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diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 447ecf7c..8b70bd43 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -106,6 +106,7 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * Copying:: Your right to copy and distribute `gawk'. * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this Info file. +* next-edition:: next-edition. * Index:: Concept and Variable Index. * History:: The history of `gawk' and @@ -163,6 +164,7 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * Command Line Field Separator:: Setting `FS' from the command-line. * Field Splitting Summary:: Some final points and a summary table. * Constant Size:: Reading constant width data. +* Splitting By Content:: Defining Fields By Content * Multiple Line:: Reading multi-line records. * Getline:: Reading files under explicit program control using the `getline' function. @@ -180,6 +182,9 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * Getline Notes:: Important things to know about `getline'. * Getline Summary:: Summary of `getline' Variants. +* BEGINFILE/ENDFILE:: Two special patterns for advanced control. +* Command line directories:: What happens if you put a directory on the + command line. * Print:: The `print' statement. * Print Examples:: Simple examples of `print' statements. * Output Separators:: The output separators and how to change @@ -197,10 +202,11 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) `gawk' allows access to inherited file descriptors. * Special FD:: Special files for I/O. -* Special Process:: Special files for process information. * Special Network:: Special files for network communications. * Special Caveats:: Things to watch out for. * Close Files And Pipes:: Closing Input and Output Files and Pipes. +* Values:: Constants, Variables, and Regular + Expressions. * Constants:: String, numeric and regexp constants. * Scalar Constants:: Numeric and string constants. * Nondecimal-numbers:: What are octal and hex numbers. @@ -214,6 +220,7 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) advanced method of input. * Conversion:: The conversion of strings to numbers and vice versa. +* All Operators:: `gawk''s operators. * Arithmetic Ops:: Arithmetic operations (`+', `-', etc.) * Concatenation:: Concatenating strings. @@ -221,6 +228,7 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) field. * Increment Ops:: Incrementing the numeric value of a variable. +* Truth Values and Conditions:: Testing for true and false. * Truth Values:: What is ``true'' and what is ``false''. * Typing and Comparison:: How variables acquire types and how this affects comparison of numbers and strings @@ -272,6 +280,7 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * Auto-set:: Built-in variables where `awk' gives you information. * ARGC and ARGV:: Ways to use `ARGC' and `ARGV'. +* Array Basics:: The basics of arrays. * Array Intro:: Introduction to Arrays * Reference to Elements:: How to examine one element of an array. * Assigning Elements:: How to change an element of an array. @@ -311,6 +320,7 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * Function Caveats:: Things to watch out for. * Return Statement:: Specifying the value a function returns. * Dynamic Typing:: How variable types can change at runtime. +* Indirect Calls:: Choosing the function to call at runtime. * I18N and L10N:: Internationalization and Localization. * Explaining gettext:: How GNU `gettext' works. * Programmer i18n:: Features for the programmer. @@ -332,8 +342,8 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * Other Arguments:: Input file names and variable assignments. * AWKPATH Variable:: Searching directories for `awk' programs. -* Obsolete:: Obsolete Options and/or features. * Exit Status:: `gawk''s exit status. +* Obsolete:: Obsolete Options and/or features. * Undocumented:: Undocumented Options and Features. * Known Bugs:: Known Bugs in `gawk'. * Library Names:: How to best name private global variables @@ -341,6 +351,8 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * General Functions:: Functions that are of general use. * Nextfile Function:: Two implementations of a `nextfile' function. +* Strtonum Function:: A replacement for the built-in + `strtonum' function. * Assert Function:: A function for assertions in `awk' programs. * Round Function:: A function for rounding if `sprintf' @@ -410,14 +422,16 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * PC Installation:: Installing and Compiling `gawk' on MS-DOS and OS/2. * PC Binary Installation:: Installing a prepared distribution. -* PC Compiling:: Compiling `gawk' for MS-DOS, Windows32, - and OS/2. -* PC Using:: Running `gawk' on MS-DOS, Windows32 and - OS/2. +* PC Compiling:: Compiling `gawk' for MS-DOS, + Windows32, and OS/2. * PC Dynamic:: Compiling `gawk' for dynamic libraries. +* PC Using:: Running `gawk' on MS-DOS, Windows32 + and OS/2. * Cygwin:: Building and running `gawk' for Cygwin. +* MSYS:: Using `gawk' In The MSYS + Environment. * VMS Installation:: Installing `gawk' on VMS. * VMS Compilation:: How to compile `gawk' under VMS. * VMS Installation Details:: How to install `gawk' under VMS. @@ -455,9 +469,12 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * Basic Data Typing:: A very quick intro to data types. * Floating Point Issues:: Stuff to know about floating-point numbers. * String Conversion Precision:: The String Value Can Lie. -* Unexpected Results:: Floating Point Numbers Are Not - Abstract Numbers. +* Unexpected Results:: Floating Point Numbers Are Not Abstract + Numbers. * POSIX Floating Point Problems:: Standards Versus Existing Practice. +* unresolved:: unresolved. +* revision:: revision. +* consistency:: consistency. To Miriam, for making me complete. @@ -1018,13 +1035,14 @@ a significant pleasure. Ulrich Drepper, provided invaluable help and feedback for the design of the internationalization features. - Nelson Beebe, Antonio Colombo Scott Deifik, John H. DuBois III, -Darrel Hankerson, Michal Jaegermann, Ju"rgen Kahrs, Dave Pitts, Stepan -Kasal, Pat Rankin, Andrew Schorr, Corinna Vinschen, Anders Wallin, and -Eli Zaretskii (in alphabetical order) make up the current `gawk' "crack -portability team." Without their hard work and help, `gawk' would not -be nearly the fine program it is today. It has been and continues to -be a pleasure working with this team of fine people. + Nelson Beebe, Andreas Buening, Antonio Colombo, Scott Deifik, John +H. DuBois III, Darrel Hankerson, Michal Jaegermann, Ju"rgen Kahrs, Dave +Pitts, Stepan Kasal, Pat Rankin, Andrew Schorr, Corinna Vinschen, +Anders Wallin, and Eli Zaretskii (in alphabetical order) make up the +current `gawk' "crack portability team." Without their hard work and +help, `gawk' would not be nearly the fine program it is today. It has +been and continues to be a pleasure working with this team of fine +people. David and I would like to thank Brian Kernighan of Bell Laboratories for invaluable assistance during the testing and debugging of `gawk', @@ -1183,8 +1201,8 @@ MS-DOS, it is `Ctrl-z'.) As an example, the following program prints a friendly piece of advice (from Douglas Adams's `The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy'), -to keep you from worrying about the complexities of computer programming -(`BEGIN' is a feature we haven't discussed yet): +to keep you from worrying about the complexities of computer +programming(1) (`BEGIN' is a feature we haven't discussed yet): $ awk "BEGIN { print \"Don't Panic!\" }" -| Don't Panic! @@ -1192,7 +1210,7 @@ to keep you from worrying about the complexities of computer programming This program does not read any input. The `\' before each of the inner double quotes is necessary because of the shell's quoting rules--in particular because it mixes both single quotes and double -quotes.(1) +quotes.(2) This next simple `awk' program emulates the `cat' utility; it copies whatever you type on the keyboard to its standard output (why this @@ -1211,7 +1229,12 @@ works is explained shortly). ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) Although we generally recommend the use of single quotes around + (1) If you use `bash' as your shell, you should execute the command +`set +H' before running this program interactively, to disable the +`csh'-style command history, which treats `!' as a special character. +We recommend putting this command into your personal startup file. + + (2) Although we generally recommend the use of single quotes around the program text, double quotes are needed here in order to put the single quote into the message. @@ -1378,7 +1401,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Quoting, Prev: Comments, Up: Running gawk * Menu: -* DOS Quoting:: Quoting in MS-DOS Batch Files. +* DOS Quoting:: Quoting in MS-DOS Batch Files. For short to medium length `awk' programs, it is most convenient to enter the program on the `awk' command line. This is best done by @@ -2360,16 +2383,18 @@ sequences and that are not listed in the table stand for themselves: They were added as part of the POSIX standard to make `awk' and `egrep' consistent with each other. - However, because old programs may use `{' and `}' in regexp - constants, by default `gawk' does _not_ match interval expressions - in regexps. If either `--posix' or `--re-interval' are specified - (*note Options::), then interval expressions are allowed in - regexps. + Initially, because old programs may use `{' and `}' in regexp + constants, `gawk' did _not_ match interval expressions in regexps. + + However, beginning with version 3.2 *(FIXME: version)* `gawk' does + match interval expressions by default. This is because + compatibility with POSIX has become more important to most `gawk' + users than compatibility with old programs. - For new programs that use `{' and `}' in regexp constants, it is - good practice to always escape them with a backslash. Then the - regexp constants are valid and work the way you want them to, using - any version of `awk'.(2) + For programs that use `{' and `}' in regexp constants, it is good + practice to always escape them with a backslash. Then the regexp + constants are valid and work the way you want them to, using any + version of `awk'.(2) In regular expressions, the `*', `+', and `?' operators, as well as the braces `{' and `}', have the highest precedence, followed by @@ -2503,6 +2528,14 @@ minor node and are specific to `gawk'; they are not available in other matching. For our purposes, a "word" is a sequence of one or more letters, digits, or underscores (`_'): +`\s' + Matches any whitespace character. Think of it as shorthand for + `[[:space:]]'. + +`\S' + Matches any character that is not whitespace. Think of it as + shorthand for `[^[:space:]]'. + `\w' Matches any word-constituent character--that is, it matches any letter, digit, or underscore. Think of it as shorthand for @@ -2558,7 +2591,7 @@ GNU `\b' appears to be the lesser of two evils. No options In the default case, `gawk' provides all the facilities of POSIX regexps and the GNU regexp operators described in *note Regexp - Operators::. However, interval expressions are not supported. + Operators::. `--posix' Only POSIX regexps are supported; the GNU operators are not special @@ -2574,10 +2607,9 @@ No options `gawk' silently skips directories named on the command line. `--re-interval' - Allow interval expressions in regexps, even if `--traditional' has - been provided. (`--posix' automatically enables interval - expressions, so `--re-interval' is redundant when `--posix' is is - used.) + Allow interval expressions in regexps, if `--traditional' has been + provided. Otherwise, interval expressions are available by + default. File: gawk.info, Node: Case-sensitivity, Next: Leftmost Longest, Prev: GNU Regexp Operators, Up: Regexp @@ -2850,9 +2882,13 @@ have to be named on the `awk' command line (*note Getline::). * Changing Fields:: Changing the Contents of a Field. * Field Separators:: The field separator and how to change it. * Constant Size:: Reading constant width data. +* Splitting By Content:: Defining Fields By Content * Multiple Line:: Reading multi-line records. * Getline:: Reading files under explicit program control using the `getline' function. +* BEGINFILE/ENDFILE:: Two special patterns for advanced control. +* Command line directories:: What happens if you put a directory on the + command line. File: gawk.info, Node: Records, Next: Fields, Up: Reading Files @@ -3277,8 +3313,9 @@ The intervening field, `$5', is created with an empty value (indicated by the second pair of adjacent colons), and `NF' is updated with the value six. - Decrementing `NF' throws away the values of the fields after the new -value of `NF' and recomputes `$0'. (d.c.) Here is an example: + *FIXME:* Verify that this is in POSIX. Decrementing `NF' throws +away the values of the fields after the new value of `NF' and +recomputes `$0'. (d.c.) Here is an example: $ echo a b c d e f | awk '{ print "NF =", NF; > NF = 3; print $0 }' @@ -3674,7 +3711,7 @@ effect. defined by the POSIX standard. -File: gawk.info, Node: Constant Size, Next: Multiple Line, Prev: Field Separators, Up: Reading Files +File: gawk.info, Node: Constant Size, Next: Splitting By Content, Prev: Field Separators, Up: Reading Files 3.6 Reading Fixed-Width Data ============================ @@ -3778,9 +3815,97 @@ restore the original settings (*note Passwd Functions::, for an example of such a function). -File: gawk.info, Node: Multiple Line, Next: Getline, Prev: Constant Size, Up: Reading Files +File: gawk.info, Node: Splitting By Content, Next: Multiple Line, Prev: Constant Size, Up: Reading Files + +3.7 Defining Fields By Content +============================== + +(This minor node discusses an advanced feature of `awk'. If you are a +novice `awk' user, you might want to skip it on the first reading.) + +Normally, when using `FS', `gawk' defines the fields as the parts of +the record that occur in between each field separator. In other words, +`FS' defines what a field _is not_, and not what a field _is_. +However, there are times when you really want to define the fields by +what they are, and not by what they are not. + + The most notorious such case is so-called Comma-Separated-Value +(CSV) data. Many spreadsheet programs, for example, can export their +data into text files, where each record is terminated with a newline, +and fields are separated by commas. If only commas separated the data, +there wouldn't be an issue. The problem comes when one of the fields +contains an _embedded_ comma. While there is no formal standard +specification for CSV data(1), in such cases, most programs embed the +field in double quotes. So we might have data like this: + + Robbins,Arnold,"1234 A Pretty Street, NE",MyTown,MyState,12345-6789,USA + + The `FPAT' variable offers a solution for cases like this. The +value of `FPAT' should be a string that provides a regular expression. +This regular expression describes the contents of each field. + + In the case of CSV data as presented above, each field is either +"anything that is not a comma," or "a double quote, anything that is +not a double quote, and a closing double quote." If written as a +regular expression constant (*note Regexp::), we would have +`/([^,]+)|("[^"]+")/'. Writing this as a string requires us to escape +the double quotes, leading to: + + FPAT = "([^,]+)|(\"[^\"]+\")" + + Putting this to use, here is a simple program to parse the data: + + BEGIN { + FPAT = "([^,]+)|(\"[^\"]+\")" + } + + { + print "NF = ", NF + for (i = 1; i <= NF; i++) { + printf("$%d = <%s>\n", i, $i) + } + } + + When run, we get the following: + + $ gawk -f simple-csv.awk addresses.csv + NF = 7 + $1 = <Robbins> + $2 = <Arnold> + $3 = <"1234 A Pretty Street, NE"> + $4 = <MyTown> + $5 = <MyState> + $6 = <12345-6789> + $7 = <USA> + + Note the embedded comma in the value of `$3'. + + A straightforward improvement when processing CSV data of this sort +would be to remove the quotes when they occur, with something like this: + + if (substr($i, 1, 1) == "\"") { + len = length($i) + $i = substr($i, 2, len - 2) # Get text within the two quotes + } + + As with `FS', the `IGNORECASE' variable (*note User-modified::) +affects field splitting with `FPAT'. + + NOTE: Some programs export CSV data that contains embedded + newlines between the double quotes. `gawk' provides no way to + deal with this. Since there is no formal specification for CSV + data, there isn't much more to be done; the `FPAT' mechanism + provides an elegant solution for the majority of cases, and the + `gawk' maintainer is satisfied with that. -3.7 Multiple-Line Records + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) At least, we don't know of one. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Multiple Line, Next: Getline, Prev: Splitting By Content, Up: Reading Files + +3.8 Multiple-Line Records ========================= In some databases, a single line cannot conveniently hold all the @@ -3916,9 +4041,9 @@ feature of `RS' does not apply. It does apply to the default field separator of a single space: `FS = " "'. -File: gawk.info, Node: Getline, Prev: Multiple Line, Up: Reading Files +File: gawk.info, Node: Getline, Next: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE, Prev: Multiple Line, Up: Reading Files -3.8 Explicit Input with `getline' +3.9 Explicit Input with `getline' ================================= So far we have been getting our input data from `awk''s main input @@ -3943,6 +4068,9 @@ describing the error that occurred. In the following examples, COMMAND stands for a string value that represents a shell command. + NOTE: When `--sandbox' is specified, reading lines from files, + pipes and coprocesses is disabled. + * Menu: * Plain Getline:: Using `getline' with no arguments. @@ -3962,7 +4090,7 @@ represents a shell command. File: gawk.info, Node: Plain Getline, Next: Getline/Variable, Up: Getline -3.8.1 Using `getline' with No Arguments +3.9.1 Using `getline' with No Arguments --------------------------------------- The `getline' command can be used without arguments to read input from @@ -4014,7 +4142,7 @@ value of `$0'. File: gawk.info, Node: Getline/Variable, Next: Getline/File, Prev: Plain Getline, Up: Getline -3.8.2 Using `getline' into a Variable +3.9.2 Using `getline' into a Variable ------------------------------------- You can use `getline VAR' to read the next record from `awk''s input @@ -4055,7 +4183,7 @@ not change. File: gawk.info, Node: Getline/File, Next: Getline/Variable/File, Prev: Getline/Variable, Up: Getline -3.8.3 Using `getline' from a File +3.9.3 Using `getline' from a File --------------------------------- Use `getline < FILE' to read the next record from FILE. Here FILE is a @@ -4088,7 +4216,7 @@ other `awk' implementations. File: gawk.info, Node: Getline/Variable/File, Next: Getline/Pipe, Prev: Getline/File, Up: Getline -3.8.4 Using `getline' into a Variable from a File +3.9.4 Using `getline' into a Variable from a File ------------------------------------------------- Use `getline VAR < FILE' to read input from the file FILE, and put it @@ -4132,7 +4260,7 @@ regular expression. File: gawk.info, Node: Getline/Pipe, Next: Getline/Variable/Pipe, Prev: Getline/Variable/File, Up: Getline -3.8.5 Using `getline' from a Pipe +3.9.5 Using `getline' from a Pipe --------------------------------- The output of a command can also be piped into `getline', using @@ -4200,7 +4328,7 @@ other `awk' implementations. File: gawk.info, Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe, Next: Getline/Coprocess, Prev: Getline/Pipe, Up: Getline -3.8.6 Using `getline' into a Variable from a Pipe +3.9.6 Using `getline' into a Variable from a Pipe ------------------------------------------------- When you use `COMMAND | getline VAR', the output of COMMAND is sent @@ -4227,7 +4355,7 @@ portable to other `awk' implementations. File: gawk.info, Node: Getline/Coprocess, Next: Getline/Variable/Coprocess, Prev: Getline/Variable/Pipe, Up: Getline -3.8.7 Using `getline' from a Coprocess +3.9.7 Using `getline' from a Coprocess -------------------------------------- Input into `getline' from a pipe is a one-way operation. The command @@ -4257,7 +4385,7 @@ where coprocesses are discussed in more detail. File: gawk.info, Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess, Next: Getline Notes, Prev: Getline/Coprocess, Up: Getline -3.8.8 Using `getline' into a Variable from a Coprocess +3.9.8 Using `getline' into a Variable from a Coprocess ------------------------------------------------------ When you use `COMMAND |& getline VAR', the output from the coprocess @@ -4275,7 +4403,7 @@ where coprocesses are discussed in more detail. File: gawk.info, Node: Getline Notes, Next: Getline Summary, Prev: Getline/Variable/Coprocess, Up: Getline -3.8.9 Points to Remember About `getline' +3.9.9 Points to Remember About `getline' ---------------------------------------- Here are some miscellaneous points about `getline' that you should bear @@ -4309,7 +4437,7 @@ in mind: File: gawk.info, Node: Getline Summary, Prev: Getline Notes, Up: Getline -3.8.10 Summary of `getline' Variants +3.9.10 Summary of `getline' Variants ------------------------------------ *note table-getline-variants:: summarizes the eight variants of @@ -4329,6 +4457,84 @@ COMMAND `|& getline' VAR Sets VAR. This is a `gawk' extension Table 3.1: getline Variants and What They Set +File: gawk.info, Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE, Next: Command line directories, Prev: Getline, Up: Reading Files + +3.10 The `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE' Special Patterns +=================================================== + +*FIXME:* Get the version right. + + NOTE: This minor node describes a `gawk'-specific feature added in + `gawk' 3.X. + + Two special kinds of rule, `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE', give you +"hooks" into `gawk''s command-line file processing loop. As with the +`BEGIN' and `END' rules (*note BEGIN/END::), all `BEGINFILE' rules in a +program are merged, in the order they are read by `gawk', and all +`ENDFILE' rules are merged as well. + + The body of the `BEGINFILE' rules is executed just before `gawk' +reads the first record from a file. `FILENAME' is set to the name of +the current file, and `FNR' is set to zero. + + The `BEGINFILE' rule provides you the opportunity for two tasks that +would otherwise be difficult or impossible to perform: + + 1. You can test if the file is readable. Normally, it is a fatal + error if a file named on the command line cannot be opened for + reading. However, you can bypass the fatal error and move on to + the next file on the command line. + + You do this by checking if the `ERRNO' variable is not the empty + string; if so, then `gawk' was not able to open the file. In this + case, your program can execute the `nextfile' statement (*note + Nextfile Statement::). This casuses `gawk' to skip the file + entirely. Otherwise, `gawk' will exit with the usual fatal error. + + 2. If you have written extensions that modify the record handling (by + inserting an "open hook"), you can invoke them at this point, + before `gawk' has started processing the file. (This is a _very_ + advanced feature, currently used only by the XMLgawk project + (http://xgawk.sourceforge.net).) + + The `ENDFILE' rule is called when `gawk' has finished processing the +last record in an input file. It will be called before any `END' rules. + + Normally, when an error occurs when reading input in the normal +input processing loop, the error is fatal. However, if an `ENDFILE' +rule is present, the error becomes non-fatal, and instead `ERRNO' is +set. This makes it possible to catch and process I/O errors at the +level of the `awk' program. + + The `next' statement is not allowed inside either a `BEGINFILE' or +and `ENDFILE' rule. The `nextfile' statement is allowed only inside a +`BEGINFILE' rule, but not inside an `ENDFILE' rule. + + The `getline' statement (*note Getline::) is restricted inside both +`BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE'. Only the `getline VARIABLE < FILE' form is +allowed. + + `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE' are `gawk' extensions. In most other +`awk' implementations, or if `gawk' is in compatibility mode (*note +Options::), they are not special. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Command line directories, Prev: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE, Up: Reading Files + +3.11 Directories On The Command Line +==================================== + +According to POSIX, files named on the `awk' command line must be text +files. The behavior is "undefined" if they are not. Most versions of +`awk' treat a directory on the command line as a fatal error. + + *FIXME:* Get the version right. Starting with version 3.x of +`gawk', a directory on the command line produces a warning, but is +otherwise skipped. If either of the `--posix' or `--traditional' +options is given, then `gawk' reverts to treating directories on the +command line as a fatal error. + + File: gawk.info, Node: Printing, Next: Expressions, Prev: Reading Files, Up: Top 4 Printing Output @@ -4952,6 +5158,9 @@ So far, the output from `print' and `printf' has gone to the standard output, usually the terminal. Both `print' and `printf' can also send their output to other places. This is called "redirection". + NOTE: When `--sandbox' is specified, redirecting output to files + and pipes is disabled. + A redirection appears after the `print' or `printf' statement. Redirections in `awk' are written just like redirections in shell commands, except that they are written inside the `awk' program. @@ -5110,12 +5319,11 @@ descriptors, process-related information, and TCP/IP networking. * Menu: * Special FD:: Special files for I/O. -* Special Process:: Special files for process information. * Special Network:: Special files for network communications. * Special Caveats:: Things to watch out for. -File: gawk.info, Node: Special FD, Next: Special Process, Up: Special Files +File: gawk.info, Node: Special FD, Next: Special Network, Up: Special Files 4.7.1 Special Files for Standard Descriptors -------------------------------------------- @@ -5181,88 +5389,33 @@ error message in a `gawk' program is to use `/dev/stderr', like this: redirection, the value must be a string. It is a common error to omit the quotes, which leads to confusing results. - -File: gawk.info, Node: Special Process, Next: Special Network, Prev: Special FD, Up: Special Files - -4.7.2 Special Files for Process-Related Information ---------------------------------------------------- - -`gawk' also provides special file names that give access to information -about the running `gawk' process. Each of these "files" provides a -single record of information. To read them more than once, they must -first be closed with the `close' function (*note Close Files And -Pipes::). The file names are: - -`/dev/pid' - Reading this file returns the process ID of the current process, - in decimal form, terminated with a newline. - -`/dev/ppid' - Reading this file returns the parent process ID of the current - process, in decimal form, terminated with a newline. - -`/dev/pgrpid' - Reading this file returns the process group ID of the current - process, in decimal form, terminated with a newline. - -`/dev/user' - Reading this file returns a single record terminated with a - newline. The fields are separated with spaces. The fields - represent the following information: - - `$1' - The return value of the `getuid' system call (the real user - ID number). - - `$2' - The return value of the `geteuid' system call (the effective - user ID number). - - `$3' - The return value of the `getgid' system call (the real group - ID number). - - `$4' - The return value of the `getegid' system call (the effective - group ID number). - - If there are any additional fields, they are the group IDs - returned by the `getgroups' system call. (Multiple groups may not - be supported on all systems.) - - These special file names may be used on the command line as data -files, as well as for I/O redirections within an `awk' program. They -may not be used as source files with the `-f' option. - - NOTE: The special files that provide process-related information - are now considered obsolete and will disappear entirely in the - next release of `gawk'. `gawk' prints a warning message every - time you use one of these files. To obtain process-related - information, use the `PROCINFO' array. *Note Auto-set::. + Finally, usng the `close' function on a file name of the form +`"/dev/fd/N"', for file descriptor numbers above two, will actually +close the given file descriptor. -File: gawk.info, Node: Special Network, Next: Special Caveats, Prev: Special Process, Up: Special Files +File: gawk.info, Node: Special Network, Next: Special Caveats, Prev: Special FD, Up: Special Files -4.7.3 Special Files for Network Communications +4.7.2 Special Files for Network Communications ---------------------------------------------- -Starting with version 3.1 of `gawk', `awk' programs can open a two-way -TCP/IP connection, acting as either a client or a server. This is done -using a special file name of the form: +`awk' programs can open a two-way TCP/IP connection, acting as either a +client or a server. This is done using a special file name of the form: - `/inet/PROTOCOL/LOCAL-PORT/REMOTE-HOST/REMOTE-PORT' + `/NET-TYPE/PROTOCOL/LOCAL-PORT/REMOTE-HOST/REMOTE-PORT' - The PROTOCOL is one of `tcp', `udp', or `raw', and the other fields -represent the other essential pieces of information for making a -networking connection. These file names are used with the `|&' -operator for communicating with a coprocess (*note Two-way I/O::). -This is an advanced feature, mentioned here only for completeness. -Full discussion is delayed until *note TCP/IP Networking::. + The NET-TYPE is one of `inet', `inet4' or `inet6' The PROTOCOL is +one of `tcp', `udp', or `raw', and the other fields represent the other +essential pieces of information for making a networking connection. +These file names are used with the `|&' operator for communicating with +a coprocess (*note Two-way I/O::). This is an advanced feature, +mentioned here only for completeness. Full discussion is delayed until +*note TCP/IP Networking::. File: gawk.info, Node: Special Caveats, Prev: Special Network, Up: Special Files -4.7.4 Special File Name Caveats +4.7.3 Special File Name Caveats ------------------------------- Here is a list of things to bear in mind when using the special file @@ -5479,34 +5632,35 @@ operators. * Menu: +* Values:: Constants, Variables, and Regular Expressions. +* All Operators:: `gawk''s operators. +* Truth Values and Conditions:: Testing for true and false. +* Function Calls:: A function call is an expression. +* Precedence:: How various operators nest. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Values, Next: All Operators, Up: Expressions + +5.1 Constants, Variables and Conversions +======================================== + +Expressions are built up from values and the operations performed upon +them. This minor node describes the elementary objects which provide +values used in expressions. + +* Menu: + * Constants:: String, numeric and regexp constants. * Using Constant Regexps:: When and how to use a regexp constant. * Variables:: Variables give names to values for later use. * Conversion:: The conversion of strings to numbers and vice versa. -* Arithmetic Ops:: Arithmetic operations (`+', `-', - etc.) -* Concatenation:: Concatenating strings. -* Assignment Ops:: Changing the value of a variable or a field. -* Increment Ops:: Incrementing the numeric value of a variable. -* Truth Values:: What is ``true'' and what is ``false''. -* Typing and Comparison:: How variables acquire types and how this - affects comparison of numbers and strings with - `<', etc. -* Boolean Ops:: Combining comparison expressions using boolean - operators `||' (``or''), `&&' - (``and'') and `!' (``not''). -* Conditional Exp:: Conditional expressions select between two - subexpressions under control of a third - subexpression. -* Function Calls:: A function call is an expression. -* Precedence:: How various operators nest. -File: gawk.info, Node: Constants, Next: Using Constant Regexps, Up: Expressions +File: gawk.info, Node: Constants, Next: Using Constant Regexps, Up: Values -5.1 Constant Expressions -======================== +5.1.1 Constant Expressions +-------------------------- The simplest type of expression is the "constant", which always has the same value. There are three types of constants: numeric, string, and @@ -5525,8 +5679,8 @@ forms, but are stored identically internally. File: gawk.info, Node: Scalar Constants, Next: Nondecimal-numbers, Up: Constants -5.1.1 Numeric and String Constants ----------------------------------- +5.1.1.1 Numeric and String Constants +.................................... A "numeric constant" stands for a number. This number can be an integer, a decimal fraction, or a number in scientific (exponential) @@ -5557,8 +5711,8 @@ these are in IEEE 754 standard format. File: gawk.info, Node: Nondecimal-numbers, Next: Regexp Constants, Prev: Scalar Constants, Up: Constants -5.1.2 Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers ------------------------------------ +5.1.1.2 Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers +..................................... In `awk', all numbers are in decimal; i.e., base 10. Many other programming languages allow you to specify numbers in other bases, often @@ -5632,20 +5786,20 @@ for conversion of numbers to strings: File: gawk.info, Node: Regexp Constants, Prev: Nondecimal-numbers, Up: Constants -5.1.3 Regular Expression Constants ----------------------------------- +5.1.1.3 Regular Expression Constants +.................................... A regexp constant is a regular expression description enclosed in slashes, such as `/^beginning and end$/'. Most regexps used in `awk' programs are constant, but the `~' and `!~' matching operators can also -match computed or "dynamic" regexps (which are just ordinary strings or +match computed or dynamic regexps (which are just ordinary strings or variables that contain a regexp). -File: gawk.info, Node: Using Constant Regexps, Next: Variables, Prev: Constants, Up: Expressions +File: gawk.info, Node: Using Constant Regexps, Next: Variables, Prev: Constants, Up: Values -5.2 Using Regular Expression Constants -====================================== +5.1.2 Using Regular Expression Constants +---------------------------------------- When used on the righthand side of the `~' or `!~' operators, a regexp constant merely stands for the regexp that is to be matched. However, @@ -5719,10 +5873,10 @@ used as a parameter to a user-defined function, since passing a truth value in this way is probably not what was intended. -File: gawk.info, Node: Variables, Next: Conversion, Prev: Using Constant Regexps, Up: Expressions +File: gawk.info, Node: Variables, Next: Conversion, Prev: Using Constant Regexps, Up: Values -5.3 Variables -============= +5.1.3 Variables +--------------- Variables are ways of storing values at one point in your program for use later in another part of your program. They can be manipulated @@ -5739,8 +5893,8 @@ on the `awk' command line. File: gawk.info, Node: Using Variables, Next: Assignment Options, Up: Variables -5.3.1 Using Variables in a Program ----------------------------------- +5.1.3.1 Using Variables in a Program +.................................... Variables let you give names to values and refer to them later. Variables have already been used in many of the examples. The name of @@ -5751,7 +5905,8 @@ it may not begin with a digit. Case is significant in variable names; A variable name is a valid expression by itself; it represents the variable's current value. Variables are given new values with "assignment operators", "increment operators", and "decrement -operators". *Note Assignment Ops::. +operators". *Note Assignment Ops::. *FIXME: NEXT ED:* Can also be +changed by sub, gsub, split. A few variables have special built-in meanings, such as `FS' (the field separator), and `NF' (the number of fields in the current input @@ -5771,8 +5926,8 @@ do in C and in most other traditional languages. File: gawk.info, Node: Assignment Options, Prev: Using Variables, Up: Variables -5.3.2 Assigning Variables on the Command Line ---------------------------------------------- +5.1.3.2 Assigning Variables on the Command Line +............................................... Any `awk' variable can be set by including a "variable assignment" among the arguments on the command line when `awk' is invoked (*note @@ -5817,10 +5972,10 @@ processes the values of command-line assignments for escape sequences (*note Escape Sequences::). (d.c.) -File: gawk.info, Node: Conversion, Next: Arithmetic Ops, Prev: Variables, Up: Expressions +File: gawk.info, Node: Conversion, Prev: Variables, Up: Values -5.4 Conversion of Strings and Numbers -===================================== +5.1.4 Conversion of Strings and Numbers +--------------------------------------- Strings are converted to numbers and numbers are converted to strings, if the context of the `awk' program demands it. For example, if the @@ -5948,10 +6103,27 @@ presented in *note POSIX Floating Point Problems::. doubt that you need to worry about this. -File: gawk.info, Node: Arithmetic Ops, Next: Concatenation, Prev: Conversion, Up: Expressions +File: gawk.info, Node: All Operators, Next: Truth Values and Conditions, Prev: Values, Up: Expressions -5.5 Arithmetic Operators -======================== +5.2 Operators: Doing Something With Values +========================================== + +This minor node introduces the "operators" which make use of the values +provided by constants and variables. + +* Menu: + +* Arithmetic Ops:: Arithmetic operations (`+', `-', + etc.) +* Concatenation:: Concatenating strings. +* Assignment Ops:: Changing the value of a variable or a field. +* Increment Ops:: Incrementing the numeric value of a variable. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Arithmetic Ops, Next: Concatenation, Up: All Operators + +5.2.1 Arithmetic Operators +-------------------------- The `awk' language uses the common arithmetic operators when evaluating expressions. All of these arithmetic operators follow normal @@ -6033,10 +6205,10 @@ be machine-dependent. operator. -File: gawk.info, Node: Concatenation, Next: Assignment Ops, Prev: Arithmetic Ops, Up: Expressions +File: gawk.info, Node: Concatenation, Next: Assignment Ops, Prev: Arithmetic Ops, Up: All Operators -5.6 String Concatenation -======================== +5.2.2 String Concatenation +-------------------------- It seemed like a good idea at the time. Brian Kernighan @@ -6120,10 +6292,10 @@ Otherwise, you're never quite sure what you'll get. not rely on this. -File: gawk.info, Node: Assignment Ops, Next: Increment Ops, Prev: Concatenation, Up: Expressions +File: gawk.info, Node: Assignment Ops, Next: Increment Ops, Prev: Concatenation, Up: All Operators -5.7 Assignment Expressions -========================== +5.2.3 Assignment Expressions +---------------------------- An "assignment" is an expression that stores a (usually different) value into a variable. For example, let's assign the value one to the @@ -6285,10 +6457,10 @@ A workaround is: versions described in *note Other Versions::. -File: gawk.info, Node: Increment Ops, Next: Truth Values, Prev: Assignment Ops, Up: Expressions +File: gawk.info, Node: Increment Ops, Prev: Assignment Ops, Up: All Operators -5.8 Increment and Decrement Operators -===================================== +5.2.4 Increment and Decrement Operators +--------------------------------------- "Increment" and "decrement operators" increase or decrease the value of a variable by one. An assignment operator can do the same thing, so @@ -6371,10 +6543,34 @@ not anything that you can rely upon for portability. You should avoid such things in your own programs. -File: gawk.info, Node: Truth Values, Next: Typing and Comparison, Prev: Increment Ops, Up: Expressions +File: gawk.info, Node: Truth Values and Conditions, Next: Function Calls, Prev: All Operators, Up: Expressions -5.9 True and False in `awk' -=========================== +5.3 Truth Values and Conditions +=============================== + +In certain contexts, expression values also serve as "truth values;" +i.e., they determine what should happen next as the program runs. This +minor node describes how `awk' defines "true" and "false" and how +values are compared. + +* Menu: + +* Truth Values:: What is ``true'' and what is ``false''. +* Typing and Comparison:: How variables acquire types and how this + affects comparison of numbers and strings with + `<', etc. +* Boolean Ops:: Combining comparison expressions using boolean + operators `||' (``or''), `&&' + (``and'') and `!' (``not''). +* Conditional Exp:: Conditional expressions select between two + subexpressions under control of a third + subexpression. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Truth Values, Next: Typing and Comparison, Up: Truth Values and Conditions + +5.3.1 True and False in `awk' +----------------------------- Many programming languages have a special representation for the concepts of "true" and "false." Such languages usually use the special @@ -6399,10 +6595,10 @@ the string constant `"0"' is actually true, because it is non-null. (d.c.) -File: gawk.info, Node: Typing and Comparison, Next: Boolean Ops, Prev: Truth Values, Up: Expressions +File: gawk.info, Node: Typing and Comparison, Next: Boolean Ops, Prev: Truth Values, Up: Truth Values and Conditions -5.10 Variable Typing and Comparison Expressions -=============================================== +5.3.2 Variable Typing and Comparison Expressions +------------------------------------------------ The Guide is definitive. Reality is frequently inaccurate. The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy @@ -6420,8 +6616,8 @@ are typed, and how `awk' compares variables. File: gawk.info, Node: Variable Typing, Next: Comparison Operators, Up: Typing and Comparison -5.10.1 String Type Versus Numeric Type --------------------------------------- +5.3.2.1 String Type Versus Numeric Type +....................................... The 1992 POSIX standard introduced the concept of a "numeric string", which is simply a string that looks like a number--for example, @@ -6516,8 +6712,8 @@ rules for typing and comparison are the same as just described for File: gawk.info, Node: Comparison Operators, Prev: Variable Typing, Up: Typing and Comparison -5.10.2 Comparison Operators ---------------------------- +5.3.2.2 Comparison Operators +............................ "Comparison expressions" compare strings or numbers for relationships such as equality. They are written using "relational operators", which @@ -6626,10 +6822,10 @@ abbreviation for the following comparison expression: Constant Regexps::, where this is discussed in more detail. -File: gawk.info, Node: Boolean Ops, Next: Conditional Exp, Prev: Typing and Comparison, Up: Expressions +File: gawk.info, Node: Boolean Ops, Next: Conditional Exp, Prev: Typing and Comparison, Up: Truth Values and Conditions -5.11 Boolean Expressions -======================== +5.3.3 Boolean Expressions +------------------------- A "Boolean expression" is a combination of comparison expressions or matching expressions, using the Boolean operators "or" (`||'), "and" @@ -6722,10 +6918,10 @@ back to false.(1) would you fix it? -File: gawk.info, Node: Conditional Exp, Next: Function Calls, Prev: Boolean Ops, Up: Expressions +File: gawk.info, Node: Conditional Exp, Prev: Boolean Ops, Up: Truth Values and Conditions -5.12 Conditional Expressions -============================ +5.3.4 Conditional Expressions +----------------------------- A "conditional expression" is a special kind of expression that has three operands. It allows you to use one expression's value to select @@ -6762,10 +6958,10 @@ using backslash continuation (*note Statements/Lines::). If `--posix' is specified (*note Options::), then this extension is disabled. -File: gawk.info, Node: Function Calls, Next: Precedence, Prev: Conditional Exp, Up: Expressions +File: gawk.info, Node: Function Calls, Next: Precedence, Prev: Truth Values and Conditions, Up: Expressions -5.13 Function Calls -=================== +5.4 Function Calls +================== A "function" is a name for a particular calculation. This enables you to ask for it by name at any point in the program. For example, the @@ -6810,6 +7006,11 @@ omitted in calls to user-defined functions, then those arguments are treated as local variables and initialized to the empty string (*note User-defined::). + As an advanced feature, `gawk' provides indirect function calls, +which is a way to choose the function to call at runtime, instead of +when you write the source code to your program. We defer discussion of +this feature until later; *Note Indirect Calls::. + Like every other expression, the function call has a value, which is computed by the function based on the arguments you give it. In this example, the value of `sqrt(ARGUMENT)' is the square root of ARGUMENT. @@ -6850,8 +7051,8 @@ Here is a sample run: File: gawk.info, Node: Precedence, Prev: Function Calls, Up: Expressions -5.14 Operator Precedence (How Operators Nest) -============================================= +5.5 Operator Precedence (How Operators Nest) +============================================ "Operator precedence" determines how operators are grouped when different operators appear close by in one expression. For example, @@ -7664,15 +7865,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Switch Statement, Next: Break Statement, Prev: For Sta 6.4.5 The `switch' Statement ---------------------------- - NOTE: This node describes an experimental feature added in `gawk' - 3.1.3. It is _not_ enabled by default. To enable it, use the - `--enable-switch' option to `configure' when `gawk' is being - configured and built. *Note Additional Configuration Options::, - for more information. - - The `switch' statement allows the evaluation of an expression and -the execution of statements based on a `case' match. Case statements -are checked for a match in the order they are defined. If no suitable +The `switch' statement allows the evaluation of an expression and the +execution of statements based on a `case' match. Case statements are +checked for a match in the order they are defined. If no suitable `case' is found, the `default' section is executed, if supplied. Each `case' contains a single constant, be it numeric, string, or @@ -7719,6 +7914,9 @@ is executed and then falls through into the `default' section, executing its `print' statement. In turn, the -1 case will also be executed since the `default' does not halt execution. + This feature is a `gawk' extension, and is not available in POSIX +`awk'. + File: gawk.info, Node: Break Statement, Next: Continue Statement, Prev: Switch Statement, Up: Statements @@ -7931,6 +8129,9 @@ appeared after `next', `file' was a keyword; otherwise, it was a regular identifier. The old usage is no longer accepted; `next file' generates a syntax error. + The `nextfile' statement has a special purpose when used inside a +`BEGINFILE' rule; see *note BEGINFILE/ENDFILE::. + File: gawk.info, Node: Exit Statement, Prev: Nextfile Statement, Up: Statements @@ -8049,13 +8250,24 @@ specific to `gawk' are marked with a pound sign (`#'). `FIELDWIDTHS #' This is a space-separated list of columns that tells `gawk' how to split input with fixed columnar boundaries. Assigning a value to - `FIELDWIDTHS' overrides the use of `FS' for field splitting. - *Note Constant Size::, for more information. + `FIELDWIDTHS' overrides the use of `FS' and `FPAT' for field + splitting. *Note Constant Size::, for more information. If `gawk' is in compatibility mode (*note Options::), then `FIELDWIDTHS' has no special meaning, and field-splitting operations occur based exclusively on the value of `FS'. +`FPAT #' + This is a regular expression (as a string) that tells `gawk' to + create the fields based on text that matches the regular + expression. Assigning a value to `FPAT' overrides the use of `FS' + and `FIELDWIDTHS' for field splitting. *Note Splitting By + Content::, for more information. + + If `gawk' is in compatibility mode (*note Options::), then `FPAT' + has no special meaning, and field-splitting operations occur based + exclusively on the value of `FS'. + `FS' This is the input field separator (*note Field Separators::). The value is a single-character string or a multi-character regular @@ -8063,7 +8275,8 @@ specific to `gawk' are marked with a pound sign (`#'). record. If the value is the null string (`""'), then each character in the record becomes a separate field. (This behavior is a `gawk' extension. POSIX `awk' does not specify the behavior - when `FS' is the null string.) + when `FS' is the null string.) *FIXME: NEXT ED:* Mark as common + extension. The default value is `" "', a string consisting of a single space. As a special exception, this value means that any sequence of @@ -8244,12 +8457,17 @@ with a pound sign (`#'). during a read for `getline', or during a `close' operation, then `ERRNO' contains a string describing the error. - `ERRNO' works similarly to the C variable `errno'. In particular - `gawk' _never_ clears it (sets it to zero or `""'). Thus, you - should only expect its value to be meaningful when an I/O - operation returns a failure value, such as `getline' returning -1. - You are, of course, free to clear it yourself before doing an I/O - operation. + *FIXME:* Get the version right. Starting with version 3.X, `gawk' + clears `ERRNO' before opening each command line input file. This + enables checking if the file is readable inside a `BEGINFILE' + pattern (*note BEGINFILE/ENDFILE::). + + Otherwise, `ERRNO' works similarly to the C variable `errno'. + Except for the case just mentioned, `gawk' _never_ clears it (sets + it to zero or `""'). Thus, you should only expect its value to be + meaningful when an I/O operation returns a failure value, such as + `getline' returning -1. You are, of course, free to clear it + yourself before doing an I/O operation. This variable is a `gawk' extension. In other `awk' implementations, or if `gawk' is in compatibility mode (*note @@ -8298,9 +8516,10 @@ with a pound sign (`#'). The value of the `geteuid' system call. `PROCINFO["FS"]' - This is `"FS"' if field splitting with `FS' is in effect, or - it is `"FIELDWIDTHS"' if field splitting with `FIELDWIDTHS' - is in effect. + This is `"FS"' if field splitting with `FS' is in effect, + `"FIELDWIDTHS"' if field splitting with `FIELDWIDTHS' is in + effect, or it is `"FPAT"' if field matching with `FPAT' is in + effect. `PROCINFO["gid"]' The value of the `getgid' system call. @@ -8441,7 +8660,8 @@ elements from `ARGV' (*note Delete::). actual processing of the input begins. *Note Split Program::, and see *note Tee Program::, for examples of each way of removing elements from `ARGV'. The following fragment processes `ARGV' in order to examine, -and then remove, command-line options: +and then remove, command-line options: *FIXME: NEXT ED:* Add xref to +rewind() function. BEGIN { for (i = 1; i < ARGC; i++) { @@ -8500,13 +8720,7 @@ cannot have a variable and an array with the same name in the same * Menu: -* Array Intro:: Introduction to Arrays -* Reference to Elements:: How to examine one element of an array. -* Assigning Elements:: How to change an element of an array. -* Array Example:: Basic Example of an Array -* Scanning an Array:: A variation of the `for' statement. It - loops through the indices of an array's - existing elements. +* Array Basics:: The basics of arrays. * Delete:: The `delete' statement removes an element from an array. * Numeric Array Subscripts:: How to use numbers as subscripts in @@ -8514,14 +8728,32 @@ cannot have a variable and an array with the same name in the same * Uninitialized Subscripts:: Using Uninitialized variables as subscripts. * Multi-dimensional:: Emulating multidimensional arrays in `awk'. -* Multi-scanning:: Scanning multidimensional arrays. * Array Sorting:: Sorting array values and indices. -File: gawk.info, Node: Array Intro, Next: Reference to Elements, Up: Arrays +File: gawk.info, Node: Array Basics, Next: Delete, Up: Arrays -7.1 Introduction to Arrays -========================== +7.1 The Basics of Arrays +======================== + +This minor node presents the basics: working with elements in arrays +one at a time, and traversing all of the elements in an array. + +* Menu: + +* Array Intro:: Introduction to Arrays +* Reference to Elements:: How to examine one element of an array. +* Assigning Elements:: How to change an element of an array. +* Array Example:: Basic Example of an Array +* Scanning an Array:: A variation of the `for' statement. It + loops through the indices of an array's + existing elements. