as single records: Records. (line 219) * troubleshooting, --non-decimal-data option: Options. (line 207) * troubleshooting, == operator: Comparison Operators. (line 37) -* troubleshooting, awk uses FS not IFS: Field Separators. (line 29) +* troubleshooting, awk uses FS not IFS: Field Separators. (line 30) * troubleshooting, backslash before nonspecial character: Escape Sequences. (line 112) * troubleshooting, division: Arithmetic Ops. (line 44) * troubleshooting, fatal errors, field widths, specifying: Constant Size. - (line 22) + (line 23) * troubleshooting, fatal errors, printf format strings: Format Modifiers. (line 159) * troubleshooting, fflush() function: I/O Functions. (line 60) @@ -31907,9 +32913,9 @@ Index * troubleshooting, gawk, fatal errors, function arguments: Calling Built-in. (line 16) * troubleshooting, getline function: File Checking. (line 25) -* troubleshooting, gsub()/sub() functions: String Functions. (line 474) -* troubleshooting, match() function: String Functions. (line 290) -* troubleshooting, patsplit() function: String Functions. (line 313) +* troubleshooting, gsub()/sub() functions: String Functions. (line 470) +* troubleshooting, match() function: String Functions. (line 286) +* troubleshooting, patsplit() function: String Functions. (line 309) * troubleshooting, print statement, omitting commas: Print Examples. (line 31) * troubleshooting, printing: Redirection. (line 118) @@ -31917,13 +32923,13 @@ Index * troubleshooting, readable data files: File Checking. (line 6) * troubleshooting, regexp constants vs. string constants: Computed Regexps. (line 38) -* troubleshooting, string concatenation: Concatenation. (line 27) -* troubleshooting, substr() function: String Functions. (line 501) +* troubleshooting, string concatenation: Concatenation. (line 26) +* troubleshooting, substr() function: String Functions. (line 497) * troubleshooting, system() function: I/O Functions. (line 94) * troubleshooting, typographical errors, global variables: Options. - (line 112) + (line 98) * true, logical: Truth Values. (line 6) -* Trueman, David <1>: Contributors. (line 31) +* Trueman, David <1>: Contributors. (line 30) * Trueman, David <2>: Acknowledgments. (line 47) * Trueman, David: History. (line 30) * trunc-mod operation: Arithmetic Ops. (line 66) @@ -31931,6 +32937,8 @@ Index * type conversion: Conversion. (line 21) * u debugger command (alias for until): Debugger Execution Control. (line 83) +* unassigned array elements: Reference to Elements. + (line 18) * undefined functions: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 71) * underscore (_), C macro: Explaining gettext. (line 70) @@ -31940,20 +32948,22 @@ Index * undisplay debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 80) * undocumented features: Undocumented. (line 6) -* Unicode: Glossary. (line 141) +* Unicode <1>: Glossary. (line 133) +* Unicode <2>: Ranges and Locales. (line 61) +* Unicode: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) * uninitialized variables, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 6) * uniq utility: Uniq Program. (line 6) * uniq.awk program: Uniq Program. (line 65) -* Unix: Glossary. (line 624) +* Unix: Glossary. (line 616) * Unix awk, backslashes in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 124) * Unix awk, close() function and: Close Files And Pipes. (line 130) * Unix awk, password files, field separators and: Command Line Field Separator. - (line 72) + (line 64) * Unix, awk scripts and: Executable Scripts. (line 6) -* UNIXROOT variable, on OS/2 systems: PC Using. (line 17) +* UNIXROOT variable, on OS/2 systems: PC Using. (line 16) * unsigned integers: General Arithmetic. (line 15) * until debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 83) @@ -31961,15 +32971,16 @@ Index (line 84) * up debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 33) * user database, reading: Passwd Functions. (line 6) -* user-defined, functions: User-defined. (line 6) -* user-defined, functions, counts: Profiling. (line 129) +* user-defined functions: User-defined. (line 6) +* user-defined, functions, counts, in a profile: Profiling. (line 137) * user-defined, variables: Variables. (line 6) * user-modifiable variables: User-modified. (line 6) * users, information about, printing: Id Program. (line 6) * users, information about, retrieving: Passwd Functions. (line 16) -* USR1 signal: Profiling. (line 181) +* USR1 signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 188) * values, numeric: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) * values, string: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) +* variable assignments and input files: Other Arguments. (line 19) * variable typing: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) * variables <1>: Basic Data Typing. (line 6) @@ -31977,7 +32988,7 @@ Index * variables, assigning on command line: Assignment Options. (line 6) * variables, built-in <1>: Built-in Variables. (line 6) * variables, built-in: Using Variables. (line 20) -* variables, built-in, -v option, setting with: Options. (line 54) +* variables, built-in, -v option, setting with: Options. (line 40) * variables, built-in, conveying information: Auto-set. (line 6) * variables, flag: Boolean Ops. (line 67) * variables, getline command into, using <1>: Getline/Variable/Coprocess. @@ -31988,12 +32999,12 @@ Index (line 6) * variables, getline command into, using: Getline/Variable. (line 6) * variables, global, for library functions: Library