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diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 45c99146..59bafd46 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -779,14 +779,14 @@ rest of the file alone. Such jobs are often easy with `awk'. The makes it easy to handle simple data-reformatting jobs. The GNU implementation of `awk' is called `gawk'; if you invoke it -with the proper options or environment variables (*note Options::), it -is fully compatible with the POSIX(1) specification of the `awk' -language and with the Unix version of `awk' maintained by Brian -Kernighan. This means that all properly written `awk' programs should -work with `gawk'. So most of the time, we don't distinguish between -`gawk' and other `awk' implementations. +with the proper options or environment variables it is fully compatible +with the POSIX(1) specification of the `awk' language and with the Unix +version of `awk' maintained by Brian Kernighan. This means that all +properly written `awk' programs should work with `gawk'. So most of +the time, we don't distinguish between `gawk' and other `awk' +implementations. - Using `awk' allows you to: + Using `awk' you can: * Manage small, personal databases @@ -878,16 +878,16 @@ V Release 3.1 (1987). The version in System V Release 4 (1989) added some new features and cleaned up the behavior in some of the "dark corners" of the language. The specification for `awk' in the POSIX Command Language and Utilities standard further clarified the language. -Both the `gawk' designers and the original Bell Laboratories `awk' -designers provided feedback for the POSIX specification. +Both the `gawk' designers and the original `awk' designers at Bell +Laboratories provided feedback for the POSIX specification. - Paul Rubin wrote the GNU implementation, `gawk', in 1986. Jay -Fenlason completed it, with advice from Richard Stallman. John Woods -contributed parts of the code as well. In 1988 and 1989, David -Trueman, with help from me, thoroughly reworked `gawk' for compatibility -with the newer `awk'. Circa 1994, I became the primary maintainer. -Current development focuses on bug fixes, performance improvements, -standards compliance and, occasionally, new features. + Paul Rubin wrote `gawk' in 1986. Jay Fenlason completed it, with +advice from Richard Stallman. John Woods contributed parts of the code +as well. In 1988 and 1989, David Trueman, with help from me, +thoroughly reworked `gawk' for compatibility with the newer `awk'. +Circa 1994, I became the primary maintainer. Current development +focuses on bug fixes, performance improvements, standards compliance +and, occasionally, new features. In May of 1997, Ju"rgen Kahrs felt the need for network access from `awk', and with a little help from me, set about adding features to do @@ -900,8 +900,8 @@ the `gawk' distribution). His code finally became part of the main `awk'-level debugger. This version became available as `gawk' version 4.0, in 2011. - *Note Contributors::, for a complete list of those who made -important contributions to `gawk'. + *Note Contributors::, for a full list of those who made important +contributions to `gawk'. File: gawk.info, Node: Names, Next: This Manual, Prev: History, Up: Preface @@ -954,8 +954,8 @@ programming language. in the POSIX standard. It does so in the context of the `gawk' implementation. While doing so, it also attempts to describe important differences between `gawk' and other `awk' implementations.(1) Finally, -any `gawk' features that are not in the POSIX standard for `awk' are -noted. +it notes any `gawk' features that are not in the POSIX standard for +`awk'. There are sidebars scattered throughout the Info file. They add a more complete explanation of points that are relevant, but not likely @@ -1026,18 +1026,18 @@ problems. Part III focuses on features specific to `gawk'. It contains the following chapters: - *note Advanced Features::, describes a number of `gawk'-specific -advanced features. Of particular note are the abilities to have -two-way communications with another process, perform TCP/IP networking, -and profile your `awk' programs. + *note Advanced Features::, describes a number of advanced features. +Of particular note are the abilities to control the order of array +traversal, have two-way communications with another process, perform +TCP/IP networking, and profile your `awk' programs. - *note Internationalization::, describes special features in `gawk' -for translating program messages into different languages at runtime. + *note Internationalization::, describes special features for +translating program messages into different languages at runtime. - *note Debugger::, describes the `awk' debugger. + *note Debugger::, describes the `gawk' debugger. *note Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic::, describes advanced -arithmetic facilities provided by `gawk'. +arithmetic facilities. *note Dynamic Extensions::, describes how to add new variables and functions to `gawk' by writing extensions in C or C++. @@ -1124,8 +1124,8 @@ at all. Descriptions of such features (often called "dark corners") are noted in this Info file with "(d.c.)". They also appear in the index under the heading "dark corner." - As noted by the opening quote, though, any coverage of dark corners -is, by definition, incomplete. + But, as noted by the opening quote, any coverage of dark corners is +by definition incomplete. Extensions to the standard `awk' language that are supported by more than one `awk' implementation are marked "(c.e.)," and listed in the @@ -1165,7 +1165,7 @@ system for Intel, Power Architecture, Sun SPARC, IBM S/390, and other systems.(2) Many GNU/Linux distributions are available for download from the Internet. - The Info file itself has gone through a number of previous editions. + The Info file itself has gone through multiple previous editions. Paul Rubin wrote the very first draft of `The GAWK Manual'; it was around 40 pages in size. Diane Close and Richard Stallman improved it, yielding a version that was around 90 pages long and barely described @@ -1178,17 +1178,16 @@ published the first two editions under the title `The GNU Awk User's Guide'. This edition maintains the basic structure of the previous editions. -For FSF edition 4.0, the content has been thoroughly reviewed and -updated. All references to `gawk' versions prior to 4.0 have been -removed. Of significant note for this edition was *note Debugger::. +For FSF edition 4.0, the content was thoroughly reviewed and updated. +All references to `gawk' versions prior to 4.0 were removed. Of +significant note for that edition was *note Debugger::. For FSF edition 4.1, the content has been reorganized into parts, and the major new additions are *note Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic::, and *note Dynamic Extensions::. - This Info file will undoubtedly continue to evolve. An electronic -version comes with the `gawk' distribution from the FSF. If you find -an error in this Info file, please report it! *Note Bugs::, for + This Info file will undoubtedly continue to evolve. If you find an +error in this Info file, please report it! *Note Bugs::, for information on submitting problem reports electronically. ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -1293,12 +1292,14 @@ Michal Jaegermann, Ju"rgen Kahrs, Stepan Kasal, John Malmberg, Dave Pitts, Chet Ramey, Pat Rankin, Andrew Schorr, Corinna Vinschen, and Eli Zaretskii (in alphabetical order) make up the current `gawk' "crack portability team." Without their hard work and help, `gawk' would not -be nearly the fine program it is today. It has been and continues to -be a pleasure working with this team of fine people. +be nearly the robust, portable program it is today. It has been and +continues to be a pleasure working with this team of fine people. Notable code and documentation contributions were made by a number of people. *Note Contributors::, for the full list. + Thanks to Michael Brennan for the Foreword. + Thanks to Patrice Dumas for the new `makeinfo' program. Thanks to Karl Berry who continues to work to keep the Texinfo markup language sane. @@ -3556,7 +3557,7 @@ sequences and that are not listed in the following stand for themselves: To cause `*' to apply to a larger sub-expression, use parentheses: `(ph)*' matches `ph', `phph', `phphph' and so on. - Second, `*' finds as many repetititons as possible. If the text to + Second, `*' finds as many repetitions as possible. If the text to be matched is `phhhhhhhhhhhhhhooey', `ph*' matches all of the `h's. `+' @@ -18912,7 +18913,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Programs Exercises, Prev: Programs Summary, Up: Sample ============== 1. Rewrite `cut.awk' (*note Cut Program::) using `split()' with `""' - as the seperator. + as the separator. 2. In *note Egrep Program::, we mentioned that `egrep -i' could be simulated in versions of `awk' without `IGNORECASE' by using @@ -18936,7 +18937,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Programs Exercises, Prev: Programs Summary, Up: Sample that can be in one of a set number of stable conditions depending on its previous condition and on the present values of its inputs."