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Array Intro, Next: Reference to Elements, Up: Array Basics + +7.1.1 Introduction to Arrays +---------------------------- Doing linear scans over an associateive array is like tryinng to club someone to death with a loaded Uzi. @@ -8558,6 +8790,7 @@ declared.) example, conceptually, if the element values are 8, `"foo"', `""', and 30: + *FIXME: NEXT ED:* Use real images here +---------+---------+--------+---------+ | 8 | "foo" | "" | 30 | Value +---------+---------+--------+---------+ @@ -8619,10 +8852,10 @@ starting at one. (*Note String Functions::.) independent of the number of elements in the array. -File: gawk.info, Node: Reference to Elements, Next: Assigning Elements, Prev: Array Intro, Up: Arrays +File: gawk.info, Node: Reference to Elements, Next: Assigning Elements, Prev: Array Intro, Up: Array Basics -7.2 Referring to an Array Element -================================= +7.1.2 Referring to an Array Element +----------------------------------- The principal way to use an array is to refer to one of its elements. An array reference is an expression as follows: @@ -8666,10 +8899,10 @@ except to scan all the elements. Also, this _does not_ create print "Subscript 2 is present." -File: gawk.info, Node: Assigning Elements, Next: Array Example, Prev: Reference to Elements, Up: Arrays +File: gawk.info, Node: Assigning Elements, Next: Array Example, Prev: Reference to Elements, Up: Array Basics -7.3 Assigning Array Elements -============================ +7.1.3 Assigning Array Elements +------------------------------ Array elements can be assigned values just like `awk' variables: @@ -8680,10 +8913,10 @@ index of the element of the array that is assigned a value. The expression VALUE is the value to assign to that element of the array. -File: gawk.info, Node: Array Example, Next: Scanning an Array, Prev: Assigning Elements, Up: Arrays +File: gawk.info, Node: Array Example, Next: Scanning an Array, Prev: Assigning Elements, Up: Array Basics -7.4 Basic Array Example -======================= +7.1.4 Basic Array Example +------------------------- The following program takes a list of lines, each beginning with a line number, and prints them out in order of line number. The line numbers @@ -8736,10 +8969,10 @@ easy improvement to the program's `END' rule, as follows: } -File: gawk.info, Node: Scanning an Array, Next: Delete, Prev: Array Example, Up: Arrays +File: gawk.info, Node: Scanning an Array, Prev: Array Example, Up: Array Basics -7.5 Scanning All Elements of an Array -===================================== +7.1.5 Scanning All Elements of an Array +--------------------------------------- In programs that use arrays, it is often necessary to use a loop that executes once for each element of an array. In other languages, where @@ -8792,9 +9025,9 @@ them. Similarly, changing VAR inside the loop may produce strange results. It is best to avoid such things. -File: gawk.info, Node: Delete, Next: Numeric Array Subscripts, Prev: Scanning an Array, Up: Arrays +File: gawk.info, Node: Delete, Next: Numeric Array Subscripts, Prev: Array Basics, Up: Arrays -7.6 The `delete' Statement +7.2 The `delete' Statement ========================== To remove an individual element of an array, use the `delete' statement: @@ -8865,7 +9098,7 @@ regular variable). For example, the following does not work: File: gawk.info, Node: Numeric Array Subscripts, Next: Uninitialized Subscripts, Prev: Delete, Up: Arrays -7.7 Using Numbers to Subscript Arrays +7.3 Using Numbers to Subscript Arrays ===================================== An important aspect about arrays to remember is that _array subscripts @@ -8916,7 +9149,7 @@ on your programs. File: gawk.info, Node: Uninitialized Subscripts, Next: Multi-dimensional, Prev: Numeric Array Subscripts, Up: Arrays -7.8 Using Uninitialized Variables as Subscripts +7.4 Using Uninitialized Variables as Subscripts =============================================== Suppose it's necessary to write a program to print the input data in @@ -8961,16 +9194,20 @@ string as a subscript if `--lint' is provided on the command line (*note Options::). -File: gawk.info, Node: Multi-dimensional, Next: Multi-scanning, Prev: Uninitialized Subscripts, Up: Arrays +File: gawk.info, Node: Multi-dimensional, Next: Array Sorting, Prev: Uninitialized Subscripts, Up: Arrays -7.9 Multidimensional Arrays +7.5 Multidimensional Arrays =========================== -A multidimensional array is an array in which an element is identified -by a sequence of indices instead of a single index. For example, a -two-dimensional array requires two indices. The usual way (in most -languages, including `awk') to refer to an element of a two-dimensional -array named `grid' is with `grid[X,Y]'. +* Menu: + +* Multi-scanning:: Scanning multidimensional arrays. + + A multidimensional array is an array in which an element is +identified by a sequence of indices instead of a single index. For +example, a two-dimensional array requires two indices. The usual way +(in most languages, including `awk') to refer to an element of a +two-dimensional array named `grid' is with `grid[X,Y]'. Multidimensional arrays are supported in `awk' through concatenation of indices into one string. `awk' converts the indices into strings @@ -9043,10 +9280,10 @@ the program produces the following output: 3 2 1 6 -File: gawk.info, Node: Multi-scanning, Next: Array Sorting, Prev: Multi-dimensional, Up: Arrays +File: gawk.info, Node: Multi-scanning, Up: Multi-dimensional -7.10 Scanning Multidimensional Arrays -===================================== +7.5.1 Scanning Multidimensional Arrays +-------------------------------------- There is no special `for' statement for scanning a "multidimensional" array. There cannot be one, because, in truth, there are no @@ -9083,10 +9320,10 @@ The result is to set `separate[1]' to `"1"' and `separate[2]' to recovered. -File: gawk.info, Node: Array Sorting, Prev: Multi-scanning, Up: Arrays +File: gawk.info, Node: Array Sorting, Prev: Multi-dimensional, Up: Arrays -7.11 Sorting Array Values and Indices with `gawk' -================================================= +7.6 Sorting Array Values and Indices with `gawk' +================================================ The order in which an array is scanned with a `for (i in array)' loop is essentially arbitrary. In most `awk' implementations, sorting an @@ -9171,7 +9408,9 @@ to `ind', there is only one copy of the actual index strings. We said previously that comparisons are done using `gawk''s "usual comparison rules." Because `IGNORECASE' affects string comparisons, the value of `IGNORECASE' also affects sorting for both `asort' and -`asorti'. Caveat Emptor. +`asorti'. Note also that the locale's sorting order does _not_ come +into play; comparisons are based on character values only. Caveat +Emptor. File: gawk.info, Node: Functions, Next: Internationalization, Prev: Arrays, Up: Top @@ -9192,6 +9431,7 @@ major node describes these "user-defined" functions. * Built-in:: Summarizes the built-in functions. * User-defined:: Describes User-defined functions in detail. +* Indirect Calls:: Choosing the function to call at runtime. File: gawk.info, Node: Built-in, Next: User-defined, Up: Functions @@ -9492,7 +9732,7 @@ with a pound sign (`#'): found, it returns zero. The REGEXP argument may be either a regexp constant (`/.../') or a - string constant ("..."). In the latter case, the string is + string constant (`"..."'). In the latter case, the string is treated as a regexp to be matched. *note Computed Regexps::, for a discussion of the difference between the two forms, and the implications for writing your program correctly. @@ -9572,20 +9812,40 @@ with a pound sign (`#'): compatibility mode (*note Options::), using a third argument is a fatal error. -`split(STRING, ARRAY [, FIELDSEP])' +`patsplit(STRING, ARRAY [, FIELDPAT [, SEPS ] ])' + This function divides STRING into pieces defined by FIELDPAT and + stores the pieces in ARRAY and the separator strings in the SEPS + array. The first piece is stored in `ARRAY[1]', the second piece + in `ARRAY[2]', and so forth. The string value of the third + argument, FIELDPAT, is a regexp describing the fields in STRING + (just as `FPAT' is a regexp describing the fields in input + records). If FIELDPAT is omitted, the value of `FPAT' is used. + `patsplit' returns the number of elements created. `SEPS[I]' is + the separator string between `ARRAY[I]' and `ARRAY[I+1]'. Any + leading separator will be in `SEPS[0]'. + + The `patsplit' function splits strings into pieces in a manner + similar to the way input lines are split into fields using `FPAT'. + +`split(STRING, ARRAY [, FIELDSEP [, SEPS ] ])' This function divides STRING into pieces separated by FIELDSEP and - stores the pieces in ARRAY. The first piece is stored in - `ARRAY[1]', the second piece in `ARRAY[2]', and so forth. The - string value of the third argument, FIELDSEP, is a regexp - describing where to split STRING (much as `FS' can be a regexp - describing where to split input records). If FIELDSEP is omitted, - the value of `FS' is used. `split' returns the number of elements - created. + stores the pieces in ARRAY and the separator strings in the SEPS + array. The first piece is stored in `ARRAY[1]', the second piece + in `ARRAY[2]', and so forth. The string value of the third + argument, FIELDSEP, is a regexp describing where to split STRING + (much as `FS' can be a regexp describing where to split input + records). If FIELDSEP is omitted, the value of `FS' is used. + `split' returns the number of elements created. SEPS is a `gawk' + extension with `SEPS[I]' being the separator string between + `ARRAY[I]' and `ARRAY[I+1]'. If FIELDSEP is a single space then + any leading whitespace goes into `SEPS[0]' and any trailing + whitespace goes into `SEPS[N]' where N is the return value of + `split()' (that is, the number of elements in ARRAY). The `split' function splits strings into pieces in a manner similar to the way input lines are split into fields. For example: - split("cul-de-sac", a, "-") + split("cul-de-sac", a, "-", seps) splits the string `cul-de-sac' into three fields using `-' as the separator. It sets the contents of the array `a' as follows: @@ -9594,14 +9854,19 @@ with a pound sign (`#'): a[2] = "de" a[3] = "sac" + and sets the contents of the array `seps' as follows: + + seps[1] = "-" + seps[2] = "-" + The value returned by this call to `split' is three. As with input field-splitting, when the value of FIELDSEP is - `" "', leading and trailing whitespace is ignored, and the elements - are separated by runs of whitespace. Also as with input - field-splitting, if FIELDSEP is the null string, each individual - character in the string is split into its own array element. - (This is a `gawk'-specific extension.) + `" "', leading and trailing whitespace is ignored in ARRAY but not + in SEPS, and the elements are separated by runs of whitespace. + Also as with input field-splitting, if FIELDSEP is the null + string, each individual character in the string is split into its + own array element. (This is a `gawk'-specific extension.) Note, however, that `RS' has no effect on the way `split' works. Even though `RS = ""' causes newline to also be an input field @@ -9615,7 +9880,7 @@ with a pound sign (`#'): writing your program correctly. Before splitting the string, `split' deletes any previously - existing elements in the array ARRAY. + existing elements in the arrays ARRAY and SEPS. If STRING is null, the array has no elements. (So this is a portable way to delete an entire array with one statement. *Note @@ -9662,7 +9927,7 @@ with a pound sign (`#'): REPLACEMENT. The modified string becomes the new value of TARGET. The REGEXP argument may be either a regexp constant (`/.../') or a - string constant ("..."). In the latter case, the string is + string constant (`"..."'). In the latter case, the string is treated as a regexp to be matched. *note Computed Regexps::, for a discussion of the difference between the two forms, and the implications for writing your program correctly. @@ -9992,13 +10257,12 @@ Table 8.4: POSIX 2001 rules for sub The only case where the difference is noticeable is the last one: `\\\\' is seen as `\\' and produces `\' instead of `\\'. - Starting with version 3.1.4, `gawk' follows the POSIX rules when -`--posix' is specified (*note Options::). Otherwise, it continues to -follow the 1996 proposed rules, since, as of this writing, that has -been its behavior for over seven years. + Starting with version 3.1.4, `gawk' followed the POSIX rules when +`--posix' is specified (*note Options::). Otherwise, it continued to +follow the 1996 proposed rules, since that had been its behavior for +many seven years. - NOTE: At the next major release, `gawk' will switch to using the - POSIX 2001 rules by default. + As of version 3.2, `gawk' uses the POSIX 2001 rules. The rules for `gensub' are considerably simpler. At the runtime level, whenever `gawk' sees a `\', if the following character is a @@ -10131,6 +10395,10 @@ parameters are enclosed in square brackets ([ ]): an editor. Some operating systems cannot implement the `system' function. `system' causes a fatal error if it is not supported. + NOTE: When `--sandbox' is specified, the `system' function is + disabled. + + Advanced Notes: Interactive Versus Noninteractive Buffering ----------------------------------------------------------- @@ -10486,7 +10754,7 @@ if the time zone is set to UTC: #! /bin/sh # - # date --- approximate the P1003.2 'date' command + # date --- approximate the POSIX 'date' command case $1 in -u) TZ=UTC0 # use UTC @@ -10495,7 +10763,7 @@ if the time zone is set to UTC: esac gawk 'BEGIN { - format = "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Z %Y" + format = "%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y" exitval = 0 if (ARGC > 2) @@ -10692,7 +10960,7 @@ brackets ([ ]): binding for the given DOMAIN. -File: gawk.info, Node: User-defined, Prev: Built-in, Up: Functions +File: gawk.info, Node: User-defined, Next: Indirect Calls, Prev: Built-in, Up: Functions 8.2 User-Defined Functions ========================== @@ -10724,7 +10992,8 @@ There is no need to put the definition of a function before all uses of the function. This is because `awk' reads the entire program before starting to execute any of it. - The definition of a function named NAME looks like this: + The definition of a function named NAME looks like this: *FIXME: +NEXT ED:* put [ ] around parameter list. function NAME(PARAMETER-LIST) { @@ -10801,7 +11070,8 @@ of the variable `func' with the return value of the function `foo'. If the resulting string is non-null, the action is executed. This is probably not what is desired. (`awk' accepts this input as syntactically valid, because functions may be used before they are -defined in `awk' programs.) +defined in `awk' programs.) *FIXME: NEXT ED:* This won't actually run, +since foo() is undefined ... To ensure that your `awk' programs are portable, always use the keyword `function' when defining a function. @@ -10884,7 +11154,7 @@ built-in `strftime' function (*note Time Functions::) to create an function ctime(ts, format) { - format = "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Z %Y" + format = "%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y" if (ts == 0) ts = systime() # use current time as default return strftime(format, ts) @@ -11101,6 +11371,293 @@ runtime. Here is an annotated sample program: of them. +File: gawk.info, Node: Indirect Calls, Prev: User-defined, Up: Functions + +8.3 Indirect Function Calls +=========================== + +This section describes a `gawk'-specific extension. + + Often, you may wish to defer the choice of function to call until +runtime. For example, you may have different kinds of records, each of +which should be processed differently. + + Normally, you would have to use a series of `if'-`else' statements +to decide which function to call. By using "indirect" function calls, +you can specify the name of the function to call as a string variable, +and then call the function. Let's look at an example. + + Suppose you have a file with your test scores for the classes you +are taking. The first field is the class name. The following fields +are the functions to call to process the data, up to a "marker" field +`data:'. Following the marker, to the end of the record, are the +various numeric test scores. + + Here is the initial file; you wish to get the sum and the average of +your test scores: + + Biology_101 sum average data: 87.0 92.4 78.5 94.9 + Chemistry_305 sum average data: 75.2 98.3 94.7 88.2 + English_401 sum average data: 100.0 95.6 87.1 93.4 + + To process the data, you might write initially: + + { + class = $1 + for (i = 2; $i != "data:"; i++) { + if ($i == "sum") + sum() # processes the whole record + else if ($i == "average") + average() + ... # and so on + } + } + +This style of programming works, but can be awkward. With "indirect" +function calls, you tell `gawk' to use the _value_ of a variable as the +name of the function to call. + + The syntax is similar to that of a regular function call: an +identifier immediately followed by a left parenthesis, any arguments, +and then a closing right parenthesis, with the addition of a leading `@' +character: + + the_func = "sum" + result = @the_func() # calls the `sum' function + + Here is a full program that processes the previously shown data, +using indirect function calls. + + # indirectcall.awk --- Demonstrate indirect function calls + + # average --- return the average of the values in fields $first - $last + + function average(first, last, sum, i) + { + sum = 0; + for (i = first; i <= last; i++) + sum += $i + + return sum / (last - first + 1) + } + + # sum --- return the average of the values in fields $first - $last + + function sum(first, last, ret, i) + { + ret = 0; + for (i = first; i <= last; i++) + ret += $i + + return ret + } + + These two functions expect to work on fields; thus the parameters +`first' and `last' indicate where in the fields to start. Otherwise +they perform the expected computations and are not unusual. + + # For each record, print the class name and the requested statistics + + { + class_name = $1 + gsub(/_/, " ", class_name) # Replace _ with spaces + + # find start + for (i = 1; i <= NF; i++) { + if ($i == "data:") { + start = i + 1 + break + } + } + + printf("%s:\n", class_name) + for (i = 2; $i != "data:"; i++) { + the_function = $i + printf("\t%s: <%s>\n", $i, @the_function(start, NF) "") + } + print "" + } + + This is the main processing for each record. It prints the class +name (with underscores replaced with spaces). It then finds the start +of the actual data, saving it in `start'. The last part of the code +loops through each function name (from `$2' up to the marker, `data:'), +calling the function named by the field. The indirect function call +itself occurs as a parameter in the call to `printf'. (The `printf' +format string uses `%s' as the format specifier so that we can use +functions that return strings, as well as numbers. Note that the result +from the indirect call is concatenated with the empty string, in order +to force it to be a string value.) + + Here is the result of running the program: + + $ gawk -f indirectcall.awk class_data1 + => Biology 101: + => sum: <352.8> + => average: <88.2> + => + => Chemistry 305: + => sum: <356.4> + => average: <89.1> + => + => English 401: + => sum: <376.1> + => average: <94.025> + + The ability to use indirect function calls is more powerful than you +may think at first. The C and C++ languages provide "function +pointers," which are a mechanism for calling a function chosen at +runtime. One of the most well-known uses of this ablity is the C +`qsort' function, which sorts an array using the well-known "quick +sort" algorithm (see the Wikipedia article +(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_sort) for more information). To +use this function, you supply a pointer to a comparison function. This +mechanism allows you to sort arbitrary data in an arbitrary fashion. + + We can do something similar using `gawk', like this: + + # quicksort.awk --- Quicksort algorithm, with user-supplied + # comparison function + # quicksort --- C.A.R. Hoare's quick sort algorithm. See Wikipedia + # or almost any algorithms or computer science text + + function quicksort(data, left, right, less_than, i, last) + { + if (left >= right) # do nothing if array contains fewer + return # than two elements + + quicksort_swap(data, left, int((left + right) / 2)) + last = left + for (i = left + 1; i <= right; i++) + if (@less_than(data[i], data[left])) + quicksort_swap(data, ++last, i) + quicksort_swap(data, left, last) + quicksort(data, left, last - 1, less_than) + quicksort(data, last + 1, right, less_than) + } + + # quicksort_swap --- helper function for quicksort, should really be inline + + function quicksort_swap(data, i, j, temp) + { + temp = data[i] + data[i] = data[j] + data[j] = temp + } + + The `quicksort' function receives the `data' array, the starting and +ending indices to sort (`left' and `right'), and the name of a function +that performs a "less than" comparison. It then implements the quick +sort algorithm. + + To make use of the sorting function, we return to our previous +example. The first thing to do is write some comparison functions: + + # num_lt --- do a numeric less than comparison + + function num_lt(left, right) + { + return ((left + 0) < (right + 0)) + } + + # num_ge --- do a numeric greater than or equal to comparison + + function num_ge(left, right) + { + return ((left + 0) >= (right + 0)) + } + + The `num_ge' function is needed to perform a descending sort; when +used to perform a "less than" test, it actually does the opposite +(greater than or equal to), which yields data sorted in descending +order. + + Next comes a sorting function. It is parameterized with the +starting and ending field numbers and the comparison function. It +builds an array with the data and calls `quicksort' appropriately, and +then formats the results as a single string: + + # do_sort --- sort the data according to `compare' and return it as a string + + function do_sort(first, last, compare, data, i, retval) + { + delete data + for (i = 1; first <= last; first++) { + data[i] = $first + i++ + } + + quicksort(data, 1, i-1, compare) + + retval = data[1] + for (i = 2; i in data; i++) + retval = retval " " data[i] + + return retval + } + + Finally, the two sorting functions call `do_sort', passing in the +names of the two comparison functions: + + # sort --- sort the data in ascending order and return it as a string + + function sort(first, last) + { + return do_sort(first, last, "num_lt") + } + + # rsort --- sort the data in descending order and return it as a string + + function rsort(first, last) + { + return do_sort(first, last, "num_ge") + } + + Here is an extended version of the data file: + + Biology_101 sum average sort rsort data: 87.0 92.4 78.5 94.9 + Chemistry_305 sum average sort rsort data: 75.2 98.3 94.7 88.2 + English_401 sum average sort rsort data: 100.0 95.6 87.1 93.4 + + Finally, here are the results when the enhanced program is run: + + $ gawk -f quicksort.awk -f indirectcall.awk class_data2 + => Biology 101: + => sum: <352.8> + => average: <88.2> + => sort: <78.5 87.0 92.4 94.9> + => rsort: <94.9 92.4 87.0 78.5> + => + => Chemistry 305: + => sum: <356.4> + => average: <89.1> + => sort: <75.2 88.2 94.7 98.3> + => rsort: <98.3 94.7 88.2 75.2> + => + => English 401: + => sum: <376.1> + => average: <94.025> + => sort: <87.1 93.4 95.6 100.0> + => rsort: <100.0 95.6 93.4 87.1> + + Remember that you must supply a leading `@' in front of an indirect +function call. + + Unfortunately, indirect function calls cannot be used with the +built-in functions. However, you can generally write "wrapper" +functions which call the built-in ones, and those can be called +indirectly. (Other than, perhaps, the mathematical functions, there is +not a lot of reason to try to call the built-in functions indirectly.) + + `gawk' does its best to make indirect function calls efficient. For +example: + + for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) + @the_func() + +`gawk' will look up the actual function to call only once. + + File: gawk.info, Node: Internationalization, Next: Advanced Features, Prev: Functions, Up: Top 9 Internationalization with `gawk' @@ -11392,9 +11949,9 @@ extracted to create the initial `.po' file. As part of translation, it is often helpful to rearrange the order in which arguments to `printf' are output. - `gawk''s `--gen-po' command-line option extracts the messages and is -discussed next. After that, `printf''s ability to rearrange the order -for `printf' arguments at runtime is covered. + `gawk''s `--gen-pot' command-line option extracts the messages and +is discussed next. After that, `printf''s ability to rearrange the +order for `printf' arguments at runtime is covered. * Menu: @@ -11410,12 +11967,12 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: String Extraction, Next: Printf Ordering, Up: Translat Once your `awk' program is working, and all the strings have been marked and you've set (and perhaps bound) the text domain, it is time -to produce translations. First, use the `--gen-po' command-line option -to create the initial `.po' file: +to produce translations. First, use the `--gen-pot' command-line +option to create the initial `.po' file: - $ gawk --gen-po -f guide.awk > guide.po + $ gawk --gen-pot -f guide.awk > guide.po - When run with `--gen-po', `gawk' does not execute your program. + When run with `--gen-pot', `gawk' does not execute your program. Instead, it parses it as usual and prints all marked strings to standard output in the format of a GNU `gettext' Portable Object file. Also included in the output are any constant strings that appear as the @@ -11587,9 +12144,9 @@ source: print "Pardon me, Zaphod who?" } -Run `gawk --gen-po' to create the `.po' file: +Run `gawk --gen-pot' to create the `.po' file: - $ gawk --gen-po -f guide.awk > guide.po + $ gawk --gen-pot -f guide.awk > guide.po This produces: @@ -11902,20 +12459,25 @@ networking connection. You can think of this as just a _very long_ two-way pipeline to a coprocess. The way `gawk' decides that you want to use TCP/IP -networking is by recognizing special file names that begin with -`/inet/'. +networking is by recognizing special file names that begin with one of +`/inet/', `/inet4/' or `/inet6'. The full syntax of the special file name is -`/inet/PROTOCOL/LOCAL-PORT/REMOTE-HOST/REMOTE-PORT'. The components -are: +`/NET-TYPE/PROTOCOL/LOCAL-PORT/REMOTE-HOST/REMOTE-PORT'. The +components are: + +NET-TYPE + Specifies the kind of Internet connection to make. Use `/inet4/' + to force IPv4, and `/inet6/' to force IPv6. Plain `/inet/' (which + used to be the only option) uses the system default, most likely + IPv4. PROTOCOL The protocol to use over IP. This must be either `tcp', `udp', or `raw', for a TCP, UDP, or raw IP connection, respectively. The use of TCP is recommended for most applications. - *Caution:* The use of raw sockets is not currently supported in - version 3.1 of `gawk'. + *Caution:* The use of raw sockets is not currently supported. LOCAL-PORT The local TCP or UDP port number to use. Use a port number of `0' @@ -12211,8 +12773,8 @@ full details. * Other Arguments:: Input file names and variable assignments. * AWKPATH Variable:: Searching directories for `awk' programs. -* Obsolete:: Obsolete Options and/or features. * Exit Status:: `gawk''s exit status. +* Obsolete:: Obsolete Options and/or features. * Undocumented:: Undocumented Options and Features. * Known Bugs:: Known Bugs in `gawk'. @@ -12283,17 +12845,6 @@ options and their meanings are as follows: those variables as it needs to, possibly ignoring any predefined value you may have given. -`-mf N' -`-mr N' - Sets various memory limits to the value N. The `f' flag sets the - maximum number of fields and the `r' flag sets the maximum record - size. These two flags and the `-m' option are from the Bell - Laboratories research version of Unix `awk'. They are provided - for compatibility but otherwise ignored by `gawk', since `gawk' - has