Names. (line 11) -* variables, global, printing list of: Options. (line 107) +* variables, global, printing list of: Options. (line 93) * variables, initializing: Using Variables. (line 20) -* variables, local: Variable Scope. (line 6) +* variables, local to a function: Variable Scope. (line 6) * variables, names of: Arrays. (line 18) * variables, private: Library Names. (line 11) -* variables, setting: Options. (line 46) +* variables, setting: Options. (line 32) * variables, shadowing: Definition Syntax. (line 61) * variables, types of: Assignment Ops. (line 40) * variables, types of, comparison expressions and: Typing and Comparison. @@ -32001,9 +33012,13 @@ Index * variables, uninitialized, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 6) * variables, user-defined: Variables. (line 6) +* version of gawk: Auto-set. (line 213) +* version of gawk extension API: Auto-set. (line 238) +* version of GNU MP library: Auto-set. (line 224) +* version of GNU MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 220) * vertical bar (|): Regexp Operators. (line 69) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 65) -* vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O): Getline/Pipe. (line 10) +* vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O): Getline/Pipe. (line 9) * vertical bar (|), |& operator (I/O) <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 44) * vertical bar (|), |& operator (I/O) <2>: Precedence. (line 65) * vertical bar (|), |& operator (I/O): Getline/Coprocess. (line 6) @@ -32012,31 +33027,32 @@ Index * Vinschen, Corinna: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * w debugger command (alias for watch): Viewing And Changing Data. (line 67) -* w utility: Constant Size. (line 22) -* wait extension function: Extension Sample Fork. +* w utility: Constant Size. (line 23) +* wait() extension function: Extension Sample Fork. (line 22) -* waitpid extension function: Extension Sample Fork. +* waitpid() extension function: Extension Sample Fork. (line 18) * walk_array() user-defined function: Walking Arrays. (line 14) * Wall, Larry <1>: Future Extensions. (line 6) * Wall, Larry: Array Intro. (line 6) -* Wallin, Anders: Acknowledgments. (line 60) +* Wallin, Anders: Contributors. (line 103) * warnings, issuing: Options. (line 182) * watch debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 67) +* watchpoint: Debugging Terms. (line 42) * wc utility: Wc Program. (line 6) * wc.awk program: Wc Program. (line 46) -* Weinberger, Peter <1>: Contributors. (line 12) +* Weinberger, Peter <1>: Contributors. (line 11) * Weinberger, Peter: History. (line 17) -* while statement <1>: While Statement. (line 6) -* while statement: Regexp Usage. (line 19) +* while statement: While Statement. (line 6) +* while statement, use of regexps in: Regexp Usage. (line 19) * whitespace, as field separators: Default Field Splitting. (line 6) * whitespace, functions, calling: Calling Built-in. (line 10) * whitespace, newlines as: Options. (line 253) -* Williams, Kent: Contributors. (line 35) -* Woehlke, Matthew: Contributors. (line 80) -* Woods, John: Contributors. (line 28) +* Williams, Kent: Contributors. (line 34) +* Woehlke, Matthew: Contributors. (line 79) +* Woods, John: Contributors. (line 27) * word boundaries, matching: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 38) * word, regexp definition of: GNU Regexp Operators. @@ -32047,25 +33063,25 @@ Index * words, counting: Wc Program. (line 6) * words, duplicate, searching for: Dupword Program. (line 6) * words, usage counts, generating: Word Sorting. (line 6) -* writea extension function: Extension Sample Read write array. +* writea() extension function: Extension Sample Read write array. (line 9) * xgettext utility: String Extraction. (line 13) +* xor: Bitwise Functions. (line 55) * XOR bitwise operation: Bitwise Functions. (line 6) -* xor() function (gawk): Bitwise Functions. (line 55) -* Yawitz, Efraim: Contributors. (line 119) +* Yawitz, Efraim: Contributors. (line 129) * Zaretskii, Eli <1>: Bugs. (line 70) -* Zaretskii, Eli <2>: Contributors. (line 56) +* Zaretskii, Eli <2>: Contributors. (line 55) * Zaretskii, Eli: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * zero, negative vs. positive: Unexpected Results. (line 34) * zerofile.awk program: Empty Files. (line 21) -* Zoulas, Christos: Contributors. (line 67) -* {} (braces): Profiling. (line 134) +* Zoulas, Christos: Contributors. (line 66) +* {} (braces): Profiling. (line 142) * {} (braces), actions and: Action Overview. (line 19) * {} (braces), statements, grouping: Statements. (line 10) * | (vertical bar): Regexp Operators. (line 69) * | (vertical bar), | operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * | (vertical bar), | operator (I/O) <2>: Redirection. (line 57) -* | (vertical bar), | operator (I/O): Getline/Pipe. (line 10) +* | (vertical bar), | operator (I/O): Getline/Pipe. (line 9) * | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O) <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 44) * | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O) <2>: Precedence. (line 65) * | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O) <3>: Redirection. (line 102) @@ -32086,521 +33102,530 @@ Index Tag Table: -Node: Top1360 -Node: Foreword40338 -Node: Preface44683 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-147736 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-247832 -Node: History48064 -Node: Names50438 -Ref: Names-Footnote-151915 -Node: This Manual51987 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-157761 -Node: Conventions57861 -Node: Manual History60013 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-163461 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-263502 -Node: How To Contribute63576 -Node: Acknowledgments64720 -Node: Getting Started68929 -Node: Running gawk71308 -Node: One-shot72494 -Node: Read Terminal73719 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-175369 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-275645 -Node: Long75816 -Node: Executable Scripts77192 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-179025 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-279127 -Node: Comments79674 -Node: Quoting82141 -Node: DOS Quoting86764 -Node: Sample Data Files87439 -Node: Very Simple90471 -Node: Two Rules95070 -Node: More Complex97217 -Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1100147 -Node: Statements/Lines100232 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1104694 -Node: Other Features104959 -Node: When105887 -Node: Invoking Gawk108034 -Node: Command Line109495 -Node: Options110278 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1125670 -Node: Other Arguments125695 -Node: Naming Standard Input128353 -Node: Environment Variables129447 -Node: AWKPATH Variable130005 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1132763 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable133023 -Node: Other Environment Variables133741 -Node: Exit Status136236 -Node: Include Files136911 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries140480 -Node: Obsolete141844 -Node: Undocumented142541 -Node: Regexp142784 -Node: Regexp Usage144173 -Node: Escape Sequences146199 -Node: Regexp Operators151868 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1159248 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2159395 -Node: Bracket Expressions159493 -Ref: table-char-classes161383 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators163906 -Node: Case-sensitivity167629 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1170597 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2170832 -Node: Leftmost Longest170940 -Node: Computed Regexps172141 -Node: Reading Files175478 -Node: Records177481 -Ref: Records-Footnote-1186370 -Node: Fields186407 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1189440 -Node: Nonconstant Fields189526 -Node: Changing Fields191728 -Node: Field Separators197687 -Node: Default Field Splitting200316 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting201433 -Node: Single Character Fields204775 -Node: Command Line Field Separator205834 -Node: Field Splitting Summary209275 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1212386 -Node: Constant Size212487 -Node: Splitting By Content217071 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1220797 -Node: Multiple Line220837 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1226684 -Node: Getline226863 -Node: Plain Getline229079 -Node: Getline/Variable231174 -Node: Getline/File232321 -Node: Getline/Variable/File233662 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1235261 -Node: Getline/Pipe235348 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe238048 -Node: Getline/Coprocess239155 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess240407 -Node: Getline Notes241144 -Node: Getline Summary243931 -Ref: table-getline-variants244339 -Node: Read Timeout245251 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1248992 -Node: Command line directories249049 -Node: Printing249679 -Node: Print251310 -Node: Print Examples252647 -Node: Output Separators255431 -Node: OFMT257191 -Node: Printf258549 -Node: Basic Printf259455 -Node: Control Letters260994 -Node: Format Modifiers264806 -Node: Printf Examples270815 -Node: Redirection273530 -Node: Special Files280495 -Node: Special FD281028 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1284653 -Node: Special Network284727 -Node: Special Caveats285577 -Node: Close Files And Pipes286373 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1293356 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2293504 -Node: Expressions293654 -Node: Values294786 -Node: Constants295462 -Node: Scalar Constants296142 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1297001 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers297183 -Node: Regexp Constants300183 -Node: Using Constant Regexps300658 -Node: Variables303713 -Node: Using Variables304368 -Node: Assignment Options306092 -Node: Conversion307964 -Ref: table-locale-affects313464 -Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1314088 -Node: All Operators314197 -Node: Arithmetic Ops314827 -Node: Concatenation317332 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1320125 -Node: Assignment Ops320245 -Ref: table-assign-ops325233 -Node: Increment Ops326564 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions329999 -Node: Truth Values331082 -Node: Typing and Comparison332131 -Node: Variable Typing332920 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1336817 -Node: Comparison Operators336939 -Ref: table-relational-ops337349 -Node: POSIX String Comparison340898 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1341854 -Node: Boolean Ops341992 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1346070 -Node: Conditional Exp346161 -Node: Function Calls347893 -Node: Precedence351487 -Node: Locales355156 -Node: Patterns and Actions356245 -Node: Pattern