(1) Brian Kernighan suggests that "an alternative approach - to state mechines is to just read the input into an array, then + to state machines is to just read the input into an array, then use indexing. It's almost always easier code, and for most inputs where you would use this, just as fast." Rewrite the logic to follow this suggestion. @@ -21731,7 +21732,7 @@ floating point values occupy 64 bits. Floating point values are always signed. The possible ranges of values are shown in *note table-numeric-ranges::. -Numeric representation Miniumum value Maximum value +Numeric representation Minimum value Maximum value --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32-bit signed integer -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647 32-bit unsigned integer 0 4,294,967,295 @@ -21856,8 +21857,8 @@ paraphrased, and for the examples. File: gawk.info, Node: MPFR features, Next: FP Math Caution, Prev: Math Definitions, Up: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic -15.3 Arbitrary Precison Arithmetic Features In `gawk' -===================================================== +15.3 Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic Features In `gawk' +====================================================== By default, `gawk' uses the double precision floating-point values supplied by the hardware of the system it runs on. However, if it was @@ -28703,9 +28704,9 @@ steps: 6. Be willing to continue to maintain the port. Non-Unix operating systems are supported by volunteers who maintain the code needed - to compile and run `gawk' on their systems. If noone volunteers to - maintain a port, it becomes unsupported and it may be necessary to - remove it from the distribution. + to compile and run `gawk' on their systems. If no-one volunteers + to maintain a port, it becomes unsupported and it may be necessary + to remove it from the distribution. 7. Supply an appropriate `gawkmisc.???' file. Each port has its own `gawkmisc.???' that implements certain operating system specific @@ -31855,7 +31856,7 @@ Index * Brennan, Michael <1>: Other Versions. (line 6) * Brennan, Michael <2>: Simple Sed. (line 25) * Brennan, Michael <3>: Delete. (line 56) -* Brennan, Michael <4>: Acknowledgments. (line 76) +* Brennan, Michael <4>: Acknowledgments. (line 78) * Brennan, Michael: Foreword. (line 83) * Brian Kernighan's awk <1>: I/O Functions. (line 43) * Brian Kernighan's awk <2>: Gory Details. (line 19) @@ -32134,7 +32135,7 @@ Index (line 112) * Davies, Stephen <1>: Contributors. (line 74) * Davies, Stephen: Acknowledgments. (line 60) -* Day, Robert P.J.: Acknowledgments. (line 76) +* Day, Robert P.J.: Acknowledgments. (line 78) * dcgettext <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 19) * dcgettext: I18N Functions. (line 22) * dcgettext() function (gawk), portability and: I18N Portability. @@ -32740,7 +32741,7 @@ Index (line 47) * functions, user-defined, next/nextfile statements and: Next Statement. (line 44) -* G-d: Acknowledgments. (line 92) +* G-d: Acknowledgments. (line 94) * Garfinkle, Scott: Contributors. (line 34) * gawk program, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 179) * gawk version: Auto-set. (line 214) @@ -33066,7 +33067,7 @@ Index * Kernighan, Brian <6>: Library Functions. (line 12) * Kernighan, Brian <7>: Concatenation. (line 6) * Kernighan, Brian <8>: Getline/Pipe. (line 6) -* Kernighan, Brian <9>: Acknowledgments. (line 76) +* Kernighan, Brian <9>: Acknowledgments. (line 78) * Kernighan, Brian <10>: Conventions. (line 38) * Kernighan, Brian: History. (line 17) * kill command, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 188) @@ -33748,11 +33749,11 @@ Index * Robbins, Arnold: Command Line Field Separator. (line 71) * Robbins, Bill: Getline/Pipe. (line 39) -* Robbins, Harry: Acknowledgments. (line 92) -* Robbins, Jean: Acknowledgments. (line 92) +* Robbins, Harry: Acknowledgments. (line 94) +* Robbins, Jean: Acknowledgments. (line 94) * Robbins, Miriam <1>: Passwd Functions. (line 90) * Robbins, Miriam <2>: Getline/Pipe. (line 39) -* Robbins, Miriam: Acknowledgments. (line 92) +* Robbins, Miriam: Acknowledgments. (line 94) * Rommel, Kai Uwe: Contributors. (line 42) * round to nearest integer: Numeric Functions. (line 38) * round() user-defined function: Round Function. (line 16) @@ -34305,555 +34306,555 @@ Tag Table: Node: Top1204 Node: Foreword42103 Node: Preface46450 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-149345 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-249452 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-349685 -Node: History49827 -Node: Names52201 -Ref: Names-Footnote-153295 -Node: This Manual53441 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-159278 -Node: Conventions59378 -Node: Manual History61723 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-164799 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-264840 -Node: How To Contribute64914 -Node: Acknowledgments66153 -Node: Getting Started70901 -Node: Running gawk73335 -Node: One-shot74525 -Node: Read Terminal75750 -Node: Long77777 -Node: Executable Scripts79293 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-182082 -Node: Comments82184 -Node: Quoting84657 -Node: DOS Quoting90167 -Node: Sample Data Files90842 -Node: Very Simple93435 -Node: Two Rules98326 -Node: More Complex100212 -Node: Statements/Lines103074 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1107530 -Node: Other Features107795 -Node: When108726 -Ref: When-Footnote-1110482 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Installation1088287 -Node: Gawk Distribution1089243 -Node: Getting1089727 -Node: Extracting1090551 -Node: Distribution contents1092193 -Node: Unix Installation1097963 -Node: Quick Installation1098580 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1101011 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1102751 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1105102 -Node: PC Installation1105560 -Node: PC Binary Installation1106886 -Node: PC Compiling1108734 -Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11111755 -Node: PC Testing1111860 -Node: PC Using1113036 -Node: Cygwin1117151 -Node: MSYS1117974 -Node: VMS Installation1118472 -Node: VMS Compilation1119264 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11120486 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1120544 -Node: VMS Installation Details1122228 -Node: VMS Running1124480 -Node: VMS GNV1127321 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1128050 -Node: Bugs1128520 -Node: Other Versions1132490 -Node: Installation summary1138703 -Node: Notes1139759 -Node: Compatibility Mode1140624 -Node: Additions1141406 -Node: Accessing The Source1142331 -Node: Adding Code1143767 -Node: New Ports1149939 -Node: Derived Files1154420 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11159895 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21159929 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31160525 -Node: Future Extensions1160639 -Node: Implementation Limitations1161245 -Node: Extension Design1162493 -Node: Old Extension Problems1163647 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11165164 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1165221 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11168581 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1168770 -Node: Extension Future Growth1170878 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1171714 -Node: Notes summary1173476 -Node: Basic Concepts1174662 -Node: Basic High Level1175343 -Ref: figure-general-flow1175615 -Ref: figure-process-flow1176214 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11179443 -Node: Basic Data Typing1179628 -Node: Glossary1182956 -Node: Copying1208114 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1245670 -Node: Index1270806 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-149320 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-249427 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-349660 +Node: History49802 +Node: Names52150 +Ref: Names-Footnote-153244 +Node: This Manual53390 +Ref: This Manual-Footnote-159219 +Node: Conventions59319 +Node: Manual History61659 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-164650 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-264691 +Node: How To Contribute64765 +Node: Acknowledgments66004 +Node: Getting Started70812 +Node: Running gawk73246 +Node: One-shot74436 +Node: Read Terminal75661 +Node: Long77688 +Node: Executable Scripts79204 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-181993 +Node: Comments82095 +Node: Quoting84568 +Node: DOS Quoting90078 +Node: Sample Data Files90753 +Node: Very Simple93346 +Node: Two Rules98237 +Node: More Complex100123 +Node: Statements/Lines102985 +Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1107441 +Node: Other Features107706 +Node: When108637 +Ref: When-Footnote-1110393 +Node: Intro Summary110458 +Node: Invoking Gawk111341 +Node: Command Line112856 +Node: Options113647 +Ref: Options-Footnote-1129413 +Node: Other Arguments129438 +Node: Naming Standard Input132399 +Node: Environment Variables133492 +Node: AWKPATH Variable134050 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1136902 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2136947 +Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable137207 +Node: Other Environment Variables137966 +Node: Exit Status141439 +Node: Include Files142114 +Node: Loading Shared Libraries145692 +Node: Obsolete147119 +Node: Undocumented147816 +Node: Invoking Summary148083 +Node: Regexp149749 +Node: Regexp Usage151208 +Node: Escape Sequences153241 +Node: Regexp Operators159341 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1166775 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2166922 +Node: Bracket Expressions167020 +Ref: table-char-classes169037 +Node: Leftmost Longest171977 +Node: Computed Regexps173279 +Node: GNU Regexp Operators176676 +Node: Case-sensitivity180382 