no predefined limits. (The Bell Laboratories `awk' no longer - needs these options; it continues to accept them to avoid breaking - old programs.) - `-W GAWK-OPT' Following the POSIX standard, implementation-specific options are supplied as arguments to the `-W' option. These options also have @@ -12311,19 +12862,20 @@ options and their meanings are as follows: shell scripts, if you have file names that will be specified by the user that could start with `-'. - The previous list described options mandated by the POSIX standard, -as well as options available in the Bell Laboratories version of `awk'. + The previous list described options mandated by the POSIX standard. The following list describes `gawk'-specific options: -`-O' -`--optimize' - Enables some optimizations on the internal representation of the - program. At the moment this includes just simple constant - folding. The `gawk' maintainer hopes to add more optimizations - over time. +`-b' +`--characters-as-bytes' + Causes `gawk' to treat all input data as single-byte characters. + Normally, `gawk' follows the POSIX standard and attempts to process + its input data according to the current locale. This can often + involve converting multi-byte characters into wide characters + (internally), and can lead to problems or confusion if the input + data does not contain valid multi-byte characters. This option is + an easy way to tell `gawk': "hands off my data!". -`-W compat' -`-W traditional' +`-c' `--compat' `--traditional' Specifies "compatibility mode", in which the GNU extensions to the @@ -12332,17 +12884,13 @@ The following list describes `gawk'-specific options: is the preferred form of this option. *Note POSIX/GNU::, which summarizes the extensions. Also see *note Compatibility Mode::. -`-W copyright' +`-C' `--copyright' +`--copyleft' Print the short version of the General Public License and then exit. -`-W copyleft' -`--copyleft' - Just like `--copyright'. This option may disappear in a future - version of `gawk'. - -`-W dump-variables[=FILE]' +`-d [FILE]' `--dump-variables[=FILE]' Prints a sorted list of global variables, their types, and final values to FILE. If no FILE is provided, `gawk' prints this list @@ -12356,7 +12904,15 @@ The following list describes `gawk'-specific options: particularly easy mistake to make with simple variable names like `i', `j', etc.) -`-W exec FILE' +`-e PROGRAM-TEXT' +`--source PROGRAM-TEXT' + Allows you to mix source code in files with source code that you + enter on the command line. Program source code is taken from the + PROGRAM-TEXT. This is particularly useful when you have library + functions that you want to use from your command-line programs + (*note AWKPATH Variable::). + +`-E FILE' `--exec FILE' Similar to `-f', reads `awk' program text from FILE. There are two differences. The first is that this option also terminates @@ -12371,26 +12927,25 @@ The following list describes `gawk'-specific options: CGI application. This option should be used with `#!' scripts (*note Executable Scripts::), like so: - #! /usr/local/bin/gawk --exec + #! /usr/local/bin/gawk -E AWK PROGRAM HERE ... -`-W gen-po' -`--gen-po' +`-g' +`--gen-pot' Analyzes the source program and generates a GNU `gettext' Portable Object file on standard output for all string constants that have been marked for translation. *Note Internationalization::, for information about this option. -`-W help' -`-W usage' +`-h' `--help' `--usage' Prints a "usage" message summarizing the short and long style options that `gawk' accepts and then exit. -`-W lint[=fatal]' -`--lint[=fatal]' +`-l [value]' +`--lint[=value]' Warns about constructs that are dubious or nonportable to other `awk' implementations. Some warnings are issued when `gawk' first reads your program. Others are issued at runtime, as your program @@ -12408,12 +12963,12 @@ The following list describes `gawk'-specific options: inappropriate construct. As `awk' programs are usually short, doing so is not burdensome. -`-W lint-old' +`-L' `--lint-old' Warns about constructs that are not available in the original version of `awk' from Version 7 Unix (*note V7/SVR3.1::). -`-W non-decimal-data' +`-n' `--non-decimal-data' Enable automatic interpretation of octal and hexadecimal values in input data (*note Nondecimal Data::). @@ -12421,7 +12976,31 @@ The following list describes `gawk'-specific options: *Caution:* This option can severely break old programs. Use with care. -`-W posix' +`-N' +`--use-lc-numeric' + This option forces the use of the locale's decimal point character + when parsing numeric input data (*note Locales::). + +`-O' +`--optimize' + Enables some optimizations on the internal representation of the + program. At the moment this includes just simple constant + folding. The `gawk' maintainer hopes to add more optimizations + over time. + +`-p [FILE]' +`--profile[=FILE]' + Enable profiling of `awk' programs (*note Profiling::). By + default, profiles are created in a file named `awkprof.out'. The + optional FILE argument allows you to specify a different file name + for the profile file. + + When run with `gawk', the profile is just a "pretty printed" + version of the program. When run with `pgawk', the profile + contains execution counts for each statement in the program in the + left margin, and function call counts for each function. + +`-P' `--posix' Operates in strict POSIX mode. This disables all `gawk' extensions (just like `--traditional') and adds the following @@ -12457,39 +13036,23 @@ The following list describes `gawk'-specific options: line, `--posix' takes precedence. `gawk' also issues a warning if both options are supplied. -`-W profile[=FILE]' -`--profile[=FILE]' - Enable profiling of `awk' programs (*note Profiling::). By - default, profiles are created in a file named `awkprof.out'. The - optional FILE argument allows you to specify a different file name - for the profile file. - - When run with `gawk', the profile is just a "pretty printed" - version of the program. When run with `pgawk', the profile - contains execution counts for each statement in the program in the - left margin, and function call counts for each function. - -`-W re-interval' +`-r' `--re-interval' Allows interval expressions (*note Regexp Operators::) in regexps. - Because interval expressions were traditionally not available in - `awk', `gawk' does not provide them by default. This prevents old - `awk' programs from breaking. - -`-W source PROGRAM-TEXT' -`--source PROGRAM-TEXT' - Allows you to mix source code in files with source code that you - enter on the command line. Program source code is taken from the - PROGRAM-TEXT. This is particularly useful when you have library - functions that you want to use from your command-line programs - (*note AWKPATH Variable::). - -`-W use-lc-numeric' -`--use-lc-numeric' - This option forces the use of the locale's decimal point character - when parsing numeric input data (*note Locales::). - -`-W version' + This is now the default behavior for `gawk'. Nevertheless, this + option remains for both backward compatibility, and for use in + combination with the `--traditional' option. + +`-S' +`--sandbox' + In sandbox mode, the `system' function, input redirections with + `getline', output redirections with `print' and `printf' and + dynamic extensions are disabled. This is particularly useful when + you want to run `awk' scripts from questionable sources and need + to make sure the scripts can't access your system (other then the + specified input data file). + +`-V' `--version' Prints version information for this particular copy of `gawk'. This allows you to determine if your copy of `gawk' is up to date @@ -12612,7 +13175,7 @@ the value of `FS' is not strictly necessary. It remains for historical compatibility. -File: gawk.info, Node: AWKPATH Variable, Next: Obsolete, Prev: Other Arguments, Up: Invoking Gawk +File: gawk.info, Node: AWKPATH Variable, Next: Exit Status, Prev: Other Arguments, Up: Invoking Gawk 11.4 The `AWKPATH' Environment Variable ======================================= @@ -12672,7 +13235,7 @@ the value of `$(datadir)' generated when `gawk' was configured. You probably don't need to worry about this, though. -File: gawk.info, Node: Exit Status, Next: Undocumented, Prev: Obsolete, Up: Invoking Gawk +File: gawk.info, Node: Exit Status, Next: Obsolete, Prev: AWKPATH Variable, Up: Invoking Gawk 11.5 `gawk''s Exit Status ========================= @@ -12690,7 +13253,7 @@ with the value of the C constant `EXIT_SUCCESS'. This is usually zero. non-POSIX systems, this value may be mapped to `EXIT_FAILURE'. -File: gawk.info, Node: Obsolete, Next: Exit Status, Prev: AWKPATH Variable, Up: Invoking Gawk +File: gawk.info, Node: Obsolete, Next: Undocumented, Prev: Exit Status, Up: Invoking Gawk 11.6 Obsolete Options and/or Features ===================================== @@ -12701,19 +13264,15 @@ current version or that are still supported but deprecated (meaning that they will _not_ be in the next release). For version 3.1 of `gawk', there are no deprecated command-line -options from the previous version of `gawk'. The use of `next file' -(two words) for `nextfile' was deprecated in `gawk' 3.0 but still -worked. Starting with version 3.1, the two-word usage is no longer -accepted. +options from the previous version of `gawk'. - The process-related special files described in *note Special -Process::, work as described, but are now considered deprecated. -`gawk' prints a warning message every time they are used. (Use -`PROCINFO' instead; see *note Auto-set::.) They will be removed from -the next release of `gawk'. + The process-related special files `/dev/pid', `/dev/ppid', +`/dev/pgrpid', and `/dev/user' were deprecated in `gawk' 3.1, but still +worked. As of version 3.2, they are no longer interpreted specially by +`gawk'. (Use `PROCINFO' instead; see *note Auto-set::.) -File: gawk.info, Node: Undocumented, Next: Known Bugs, Prev: Exit Status, Up: Invoking Gawk +File: gawk.info, Node: Undocumented, Next: Known Bugs, Prev: Obsolete, Up: Invoking Gawk 11.7 Undocumented Options and Features ====================================== @@ -14124,6 +14683,7 @@ corresponding to the C functions of the same names: oldrs = RS olddol0 = $0 using_fw = (PROCINFO["FS"] == "FIELDWIDTHS") + using_fpat = (PROCINFO["FS"] == "FPAT") FS = ":" RS = "\n" @@ -14139,6 +14699,8 @@ corresponding to the C functions of the same names: FS = oldfs if (using_fw) FIELDWIDTHS = FIELDWIDTHS + else if (using_fpat) + FPAT = FPAT RS = oldrs $0 = olddol0 } @@ -14167,16 +14729,20 @@ This makes it possible to restore the correct field-splitting mechanism later. The test can only be true for `gawk'. It is false if using `FS' or on some other `awk' implementation. + The code that checks for using `FPAT' is similar. + The main part of the function uses a loop to read database lines, split the line into fields, and then store the line into each array as necessary. When the loop is done, `_pw_init' cleans up by closing the pipeline, setting `_pw_inited' to one, and restoring `FS' (and -`FIELDWIDTHS' if necessary), `RS', and `$0'. The use of `_pw_count' is -explained shortly. +`FIELDWIDTHS' or `FPAT' if necessary), `RS', and `$0'. The use of +`_pw_count' is explained shortly. - The `getpwnam' function takes a username as a string argument. If -that user is in the database, it returns the appropriate line. -Otherwise, it returns the null string: + *FIXME: NEXT ED:* All of these functions don't need the ... in ... +test. Just return the array element, which will be "" if not already +there. Duh. The `getpwnam' function takes a username as a string +argument. If that user is in the database, it returns the appropriate +line. Otherwise, it returns the null string: function getpwnam(name) { @@ -14341,6 +14907,7 @@ the same names: oldrs = RS olddol0 = $0 using_fw = (PROCINFO["FS"] == "FIELDWIDTHS") + using_fpat = (PROCINFO["FS"] == "FPAT") FS = ":" RS = "\n" @@ -14371,6 +14938,8 @@ the same names: FS = oldfs if (using_fw) FIELDWIDTHS = FIELDWIDTHS + else if (using_fpat) + FPAT = FPAT RS = oldrs $0 = olddol0 } @@ -14383,9 +14952,8 @@ might want it to be in a different directory on your system. These routines follow the same general outline as the user database routines (*note Passwd Functions::). The `_gr_inited' variable is used to ensure that the database is scanned no more than once. The -`_gr_init' function first saves `FS', `FIELDWIDTHS', `RS', and `$0', -and then sets `FS' and `RS' to the correct values for scanning the -group information. +`_gr_init' function first saves `FS', `RS', and `$0', and then sets +`FS' and `RS' to the correct values for scanning the group information. The group information is stored is several associative arrays. The arrays are indexed by group name (`_gr_byname'), by group ID number @@ -14409,7 +14977,7 @@ time there were no names. This code adds the names with a leading comma. It also doesn't check that there is a `$4'.) Finally, `_gr_init' closes the pipeline to `grcat', restores `FS' -(and `FIELDWIDTHS' if necessary), `RS', and `$0', initializes +(and `FIELDWIDTHS' or `FPAT' if necessary), `RS', and `$0', initializes `_gr_count' to zero (it is used later), and makes `_gr_inited' nonzero. The `getgrnam' function takes a group name as its argument, and if @@ -15268,6 +15836,7 @@ less than two, then no file names were supplied and `tee' prints a usage message and exits. Finally, `awk' is forced to read the standard input by setting `ARGV[1]' to `"-"' and `ARGC' to two: + *FIXME: NEXT ED:* Add more leading commentary in this program # tee.awk --- tee in awk BEGIN \ { @@ -15626,7 +16195,7 @@ lines, words, and characters to zero, and saves the current file name in function beginfile(file) { - chars = lines = words = 0 + lines = words = chars = 0 fname = FILENAME } @@ -15637,9 +16206,9 @@ reset the numbers for the following data file: function endfile(file) { - tchars += chars tlines += lines twords += words + tchars += chars if (do_lines) printf "\t%d", lines if (do_words) @@ -15707,8 +16276,8 @@ hope you find them both interesting and enjoyable. * Simple Sed:: A Simple Stream Editor. * Igawk Program:: A wrapper for `awk' that includes files. -* Signature Program:: People do amazing things with too much time - on their hands. +* Signature Program:: People do amazing things with too much time on + their hands. File: gawk.info, Node: Dupword Program, Next: Alarm Program, Up: Miscellaneous Programs @@ -16121,7 +16690,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Word Sorting, Next: History Sorting, Prev: Labels Prog 13.3.5 Generating Word-Usage Counts ----------------------------------- -The following `awk' program prints the number of occurrences of each +*FIXME: NEXT ED:* Rewrite this whole section and example. + + The following `awk' program prints the number of occurrences of each word in its input. It illustrates the associative nature of `awk' arrays by using strings as subscripts. It also demonstrates the `for (i in array)' mechanism. Finally, it shows how `awk' is used in @@ -17233,7 +17804,8 @@ all be disabled with either the `--traditional' or `--posix' options `getline' returns -1 or `close' fails (*note Built-in Variables::). * The `/dev/pid', `/dev/ppid', `/dev/pgrpid', and `/dev/user' file - name interpretation (*note Special Files::). + name interpretation. (As of version 3.2, these names are no + longer supported.) * The ability to delete all of an array at once with `delete ARRAY' (*note Delete::). @@ -17359,10 +17931,6 @@ all be disabled with either the `--traditional' or `--posix' options treatment of pathnames that begin with `/p' as BSD portals (*note Portal Files::). - * The `--disable-directories-fatal' configuration option which - causes `gawk' to silently skip directories named on the command - line (*note Additional Configuration Options::). - * The use of GNU Automake to help in standardizing the configuration process (*note Quick Installation::). @@ -17396,6 +17964,48 @@ all be disabled with either the `--traditional' or `--posix' options * The `strftime' function acquired a third argument to enable printing times as UTC (*note Time Functions::). + Version 3.2 of `gawk' introduced the following features: + + * The special files `/dev/pid', `/dev/ppid', `/dev/pgrpid', and + `/dev/user' were removed entirely (*note Obsolete::). + + * The `\s' and `\S' escapae sequences in regular expressions (*note + GNU Regexp Operators::). + + * Interval expressions became part of the default matching done if + not in POSIX mode or in compatibility mode. (*note Regexp + Operators::). + + * The `split()' function was given the additional optional fourth + argument which is an array to hold the text of the field + separators. (*note String Functions::). + + * The `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE' special patterns. (*note + BEGINFILE/ENDFILE::). + + * The `switch' statement was enabled by default. (*note Switch + Statement::). + + * The `--sandbox' and `--characters-as-bytes' options (*note + Options::). + + * Indirect function calls (*note Indirect Calls::). + + * The `--gen-po' command-line option was renamed `--gen-pot' (*note + String Extraction::). + + * Directories on the command line produce a warning and are skipped + (*note Command line directories::). + + * The `FPAT' variable and its effects (*note Splitting By Content::). + + * The `patsplit' function (*note String Functions::). + + * The `/inet4' and `/inet6' special files for TCP/IP networking + using `|&' to specify which version of the IP protocol to use. + (*note TCP/IP Networking::). + + File: gawk.info, Node: Contributors, Prev: POSIX/GNU, Up: Language History @@ -17469,7 +18079,7 @@ Info file, in approximate chronological order: documentation. * Matthew Woehlke provided improvements for Tandem's POSIX-compliant - systems. Ralf Wildenhues now maintains this port. + systems. * Martin Brown provided the port to BeOS and its documentation. @@ -17814,10 +18424,6 @@ command line when compiling `gawk' from scratch, including: Treat pathnames that begin with `/p' as BSD portal files when doing two-way I/O with the `|&' operator (*note Portal Files::). -`--enable-switch' - Enable the recognition and execution of C-style `switch' statements - in `awk' programs (*note Switch Statement::.) - `--with-whiny-user-strftime' Force use of the included version of the `strftime' function for deficient systems @@ -17842,10 +18448,6 @@ command line when compiling `gawk' from scratch, including: desirable, but it may bring you some slight performance improvement. -`--disable-directories-fatal' - Causes `gawk' to silently skip directories named on the command - line. - As of version 3.1.5, the `--with-included-gettext' configuration option is no longer available, since `gawk' expects the GNU `gettext' library to be installed as an external library. @@ -17934,11 +18536,12 @@ distribution. * Menu: * PC Binary Installation:: Installing a prepared distribution. -* PC Compiling:: Compiling `gawk' for MS-DOS, Windows32, +* PC Compiling:: Compiling `gawk' for MS-DOS, + Windows32, and OS/2. +* PC Dynamic:: Compiling `gawk' for dynamic + libraries. +* PC Using:: Running `gawk' on MS-DOS, Windows32 and OS/2. -* PC Dynamic:: Compiling `gawk' for dynamic libraries. -* PC Using:: Running `gawk' on MS-DOS, Windows32 and - OS/2. * Cygwin:: Building and running `gawk' for Cygwin. * MSYS:: Using `gawk' In The MSYS Environment. @@ -17991,11 +18594,11 @@ B.3.1.2 Compiling `gawk' for PC Operating Systems development tools from DJ Delorie (DJGPP; MS-DOS only) or Eberhard Mattes (EMX; MS-DOS, Windows32 and OS/2). Microsoft Visual C/C++ can be used to build a Windows32 version, and Microsoft C/C++ can be used -to build 16-bit versions for MS-DOS and OS/2. (As of `gawk' 3.1.2, the -MSC version doesn't work. However, the maintainer is working on fixing -it.) The file `README_d/README.pc' in the `gawk' distribution contains -additional notes, and `pc/Makefile' contains important information on -compilation options. +to build 16-bit versions for MS-DOS and OS/2. *FIXME:* (As of `gawk' +3.1.2, the MSC version doesn't work. However, the maintainer is working +on fixing it.) The file `README_d/README.pc' in the `gawk' +distribution contains additional notes, and `pc/Makefile' contains +important information on compilation options. To build `gawk' for MS-DOS, Windows32, and OS/2 (16 bit only; for 32 bit (EMX) you can use the `configure' script and skip the following @@ -18726,10 +19329,9 @@ considered authoritative if it conflicts with this Info file. The people maintaining the non-Unix ports of `gawk' are as follows: -MS-DOS Scott Deifik, <scottd.mail@sbcglobal.net>. MS-Windows using MINGW Eli Zaretskii, <eliz@gnu.org>. -Tandem Stephen Davies, <scldad@sdc.com.au>. -Tandem (POSIX-compliant) Ralf Wildenhues <Ralf.Wildenhues@gmx.de> + Scott Deifik, <scottd.mail@sbcglobal.net>. +OS/2 Andreas Buening, <andreas.buening@nexgo.de> VMS Pat Rankin, <rankin@pactechdata.com>. z/OS (OS/390) Dave Pitts, <pitts@cozx.com>. @@ -19170,6 +19772,8 @@ to recompile them for each new `gawk' release. There is no guarantee of binary compatibility between different releases, nor will there ever be such a guarantee. + NOTE: When `--sandbox' is specified, extensions are disabled. + * Menu: * Internals:: A brief look at some `gawk' internals. @@ -19882,6 +20486,9 @@ Integrating the DBUG library Following is a list of probable improvements that will make `gawk' perform better: + *FIXME: NEXT ED:* remove this item. awka and mawk do these + respectively. + Compilation of `awk' programs `gawk' uses a Bison (YACC-like) parser to convert the script given it into a syntax tree; the syntax tree is then executed by a @@ -19936,6 +20543,7 @@ D.1 What a Program Does At the most basic level, the job of a program is to process some input data and produce results. + *FIXME: NEXT ED:* Use real images here _______ +------+ / \ +---------+ | Data | -----> < Program > -----> | Results | @@ -19949,6 +20557,7 @@ uses the instructions in your program to process the data. When you write a program, it usually consists of the following, very basic set of steps: + *FIXME: NEXT ED:* Use real images here ______ +----------------+ / More \ No +----------+ | Initialization | -------> < Data > -------> | Clean Up | @@ -20128,10 +20737,10 @@ in computer science. * Menu: -* String Conversion Precision:: The String Value Can Lie. -* Unexpected Results:: Floating Point Numbers Are Not - Abstract Numbers. -* POSIX Floating Point Problems:: Standards Versus Existing Practice. +* String Conversion Precision:: The String Value Can Lie. +* Unexpected Results:: Floating Point Numbers Are Not Abstract + Numbers. +* POSIX Floating Point Problems:: Standards Versus Existing Practice. File: gawk.info, Node: String Conversion Precision, Next: Unexpected Results, Up: Floating Point Issues @@ -20422,7 +21031,7 @@ Built-in Variable `ARGC', `ARGV', `CONVFMT', `ENVIRON', `FILENAME', `FNR', `FS', `NF', `NR', `OFMT', `OFS', `ORS', `RLENGTH', `RSTART', `RS', and `SUBSEP' are the variables that have special meaning to `awk'. In - addition, `ARGIND', `BINMODE', `ERRNO', `FIELDWIDTHS', + addition, `ARGIND', `BINMODE', `ERRNO', `FIELDWIDTHS', `FPAT', `IGNORECASE', `LINT', `PROCINFO', `RT', and `TEXTDOMAIN' are the variables that have special meaning to `gawk'. Changing some of them affects `awk''s running environment. (*Note Built-in @@ -20563,8 +21172,11 @@ Field separated by whitespace (or by a separator regexp that you can change by setting the built-in variable `FS'). Such pieces are called fields. If the pieces are of fixed length, you can use the - built-in variable `FIELDWIDTHS' to describe their lengths. (*Note - Field Separators::, and *note Constant Size::.) + built-in variable `FIELDWIDTHS' to describe their lengths. If you + wish to specify the contents of fields instead of the field + separator, you can use the built-in variable `FPAT' to do so. + (*Note Field Separators::, *note Constant Size::, and *note + Splitting By Content::.) Flag A variable whose truth value indicates the existence or @@ -20677,12 +21289,10 @@ Keyword meaning. Keywords are reserved and may not be used as variable names. - `gawk''s keywords are: `BEGIN', `END', `if', `else', `while', - `do...while', `for', `for...in', `break', `continue', `delete', - `next', `nextfile', `function', `func', and `exit'. If `gawk' was - configured with the `--enable-switch' option (*note Switch - Statement::), then `switch', `case', and `default' are also - keywords. + `gawk''s keywords are: `BEGIN', `END', `break', `case', `continue', + `default' `delete', `do...while', `else', `exit', `for...in', + `for', `function', `func', `if', `nextfile', `next', `switch', and + `while'. Lesser General Public License This document describes the terms under which binary library @@ -21636,7 +22246,7 @@ GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first, please read `http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html'. -File: gawk.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Index, Prev: Copying, Up: Top +File: gawk.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: next-edition, Prev: Copying, Up: Top GNU Free Documentation License ****************************** @@ -22122,7 +22732,170 @@ free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software. -File: gawk.info, Node: Index, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top +File: gawk.info, Node: next-edition, Next: Index, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top + +Appendix A To Do In The Next Edition +************************************ + +Stuff for working on the manual + +* Menu: + +* unresolved:: unresolved. +* revision:: revision. +* consistency:: consistency. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: unresolved, Next: revision, Up: next-edition + +A.1 Unresovled Issues +===================== + + 1. Robert J. Chassell points out that awk programs should have some + indication of how to use them. It would be useful to perhaps have + a "programming style" section of the manual that would include + this and other tips. + + 2. The default AWKPATH search path should be configurable via + `configure' The default and how this changes needs to be + documented. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: revision, Next: consistency, Prev: unresolved, Up: next-edition + +A.2 Revisions To Make +===================== + + 1. Talk about common extensions, those in nawk, gawk, mawk. + + 2. Use `foo' for variables and `foo()' for functions. + + 3. Standardize the error messages from the functions and programs in + Chapters 12 and 13. + + 4. Nuke the BBS stuff and use something that won't be obsolete. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: consistency, Prev: revision, Up: next-edition + +A.3 Consistency Issues +====================== + + * /.../ regexps are in @code, not @samp + + * ".." strings are in @code, not @samp + + * no @print before @dots + + * values of expressions in the text (`x' has the value 15), should + be in roman, not @code + + * Use TAB and not tab + + * Use ESC and not ESCAPE + + * Use space and not blank to describe the space bar's + character The term "blank" is thus basically reserved for "blank + lines" etc. + + * To make dark corners work, the @value{DARKCORNER} has to be outside + closing `.' of a sentence and after (@pxref{...