Overview357299 -Node: Regexp Patterns358968 -Node: Expression Patterns359511 -Node: Ranges363196 -Node: BEGIN/END366162 -Node: Using BEGIN/END366924 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1369655 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END369761 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE372043 -Node: Empty374957 -Node: Using Shell Variables375273 -Node: Action Overview377558 -Node: Statements379915 -Node: If Statement381769 -Node: While Statement383268 -Node: Do Statement385312 -Node: For Statement386468 -Node: Switch Statement389620 -Node: Break Statement391717 -Node: Continue Statement393707 -Node: Next Statement395500 -Node: Nextfile Statement397890 -Node: Exit Statement400533 -Node: Built-in Variables402949 -Node: User-modified404044 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1412404 -Node: Auto-set412466 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1425544 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2425749 -Node: ARGC and ARGV425805 -Node: Arrays429656 -Node: Array Basics431161 -Node: Array Intro431987 -Node: Reference to Elements436305 -Node: Assigning Elements438575 -Node: Array Example439066 -Node: Scanning an Array440798 -Node: Controlling Scanning443112 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1448035 -Node: Delete448351 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1451116 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts451173 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts453356 -Node: Multi-dimensional454984 -Node: Multi-scanning458078 -Node: Arrays of Arrays459669 -Node: Functions464310 -Node: Built-in465129 -Node: Calling Built-in466207 -Node: Numeric Functions468195 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1472027 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2472384 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3472432 -Node: String Functions472701 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1496259 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2496388 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3496636 -Node: Gory Details496723 -Ref: table-sub-escapes498402 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92499756 -Ref: table-sub-proposed501107 -Ref: table-posix-sub502461 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes504006 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1505182 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2505233 -Node: I/O Functions505384 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1512369 -Node: Time Functions512516 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1523449 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2523517 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3523675 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4523786 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5523898 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6524125 -Node: Bitwise Functions524391 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops524949 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1529170 -Node: Type Functions529354 -Node: I18N Functions530505 -Node: User-defined532132 -Node: Definition Syntax532936 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1537846 -Node: Function Example537915 -Node: Function Caveats540509 -Node: Calling A Function540930 -Node: Variable Scope542045 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference545008 -Node: Return Statement548516 -Node: Dynamic Typing551497 -Node: Indirect Calls552428 -Node: Library Functions562113 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1565626 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2565769 -Node: Library Names565940 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1569411 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2569631 -Node: General Functions569717 -Node: Strtonum Function570670 -Node: Assert Function573600 -Node: Round Function576926 -Node: Cliff Random Function578469 -Node: Ordinal Functions579485 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1582555 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2582807 -Node: Join Function583016 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1584787 -Node: Getlocaltime Function584987 -Node: Data File Management588702 -Node: Filetrans Function589334 -Node: Rewind Function593403 -Node: File Checking594790 -Node: Empty Files595884 -Node: Ignoring Assigns598114 -Node: Getopt Function599667 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1610971 -Node: Passwd Functions611174 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1620149 -Node: Group Functions620237 -Node: Walking Arrays628321 -Node: Sample Programs630458 -Node: Running Examples631132 -Node: Clones631860 -Node: Cut Program633084 -Node: Egrep Program642929 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1650702 -Node: Id Program650812 -Node: Split Program654428 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1657947 -Node: Tee Program658075 -Node: Uniq Program660878 -Node: Wc Program668307 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1672573 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2672773 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs672865 -Node: Dupword Program674053 -Node: Alarm Program676084 -Node: Translate Program680833 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1685220 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2685448 -Node: Labels Program685582 