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1183272 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2183507 +Node: Regexp Summary183615 +Node: Reading Files185084 +Node: Records187178 +Node: awk split records187910 +Node: gawk split records192824 +Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1197363 +Node: Fields197400 +Ref: Fields-Footnote-1200198 +Node: Nonconstant Fields200284 +Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1202514 +Node: Changing Fields202716 +Node: Field Separators208648 +Node: Default Field Splitting211352 +Node: Regexp Field Splitting212469 +Node: Single Character Fields215819 +Node: Command Line Field Separator216878 +Node: Full Line Fields220090 +Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1220598 +Node: Field Splitting Summary220644 +Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1223775 +Node: Constant Size223876 +Node: Splitting By Content228482 +Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1232555 +Node: Multiple Line232595 +Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1238484 +Node: Getline238663 +Node: Plain Getline240874 +Node: Getline/Variable243514 +Node: Getline/File244661 +Node: Getline/Variable/File246045 +Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1247646 +Node: Getline/Pipe247733 +Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe250416 +Node: Getline/Coprocess251547 +Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess252799 +Node: Getline Notes253538 +Node: Getline Summary256330 +Ref: table-getline-variants256742 +Node: Read Timeout257571 +Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1261385 +Node: Command-line directories261443 +Node: Input Summary262347 +Node: Input Exercises265599 +Node: Printing266327 +Node: Print268104 +Node: Print Examples269561 +Node: Output Separators272340 +Node: OFMT274358 +Node: Printf275712 +Node: Basic Printf276497 +Node: Control Letters278068 +Node: Format Modifiers282052 +Node: Printf Examples288059 +Node: Redirection290541 +Node: Special FD297380 +Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1300537 +Node: Special Files300611 +Node: Other Inherited Files301227 +Node: Special Network302227 +Node: Special Caveats303088 +Node: Close Files And Pipes304039 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1311218 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2311366 +Node: Output Summary311516 +Node: Output Exercises312512 +Node: Expressions313192 +Node: Values314377 +Node: Constants315053 +Node: Scalar Constants315733 +Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1316592 +Node: Nondecimal-numbers316842 +Node: Regexp Constants319842 +Node: Using Constant Regexps320367 +Node: Variables323505 +Node: Using Variables324160 +Node: Assignment Options326070 +Node: Conversion327945 +Node: Strings And Numbers328469 +Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1331533 +Node: Locale influences conversions331642 +Ref: table-locale-affects334357 +Node: All Operators334945 +Node: Arithmetic Ops335575 +Node: Concatenation338080 +Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1340899 +Node: Assignment Ops341005 +Ref: table-assign-ops345988 +Node: Increment Ops347266 +Node: Truth Values and Conditions350704 +Node: Truth Values351787 +Node: Typing and Comparison352836 +Node: Variable Typing353629 +Node: Comparison Operators357281 +Ref: table-relational-ops357691 +Node: POSIX String Comparison361206 +Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1362278 +Node: Boolean Ops362416 +Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1366895 +Node: Conditional Exp366986 +Node: Function Calls368713 +Node: Precedence372593 +Node: Locales376261 +Node: Expressions Summary377892 +Node: Patterns and Actions380466 +Node: Pattern Overview381586 +Node: Regexp Patterns383265 +Node: Expression Patterns383808 +Node: Ranges387588 +Node: BEGIN/END390694 +Node: Using BEGIN/END391456 +Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1394193 +Node: I/O And BEGIN/END394299 +Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE396613 +Node: Empty399514 +Node: Using Shell Variables399831 +Node: Action Overview402107 +Node: Statements404434 +Node: If Statement406282 +Node: While Statement407780 +Node: Do Statement409808 +Node: For Statement410950 +Node: Switch Statement414105 +Node: Break Statement416493 +Node: Continue Statement418534 +Node: Next Statement420359 +Node: Nextfile Statement422739 +Node: Exit Statement425369 +Node: Built-in Variables427772 +Node: User-modified428905 +Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1436585 +Node: Auto-set436647 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1449841 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2450046 +Node: ARGC and ARGV450102 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