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Diffstat (limited to 'doc/gawk.info')
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gawk.info | 1212 |
1 files changed, 642 insertions, 570 deletions
diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 6cddc1ba..90ae5848 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -246,6 +246,7 @@ entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". * Special Caveats:: Things to watch out for. * Close Files And Pipes:: Closing Input and Output Files and Pipes. +* Nonfatal:: Enabling Nonfatal Output. * Output Summary:: Output summary. * Output Exercises:: Exercises. * Values:: Constants, Variables, and Regular @@ -3013,7 +3014,8 @@ used by regular users: `GAWK_SOCK_RETRIES' Controls the number of times `gawk' attempts to retry a two-way TCP/IP (socket) connection before giving up. *Note TCP/IP - Networking::. + Networking::. Note that when nonfatal I/O is enabled (*note + Nonfatal::), `gawk' only tries to open a TCP/IP socket once. `POSIXLY_CORRECT' Causes `gawk' to switch to POSIX-compatibility mode, disabling all @@ -5098,9 +5100,9 @@ the built-in variable `FIELDWIDTHS'. Each number specifies the width of the field, _including_ columns between fields. If you want to ignore the columns between fields, you can specify the width as a separate field that is subsequently ignored. It is a fatal error to -supply a field width that is not a positive number. The following data -is the output of the Unix `w' utility. It is useful to illustrate the -use of `FIELDWIDTHS': +supply a field width that has a negative value. The following data is +the output of the Unix `w' utility. It is useful to illustrate the use +of `FIELDWIDTHS': 10:06pm up 21 days, 14:04, 23 users User tty login idle JCPU PCPU what @@ -6128,6 +6130,7 @@ function. `gawk' allows access to inherited file descriptors. * Close Files And Pipes:: Closing Input and Output Files and Pipes. +* Nonfatal:: Enabling Nonfatal Output. * Output Summary:: Output summary. * Output Exercises:: Exercises. @@ -7041,7 +7044,7 @@ that `gawk' provides: behavior. -File: gawk.info, Node: Close Files And Pipes, Next: Output Summary, Prev: Special Files, Up: Printing +File: gawk.info, Node: Close Files And Pipes, Next: Nonfatal, Prev: Special Files, Up: Printing 5.9 Closing Input and Output Redirections ========================================= @@ -7210,9 +7213,68 @@ call. See the system manual pages for information on how to decode this value. -File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Next: Output Exercises, Prev: Close Files And Pipes, Up: Printing +File: gawk.info, Node: Nonfatal, Next: Output Summary, Prev: Close Files And Pipes, Up: Printing -5.10 Summary +5.10 Enabling Nonfatal Output +============================= + +This minor node describes a `gawk'-specific feature. + + In standard `awk', output with `print' or `printf' to a nonexistent +file, or some other I/O error (such as filling up the disk) is a fatal +error. + + $ gawk 'BEGIN { print "hi" > "/no/such/file" }' + error--> gawk: cmd. line:1: fatal: can't redirect to `/no/such/file' (No such file or directory) + + `gawk' makes it possible to detect that an error has occurred, +allowing you to possibly recover from the error, or at least print an +error message of your choosing before exiting. You can do this in one +of two ways: + + * For all output files, by assigning any value to + `PROCINFO["NONFATAL"]'. + + * On a per-file basis, by assigning any value to `PROCINFO[FILENAME, + "NONFATAL"]'. Here, FILENAME is the name of the file to which you + wish output to be nonfatal. + + Once you have enabled nonfatal output, you must check `ERRNO' after +every relevant `print' or `printf' statement to see if something went +wrong. It is also a good idea to initialize `ERRNO' to zero before +attempting the output. For example: + + $ gawk ' + > BEGIN { + > PROCINFO["NONFATAL"] = 1 + > ERRNO = 0 + > print "hi" > "/no/such/file" + > if (ERRNO) { + > print("Output failed:", ERRNO) > "/dev/stderr" + > exit 1 + > } + > }' + error--> Output failed: No such file or directory + + Here, `gawk' did not produce a fatal error; instead it let the `awk' +program code detect the problem and handle it. + + This mechanism works also for standard output and standard error. +For standard output, you may use `PROCINFO["-", "NONFATAL"]' or +`PROCINFO["/dev/stdout", "NONFATAL"]'. For standard error, use +`PROCINFO["/dev/stderr", "NONFATAL"]'. + + When attempting to open a TCP/IP socket (*note TCP/IP Networking::), +`gawk' tries multiple times. The `GAWK_SOCK_RETRIES' environment +variable (*note Other Environment Variables::) allows you to override +`gawk''s builtin default number of attempts. However, once nonfatal +I/O is enabled for a given socket, `gawk' only retries once, relying on +`awk'-level code to notice that there was a problem. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Next: Output Exercises, Prev: Nonfatal, Up: Printing + +5.11 Summary ============ * The `print' statement prints comma-separated expressions. Each @@ -7234,11 +7296,16 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Next: Output Exercises, Prev: Close Fi For coprocesses, it is possible to close only one direction of the communications. + * Normally errors with `print' or `printf' are fatal. `gawk' lets + you make output errors be nonfatal either for all files or on a + per-file basis. You must then check for errors after every + relevant output statement. + File: gawk.info, Node: Output Exercises, Prev: Output Summary, Up: Printing -5.11 Exercises +5.12 Exercises ============== 1. Rewrite the program: @@ -10866,7 +10933,7 @@ be used as an array index. including a specification of how many elements or components they contain. In such languages, the declaration causes a contiguous block of memory to be allocated for that many elements. Usually, an index in -the array must be a positive integer. For example, the index zero +the array must be a nonnegative integer. For example, the index zero specifies the first element in the array, which is actually stored at the beginning of the block of memory. Index one specifies the second element, which is stored in memory right after the first element, and @@ -10921,8 +10988,8 @@ It has elements 0-3 and 10, but doesn't have elements 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9. Another consequence of associative arrays is that the indices don't -have to be positive integers. Any number, or even a string, can be an -index. For example, the following is an array that translates words +have to be nonnegative integers. Any number, or even a string, can be +an index. For example, the following is an array that translates words from English to French: Index Value @@ -11093,7 +11160,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Scanning an Array, Next: Controlling Scanning, Prev: A In programs that use arrays, it is often necessary to use a loop that executes once for each element of an array. In other languages, where -arrays are contiguous and indices are limited to positive integers, +arrays are contiguous and indices are limited to nonnegative integers, this is easy: all the valid indices can be found by counting from the lowest index up to the highest. This technique won't do the job in `awk', because any number or string can be an array index. So `awk' @@ -12029,7 +12096,7 @@ numbers. (2) `mawk' uses a different seed each time. (3) Computer-generated random numbers really are not truly random. -They are technically known as "pseudorandom." This means that although +They are technically known as "pseudorandom". This means that although the numbers in a sequence appear to be random, you can in fact generate the same sequence of random numbers over and over again. @@ -21836,8 +21903,7 @@ Integer arithmetic In computers, integer values come in two flavors: "signed" and "unsigned". Signed values may be negative or positive, whereas - unsigned values are always positive (i.e., greater than or equal - to zero). + unsigned values are always greater than or equal to zero. In computer systems, integer arithmetic is exact, but the possible range of values is limited. Integer arithmetic is generally @@ -26479,6 +26545,9 @@ the current version of `gawk'. - Directories on the command line produce a warning and are skipped (*note Command-line directories::) + - Output with `print' and `printf' need not be fatal (*note + Nonfatal::) + * New keywords: - The `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE' special patterns (*note @@ -26994,6 +27063,8 @@ in POSIX `awk', in the order they were added to `gawk'. * The maximum number of hexdecimal digits in `\x' escapes is now two. *Note Escape Sequences::. + * Nonfatal output with `print' and `printf'. *Note Nonfatal::. + * Support for MirBSD was removed. @@ -34667,560 +34738,561 @@ Index Tag Table: Node: Top1204 -Node: Foreword342225 -Node: Foreword446669 -Node: Preface48200 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-151071 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-251178 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-351411 -Node: History51553 -Node: Names53904 -Ref: Names-Footnote-154998 -Node: This Manual55144 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-161644 -Node: Conventions61744 -Node: Manual History64081 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-167074 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-267115 -Node: How To Contribute67189 -Node: Acknowledgments68318 -Node: Getting Started73184 -Node: Running gawk75623 -Node: One-shot76813 -Node: Read Terminal78077 -Node: Long80108 -Node: Executable Scripts81621 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-184410 -Node: Comments84513 -Node: Quoting86995 -Node: DOS Quoting92513 -Node: Sample Data Files93188 -Node: Very Simple95783 -Node: Two Rules100682 -Node: More Complex102568 -Node: Statements/Lines105430 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1109885 -Node: Other Features110150 -Node: When111086 -Ref: When-Footnote-1112840 -Node: Intro Summary112905 -Node: Invoking Gawk113789 -Node: Command Line115303 -Node: Options116101 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1131896 -Ref: Options-Footnote-2132125 -Node: Other Arguments132150 -Node: Naming Standard Input135098 -Node: Environment Variables136191 -Node: AWKPATH Variable136749 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1140156 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2140201 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable140461 -Node: Other Environment Variables141717 -Node: Exit Status145235 -Node: Include Files145911 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries149500 -Node: Obsolete150927 -Node: Undocumented151619 -Node: Invoking Summary151886 -Node: Regexp153549 -Node: Regexp Usage155003 -Node: Escape Sequences157040 -Node: Regexp Operators163269 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1170679 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2170826 -Node: Bracket Expressions170924 -Ref: table-char-classes172939 -Node: Leftmost Longest175881 -Node: Computed Regexps177183 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators180612 -Node: Case-sensitivity184284 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1187169 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2187404 -Node: Regexp Summary187512 -Node: Reading Files188979 -Node: Records191072 -Node: awk split records191805 -Node: gawk split records196734 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1201273 -Node: Fields201310 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1204088 -Node: Nonconstant Fields204174 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1206412 -Node: Changing Fields206615 -Node: Field Separators212546 -Node: Default Field Splitting215250 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting216367 -Node: Single Character Fields219717 -Node: Command Line Field Separator220776 -Node: Full Line Fields223993 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1225514 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2225560 -Node: Field Splitting Summary225661 -Node: Constant Size227735 -Node: Splitting By Content232318 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1236283 -Node: Multiple Line236446 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1242327 -Node: Getline242506 -Node: Plain Getline244713 -Node: Getline/Variable247353 -Node: Getline/File248502 -Node: Getline/Variable/File249887 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1251490 -Node: Getline/Pipe251577 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe254255 -Node: Getline/Coprocess255386 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess256650 -Node: Getline Notes257389 -Node: Getline Summary260183 -Ref: table-getline-variants260595 -Node: Read Timeout261424 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1265261 -Node: Command-line directories265319 -Node: Input Summary266224 -Node: Input Exercises269609 -Node: Printing270337 -Node: Print272114 -Node: Print Examples273571 -Node: Output Separators276350 -Node: OFMT278368 -Node: Printf279723 -Node: Basic Printf280508 -Node: Control Letters282080 -Node: Format Modifiers286065 -Node: Printf Examples292071 -Node: Redirection294557 -Node: Special FD301395 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1304561 -Node: Special Files304635 -Node: Other Inherited Files305252 -Node: Special Network306252 -Node: Special Caveats307114 -Node: Close Files And Pipes308063 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1315254 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2315402 -Node: Output Summary315552 -Node: Output Exercises316550 -Node: Expressions317230 -Node: Values318419 -Node: Constants319096 -Node: Scalar Constants319787 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1320649 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers320899 -Node: Regexp Constants323909 -Node: Using Constant Regexps324435 -Node: Variables327598 -Node: Using Variables328255 -Node: Assignment Options330166 -Node: Conversion332041 -Node: Strings And Numbers332565 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1335630 -Node: Locale influences conversions335739 -Ref: table-locale-affects338485 -Node: All Operators339077 -Node: Arithmetic Ops339706 -Node: Concatenation342211 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1345030 -Node: Assignment Ops345137 -Ref: table-assign-ops350116 -Node: Increment Ops351426 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions354857 -Node: Truth Values355940 -Node: Typing and Comparison356989 -Node: Variable Typing357805 -Node: Comparison Operators361472 -Ref: table-relational-ops361882 -Node: POSIX String Comparison365377 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1366449 -Node: Boolean Ops366588 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1371066 -Node: Conditional Exp371157 -Node: Function Calls372895 -Node: Precedence376775 -Node: Locales380435 -Node: Expressions Summary382067 -Node: Patterns and Actions384638 -Node: Pattern Overview385758 -Node: Regexp Patterns387437 -Node: Expression Patterns387980 -Node: Ranges391760 -Node: BEGIN/END394867 -Node: Using BEGIN/END395628 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1398364 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END398470 