}). This is a + change from earlier versions. + + * " " should have an around it + + * Use "non-" only with language names or acronyms, or the words bug + and option + + * Use `ftp' when talking about anonymous ftp + + * Use uppercase and lowercase, not "upper-case" and "lower-case" or + "upper case" and "lower case" + + * Use "single precision" and "double precision", not + "single-precision" or "double-precision" + + * Use alphanumeric, not alpha-numeric + + * Use POSIX-compliant, not POSIX compliant + + * Use -foo, not -Wfoo when describing long options + + * Use "Bell Laboratories", but not "Bell Labs". + + * Use "behavior" instead of "behaviour". + + * Use "zeros" instead of "zeroes". + + * Use "nonzero" not "non-zero". + + * Use "runtime" not "run time" or "run-time". + + * Use "command-line" not "command line". + + * Use "online" not "on-line". + + * Use "whitespace" not "white space". + + * Use "Input/Output", not "input/output". Also "I/O", not "i/o". + + * Use "lefthand"/"righthand", not "left-hand"/"right-hand". + + * Use "workaround", not "work-around". + + * Use "startup"/"cleanup", not "start-up"/"clean-up" + + * Use `do', and not `do'-`while', except where actually discussing + the do-while. + + * Use "versus" in text and "vs." in index entries + + * The words "a", "and", "as", "between", "for", "from", "in", "of", + "on", "that", "the", "to", "with", and "without", should not be + capitalized in @chapter, @section etc. "Into" and "How" should. + + * Search for @dfn; make sure important items are also indexed. + + * "e.g." should always be followed by a comma. + + * "i.e." should always be followed by a comma. + + * The numbers zero through ten should be spelled out, except when + talking about file descriptor numbers. > 10 and < 0, it's ok to + use numbers. + + * In tables, put command-line options in @code, while in the text, + put them in @option. + + * When using @strong, use "Note:" or "Caution:" with colons and not + exclamation points. Do not surround the paragraphs with + @quotation ... @end quotation. + + * For most cases, do NOT put a comma before "and", "or" or "but". + But exercise taste with this rule. + + * Don't show the awk command with a program in quotes when it's just + the program. I.e. + + { + ... + } + + and not + awk '{ + ... + }' + + * Do show it when showing command-line arguments, data files, etc, + even if there is no output shown. + + * Use numbered lists only to show a sequential series of steps. + + * Use @code{xxx} for the xxx operator in indexing statements, not + @samp. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Index, Prev: next-edition, Up: Top Index ***** @@ -22179,11 +22952,11 @@ Index * * (asterisk), * operator, as regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 86) * * (asterisk), * operator, null strings, matching: Gory Details. - (line 160) -* * (asterisk), ** operator <1>: Options. (line 199) + (line 159) +* * (asterisk), ** operator <1>: Options. (line 216) * * (asterisk), ** operator <2>: Precedence. (line 49) * * (asterisk), ** operator: Arithmetic Ops. (line 81) -* * (asterisk), **= operator <1>: Options. (line 199) +* * (asterisk), **= operator <1>: Options. (line 216) * * (asterisk), **= operator <2>: Precedence. (line 95) * * (asterisk), **= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) * * (asterisk), *= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) @@ -22202,65 +22975,83 @@ Index * - (hyphen), -- operator: Increment Ops. (line 48) * - (hyphen), -= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * - (hyphen), -= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) -* - (hyphen), filenames beginning with: Options. (line 67) +* - (hyphen), filenames beginning with: Options. (line 56) * - (hyphen), in character lists: Character Lists. (line 17) * --assign option: Options. (line 30) -* --compat option: Options. (line 86) -* --copyleft option: Options. (line 99) -* --copyright option: Options. (line 94) -* --disable-directories-fatal configuration option: Additional Configuration Options. - (line 41) +* --c option: Options. (line 76) +* --characters-as-bytes option: Options. (line 65) +* --compat option: Options. (line 76) +* --copyleft option: Options. (line 85) +* --copyright option: Options. (line 85) * --disable-lint configuration option: Additional Configuration Options. - (line 21) + (line 17) * --disable-nls configuration option: Additional Configuration Options. - (line 36) + (line 32) * --dump-variables option <1>: Library Names. (line 45) -* --dump-variables option: Options. (line 102) +* --dump-variables option: Options. (line 90) * --enable-portals configuration option <1>: Additional Configuration Options. (line 9) * --enable-portals configuration option: Portal Files. (line 6) -* --enable-switch configuration option: Additional Configuration Options. - (line 13) -* --exec option: Options. (line 118) +* --exec option: Options. (line 112) * --field-separator option: Options. (line 21) * --file option: Options. (line 25) -* --gen-po option <1>: Options. (line 137) -* --gen-po option: String Extraction. (line 6) -* --help option: Options. (line 146) -* --lint option <1>: Options. (line 151) +* --gen-pot option <1>: Options. (line 131) +* --gen-pot option: String Extraction. (line 6) +* --help option: Options. (line 139) +* --L option: Options. (line 163) +* --lint option <1>: Options. (line 144) * --lint option: Command Line. (line 20) -* --lint-old option: Options. (line 170) -* --non-decimal-data option <1>: Options. (line 175) +* --lint-old option: Options. (line 163) +* --non-decimal-data option <1>: Options. (line 168) * --non-decimal-data option: Nondecimal Data. (line 6) * --non-decimal-data option, strtonum function and: Nondecimal Data. (line 36) -* --optimize option: Options. (line 77) -* --posix option: Options. (line 183) -* --posix option, --traditional option and: Options. (line 213) -* --profile option <1>: Options. (line 219) +* --optimize option: Options. (line 181) +* --posix option: Options. (line 200) +* --posix option, --traditional option and: Options. (line 230) +* --profile option <1>: Options. (line 188) * --profile option: Profiling. (line 15) -* --re-interval option: Options. (line 231) -* --source option: Options. (line 238) -* --traditional option: Options. (line 86) -* --traditional option, --posix option and: Options. (line 213) -* --usage option: Options. (line 146) -* --use-lc-numeric option: Options. (line 246) -* --version option: Options. (line 251) +* --re-interval option: Options. (line 236) +* --sandbox option: Options. (line 243) +* --sandbox option, disabling system function: I/O Functions. (line 88) +* --sandbox option, input redirection with getline: Getline. (line 19) +* --sandbox option, output redirection with print, printf: Redirection. + (line 6) +* --source option: Options. (line 104) +* --traditional option: Options. (line 76) +* --traditional option, --posix option and: Options. (line 230) +* --usage option: Options. (line 139) +* --use-lc-numeric option: Options. (line 176) +* --version option: Options. (line 252) * --with-whiny-user-strftime configuration option: Additional Configuration Options. - (line 17) + (line 13) +* -b option: Options. (line 65) +* -C option: Options. (line 85) +* -d option: Options. (line 90) +* -E option: Options. (line 112) +* -e option: Options. (line 104) * -f option: Options. (line 25) * -F option <1>: Options. (line 21) * -F option: Command Line Field Separator. (line 6) * -f option: Long. (line 12) -* -F option, -Ft sets FS to TAB: Options. (line 259) -* -f option, on command line: Options. (line 264) +* -F option, -Ft sets FS to TAB: Options. (line 260) +* -f option, on command line: Options. (line 265) * -F option, troubleshooting: Known Bugs. (line 6) -* -mf/-mr options: Options. (line 45) -* -O option: Options. (line 77) +* -g option: Options. (line 131) +* -h option: Options. (line 139) +* -l option: Options. (line 144) +* -N option: Options. (line 176) +* -n option: Options. (line 168) +* -O option: Options. (line 181) +* -P option: Options. (line 200) +* -p option: Options. (line 188) +* -r option: Options. (line 236) +* -S option: Options. (line 243) +* -V option: Options. (line 252) * -v option: Options. (line 30) * -v option, variables, assigning: Assignment Options. (line 12) -* -W option: Options. (line 55) +* -W option: Options. (line 44) * . (period): Regexp Operators. (line 43) * .mo files: Explaining gettext. (line 39) * .mo files, converting from .po: I18N Example. (line 62) @@ -22279,6 +23070,8 @@ Index * /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. (line 148) * /dev/... special files (gawk): Special FD. (line 41) * /inet/ files (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) +* /inet4/ files (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) +* /inet6/ files (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * /p files (gawk): Portal Files. (line 6) * ; (semicolon): Statements/Lines. (line 90) * ; (semicolon), AWKPATH variable and: PC Using. (line 11) @@ -22300,14 +23093,14 @@ Index * > (right angle bracket), > operator <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * > (right angle bracket), > operator: Comparison Operators. (line 11) -* > (right angle bracket), > operator (I/O): Redirection. (line 19) +* > (right angle bracket), > operator (I/O): Redirection. (line 22) * > (right angle bracket), >= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * > (right angle bracket), >= operator: Comparison Operators. (line 11) * > (right angle bracket), >> operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 65) -* > (right angle bracket), >> operator (I/O): Redirection. (line 47) +* > (right angle bracket), >> operator (I/O): Redirection. (line 50) * ? (question mark) <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 51) + (line 59) * ? (question mark): Regexp Operators. (line 110) * ? (question mark), ?: operator: Precedence. (line 92) * [] (square brackets): Regexp Operators. (line 55) @@ -22317,31 +23110,35 @@ Index * \ (backslash): Read Terminal. (line 25) * \ (backslash), \" escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 76) * \ (backslash), \' operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 48) + (line 56) * \ (backslash), \/ escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 69) * \ (backslash), \< operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 22) + (line 30) * \ (backslash), \> operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 26) + (line 34) * \ (backslash), \` operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 46) + (line 54) * \ (backslash), \a escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 34) * \ (backslash), \b escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 38) * \ (backslash), \B operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 35) + (line 43) * \ (backslash), \f escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 41) * \ (backslash), \n escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 44) * \ (backslash), \NNN escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 56) * \ (backslash), \r escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 47) +* \ (backslash), \S operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. + (line 17) +* \ (backslash), \s operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. + (line 13) * \ (backslash), \t escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 50) * \ (backslash), \v escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 53) * \ (backslash), \W operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 18) + (line 26) * \ (backslash), \w operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 13) + (line 21) * \ (backslash), \x escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 61) * \ (backslash), \y operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 30) + (line 38) * \ (backslash), as field separators: Command Line Field Separator. (line 27) * \ (backslash), continuing lines and <1>: Egrep Program. (line 218) @@ -22358,11 +23155,11 @@ Index (line 113) * \ (backslash), regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 28) * ^ (caret) <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 51) + (line 59) * ^ (caret): Regexp Operators. (line 22) -* ^ (caret), ^ operator <1>: Options. (line 199) +* ^ (caret), ^ operator <1>: Options. (line 216) * ^ (caret), ^ operator: Precedence. (line 49) -* ^ (caret), ^= operator <1>: Options. (line 199) +* ^ (caret), ^= operator <1>: Options. (line 216) * ^ (caret), ^= operator <2>: Precedence. (line 95) * ^ (caret), ^= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) * ^ (caret), in character lists: Character Lists. (line 17) @@ -22384,14 +23181,14 @@ Index * adding, features to gawk: Adding Code. (line 6) * adding, fields: Changing Fields. (line 53) * adding, functions to gawk: Dynamic Extensions. (line 10) -* advanced features, buffering: I/O Functions. (line 96) +* advanced features, buffering: I/O Functions. (line 100) * advanced features, close function: Close Files And Pipes. (line 130) * advanced features, constants, values of: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 67) * advanced features, data files as single record: Records. (line 170) * advanced features, fixed-width data: Constant Size. (line 9) -* advanced features, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 187) +* advanced features, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 193) * advanced features, gawk: Advanced Features. (line 6) * advanced features, gawk, BSD portals: Portal Files. (line 6) * advanced features, gawk, network programming: TCP/IP Networking. @@ -22402,15 +23199,17 @@ Index (line 23) * advanced features, network connections, See Also networks, connections: Advanced Features. (line 6) -* advanced features, null strings, matching: Gory Details. (line 160) +* advanced features, null strings, matching: Gory Details. (line 159) * advanced features, operators, precedence: Increment Ops. (line 61) -* advanced features, piping into sh: Redirection. (line 140) +* advanced features, piping into sh: Redirection. (line 143) * advanced features, regexp constants: Assignment Ops. (line 148) +* advanced features, specifying field content: Splitting By Content. + (line 9) * Aho, Alfred <1>: Contributors. (line 12) * Aho, Alfred: History. (line 17) * alarm clock example program: Alarm Program. (line 9) * alarm.awk program: Alarm Program. (line 27) -* algorithms: Basic High Level. (line 66) +* algorithms: Basic High Level. (line 68) * Alpha (DEC): Manual History. (line 28) * amazing awk assembler (aaa): Glossary. (line 12) * amazingly workable formatter (awf): Glossary. (line 20) @@ -22441,7 +23240,7 @@ Index * arithmetic operators: Arithmetic Ops. (line 6) * arrays: Arrays. (line 6) * arrays, as parameters to functions: Function Caveats. (line 55) -* arrays, associative: Array Intro. (line 50) +* arrays, associative: Array Intro. (line 51) * arrays, associative, clearing: Internals. (line 66) * arrays, associative, library functions and: Library Names. (line 57) * arrays, deleting entire contents: Delete. (line 39) @@ -22453,16 +23252,16 @@ Index (line 6) * arrays, elements, retrieving number of: String Functions. (line 18) * arrays, for statement and: Scanning an Array. (line 20) -* arrays, IGNORECASE variable and: Array Intro. (line 92) -* arrays, indexing: Array Intro. (line 50) +* arrays, IGNORECASE variable and: Array Intro. (line 93) +* arrays, indexing: Array Intro. (line 51) * arrays, merging into strings: Join Function. (line 6) -* arrays, multidimensional: Multi-dimensional. (line 6) +* arrays, multidimensional: Multi-dimensional. (line 10) * arrays, multidimensional, scanning: Multi-scanning. (line 11) * arrays, names of: Arrays. (line 17) * arrays, scanning: Scanning an Array. (line 6) * arrays, sorting: Array Sorting. (line 6) * arrays, sorting, IGNORECASE variable and: Array Sorting. (line 86) -* arrays, sparse: Array Intro. (line 71) +* arrays, sparse: Array Intro. (line 72) * arrays, subscripts: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 6) * arrays, subscripts, uninitialized variables as: Uninitialized Subscripts. @@ -22483,17 +23282,17 @@ Index * assignments as filenames: Ignoring Assigns. (line 6) * assoc_clear internal function: Internals. (line 66) * assoc_lookup internal function: Internals. (line 70) -* associative arrays: Array Intro. (line 50) +* associative arrays: Array Intro. (line 51) * asterisk (*), * operator, as multiplication operator: Precedence. (line 55) * asterisk (*), * operator, as regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 86) * asterisk (*), * operator, null strings, matching: Gory Details. - (line 160) -* asterisk (*), ** operator <1>: Options. (line 199) + (line 159) +* asterisk (*), ** operator <1>: Options. (line 216) * asterisk (*), ** operator <2>: Precedence. (line 49) * asterisk (*), ** operator: Arithmetic Ops. (line 81) -* asterisk (*), **= operator <1>: Options. (line 199) +* asterisk (*), **= operator <1>: Options. (line 216) * asterisk (*), **= operator <2>: Precedence. (line 95) * asterisk (*), **= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) * asterisk (*), *= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) @@ -22517,7 +23316,7 @@ Index * awk programs, location of: Options. (line 25) * awk programs, one-line examples: Very Simple. (line 45) * awk programs, profiling: Profiling. (line 6) -* awk programs, profiling, enabling: Options. (line 219) +* awk programs, profiling, enabling: Options. (line 188) * awk programs, running <1>: Long. (line 6) * awk programs, running: Running gawk. (line 6) * awk programs, running, from shell scripts: One-shot. (line 22) @@ -22528,7 +23327,7 @@ Index * awk, gawk and <1>: This Manual. (line 13) * awk, gawk and: Preface. (line 22) * awk, history of: History. (line 17) -* awk, implementation issues, pipes: Redirection. (line 132) +* awk, implementation issues, pipes: Redirection. (line 135) * awk, implementations: Other Versions. (line 6) * awk, implementations, limits: Getline Notes. (line 14) * awk, invoking: Command Line. (line 6) @@ -22557,38 +23356,42 @@ Index * AWKPATH environment variable: AWKPATH Variable. (line 6) * awkprof.out file: Profiling. (line 10) * awksed.awk program: Simple Sed. (line 25) -* awkvars.out file: Options. (line 102) +* awkvars.out file: Options. (line 90) * backslash (\) <1>: Regexp Operators. (line 18) * backslash (\) <2>: Quoting. (line 31) * backslash (\) <3>: Comments. (line 50) * backslash (\): Read Terminal. (line 25) * backslash (\), \" escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 76) * backslash (\), \' operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 48) + (line 56) * backslash (\), \/ escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 69) * backslash (\), \< operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 22) + (line 30) * backslash (\), \> operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 26) + (line 34) * backslash (\), \` operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 46) + (line 54) * backslash (\), \a escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 34) * backslash (\), \b escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 38) * backslash (\), \B operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 35) + (line 43) * backslash (\), \f escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 41) * backslash (\), \n escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 44) * backslash (\), \NNN escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 56) * backslash (\), \r escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 47) +* backslash (\), \S operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. + (line 17) +* backslash (\), \s operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. + (line 13) * backslash (\), \t escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 50) * backslash (\), \v escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 53) * backslash (\), \W operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 18) + (line 26) * backslash (\), \w operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 13) + (line 21) * backslash (\), \x escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 61) * backslash (\), \y operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 30) + (line 38) * backslash (\), as field separators: Command Line Field Separator. (line 27) * backslash (\), continuing lines and <1>: Egrep Program. (line 218) @@ -22625,9 +23428,10 @@ Index * BEGIN pattern, operators and: Using BEGIN/END. (line 17) * BEGIN pattern, pgawk program: Profiling. (line 69) * BEGIN pattern, print statement and: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 16) -* BEGIN pattern, pwcat program: Passwd Functions. (line 125) +* BEGIN pattern, pwcat program: Passwd Functions. (line 128) * BEGIN pattern, running awk programs and: Cut Program. (line 66) * BEGIN pattern, TEXTDOMAIN variable and: Programmer i18n. (line 58) +* BEGINFILE special pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 6) * beginfile user-defined function: Filetrans Function. (line 60) * Bell Laboratories awk extensions: BTL. (line 6) * Benzinger, Michael: Contributors. (line 89) @@ -22663,14 +23467,16 @@ Index * Broder, Alan J.: Contributors. (line 80) * Brown, Martin: Contributors. (line 75) * BSD portals: Portal Files. (line 6) -* BSD-based operating systems: Glossary. (line 581) -* Buening, Andreas: Contributors. (line 84) +* BSD-based operating systems: Glossary. (line 582) +* Buening, Andreas <1>: Bugs. (line 70) +* Buening, Andreas <2>: Contributors. (line 84) +* Buening, Andreas: Acknowledgments. (line 53) * buffering, input/output <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 71) -* buffering, input/output: I/O Functions. (line 128) -* buffering, interactive vs. noninteractive: I/O Functions. (line 96) +* buffering, input/output: I/O Functions. (line 132) +* buffering, interactive vs. noninteractive: I/O Functions. (line 100) * buffers, flushing: I/O Functions. (line 29) * buffers, operators for: GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 40) + (line 48) * bug reports, email address, bug-gawk@gnu.org: Bugs. (line 27) * bug-gawk@gnu.org bug reporting address: Bugs. (line 27) * built-in functions: Functions. (line 6) @@ -22682,23 +23488,23 @@ Index * call by reference: Function Caveats. (line 55) * call by value: Function Caveats. (line 26) * caret (^) <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 51) + (line 59) * caret (^): Regexp Operators. (line 22) -* caret (^), ^ operator <1>: Options. (line 199) +* caret (^), ^ operator <1>: Options. (line 216) * caret (^), ^ operator: Precedence. (line 49) -* caret (^), ^= operator <1>: Options. (line 199) +* caret (^), ^= operator <1>: Options. (line 216) * caret (^), ^= operator <2>: Precedence. (line 95) * caret (^), ^= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) * caret (^), in character lists: Character Lists. (line 17) * case keyword: Switch Statement. (line 6) -* case sensitivity, array indices and: Array Intro. (line 92) -* case sensitivity, converting case: String Functions. (line 467) +* case sensitivity, array indices and: Array Intro. (line 93) +* case sensitivity, converting case: String Functions. (line 492) * case sensitivity, example programs: Library Functions. (line 43) * case sensitivity, gawk: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) -* case sensitivity, regexps and <1>: User-modified. (line 70) +* case sensitivity, regexps and <1>: User-modified. (line 82) * case sensitivity, regexps and: Case-sensitivity. (line 6) -* case sensitivity, string comparisons and: User-modified. (line 70) -* CGI, awk scripts for: Options. (line 118) +* case sensitivity, string comparisons and: User-modified. (line 82) +* CGI, awk scripts for: Options. (line 112) * character encodings: Ordinal Functions. (line 44) * character lists <1>: Character Lists. (line 6) * character lists: Regexp Operators. (line 55) @@ -22744,6 +23550,8 @@ Index * command line, arguments <1>: Other Arguments. (line 6) * command line, arguments <2>: ARGC and ARGV. (line 6) * command line, arguments: Auto-set. (line 11) +* command line, directories on: Command line directories. + (line 6) * command line, formats: Running gawk. (line 12) * command line, FS on, setting: Command Line Field Separator. (line 6) @@ -22752,7 +23560,7 @@ Index * command line, options <2>: Command Line Field Separator. (line 6) * command line, options: Long. (line 12) -* command line, options, end of: Options. (line 62) +* command line, options, end of: Options. (line 51) * command line, variables, assigning on: Assignment Options. (line 6) * command-line options, processing: Getopt Function. (line 6) * command-line options, string extraction: String Extraction. (line 6) @@ -22770,33 +23578,29 @@ Index (line 60) * compatibility mode (gawk), octal numbers: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 60) -* compatibility mode (gawk), specifying: Options. (line 86) +* compatibility mode (gawk), specifying: Options. (line 76) * compiled programs <1>: Glossary. (line 155) -* compiled programs: Basic High Level. (line 14) +* compiled programs: Basic High Level. (line 15) * compl function (gawk): Bitwise Functions. (line 43) * complement, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 25) * compound statements, control statements and: Statements. (line 10) * concatenating: Concatenation. (line 9) * conditional expressions: Conditional Exp. (line 6) -* configuration option, --disable-directories-fatal: Additional Configuration Options. - (line 41) * configuration option, --disable-lint: Additional Configuration Options. - (line 21) + (line 17) * configuration option, --disable-nls: Additional Configuration Options. - (line 36) + (line 32) * configuration option, --enable-portals: Additional Configuration Options. (line 9) -* configuration option, --enable-switch: Additional Configuration Options. - (line 13) * configuration option, --with-whiny-user-strftime: Additional Configuration Options. - (line 17) + (line 13) * configuration options, gawk: Additional Configuration Options. (line 6) * constants, nondecimal: Nondecimal Data. (line 6) * constants, types of: Constants. (line 6) * continue statement: Continue Statement. (line 6) * control statements: Statements. (line 6) -* converting, case: String Functions. (line 467) +* converting, case: String Functions. (line 492) * converting, dates to timestamps: Time Functions. (line 72) * converting, during subscripting: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 31) @@ -22808,7 +23612,7 @@ Index * CONVFMT variable, array subscripts and: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 6) * coprocesses <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 44) -* coprocesses: Redirection. (line 99) +* coprocesses: Redirection. (line 102) * coprocesses, closing: Close Files And Pipes. (line 6) * coprocesses, getline from: Getline/Coprocess. (line 6) @@ -22816,7 +23620,7 @@ Index * counting: Wc Program. (line 6) * csh utility: Statements/Lines. (line 44) * csh utility, backslash continuation and: More Complex. (line 15) -* csh utility, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 302) +* csh utility, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 303) * csh utility, |& operator, comparison with: Two-way I/O. (line 44) * ctime user-defined function: Function Example. (line 72) * currency symbols, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 99) @@ -22845,9 +23649,9 @@ Index * dark corner, exit statement: Exit Statement. (line 29) * dark corner, field separators: Field Splitting Summary. (line 47) -* dark corner, FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 88) +* dark corner, FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 93) * dark corner, FILENAME variable: Getline Notes. (line 19) -* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 187) +* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 193) * dark corner, format-control characters: Control Letters. (line 18) * dark corner, FS as null string: Single Character Fields. (line 20) @@ -22863,10 +23667,10 @@ Index (line 148) * dark corner, regexp constants, as arguments to user-defined functions: Using Constant Regexps. (line 44) -* dark corner, split function: String Functions. (line 234) +* dark corner, split function: String Functions. (line 259) * dark corner, strings, storing: Records. (line 186) * data, fixed-width: Constant Size. (line 9) -* data-driven languages: Basic High Level. (line 83) +* data-driven languages: Basic High Level. (line 85) * database, group, reading: Group Functions. (line 6) * database, users, reading: Passwd Functions. (line 6) * date utility, GNU: Time Functions. (line 17) @@ -22874,7 +23678,6 @@ Index * dates, converting to timestamps: Time Functions. (line 72) * dates, information related to, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 111) -* Davies, Stephen <1>: Bugs. (line 70) * Davies, Stephen: Contributors. (line 69) * dcgettext function (gawk) <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 19) * dcgettext function (gawk): I18N Functions. (line 12) @@ -22887,7 +23690,7 @@ Index * deadlocks: Two-way I/O. (line 71) * debugging gawk: Known Bugs. (line 6) * debugging gawk, bug reports: Bugs. (line 9) -* decimal point character, locale specific: Options. (line 207) +* decimal point character, locale specific: Options. (line 224) * decrement operators: Increment Ops. (line 35) * default keyword: Switch Statement. (line 6) * Deifik, Scott <1>: Bugs. (line 69) @@ -22898,7 +23701,7 @@ Index * deleting entire arrays: Delete. (line 39) * differences between gawk and awk: String Functions. (line 102) * differences in awk and gawk, ARGC/ARGV variables: ARGC and ARGV. - (line 85) + (line 86) * differences in awk and gawk, ARGIND variable: Auto-set. (line 40) * differences in awk and gawk, array elements, deleting: Delete. (line 39) @@ -22916,49 +23719,54 @@ Index * differences in awk and gawk, error messages: Special FD. (line 15) * differences in awk and gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable: User-modified. (line 35) +* differences in awk and gawk, FPAT variable: User-modified. (line 45) * differences in awk and gawk, function arguments (gawk): Calling Built-in. (line 16) * differences in awk and gawk, getline command: Getline. (line 19) * differences in awk and gawk, IGNORECASE variable: User-modified. - (line 70) + (line 82) * differences in awk and gawk, implementation limitations <1>: Redirection. - (line 132) + (line 135) * differences in awk and gawk, implementation limitations: Getline Notes. (line 14) +* differences in awk and gawk, indirect function calls: Indirect Calls. + (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, input/output operators <1>: Redirection. - (line 99) + (line 102) * differences in awk and gawk, input/output operators: Getline/Coprocess. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, line continuations: Conditional Exp. (line 34) -* differences in awk and gawk, LINT variable: User-modified. (line 85) +* differences in awk and gawk, LINT variable: User-modified. (line 97) * differences in awk and gawk, match function: String Functions. (line 165) * differences in awk and gawk, next/nextfile statements: Nextfile Statement. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, print/printf statements: Format Modifiers. (line 13) -* differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 119) +* differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 124) * differences in awk and gawk, record separators: Records. (line 112) * differences in awk and gawk, regexp constants: Using Constant Regexps. (line 44) * differences in awk and gawk, regular expressions: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) * differences in awk and gawk, RS/RT variables: Records. (line 162) -* differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 176) +* differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 182) * differences in awk and gawk, single-character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, split function: String Functions. - (line 223) + (line 248) * differences in awk and gawk, strings: Scalar Constants. (line 20) * differences in awk and gawk, strings, storing: Records. (line 182) * differences in awk and gawk, strtonum function (gawk): String Functions. - (line 261) + (line 286) * differences in awk and gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. - (line 140) + (line 152) * differences in awk and gawk, trunc-mod operation: Arithmetic Ops. (line 66) * directories, changing: Sample Library. (line 6) +* directories, command line: Command line directories. + (line 6) * directories, searching <1>: Igawk Program. (line 358) * directories, searching: AWKPATH Variable. (line 6) * division: Arithmetic Ops. (line 44) @@ -23008,11 +23816,12 @@ Index * END pattern, operators and: Using BEGIN/END. (line 17) * END pattern, pgawk program: Profiling. (line 69) * END pattern, print statement and: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 16) +* ENDFILE special pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 6) * endfile user-defined function: Filetrans Function. (line 60) -* endgrent function (C library): Group Functions. (line 213) -* endgrent user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 216) -* endpwent function (C library): Passwd Functions. (line 192) -* endpwent user-defined function: Passwd Functions. (line 195) +* endgrent function (C library): Group Functions. (line 215) +* endgrent user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 218) +* endpwent function (C library): Passwd Functions. (line 199) +* endpwent user-defined function: Passwd Functions. (line 202) * ENVIRON variable <1>: Internals. (line 165) * ENVIRON variable: Auto-set. (line 60) * environment variables: Auto-set. (line 60) @@ -23030,7 +23839,7 @@ Index * error output: Special FD. (line 6) * escape processing, gsub/gensub/sub functions: Gory Details. (line 6) * escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 6) -* escape sequences, unrecognized: Options. (line 187) +* escape sequences, unrecognized: Options. (line 204) * evaluation order: Increment Ops. (line 61) * evaluation order, concatenation: Concatenation. (line 42) * evaluation order, functions: Calling Built-in. (line 30) @@ -23083,14 +23892,15 @@ Index * Fenlason, Jay <1>: Contributors. (line 19) * Fenlason, Jay: History. (line 30) * fflush function: I/O Functions. (line 25) -* fflush function, unsupported: Options. (line 210) +* fflush function, unsupported: Options. (line 227) * field numbers: Nonconstant Fields. (line 6) * field operator $: Fields. (line 19) * field operators, dollar sign as: Fields. (line 19) -* field separators <1>: User-modified. (line 45) +* field separators <1>: User-modified. (line 56) * field separators: Field Separators. (line 13) * field separators, choice of: Field Separators. (line 49) * field separators, FIELDWIDTHS variable and: User-modified. (line 35) +* field separators, FPAT variable and: User-modified. (line 45) * field separators, in multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 41) * field separators, on command line: Command Line Field Separator. (line 6) @@ -23102,7 +23912,7 @@ Index * field separators, regular expressions as: Field Separators. (line 49) * field separators, See Also OFS: Changing Fields. (line 64) * field separators, spaces as: Cut Program. (line 106) -* fields <1>: Basic High Level. (line 71) +* fields <1>: Basic High Level. (line 73) * fields <2>: Fields. (line 6) * fields: Reading Files. (line 14) * fields, adding: Changing Fields. (line 53) @@ -23121,7 +23931,7 @@ Index * file names, distinguishing: Auto-set. (line 52) * file names, in compatibility mode: Special Caveats. (line 9) * file names, standard streams in gawk: Special FD. (line 41) -* FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 88) +* FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 93) * FILENAME variable: Reading Files. (line 6) * FILENAME variable, getline, setting with: Getline Notes. (line 19) * filenames, assignments as: Ignoring Assigns. (line 6) @@ -23134,14 +23944,15 @@ Index * files, .po, converting to .mo: I18N Example. (line 62) * files, /dev/... special files: Special FD. (line 41) * files, /inet/ (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) +* files, /inet4/ (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) +* files, /inet6/ (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * files, /p (gawk): Portal Files. (line 6) * files, as single records: Records. (line 191) * files, awk programs in: Long. (line 6) * files, awkprof.out: Profiling. (line 10) -* files, awkvars.out: Options. (line 102) +* files, awkvars.out: Options. (line 90) * files, closing: I/O Functions. (line 10) * files, descriptors, See file descriptors: Special FD. (line 6) -* files, for process information: Special Process. (line 6) * files, group: Group Functions. (line 6) * files, information about, retrieving: Sample Library. (line 6) * files, initialization and cleanup: Filetrans Function. (line 6) @@ -23166,7 +23977,7 @@ Index * files, portable object: Explaining gettext. (line 36) * files, portable object, converting to message object files: I18N Example. (line 62) -* files, portable object, generating: Options. (line 137) +* files, portable object, generating: Options. (line 131) * files, portal: Portal Files. (line 6) * files, processing, ARGIND variable and: Auto-set. (line 47) * files, reading: Rewind Function. (line 6) @@ -23183,9 +23994,9 @@ Index * floating-point: Unexpected Results. (line 6) * floating-point, numbers: Basic Data Typing. (line 21) * floating-point, numbers, AWKNUM internal type: Internals. (line 19) -* FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 98) +* FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 103) * FNR variable: Records. (line 6) -* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 187) +* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 193) * for statement: For Statement. (line 6) * for statement, in arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 20) * force_number internal function: Internals. (line 27) @@ -23205,18 +24016,19 @@ Index * forward slash (/), /= operator, vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. (line 148) * forward slash (/), patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 24) +* FPAT variable: User-modified. (line 45) * Free Documentation License (FDL): GNU Free Documentation License. (line 6) -* Free Software Foundation (FSF) <1>: Glossary. (line 283) +* Free Software Foundation (FSF) <1>: Glossary. (line 286) * Free Software Foundation (FSF): Manual History. (line 6) * free_temp internal macro: Internals. (line 102) -* FreeBSD: Glossary. (line 581) -* FS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 45) +* FreeBSD: Glossary. (line 582) +* FS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 56) * FS variable: Field Separators. (line 13) * FS variable, --field-separator option and: Options. (line 21) * FS variable, as null string: Single Character Fields. (line 20) -* FS variable, as TAB character: Options. (line 203) +* FS variable, as TAB character: Options. (line 220) * FS variable, changing value of <1>: Known Bugs. (line 6) * FS variable, changing value of: Field Separators. (line 33) * FS variable, running awk programs and: Cut Program. (line 66) @@ -23224,9 +24036,11 @@ Index (line 6) * FS, containing ^: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 59) -* FSF (Free Software Foundation) <1>: Glossary. (line 283) +* FSF (Free Software Foundation) <1>: Glossary. (line 286) * FSF (Free Software Foundation): Manual History. (line 6) * function calls: Function Calls. (line 6) +* function calls, indirect: Indirect Calls. (line 6) +* function pointers: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * functions, arrays as parameters to: Function Caveats. (line 55) * functions, built-in <1>: Functions. (line 6) * functions, built-in: Function Calls. (line 10) @@ -23256,9 +24070,9 @@ Index * functions, library, rounding numbers: Round Function. (line 6) * functions, library, user database, reading: Passwd Functions. (line 6) -* functions, names of <1>: Definition Syntax. (line 20) +* functions, names of <1>: Definition Syntax. (line 21) * functions, names of: Arrays. (line 17) -* functions, recursive: Definition Syntax. (line 72) +* functions, recursive: Definition Syntax. (line 73) * functions, return values, setting: Internals. (line 146) * functions, string-translation: I18N Functions. (line 6) * functions, undefined: Function Caveats. (line 79) @@ -23270,7 +24084,7 @@ Index (line 39) * functions, user-defined, next/nextfile statements and: Next Statement. (line 39) -* G-d: Acknowledgments. (line 71) +* G-d: Acknowledgments. (line 72) * Garfinkle, Scott: Contributors. (line 37) * gawk, awk and <1>: This Manual. (line 13) * gawk, awk and: Preface. (line 22) @@ -23280,7 +24094,7 @@ Index * gawk, character classes and: Character Lists. (line 92) * gawk, coding style in: Adding Code. (line 32) * gawk, command-line options: GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 62) + (line 70) * gawk, comparison operators and: Comparison Operators. (line 50) * gawk, configuring: Configuration Philosophy. @@ -23292,34 +24106,35 @@ Index * gawk, distribution: Distribution contents. (line 6) * gawk, escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 125) -* gawk, extensions, disabling: Options. (line 183) +* gawk, extensions, disabling: Options. (line 200) * gawk, features, adding: Adding Code. (line 6) * gawk, features, advanced: Advanced Features. (line 6) * gawk, fflush function in: I/O Functions. (line 45) -* gawk, field separators and: User-modified. (line 65) +* gawk, field separators and: User-modified. (line 77) * gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable in: User-modified. (line 41) * gawk, file names in: Special Files. (line 6) * gawk, format-control characters: Control Letters. (line 18) +* gawk, FPAT variable in: User-modified. (line 52) * gawk, function arguments and: Calling Built-in. (line 16) * gawk, functions, adding: Dynamic Extensions. (line 10) * gawk, hexadecimal numbers and: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 42) -* gawk, IGNORECASE variable in: User-modified. (line 81) +* gawk, IGNORECASE variable in: User-modified. (line 93) * gawk, implementation issues: Notes. (line 6) * gawk, implementation issues, debugging: Compatibility Mode. (line 6) * gawk, implementation issues, downward compatibility: Compatibility Mode. (line 6) * gawk, implementation issues, limits: Getline Notes. (line 14) -* gawk, implementation issues, pipes: Redirection. (line 132) +* gawk, implementation issues, pipes: Redirection. (line 135) * gawk, installing: Installation. (line 6) * gawk, internals: Internals. (line 6) * gawk, internationalization and, See internationalization: Internationalization. (line 13) -* gawk, interpreter, adding code to <1>: Future Extensions. (line 87) +* gawk, interpreter, adding code to <1>: Future Extensions. (line 90) * gawk, interpreter, adding code to: Using Internal File Ops. (line 6) * gawk, interval expressions and: Regexp Operators. (line 138) * gawk, line continuation in: Conditional Exp. (line 34) -* gawk, LINT variable in: User-modified. (line 94) +* gawk, LINT variable in: User-modified. (line 106) * gawk, list of contributors to: Contributors. (line 6) * gawk, MS-DOS version of: PC Using. (line 11) * gawk, newlines in: Statements/Lines. (line 12) @@ -23334,19 +24149,19 @@ Index (line 26) * gawk, regular expressions, operators: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 6) -* gawk, regular expressions, precedence: Regexp Operators. (line 154) +* gawk, regular expressions, precedence: Regexp Operators. (line 156) * gawk, See Also awk: Preface. (line 35) * gawk, source code, obtaining: Getting. (line 6) * gawk, splitting fields and: Constant Size. (line 87) * gawk, string-translation functions: I18N Functions. (line 6) * gawk, timestamps: Time Functions. (line 6) * gawk, uses for: Preface. (line 35) -* gawk, versions of, information about, printing: Options. (line 251) +* gawk, versions of, information about, printing: Options. (line 252) * gawk, word-boundary operator: GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 55) -* General Public License (GPL): Glossary. (line 292) + (line 63) +* General Public License (GPL): Glossary. (line 295) * General Public License, See GPL: Manual History. (line 11) -* gensub function (gawk) <1>: String Functions. (line 375) +* gensub function (gawk) <1>: String Functions. (line 400) * gensub function (gawk): Using Constant Regexps. (line 44) * gensub function (gawk), escape processing: Gory Details. (line 6) @@ -23358,16 +24173,16 @@ Index * get_scalar_argument internal macro: Internals. (line 136) * getgrent function (C library): Group Functions. (line 6) * getgrent user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 6) -* getgrgid function (C library): Group Functions. (line 180) -* getgrgid user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 183) -* getgrnam function (C library): Group Functions. (line 168) -* getgrnam user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 172) -* getgruser function (C library): Group Functions. (line 191) -* getgruser function, user-defined: Group Functions. (line 194) +* getgrgid function (C library): Group Functions. (line 182) +* getgrgid user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 185) +* getgrnam function (C library): Group Functions. (line 170) +* getgrnam user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 174) +* getgruser function (C library): Group Functions. (line 193) +* getgruser function, user-defined: Group Functions. (line 196) * getline command: Reading Files. (line 20) * getline command, _gr_init user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 80) -* getline command, _pw_init function: Passwd Functions. (line 136) +* getline command, _pw_init function: Passwd Functions. (line 139) * getline command, coprocesses, using from <1>: Close Files And Pipes. (line 6) * getline command, coprocesses, using from: Getline/Coprocess. @@ -23381,11 +24196,11 @@ Index * getopt user-defined function: Getopt Function. (line 106) * getpwent function (C library): Passwd Functions. (line 16) * getpwent user-defined function: Passwd Functions. (line 16) -* getpwnam function (C library): Passwd Functions. (line 156) -* getpwnam user-defined function: Passwd Functions. (line 160) -* getpwuid function (C library): Passwd Functions. (line 168) -* getpwuid user-defined function: Passwd Functions. (line 172) -* getservbyname function (C library): TCP/IP Networking. (line 34) +* getpwnam function (C library): Passwd Functions. (line 163) +* getpwnam user-defined function: Passwd Functions. (line 167) +* getpwuid function (C library): Passwd Functions. (line 175) +* getpwuid user-defined function: Passwd Functions. (line 179) +* getservbyname function (C library): TCP/IP Networking. (line 39) * gettext function (C library): Explaining gettext. (line 60) * gettext library: Explaining gettext. (line 6) * gettext library, locale categories: Explaining gettext. (line 78) @@ -23395,29 +24210,29 @@ Index * GNU awk, See gawk: Preface. (line 48) * GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License. (line 6) -* GNU General Public License: Glossary. (line 292) -* GNU Lesser General Public License: Glossary. (line 372) +* GNU General Public License: Glossary. (line 295) +* GNU Lesser General Public License: Glossary. (line 373) * GNU long options <1>: Options. (line 6) * GNU long options: Command Line. (line 13) -* GNU long options, printing list of: Options. (line 146) -* GNU Project <1>: Glossary. (line 301) +* GNU long options, printing list of: Options. (line 139) +* GNU Project <1>: Glossary. (line 304) * GNU Project: Manual History. (line 11) -* GNU/Linux <1>: Glossary. (line 581) +* GNU/Linux <1>: Glossary. (line 582) * GNU/Linux <2>: Atari Compiling. (line 16) * GNU/Linux <3>: I18N Example. (line 55) * GNU/Linux: Manual History. (line 28) -* GPL (General Public License) <1>: Glossary. (line 292) +* GPL (General Public License) <1>: Glossary. (line 295) * GPL (General Public License): Manual History. (line 11) -* GPL (General Public License), printing: Options. (line 94) +* GPL (General Public License), printing: Options. (line 85) * grcat program: Group Functions. (line 15) * Grigera, Juan: Contributors. (line 55) * group database, reading: Group Functions. (line 6) * group file: Group Functions. (line 6) * groups, information about: Group Functions. (line 6) -* gsub function <1>: String Functions. (line 359) +* gsub function <1>: String Functions. (line 384) * gsub function: Using Constant Regexps. (line 44) -* gsub function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 339) +* gsub function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 364) * gsub function, escape processing: Gory Details. (line 6) * Hankerson, Darrel <1>: Contributors. (line 57) * Hankerson, Darrel: Acknowledgments. (line 53) @@ -23425,7 +24240,7 @@ Index * Hartholz, Marshall: Acknowledgments. (line 35) * Hasegawa, Isamu: Contributors. (line 86) * hexadecimal numbers: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 6) -* hexadecimal values, enabling interpretation of: Options. (line 175) +* hexadecimal values, enabling interpretation of: Options. (line 168) * histsort.awk program: History Sorting. (line 25) * Hughes, Phil: Acknowledgments. (line 40) * HUP signal: Profiling. (line 207) @@ -23434,7 +24249,7 @@ Index * hyphen (-), -- operator: Increment Ops. (line 48) * hyphen (-), -= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * hyphen (-), -= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) -* hyphen (-), filenames beginning with: Options. (line 67) +* hyphen (-), filenames beginning with: Options. (line 56) * hyphen (-), in character lists: Character Lists. (line 17) * id utility: Id Program. (line 6) * id.awk program: Id Program. (line 30) @@ -23442,15 +24257,15 @@ Index * if statement: Regexp Usage. (line 19) * if statement, actions, changing: Ranges. (line 25) * igawk.sh program: Igawk Program. (line 118) -* IGNORECASE variable <1>: User-modified. (line 70) +* IGNORECASE variable <1>: User-modified. (line 82) * IGNORECASE variable: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) * IGNORECASE variable, array sorting and: Array Sorting. (line 86) -* IGNORECASE variable, array subscripts and: Array Intro. (line 92) +* IGNORECASE variable, array subscripts and: Array Intro. (line 93) * IGNORECASE variable, in example programs: Library Functions. (line 43) * implementation issues, gawk: Notes. (line 6) * implementation issues, gawk, debugging: Compatibility Mode. (line 6) -* implementation issues, gawk, limits <1>: Redirection. (line 132) +* implementation issues, gawk, limits <1>: Redirection. (line 135) * implementation issues, gawk, limits: Getline Notes. (line 14) * in operator <1>: Id Program. (line 93) * in operator <2>: For Statement. (line 74) @@ -23462,7 +24277,8 @@ Index (line 25) * increment operators: Increment Ops. (line 6) * index function: String Functions. (line 60) -* indexing arrays: Array Intro. (line 50) +* indexing arrays: Array Intro. (line 51) +* indirect function calls: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * initialization, automatic: More Complex. (line 38) * input files: Reading Files. (line 6) * input files, closing: Close Files And Pipes. @@ -23500,7 +24316,7 @@ Index * internationalization: I18N Functions. (line 6) * internationalization, localization <1>: Internationalization. (line 13) -* internationalization, localization: User-modified. (line 140) +* internationalization, localization: User-modified. (line 152) * internationalization, localization, character classes: Character Lists. (line 92) * internationalization, localization, gawk and: Internationalization. @@ -23512,13 +24328,13 @@ Index * internationalization, localization, portability and: I18N Portability. (line 6) * internationalizing a program: Explaining gettext. (line 6) -* interpreted programs <1>: Glossary. (line 341) -* interpreted programs: Basic High Level. (line 14) +* interpreted programs <1>: Glossary. (line 344) +* interpreted programs: Basic High Level. (line 15) * interval expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 115) * inventory-shipped file: Sample Data Files. (line 32) * IOBUF internal structure: Internals. (line 178) * iop_alloc internal function: Internals. (line 178) -* ISO: Glossary. (line 352) +* ISO: Glossary. (line 355) * ISO 8859-1: Glossary. (line 137) * ISO Latin-1: Glossary. (line 137) * Jacobs, Andrew: Passwd Functions. (line 76) @@ -23537,14 +24353,14 @@ Index * Kernighan, Brian <3>: Contributors. (line 12) * Kernighan, Brian <4>: BTL. (line 6) * Kernighan, Brian <5>: Concatenation. (line 6) -* Kernighan, Brian <6>: Acknowledgments. (line 61) +* Kernighan, Brian <6>: Acknowledgments. (line 62) * Kernighan, Brian <7>: Conventions. (line 33) * Kernighan, Brian: History. (line 17) * kill command, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 185) * Knights, jedi: Undocumented. (line 6) * Kwok, Conrad: Contributors. (line 37) * labels.awk program: Labels Program. (line 48) -* languages, data-driven: Basic High Level. (line 83) +* languages, data-driven: Basic High Level. (line 85) * LC_ALL locale category: Explaining gettext. (line 116) * LC_COLLATE locale category: Explaining gettext. (line 89) * LC_CTYPE locale category: Explaining gettext. (line 93) @@ -23565,8 +24381,8 @@ Index * left shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) * leftmost longest match: Multiple Line. (line 26) * length function: String Functions. (line 71) -* Lesser General Public License (LGPL): Glossary. (line 372) -* LGPL (Lesser General Public License): Glossary. (line 372) +* Lesser General Public License (LGPL): Glossary. (line 373) +* LGPL (Lesser General