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1688953 -Node: Word Sorting689037 -Node: History Sorting692921 -Node: Extract Program694760 -Ref: Extract Program-Footnote-1702261 -Node: Simple Sed702389 -Node: Igawk Program705451 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1720608 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2720809 -Node: Anagram Program720947 -Node: Signature Program724015 -Node: Advanced Features725115 -Node: Nondecimal Data726997 -Node: Array Sorting728580 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal729277 -Node: Array Sorting Functions737515 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1741189 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-2741282 -Node: Two-way I/O741476 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1746908 -Node: TCP/IP Networking746978 -Node: Profiling749822 -Node: Internationalization757319 -Node: I18N and L10N758744 -Node: Explaining gettext759430 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1764498 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2764682 -Node: Programmer i18n764847 -Node: Translator i18n769049 -Node: String Extraction769842 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1770803 -Node: Printf Ordering770889 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1773673 -Node: I18N Portability773737 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1776186 -Node: I18N Example776249 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1778887 -Node: Gawk I18N778959 -Node: Debugger779580 -Node: Debugging780551 -Node: Debugging Concepts780984 -Node: Debugging Terms782840 -Node: Awk Debugging785437 -Node: Sample Debugging Session786329 -Node: Debugger Invocation786849 -Node: Finding The Bug788181 -Node: List of Debugger Commands794669 -Node: Breakpoint Control796003 -Node: Debugger Execution Control799667 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data803027 -Node: Execution Stack806383 -Node: Debugger Info807850 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands811832 -Node: Readline Support817008 -Node: Limitations817839 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic820091 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1821742 -Node: General Arithmetic821890 -Node: Floating Point Issues823610 -Node: String Conversion Precision824491 -Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1826197 -Node: Unexpected Results826306 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems828459 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1832284 -Node: Integer Programming832322 -Node: Floating-point Programming834061 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1840392 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2840662 -Node: Floating-point Representation840926 -Node: Floating-point Context842091 -Ref: table-ieee-formats842930 -Node: Rounding Mode844314 -Ref: table-rounding-modes844793 -Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1847808 -Node: Gawk and MPFR847987 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats849242 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1851685 -Node: Setting Precision852001 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings852687 -Node: Setting Rounding Mode854832 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes855236 -Node: Floating-point Constants856423 -Node: Changing Precision857852 -Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1859252 -Node: Exact Arithmetic859426 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers862564 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1865582 -Node: Dynamic Extensions865729 -Node: Extension Intro867187 -Node: Plugin License868452 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline869137 -Ref: load-extension869554 -Ref: load-new-function871032 -Ref: call-new-function872027 -Node: Extension API Description874042 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction875255 -Node: General Data Types880121 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1885723 -Node: Requesting Values886022 -Ref: table-value-types-returned886753 -Node: Constructor Functions887707 -Node: Registration Functions890727 -Node: Extension Functions891412 -Node: Exit Callback Functions893637 -Node: Extension Version String894886 -Node: Input 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Printing251081 +Node: Print252712 +Node: Print Examples254049 +Node: Output Separators256833 +Node: OFMT258849 +Node: Printf260207 +Node: Basic Printf261113 +Node: Control Letters262652 +Node: Format Modifiers266464 +Node: Printf Examples272473 +Node: Redirection275185 +Node: Special Files282159 +Node: Special FD282692 +Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1286317 +Node: Special Network286391 +Node: Special Caveats287241 +Node: Close Files And Pipes288037 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1295020 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2295168 +Node: Expressions295318 +Node: Values296450 +Node: Constants297126 +Node: Scalar Constants297806 +Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1298665 +Node: Nondecimal-numbers298847 +Node: Regexp Constants301847 +Node: Using Constant Regexps302322 +Node: Variables305377 +Node: Using Variables306032 +Node: Assignment Options307756 +Node: Conversion309631 +Ref: table-locale-affects315131 +Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1315755 +Node: All Operators315864 +Node: Arithmetic 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