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE400785 -Node: Empty403682 -Node: Using Shell Variables403999 -Node: Action Overview406272 -Node: Statements408598 -Node: If Statement410446 -Node: While Statement411941 -Node: Do Statement413969 -Node: For Statement415117 -Node: Switch Statement418275 -Node: Break Statement420657 -Node: Continue Statement422750 -Node: Next Statement424577 -Node: Nextfile Statement426958 -Node: Exit Statement429586 -Node: Built-in Variables431997 -Node: User-modified433130 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1440764 -Node: Auto-set440826 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1454535 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2454740 -Node: ARGC and ARGV454796 -Node: Pattern Action Summary459014 -Node: Arrays461447 -Node: Array Basics462776 -Node: Array Intro463620 -Ref: figure-array-elements465554 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1468174 -Node: Reference to Elements468302 -Node: Assigning Elements470764 -Node: Array Example471255 -Node: Scanning an Array473014 -Node: Controlling Scanning476034 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1481428 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts481744 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts483929 -Node: Delete485546 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1488295 -Node: Multidimensional488352 -Node: Multiscanning491449 -Node: Arrays of Arrays493038 -Node: Arrays Summary497792 -Node: Functions499883 -Node: Built-in500922 -Node: Calling Built-in502000 -Node: Numeric Functions503995 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1508813 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2509170 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3509218 -Node: String Functions509490 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1532991 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2533120 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3533368 -Node: Gory Details533455 -Ref: table-sub-escapes535236 -Ref: table-sub-proposed536751 -Ref: table-posix-sub538113 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes539650 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1540483 -Node: I/O Functions540634 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1547870 -Node: Time Functions548017 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1558526 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2558594 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3558752 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4558863 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5558975 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6559202 -Node: Bitwise Functions559468 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops560030 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1564358 -Node: Type Functions564530 -Node: I18N Functions565682 -Node: User-defined567329 -Node: Definition Syntax568134 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1573793 -Node: Function Example573864 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1576785 -Node: Function Caveats576807 -Node: Calling A Function577325 -Node: Variable Scope578283 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference581276 -Node: Return Statement584773 -Node: Dynamic Typing587752 -Node: Indirect Calls588681 -Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1598546 -Node: Functions Summary598674 -Node: Library Functions601376 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1604984 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2605127 -Node: Library Names605298 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1608756 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2608979 -Node: General Functions609065 -Node: Strtonum Function610168 -Node: Assert Function613190 -Node: Round Function616514 -Node: Cliff Random Function618055 -Node: Ordinal Functions619071 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1622134 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2622386 -Node: Join Function622597 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1624367 -Node: Getlocaltime Function624567 -Node: Readfile Function628311 -Node: Shell Quoting630283 -Node: Data File Management631684 -Node: Filetrans Function632316 -Node: Rewind Function636412 -Node: File Checking637798 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1639131 -Node: Empty Files639332 -Node: Ignoring Assigns641311 -Node: Getopt Function642861 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1654325 -Node: Passwd Functions654525 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1663365 -Node: Group Functions663453 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1671350 -Node: Walking Arrays671555 -Node: Library Functions Summary674561 -Node: Library Exercises675963 -Node: Sample Programs677243 -Node: Running Examples678013 -Node: Clones678741 -Node: Cut Program679965 -Node: Egrep Program689685 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1697188 -Node: Id Program697298 -Node: Split Program700974 