Public License): Glossary. (line 373) * libraries of awk functions: Library Functions. (line 6) * libraries of awk functions, assertions: Assert Function. (line 6) * libraries of awk functions, associative arrays and: Library Names. @@ -23601,22 +24417,22 @@ Index * lines, duplicate, removing: History Sorting. (line 6) * lines, matching ranges of: Ranges. (line 6) * lines, skipping between markers: Ranges. (line 43) -* lint checking: User-modified. (line 85) +* lint checking: User-modified. (line 97) * lint checking, array elements: Delete. (line 34) * lint checking, array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 42) * lint checking, empty programs: Command Line. (line 16) -* lint checking, issuing warnings: Options. (line 151) +* lint checking, issuing warnings: Options. (line 144) * lint checking, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. - (line 289) + (line 290) * lint checking, undefined functions: Function Caveats. (line 96) -* LINT variable: User-modified. (line 85) -* Linux <1>: Glossary. (line 581) +* LINT variable: User-modified. (line 97) +* Linux <1>: Glossary. (line 582) * Linux <2>: Atari Compiling. (line 16) * Linux <3>: I18N Example. (line 55) * Linux: Manual History. (line 28) * locale categories: Explaining gettext. (line 78) -* locale decimal point character: Options. (line 207) +* locale decimal point character: Options. (line 224) * locale, definition of: Locales. (line 6) * localization: I18N and L10N. (line 6) * localization, See internationalization, localization: I18N and L10N. @@ -23651,11 +24467,10 @@ Index * matching, expressions, See comparison expressions: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) * matching, leftmost longest: Multiple Line. (line 26) -* matching, null strings: Gory Details. (line 160) +* matching, null strings: Gory Details. (line 159) * mawk program: Other Versions. (line 34) * McPhee, Patrick: Contributors. (line 92) * memory, releasing: Internals. (line 102) -* memory, setting limits: Options. (line 45) * message object files: Explaining gettext. (line 39) * message object files, converting from portable object files: I18N Example. (line 62) @@ -23671,16 +24486,16 @@ Index * names, arrays/variables <1>: Library Names. (line 6) * names, arrays/variables: Arrays. (line 17) * names, functions <1>: Library Names. (line 6) -* names, functions: Definition Syntax. (line 20) +* names, functions: Definition Syntax. (line 21) * namespace issues <1>: Library Names. (line 6) * namespace issues: Arrays. (line 17) -* namespace issues, functions: Definition Syntax. (line 20) +* namespace issues, functions: Definition Syntax. (line 21) * nawk utility: Names. (line 17) * negative zero: Unexpected Results. (line 28) -* NetBSD: Glossary. (line 581) +* NetBSD: Glossary. (line 582) * networks, programming: TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * networks, support for: Special Network. (line 6) -* newlines <1>: Options. (line 190) +* newlines <1>: Options. (line 207) * newlines <2>: Boolean Ops. (line 67) * newlines: Statements/Lines. (line 6) * newlines, as field separators: Field Separators. (line 63) @@ -23691,8 +24506,7 @@ Index * newlines, separating statements in actions <1>: Statements. (line 10) * newlines, separating statements in actions: Action Overview. (line 19) -* next file statement: POSIX/GNU. (line 153) -* next file statement, deprecated: Obsolete. (line 11) +* next file statement: POSIX/GNU. (line 154) * next file statement, in gawk: Nextfile Statement. (line 46) * next statement <1>: Next Statement. (line 6) * next statement: Boolean Ops. (line 85) @@ -23703,20 +24517,19 @@ Index (line 36) * nextfile statement, implementing: Nextfile Function. (line 6) * nextfile statement, in gawk: Nextfile Statement. (line 46) -* nextfile statement, next file statement and: Obsolete. (line 11) * nextfile statement, user-defined functions and: Nextfile Statement. (line 39) * nextfile user-defined function: Nextfile Function. (line 38) -* NF variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 103) +* NF variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 108) * NF variable: Fields. (line 33) * NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 107) * noassign.awk program: Ignoring Assigns. (line 15) * NODE internal type: Internals. (line 23) * nodes, duplicating: Internals. (line 97) * not Boolean-logic operator: Boolean Ops. (line 6) -* NR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 114) +* NR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 119) * NR variable: Records. (line 6) -* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 187) +* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 193) * null strings <1>: Basic Data Typing. (line 47) * null strings <2>: Truth Values. (line 6) * null strings <3>: Regexp Field Splitting. @@ -23726,7 +24539,7 @@ Index * null strings, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 42) * null strings, converting numbers to strings: Conversion. (line 21) -* null strings, matching: Gory Details. (line 160) +* null strings, matching: Gory Details. (line 159) * null strings, quoting and: Quoting. (line 62) * number sign (#), #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. (line 6) @@ -23756,15 +24569,15 @@ Index * oawk utility: Names. (line 17) * obsolete features: Obsolete. (line 6) * octal numbers: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 6) -* octal values, enabling interpretation of: Options. (line 175) -* OFMT variable <1>: User-modified. (line 102) +* octal values, enabling interpretation of: Options. (line 168) +* OFMT variable <1>: User-modified. (line 114) * OFMT variable <2>: Conversion. (line 54) * OFMT variable: OFMT. (line 15) * OFMT variable, POSIX awk and: OFMT. (line 27) -* OFS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 111) +* OFS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 123) * OFS variable <2>: Output Separators. (line 6) * OFS variable: Changing Fields. (line 64) -* OpenBSD: Glossary. (line 581) +* OpenBSD: Glossary. (line 582) * OpenSolaris: Other Versions. (line 101) * operating systems, BSD-based <1>: Portal Files. (line 6) * operating systems, BSD-based: Manual History. (line 28) @@ -23783,7 +24596,7 @@ Index * operators, GNU-specific: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 6) * operators, input/output <1>: Precedence. (line 65) -* operators, input/output <2>: Redirection. (line 19) +* operators, input/output <2>: Redirection. (line 22) * operators, input/output <3>: Getline/Coprocess. (line 6) * operators, input/output <4>: Getline/Pipe. (line 6) * operators, input/output: Getline/File. (line 6) @@ -23796,26 +24609,26 @@ Index * operators, string: Concatenation. (line 9) * operators, string-matching: Regexp Usage. (line 19) * operators, string-matching, for buffers: GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 40) + (line 48) * operators, word-boundary (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 55) + (line 63) * options, command-line <1>: Options. (line 6) * options, command-line <2>: Command Line Field Separator. (line 6) * options, command-line: Long. (line 12) -* options, command-line, end of: Options. (line 62) +* options, command-line, end of: Options. (line 51) * options, command-line, invoking awk: Command Line. (line 6) * options, command-line, processing: Getopt Function. (line 6) * options, deprecated: Obsolete. (line 6) * options, long <1>: Options. (line 6) * options, long: Command Line. (line 13) -* options, printing list of: Options. (line 146) +* options, printing list of: Options. (line 139) * OR bitwise operation: Bitwise Functions. (line 6) * or Boolean-logic operator: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * or function (gawk): Bitwise Functions. (line 39) * ord user-defined function: Ordinal Functions. (line 16) * order of evaluation, concatenation: Concatenation. (line 42) -* ORS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 116) +* ORS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 128) * ORS variable: Output Separators. (line 20) * output field separator, See OFS variable: Changing Fields. (line 64) * output record separator, See ORS variable: Output Separators. @@ -23827,16 +24640,17 @@ Index (line 6) * output, format specifier, OFMT: OFMT. (line 15) * output, formatted: Printf. (line 6) -* output, pipes: Redirection. (line 54) +* output, pipes: Redirection. (line 57) * output, printing, See printing: Printing. (line 6) * output, records: Output Separators. (line 20) * output, standard: Special FD. (line 6) -* P1003.2 POSIX standard: Glossary. (line 425) +* P1003.2 POSIX standard: Glossary. (line 426) * param_cnt internal variable: Internals. (line 46) * parameters, number of: Internals. (line 46) * parentheses (): Regexp Operators. (line 78) * parentheses (), pgawk program: Profiling. (line 144) * password file: Passwd Functions. (line 16) +* patsplit function: String Functions. (line 200) * patterns: Patterns and Actions. (line 6) * patterns, comparison expressions as: Expression Patterns. (line 14) @@ -23863,8 +24677,8 @@ Index * pipes, closing: Close Files And Pipes. (line 6) * pipes, input: Getline/Pipe. (line 6) -* pipes, output: Redirection. (line 54) -* Pitts, Dave: Bugs. (line 73) +* pipes, output: Redirection. (line 57) +* Pitts, Dave: Bugs. (line 72) * Pitts, Davi: Acknowledgments. (line 53) * plus sign (+): Regexp Operators. (line 101) * plus sign (+), + operator: Precedence. (line 52) @@ -23874,6 +24688,7 @@ Index * plus sign (+), += operator: Assignment Ops. (line 82) * plus sign (+), decrement/increment operators: Increment Ops. (line 11) +* pointers to functions: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * portability: Escape Sequences. (line 94) * portability, #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. (line 34) * portability, ** operator and: Arithmetic Ops. (line 81) @@ -23888,7 +24703,7 @@ Index * portability, deleting array elements: Delete. (line 51) * portability, example programs: Library Functions. (line 31) * portability, fflush function and: I/O Functions. (line 29) -* portability, functions, defining: Definition Syntax. (line 92) +* portability, functions, defining: Definition Syntax. (line 94) * portability, gawk: New Ports. (line 6) * portability, gettext library and: Explaining gettext. (line 10) * portability, internationalization and: I18N Portability. (line 6) @@ -23896,16 +24711,16 @@ Index * portability, new awk vs. old awk: Conversion. (line 54) * portability, next statement in user-defined functions: Function Caveats. (line 99) -* portability, NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 115) +* portability, NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 116) * portability, operators: Increment Ops. (line 61) * portability, operators, not in POSIX awk: Precedence. (line 98) -* portability, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 307) -* portability, substr function: String Functions. (line 457) +* portability, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 308) +* portability, substr function: String Functions. (line 482) * portable object files <1>: Translator i18n. (line 6) * portable object files: Explaining gettext. (line 36) * portable object files, converting to message object files: I18N Example. (line 62) -* portable object files, generating: Options. (line 137) +* portable object files, generating: Options. (line 131) * portal files: Portal Files. (line 6) * porting gawk: New Ports. (line 6) * positional specifiers, printf statement <1>: Printf Ordering. @@ -23933,8 +24748,8 @@ Index * POSIX awk, field separators and <1>: Field Splitting Summary. (line 41) * POSIX awk, field separators and: Fields. (line 6) -* POSIX awk, FS variable and: User-modified. (line 54) -* POSIX awk, function keyword in: Definition Syntax. (line 77) +* POSIX awk, FS variable and: User-modified. (line 66) +* POSIX awk, function keyword in: Definition Syntax. (line 78) * POSIX awk, functions and, gsub/sub: Gory Details. (line 53) * POSIX awk, functions and, length: String Functions. (line 80) * POSIX awk, GNU long options and: Options. (line 15) @@ -23945,25 +24760,25 @@ Index * POSIX awk, OFMT variable and: OFMT. (line 27) * POSIX awk, period (.), using: Regexp Operators. (line 50) * POSIX awk, printf format strings and: Format Modifiers. (line 159) -* POSIX awk, regular expressions and: Regexp Operators. (line 154) +* POSIX awk, regular expressions and: Regexp Operators. (line 156) * POSIX awk, timestamps and: Time Functions. (line 6) * POSIX awk, | I/O operator and: Getline/Pipe. (line 52) -* POSIX mode: Options. (line 183) +* POSIX mode: Options. (line 200) * POSIX, awk and: Preface. (line 22) * POSIX, gawk extensions not included in: POSIX/GNU. (line 6) * POSIX, programs, implementing in awk: Clones. (line 6) -* POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 289) +* POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 290) * precedence <1>: Precedence. (line 6) * precedence: Increment Ops. (line 61) -* precedence, regexp operators: Regexp Operators. (line 149) +* precedence, regexp operators: Regexp Operators. (line 151) * print statement: Printing. (line 16) * print statement, BEGIN/END patterns and: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 16) * print statement, commas, omitting: Print Examples. (line 31) * print statement, I/O operators in: Precedence. (line 71) * print statement, line continuations and: Print Examples. (line 76) -* print statement, OFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 111) +* print statement, OFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 123) * print statement, See Also redirection, of output: Redirection. - (line 14) + (line 17) * print statement, sprintf function and: Round Function. (line 6) * printf statement <1>: Printf. (line 6) * printf statement: Printing. (line 16) @@ -23978,21 +24793,20 @@ Index * printf statement, positional specifiers, mixing with regular formats: Printf Ordering. (line 57) * printf statement, See Also redirection, of output: Redirection. - (line 14) + (line 17) * printf statement, sprintf function and: Round Function. (line 6) * printf statement, syntax of: Basic Printf. (line 6) * printing: Printing. (line 6) -* printing, list of options: Options. (line 146) +* printing, list of options: Options. (line 139) * printing, mailing labels: Labels Program. (line 6) * printing, unduplicated lines of text: Uniq Program. (line 6) * printing, user information: Id Program. (line 6) * private variables: Library Names. (line 11) -* process information, files for: Special Process. (line 6) * processes, two-way communications with: Two-way I/O. (line 23) * processing data: Basic High Level. (line 6) * PROCINFO array <1>: Group Functions. (line 6) * PROCINFO array <2>: Passwd Functions. (line 6) -* PROCINFO array <3>: Auto-set. (line 119) +* PROCINFO array <3>: Auto-set. (line 124) * PROCINFO array: Special Caveats. (line 12) * PROCINFO variable: Internals. (line 165) * profiling awk programs: Profiling. (line 6) @@ -24009,7 +24823,7 @@ Index * programming conventions, functions, calling: Calling Built-in. (line 10) * programming conventions, functions, writing: Definition Syntax. - (line 54) + (line 55) * programming conventions, gawk internals: Internal File Ops. (line 33) * programming conventions, nextfile statement: Nextfile Function. (line 20) @@ -24018,12 +24832,12 @@ Index * programming language, recipe for: History. (line 6) * programming languages, data-driven vs. procedural: Getting Started. (line 12) -* programming, basic steps: Basic High Level. (line 19) +* programming, basic steps: Basic High Level. (line 20) * programming, concepts: Basic Concepts. (line 6) * pwcat program: Passwd Functions. (line 23) * QSE Awk: Other Versions. (line 126) * question mark (?) <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 51) + (line 59) * question mark (?): Regexp Operators. (line 110) * question mark (?), ?: operator: Precedence. (line 92) * QuikTrim Awk: Other Versions. (line 119) @@ -24041,27 +24855,27 @@ Index * random numbers, seed of: Numeric Functions. (line 70) * range expressions: Character Lists. (line 6) * range patterns: Ranges. (line 6) -* Rankin, Pat <1>: Bugs. (line 72) +* Rankin, Pat <1>: Bugs. (line 71) * Rankin, Pat <2>: Contributors. (line 35) * Rankin, Pat <3>: Assignment Ops. (line 100) * Rankin, Pat: Acknowledgments. (line 53) -* raw sockets: TCP/IP Networking. (line 30) +* raw sockets: TCP/IP Networking. (line 36) * readable data files, checking: File Checking. (line 6) * readable.awk program: File Checking. (line 11) * recipe for a programming language: History. (line 6) -* record separators <1>: User-modified. (line 121) +* record separators <1>: User-modified. (line 133) * record separators: Records. (line 14) * record separators, changing: Records. (line 81) * record separators, regular expressions as: Records. (line 112) * record separators, with multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 10) -* records <1>: Basic High Level. (line 71) +* records <1>: Basic High Level. (line 73) * records: Reading Files. (line 14) * records, multiline: Multiple Line. (line 6) * records, printing: Print. (line 22) * records, splitting input into: Records. (line 6) * records, terminating: Records. (line 112) * records, treating files as: Records. (line 191) -* recursive functions: Definition Syntax. (line 72) +* recursive functions: Definition Syntax. (line 73) * redirection of input: Getline/File. (line 6) * redirection of output: Redirection. (line 6) * reference counting, sorting arrays: Array Sorting. (line 79) @@ -24086,7 +24900,7 @@ Index * regular expressions, as patterns <1>: Regexp Patterns. (line 6) * regular expressions, as patterns: Regexp Usage. (line 6) * regular expressions, as record separators: Records. (line 112) -* regular expressions, case sensitivity <1>: User-modified. (line 70) +* regular expressions, case sensitivity <1>: User-modified. (line 82) * regular expressions, case sensitivity: Case-sensitivity. (line 6) * regular expressions, computed: Computed Regexps. (line 6) * regular expressions, constants, See regexp constants: Regexp Usage. @@ -24095,20 +24909,20 @@ Index * regular expressions, dynamic, with embedded newlines: Computed Regexps. (line 59) * regular expressions, gawk, command-line options: GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 62) -* regular expressions, interval expressions and: Options. (line 231) + (line 70) +* regular expressions, interval expressions and: Options. (line 236) * regular expressions, leftmost longest match: Leftmost Longest. (line 6) * regular expressions, operators <1>: Regexp Operators. (line 6) * regular expressions, operators: Regexp Usage. (line 19) * regular expressions, operators, for buffers: GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 40) + (line 48) * regular expressions, operators, for words: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 6) * regular expressions, operators, gawk: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 6) * regular expressions, operators, precedence of: Regexp Operators. - (line 149) + (line 151) * regular expressions, searching for: Egrep Program. (line 6) * relational operators, See comparison operators: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) @@ -24120,15 +24934,15 @@ Index * right angle bracket (>), > operator <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * right angle bracket (>), > operator: Comparison Operators. (line 11) -* right angle bracket (>), > operator (I/O): Redirection. (line 19) +* right angle bracket (>), > operator (I/O): Redirection. (line 22) * right angle bracket (>), >= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * right angle bracket (>), >= operator: Comparison Operators. (line 11) * right angle bracket (>), >> operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 65) -* right angle bracket (>), >> operator (I/O): Redirection. (line 47) +* right angle bracket (>), >> operator (I/O): Redirection. (line 50) * right shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) * Ritchie, Dennis: Basic Data Typing. (line 71) -* RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 163) +* RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 169) * RLENGTH variable, match function and: String Functions. (line 129) * Robbins, Arnold <1>: Future Extensions. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <2>: Bugs. (line 29) @@ -24139,30 +24953,31 @@ Index * Robbins, Arnold: Command Line Field Separator. (line 80) * Robbins, Bill: Getline/Pipe. (line 36) -* Robbins, Harry: Acknowledgments. (line 71) -* Robbins, Jean: Acknowledgments. (line 71) +* Robbins, Harry: Acknowledgments. (line 72) +* Robbins, Jean: Acknowledgments. (line 72) * Robbins, Miriam <1>: Passwd Functions. (line 76) * Robbins, Miriam <2>: Getline/Pipe. (line 36) -* Robbins, Miriam: Acknowledgments. (line 71) +* Robbins, Miriam: Acknowledgments. (line 72) * Robinson, Will: Dynamic Extensions. (line 6) * robot, the: Dynamic Extensions. (line 6) * Rommel, Kai Uwe: Contributors. (line 42) * round user-defined function: Round Function. (line 16) * rounding: Round Function. (line 6) * rounding numbers: Round Function. (line 6) -* RS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 121) +* RS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 133) * RS variable: Records. (line 20) * RS variable, multiline records and: Multiple Line. (line 17) * rshift function (gawk): Bitwise Functions. (line 46) -* RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 169) +* RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 175) * RSTART variable, match function and: String Functions. (line 129) -* RT variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 176) +* RT variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 182) * RT variable <2>: Multiple Line. (line 129) * RT variable: Records. (line 112) * Rubin, Paul <1>: Contributors. (line 16) * Rubin, Paul: History. (line 30) * rule, definition of: Getting Started. (line 21) * rvalues/lvalues: Assignment Ops. (line 32) +* sandbox mode: Options. (line 243) * scalar values: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) * Schorr, Andrew: Acknowledgments. (line 53) * Schreiber, Bert: Acknowledgments. (line 35) @@ -24185,16 +25000,17 @@ Index (line 10) * semicolon (;), separating statements in actions: Action Overview. (line 19) -* separators, field: User-modified. (line 45) +* separators, field: User-modified. (line 56) * separators, field, FIELDWIDTHS variable and: User-modified. (line 35) +* separators, field, FPAT variable and: User-modified. (line 45) * separators, field, POSIX and: Fields. (line 6) * separators, for records: Records. (line 14) * separators, for records, regular expressions as: Records. (line 112) * separators, for statements in actions: Action Overview. (line 19) -* separators, record: User-modified. (line 121) -* separators, subscript: User-modified. (line 134) +* separators, record: User-modified. (line 133) +* separators, subscript: User-modified. (line 146) * set_value internal function: Internals. (line 146) -* shells, piping commands into: Redirection. (line 140) +* shells, piping commands into: Redirection. (line 143) * shells, quoting: Using Shell Variables. (line 12) * shells, quoting, rules for: Quoting. (line 18) @@ -24213,7 +25029,7 @@ Index * side effects, conditional expressions: Conditional Exp. (line 22) * side effects, decrement/increment operators: Increment Ops. (line 11) * side effects, FILENAME variable: Getline Notes. (line 19) -* side effects, function calls: Function Calls. (line 49) +* side effects, function calls: Function Calls. (line 54) * side effects, statements: Action Overview. (line 32) * signals, HUP/SIGHUP: Profiling. (line 207) * signals, INT/SIGINT (MS-DOS): Profiling. (line 210) @@ -24230,10 +25046,10 @@ Index * single-precision floating-point: Basic Data Typing. (line 33) * Skywalker, Luke: Undocumented. (line 6) * sleep utility: Alarm Program. (line 102) -* sockets: TCP/IP Networking. (line 30) +* sockets: TCP/IP Networking. (line 36) * Solaris, POSIX compliant awk: Other Versions. (line 101) * sort function, arrays, sorting: Array Sorting. (line 6) -* sort utility: Word Sorting. (line 54) +* sort utility: Word Sorting. (line 56) * sort utility, coprocesses and: Two-way I/O. (line 84) * sorting characters in different languages: Explaining gettext. (line 89) @@ -24241,23 +25057,23 @@ Index * source code, Bell Laboratories awk: Other Versions. (line 13) * source code, gawk: Gawk Distribution. (line 6) * source code, mawk: Other Versions. (line 34) -* source code, mixing: Options. (line 238) +* source code, mixing: Options. (line 104) * source files, search path for: Igawk Program. (line 358) -* sparse arrays: Array Intro. (line 71) +* sparse arrays: Array Intro. (line 72) * Spencer, Henry: Glossary. (line 12) -* split function: String Functions. (line 200) +* split function: String Functions. (line 215) * split function, array elements, deleting: Delete. (line 56) * split utility: Split Program. (line 6) * split.awk program: Split Program. (line 30) -* sprintf function <1>: String Functions. (line 253) +* sprintf function <1>: String Functions. (line 278) * sprintf function: OFMT. (line 15) -* sprintf function, OFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 111) +* sprintf function, OFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 123) * sprintf function, print/printf statements and: Round Function. (line 6) * sqrt function: Numeric Functions. (line 18) * square brackets ([]): Regexp Operators. (line 55) * srand function: Numeric Functions. (line 80) -* Stallman, Richard <1>: Glossary. (line 283) +* Stallman, Richard <1>: Glossary. (line 286) * Stallman, Richard <2>: Contributors. (line 24) * Stallman, Richard <3>: Acknowledgments. (line 18) * Stallman, Richard: Manual History. (line 6) @@ -24293,27 +25109,27 @@ Index * strings, null: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 43) * strings, numeric: Variable Typing. (line 6) -* strings, splitting: String Functions. (line 214) -* strtonum function (gawk): String Functions. (line 261) +* strings, splitting: String Functions. (line 234) +* strtonum function (gawk): String Functions. (line 286) * strtonum function (gawk), --non-decimal-data option and: Nondecimal Data. (line 36) -* sub function <1>: String Functions. (line 282) +* sub function <1>: String Functions. (line 307) * sub function: Using Constant Regexps. (line 44) -* sub function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 339) +* sub function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 364) * sub function, escape processing: Gory Details. (line 6) -* subscript separators: User-modified. (line 134) -* subscripts in arrays, multidimensional: Multi-dimensional. (line 6) +* subscript separators: User-modified. (line 146) +* subscripts in arrays, multidimensional: Multi-dimensional. (line 10) * subscripts in arrays, multidimensional, scanning: Multi-scanning. (line 11) * subscripts in arrays, numbers as: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 6) * subscripts in arrays, uninitialized variables