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1704428 -Node: Tee Program704556 -Node: Uniq Program707345 -Node: Wc Program714764 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1719014 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs719108 -Node: Dupword Program720321 -Node: Alarm Program722352 -Node: Translate Program727157 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1731720 -Node: Labels Program731990 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1735341 -Node: Word Sorting735425 -Node: History Sorting739495 -Node: Extract Program741330 -Node: Simple Sed748854 -Node: Igawk Program751924 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1766250 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2766451 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3766573 -Node: Anagram Program766688 -Node: Signature Program769749 -Node: Programs Summary770996 -Node: Programs Exercises772217 -Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1776348 -Node: Advanced Features776439 -Node: Nondecimal Data778421 -Node: Array Sorting780011 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal780711 -Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1789077 -Node: Array Sorting Functions789195 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1793081 -Node: Two-way I/O793277 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1798222 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2798408 -Node: TCP/IP Networking798490 -Node: Profiling801362 -Node: Advanced Features Summary809633 -Node: Internationalization811566 -Node: I18N and L10N813046 -Node: Explaining gettext813732 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1818757 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2818941 -Node: Programmer i18n819106 -Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1823982 -Node: Translator i18n824031 -Node: String Extraction824825 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1825956 -Node: Printf Ordering826042 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1828828 -Node: I18N Portability828892 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1831348 -Node: I18N Example831411 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1834214 -Node: Gawk I18N834286 -Node: I18N Summary834930 -Node: Debugger836270 -Node: Debugging837292 -Node: Debugging Concepts837733 -Node: Debugging Terms839543 -Node: Awk Debugging842115 -Node: Sample Debugging Session843021 -Node: Debugger Invocation843555 -Node: Finding The Bug844940 -Node: List of Debugger Commands851419 -Node: Breakpoint Control852751 -Node: Debugger Execution Control856428 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data859787 -Node: Execution Stack863163 -Node: Debugger Info864798 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands868843 -Node: Readline Support873844 -Node: Limitations874738 -Node: Debugging Summary876853 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic878027 -Node: Computer Arithmetic879443 -Ref: table-numeric-ranges883042 -Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1883566 -Node: Math Definitions883623 -Ref: table-ieee-formats886918 -Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1887522 -Node: MPFR features887627 -Node: FP Math Caution889298 -Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1890348 -Node: Inexactness of computations890717 -Node: Inexact representation891676 -Node: Comparing FP Values893034 -Node: Errors accumulate894116 -Node: Getting Accuracy895548 -Node: Try To Round898252 -Node: Setting precision899151 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings899835 -Node: Setting the rounding mode901664 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes902028 -Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1905480 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers905659 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1910557 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems910706 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1914585 -Node: Floating point summary914623 -Node: Dynamic Extensions916810 -Node: Extension Intro918362 -Node: Plugin License919627 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline920424 -Ref: figure-load-extension920852 -Ref: figure-register-new-function922332 -Ref: figure-call-new-function923336 -Node: Extension API Description925323 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction926773 -Node: General Data Types931594 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1937494 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions937793 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1940632 -Node: Constructor Functions940731 -Node: Registration Functions942470 -Node: Extension Functions943155 -Node: Exit Callback Functions945452 -Node: Extension Version String946700 -Node: Input Parsers947363 -Node: Output Wrappers957238 -Node: Two-way processors961751 -Node: Printing Messages964014 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1965090 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'965242 -Node: Requesting Values965982 -Ref: table-value-types-returned966709 -Node: Accessing Parameters967666 -Node: Symbol Table Access968900 -Node: Symbol table by name969414 -Node: Symbol table by cookie971434 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1975579 -Node: Cached values975642 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1979138 -Node: Array Manipulation979229 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1980327 -Node: Array Data Types980364 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1983019 -Node: Array Functions983111 -Node: Flattening Arrays986970 -Node: Creating Arrays993872 -Node: Extension API Variables998643 -Node: Extension Versioning999279 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables1001170 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate1002235 -Node: Finding Extensions1006044 -Node: Extension Example1006604 -Node: Internal File Description1007376 -Node: Internal File Ops1011443 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11023194 -Node: Using Internal File Ops1023334 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11025717 -Node: Extension Samples1025990 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions1027518 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1035199 -Node: Extension Sample Fork1036687 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace1037902 -Node: Extension Sample Ord1039578 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir1040414 -Ref: table-readdir-file-types1041291 -Node: Extension Sample Revout1042102 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1042691 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array1043431 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile1045371 -Node: Extension Sample Time1046466 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests1047814 -Node: gawkextlib1048305 -Node: Extension summary1050983 -Node: Extension Exercises1054672 -Node: Language History1055394 -Node: V7/SVR3.11057050 -Node: SVR41059203 -Node: POSIX1060637 -Node: BTL1062018 -Node: POSIX/GNU1062749 -Node: Feature History1068494 -Node: Common Extensions1082220 -Node: Ranges and Locales1083592 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11088211 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21088238 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31088473 -Node: Contributors1088694 -Node: History summary1094234 -Node: Installation1095613 -Node: Gawk Distribution1096559 -Node: Getting1097043 -Node: Extracting1097866 -Node: Distribution contents1099503 -Node: Unix Installation1105605 -Node: Quick Installation1106288 -Node: Shell Startup Files1108699 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1109778 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1111582 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1113951 -Node: PC Installation1114409 -Node: PC Binary Installation1115729 -Node: PC Compiling1117577 -Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11120598 -Node: PC Testing1120707 -Node: PC Using1121883 -Node: Cygwin1125998 -Node: MSYS1126768 -Node: VMS Installation1127269 -Node: VMS Compilation1128061 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11129290 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1129348 -Node: VMS Installation Details1131032 -Node: VMS Running1133283 -Node: VMS GNV1136123 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1136858 -Node: Bugs1137328 -Node: Other Versions1141217 -Node: Installation summary1147651 -Node: Notes1148710 -Node: Compatibility Mode1149575 -Node: Additions1150357 -Node: Accessing The Source1151282 -Node: Adding Code1152717 -Node: New Ports1158874 -Node: Derived Files1163356 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11168831 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21168865 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31169461 -Node: Future Extensions1169575 -Node: Implementation Limitations1170181 -Node: Extension Design1171429 -Node: Old Extension Problems1172583 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11174100 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1174157 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11177517 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1177706 -Node: Extension Future Growth1179814 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1180650 -Node: Notes summary1182412 -Node: Basic Concepts1183598 -Node: Basic High Level1184279 -Ref: figure-general-flow1184551 -Ref: figure-process-flow1185150 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11188379 -Node: Basic Data Typing1188564 -Node: Glossary1191892 -Node: Copying1223821 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1261377 -Node: Index1286513 +Node: Foreword342291 +Node: Foreword446735 +Node: Preface48266 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-151137 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-251244 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-351477 +Node: History51619 +Node: Names53970 +Ref: Names-Footnote-155064 +Node: This Manual55210 +Ref: This Manual-Footnote-161710 +Node: Conventions61810 +Node: Manual 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