as: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 6) -* SUBSEP variable: User-modified. (line 134) +* SUBSEP variable: User-modified. (line 146) * SUBSEP variable, multidimensional arrays: Multi-dimensional. - (line 12) -* substr function: String Functions. (line 426) + (line 16) +* substr function: String Functions. (line 451) * Sumner, Andrew: Other Versions. (line 81) * switch statement: Switch Statement. (line 6) * syntactic ambiguity: /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. @@ -24343,7 +25159,7 @@ Index * text, printing, unduplicated lines of: Uniq Program. (line 6) * textdomain function (C library): Explaining gettext. (line 27) * TEXTDOMAIN variable <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 9) -* TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. (line 140) +* TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. (line 152) * TEXTDOMAIN variable, BEGIN pattern and: Programmer i18n. (line 58) * TEXTDOMAIN variable, portability and: I18N Portability. (line 20) * tilde (~), ~ operator <1>: Expression Patterns. (line 24) @@ -24365,11 +25181,11 @@ Index (line 6) * tmp_number internal function: Internals. (line 92) * tmp_string internal function: Internals. (line 87) -* tolower function: String Functions. (line 468) -* toupper function: String Functions. (line 474) +* tolower function: String Functions. (line 493) +* toupper function: String Functions. (line 499) * tr utility: Translate Program. (line 6) * translate.awk program: Translate Program. (line 55) -* troubleshooting, --non-decimal-data option: Options. (line 178) +* troubleshooting, --non-decimal-data option: Options. (line 171) * troubleshooting, -F option: Known Bugs. (line 6) * troubleshooting, == operator: Comparison Operators. (line 37) @@ -24389,20 +25205,20 @@ Index * troubleshooting, gawk, fatal errors, function arguments: Calling Built-in. (line 16) * troubleshooting, getline function: File Checking. (line 24) -* troubleshooting, gsub/sub functions: String Functions. (line 349) +* troubleshooting, gsub/sub functions: String Functions. (line 374) * troubleshooting, match function: String Functions. (line 195) * troubleshooting, print statement, omitting commas: Print Examples. (line 31) -* troubleshooting, printing: Redirection. (line 115) +* troubleshooting, printing: Redirection. (line 118) * troubleshooting, quotes with file names: Special FD. (line 63) * troubleshooting, readable data files: File Checking. (line 6) * troubleshooting, regexp constants vs. string constants: Computed Regexps. (line 38) * troubleshooting, string concatenation: Concatenation. (line 27) -* troubleshooting, substr function: String Functions. (line 444) +* troubleshooting, substr function: String Functions. (line 469) * troubleshooting, system function: I/O Functions. (line 88) * troubleshooting, typographical errors, global variables: Options. - (line 108) + (line 94) * true, logical: Truth Values. (line 6) * Trueman, David <1>: Contributors. (line 31) * Trueman, David <2>: Acknowledgments. (line 44) @@ -24421,7 +25237,7 @@ Index (line 6) * uniq utility: Uniq Program. (line 6) * uniq.awk program: Uniq Program. (line 65) -* Unix: Glossary. (line 581) +* Unix: Glossary. (line 582) * Unix awk, backslashes in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 125) * Unix awk, close function and: Close Files And Pipes. @@ -24448,7 +25264,7 @@ Index * variables: Other Features. (line 6) * variables, assigning on command line: Assignment Options. (line 6) * variables, built-in <1>: Built-in Variables. (line 6) -* variables, built-in: Using Variables. (line 17) +* variables, built-in: Using Variables. (line 18) * variables, built-in, -v option, setting with: Options. (line 38) * variables, built-in, conveying information: Auto-set. (line 6) * variables, flag: Boolean Ops. (line 67) @@ -24460,12 +25276,12 @@ Index (line 6) * variables, getline command into, using: Getline/Variable. (line 6) * variables, global, for library functions: Library Names. (line 11) -* variables, global, printing list of: Options. (line 102) -* variables, initializing: Using Variables. (line 17) +* variables, global, printing list of: Options. (line 90) +* variables, initializing: Using Variables. (line 18) * variables, names of: Arrays. (line 17) * variables, private: Library Names. (line 11) * variables, setting: Options. (line 30) -* variables, shadowing: Definition Syntax. (line 60) +* variables, shadowing: Definition Syntax. (line 61) * variables, types of: Assignment Ops. (line 40) * variables, types of, comparison expressions and: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) @@ -24488,7 +25304,7 @@ Index * Wall, Larry <1>: Future Extensions. (line 6) * Wall, Larry: Array Intro. (line 6) * Wallin, Anders: Acknowledgments. (line 53) -* warnings, issuing: Options. (line 151) +* warnings, issuing: Options. (line 144) * wc utility: Wc Program. (line 6) * wc.awk program: Wc Program. (line 45) * Weinberger, Peter <1>: Contributors. (line 12) @@ -24497,19 +25313,17 @@ Index * while statement: Regexp Usage. (line 19) * whitespace, as field separators: Field Separators. (line 63) * whitespace, functions, calling: Calling Built-in. (line 10) -* whitespace, newlines as: Options. (line 190) -* Wildenhues, Ralf <1>: Bugs. (line 71) -* Wildenhues, Ralf: Contributors. (line 72) +* whitespace, newlines as: Options. (line 207) * Williams, Kent: Contributors. (line 37) * Woehlke, Matthew: Contributors. (line 72) * Woods, John: Contributors. (line 28) * word boundaries, matching: GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 30) + (line 38) * word, regexp definition of: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 6) * word-boundary operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 55) -* wordfreq.awk program: Word Sorting. (line 60) + (line 63) +* wordfreq.awk program: Word Sorting. (line 62) * words, counting: Wc Program. (line 6) * words, duplicate, searching for: Dupword Program. (line 6) * words, usage counts, generating: Word Sorting. (line 6) @@ -24527,11 +25341,11 @@ Index * {} (braces), statements, grouping: Statements. (line 10) * | (vertical bar): Regexp Operators. (line 68) * | (vertical bar), | operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 65) -* | (vertical bar), | operator (I/O) <2>: Redirection. (line 54) +* | (vertical bar), | operator (I/O) <2>: Redirection. (line 57) * | (vertical bar), | operator (I/O): Getline/Pipe. (line 6) * | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O) <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 44) * | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O) <2>: Precedence. (line 65) -* | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O) <3>: Redirection. (line 99) +* | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O) <3>: Redirection. (line 102) * | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O): Getline/Coprocess. (line 6) * | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O), pipes, closing: Close Files And Pipes. (line 117) @@ -24551,366 +25365,379 @@ Index Tag Table: Node: Top1340 -Node: Foreword27566 -Node: Preface31887 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-134756 -Node: History34988 -Node: Names37204 -Ref: Names-Footnote-138676 -Node: This Manual38748 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-143503 -Node: Conventions43603 -Node: Manual History45477 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-148930 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-248971 -Node: How To Contribute49045 -Node: Acknowledgments50189 -Node: Getting Started54049 -Node: Running gawk56421 -Node: One-shot57607 -Node: Read Terminal58832 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-160490 -Node: Long60661 -Node: Executable Scripts62037 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-163933 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-264084 -Node: Comments64535 -Node: Quoting66903 -Node: DOS Quoting71483 -Node: Sample Data Files72155 -Node: Very Simple75187 -Node: Two Rules79792 -Node: More Complex81939 -Ref: More Complex-Footnote-184862 -Ref: More Complex-Footnote-285310 -Node: Statements/Lines85393 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-189775 -Node: Other Features90040 -Node: When90892 -Node: Regexp93148 -Node: Regexp Usage94602 -Node: Escape Sequences96654 -Node: Regexp Operators102393 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1109500 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2109647 -Node: Character Lists109745 -Ref: table-char-classes111702 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators114327 -Node: Case-sensitivity117971 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1121144 -Node: Leftmost Longest121379 -Node: Computed Regexps122570 -Node: Locales125951 -Node: Reading Files128217 -Node: Records129974 -Ref: Records-Footnote-1138532 -Node: Fields138569 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1141599 -Node: Nonconstant Fields141685 -Node: Changing Fields143887 -Node: Field Separators149168 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting152659 -Node: Single Character Fields156212 -Node: Command Line Field Separator157263 -Node: Field Splitting Summary160702 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1163888 -Node: Constant Size163989 -Node: Multiple Line168466 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1174197 -Node: Getline174376 -Node: Plain Getline176444 -Node: Getline/Variable178531 -Node: Getline/File179672 -Node: Getline/Variable/File180996 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1182593 -Node: Getline/Pipe182680 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe185277 -Node: Getline/Coprocess186384 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess187627 -Node: Getline Notes188341 -Node: Getline Summary189984 -Ref: table-getline-variants190268 -Node: Printing190834 -Node: Print192463 -Node: Print Examples193789 -Node: Output Separators196584 -Node: OFMT198345 -Node: Printf199700 -Node: Basic Printf200619 -Node: Control Letters202154 -Node: Format Modifiers206037 -Node: Printf Examples212047 -Node: Redirection214764 -Node: Special Files221661 -Node: Special FD222295 -Node: Special Process225321 -Node: Special Network227556 -Node: Special Caveats228398 -Ref: Special Caveats-Footnote-1229596 -Node: Close Files And Pipes229979 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1236900 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2237048 -Node: Expressions237196 -Node: Constants239385 -Node: Scalar Constants240066 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1240921 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers241103 -Node: Regexp Constants244161 -Node: Using Constant Regexps244634 -Node: Variables247717 -Node: Using Variables248373 -Node: Assignment Options249883 -Node: Conversion251760 -Ref: table-locale-affects257191 -Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1257815 -Node: Arithmetic Ops257924 -Node: Concatenation260436 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1263218 -Node: Assignment Ops263309 -Ref: table-assign-ops268287 -Node: Increment Ops269688 -Node: Truth Values273181 -Node: Typing and Comparison274231 -Node: Variable Typing274934 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1278620 -Node: Comparison Operators278764 -Ref: table-relational-ops279140 -Node: Boolean Ops282689 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1286749 -Node: Conditional Exp286840 -Node: Function Calls288577 -Node: Precedence291859 -Node: Patterns and Actions295511 -Node: Pattern Overview296565 -Node: Regexp Patterns298002 -Node: Expression Patterns298545 -Node: Ranges302095 -Node: BEGIN/END305184 -Node: Using BEGIN/END305934 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1308666 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END308780 -Node: Empty311047 -Node: Using Shell Variables311355 -Node: Action Overview313636 -Node: Statements315994 -Node: If Statement317850 -Node: While Statement319349 -Node: Do Statement321381 -Node: For Statement322530 -Node: Switch Statement325670 -Node: Break Statement327946 -Node: Continue Statement330003 -Node: Next Statement331907 -Node: Nextfile Statement334187 -Node: Exit Statement336784 -Node: Built-in Variables339055 -Node: User-modified340150 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1347515 -Node: Auto-set347577 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1355917 -Node: ARGC and ARGV356122 -Node: Arrays359834 -Node: Array Intro361742 -Node: Reference to Elements366076 -Node: Assigning Elements367965 -Node: Array Example368446 -Node: Scanning an Array370168 -Node: Delete372448 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1374841 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts374898 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts377085 -Node: Multi-dimensional378691 -Node: Multi-scanning381704 -Node: Array Sorting383319 -Node: Functions386982 -Node: Built-in387717 -Node: Calling Built-in388687 -Node: Numeric Functions390654 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1394396 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2394722 -Node: String Functions394991 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1415372 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2415501 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3415749 -Node: Gory Details415836 -Ref: table-sub-escapes417471 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92418806 -Ref: table-sub-proposed420145 -Ref: table-posix-2001-sub421497 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes422834 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1424020 -Node: I/O Functions424071 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1430722 -Node: Time Functions430813 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1441605 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2441673 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3441831 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4441942 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5442067 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6442294 -Node: Bitwise Functions442556 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops443134 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1447368 -Node: I18N Functions447552 -Node: User-defined449273 -Node: Definition Syntax450054 -Node: Function Example454630 -Node: Function Caveats457210 -Node: Return Statement461135 -Node: Dynamic Typing463792 -Node: Internationalization464529 -Node: I18N and L10N465948 -Node: Explaining gettext466632 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1471539 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2471778 -Node: Programmer i18n471947 -Node: Translator i18n476170 -Node: String Extraction476960 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1477910 -Node: Printf Ordering478036 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1480814 -Node: I18N Portability480878 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1483306 -Node: I18N Example483369 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1485981 -Node: Gawk I18N486053 -Node: Advanced Features486631 -Node: Nondecimal Data488030 -Node: Two-way I/O489589 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1495070 -Node: TCP/IP Networking495147 -Node: Portal Files497702 -Node: Profiling498346 -Node: Invoking Gawk505802 -Node: Command Line507036 -Node: Options507821 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1520899 -Node: Other Arguments520924 -Node: AWKPATH Variable523605 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1526377 -Node: Exit Status526637 -Node: Obsolete527300 -Node: Undocumented528299 -Node: Known Bugs528564 -Node: Library Functions529166 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1532147 -Node: Library Names532318 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1535791 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2536010 -Node: General Functions536096 -Node: Nextfile Function537155 -Node: Strtonum Function541519 -Node: Assert Function544454 -Node: Round Function547758 -Node: Cliff Random Function549291 -Node: Ordinal Functions550304 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1553364 -Node: Join Function553580 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1555340 -Node: Gettimeofday Function555540 -Node: Data File Management559243 -Node: Filetrans Function559875 -Node: Rewind Function563301 -Node: File Checking564747 -Node: Empty Files565777 -Node: Ignoring Assigns568002 -Node: Getopt Function569550 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1580828 -Node: Passwd Functions581029 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1589690 -Node: Group Functions589778 -Node: Sample Programs597776 -Node: Running Examples598453 -Node: Clones599181 -Node: Cut Program600313 -Node: Egrep Program610070 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1617820 -Node: Id Program617930 -Node: Split Program621537 -Node: Tee Program625001 -Node: Uniq Program627678 -Node: Wc Program635046 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1639290 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs639486 -Node: Dupword Program640606 -Node: Alarm Program642637 -Node: Translate Program647177 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1651545 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2651782 -Node: Labels Program651916 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1655207 -Node: Word Sorting655291 -Node: History Sorting659572 -Node: Extract Program661410 -Node: Simple Sed668762 -Node: Igawk Program671817 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1686548 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2686749 -Node: Signature Program686887 -Node: Language History687967 -Node: V7/SVR3.1689351 -Node: SVR4691624 -Node: POSIX693063 -Node: BTL694671 -Node: POSIX/GNU696350 -Node: Contributors704265 -Node: Installation707906 -Node: Gawk Distribution708877 -Node: Getting709361 -Node: Extracting710187 -Node: Distribution contents711575 -Node: Unix Installation716656 -Node: Quick Installation717247 -Node: Additional Configuration Options718949 -Node: Configuration Philosophy721121 -Node: Non-Unix Installation723485 -Node: PC Installation723950 -Node: PC Binary Installation725224 -Node: PC Compiling727067 -Node: PC Dynamic731563 -Node: PC Using733924 -Node: Cygwin738474 -Node: MSYS739470 -Node: VMS Installation739976 -Node: VMS Compilation740580 -Node: VMS Installation Details742157 -Node: VMS Running743787 -Node: VMS POSIX745384 -Node: VMS Old Gawk746682 -Node: Unsupported747151 -Node: Atari Installation747613 -Node: Atari Compiling748900 -Node: Atari Using750785 -Node: BeOS Installation753630 -Node: Tandem Installation754777 -Node: Bugs756456 -Node: Other Versions760349 -Node: Notes765567 -Node: Compatibility Mode766259 -Node: Additions767053 -Node: Adding Code767803 -Node: New Ports773853 -Node: Dynamic Extensions777985 -Node: Internals779242 -Node: Sample Library790245 -Node: Internal File Description790904 -Node: Internal File Ops794597 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1799923 -Node: Using Internal File Ops800071 -Node: Future Extensions802094 -Node: Basic Concepts806047 -Node: Basic High Level806804 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-1810836 -Node: Basic Data Typing811030 -Node: Floating Point Issues815467 -Node: String Conversion Precision816560 -Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1818254 -Node: Unexpected Results818363 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems820189 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1823663 -Node: Glossary823701 -Node: Copying847401 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License884958 -Node: Index910095 +Node: Foreword28547 +Node: Preface32868 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-135737 +Node: History35969 +Node: Names38185 +Ref: Names-Footnote-139657 +Node: This Manual39729 +Ref: This Manual-Footnote-144484 +Node: Conventions44584 +Node: Manual History46458 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-149911 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-249952 +Node: How To Contribute50026 +Node: Acknowledgments51170 +Node: Getting Started55048 +Node: Running gawk57420 +Node: One-shot58606 +Node: Read Terminal59831 +Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-161492 +Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-261768 +Node: Long61939 +Node: Executable Scripts63315 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-165211 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-265362 +Node: Comments65813 +Node: Quoting68181 +Node: DOS Quoting72758 +Node: Sample Data Files73430 +Node: Very Simple76462 +Node: Two Rules81067 +Node: More Complex83214 +Ref: More Complex-Footnote-186137 +Ref: More Complex-Footnote-286585 +Node: Statements/Lines86668 +Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-191050 +Node: Other Features91315 +Node: When92167 +Node: Regexp94423 +Node: Regexp Usage95877 +Node: Escape Sequences97929 +Node: Regexp Operators103668 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1110877 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2111024 +Node: Character Lists111122 +Ref: table-char-classes113079 +Node: GNU Regexp Operators115704 +Node: Case-sensitivity119434 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1122607 +Node: Leftmost Longest122842 +Node: Computed Regexps124033 +Node: Locales127414 +Node: Reading Files129680 +Node: Records131692 +Ref: Records-Footnote-1140250 +Node: Fields140287 +Ref: Fields-Footnote-1143317 +Node: Nonconstant Fields143403 +Node: Changing Fields145605 +Node: Field Separators150926 +Node: Regexp Field Splitting154417 +Node: Single Character Fields157970 +Node: Command Line Field Separator159021 +Node: Field Splitting Summary162460 +Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1165646 +Node: Constant Size165747 +Node: Splitting By Content170231 +Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1173460 +Node: Multiple Line173500 +Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1179238 +Node: Getline179417 +Node: Plain Getline181620 +Node: Getline/Variable183707 +Node: Getline/File184848 +Node: Getline/Variable/File186172 +Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1187769 +Node: Getline/Pipe187856 +Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe190453 +Node: Getline/Coprocess191560 +Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess192803 +Node: Getline Notes193517 +Node: Getline Summary195160 +Ref: table-getline-variants195444 +Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE196010 +Node: Command line directories198848 +Node: Printing199525 +Node: Print201154 +Node: Print Examples202480 +Node: Output Separators205275 +Node: OFMT207036 +Node: Printf208391 +Node: Basic Printf209310 +Node: Control Letters210845 +Node: Format Modifiers214728 +Node: Printf Examples220738 +Node: Redirection223455 +Node: Special Files230451 +Node: Special FD231014 +Node: Special Network234207 +Node: Special Caveats235062 +Ref: Special Caveats-Footnote-1236260 +Node: Close Files And Pipes236643 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1243564 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2243712 +Node: Expressions243860 +Node: Values244929 +Node: Constants245601 +Node: Scalar Constants246281 +Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1247140 +Node: Nondecimal-numbers247322 +Node: Regexp Constants250384 +Node: Using Constant Regexps250859 +Node: Variables253941 +Node: Using Variables254596 +Node: Assignment Options256170 +Node: Conversion258051 +Ref: table-locale-affects263458 +Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1264082 +Node: All Operators264191 +Node: Arithmetic Ops264821 +Node: Concatenation267320 +Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1270108 +Node: Assignment Ops270199 +Ref: table-assign-ops275183 +Node: Increment Ops276584 +Node: Truth Values and Conditions280062 +Node: Truth Values281145 +Node: Typing and Comparison282193 +Node: Variable Typing282914 +Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1286602 +Node: Comparison Operators286746 +Ref: table-relational-ops287124 +Node: Boolean Ops290673 +Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1294751 +Node: Conditional Exp294842 +Node: Function Calls296574 +Node: Precedence300125 +Node: Patterns and Actions303775 +Node: Pattern Overview304829 +Node: Regexp Patterns306266 +Node: Expression Patterns306809 +Node: Ranges310359 +Node: BEGIN/END313448 +Node: Using BEGIN/END314198 +Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1316930 +Node: I/O And BEGIN/END317044 +Node: Empty319311 +Node: Using Shell Variables319619 +Node: Action Overview321900 +Node: Statements324258 +Node: If Statement326114 +Node: While Statement327613 +Node: Do Statement329645 +Node: For Statement330794 +Node: Switch Statement333934 +Node: Break Statement335982 +Node: Continue Statement338039 +Node: Next Statement339943 +Node: Nextfile Statement342223 +Node: Exit Statement344939 +Node: Built-in Variables347210 +Node: User-modified348305 +Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1356230 +Node: Auto-set356292 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1364980 +Node: ARGC and ARGV365185 +Node: Arrays368946 +Node: Array Basics370393 +Node: Array Intro371104 +Node: Reference to Elements375490 +Node: Assigning Elements377389 +Node: Array Example377880 +Node: Scanning an Array379612 +Node: Delete381887 +Ref: Delete-Footnote-1384275 +Node: Numeric Array Subscripts384332 +Node: Uninitialized Subscripts386519 +Node: Multi-dimensional388125 +Node: Multi-scanning391216 +Node: Array Sorting392796 +Node: Functions396578 +Node: Built-in397387 +Node: Calling Built-in398357 +Node: Numeric Functions400324 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1404066 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2404392 +Node: String Functions404661 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1426447 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2426576 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3426824 +Node: Gory Details426911 +Ref: table-sub-escapes428546 +Ref: table-sub-posix-92429881 +Ref: table-sub-proposed431220 +Ref: table-posix-2001-sub432572 +Ref: table-gensub-escapes433841 +Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1435027 +Node: I/O Functions435078 +Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1441823 +Node: Time Functions441914 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1452704 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2452772 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3452930 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4453041 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5453166 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6453393 +Node: Bitwise Functions453655 +Ref: table-bitwise-ops454233 +Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1458467 +Node: I18N Functions458651 +Node: User-defined460372 +Node: Definition Syntax461176 +Node: Function Example465874 +Node: Function Caveats468454 +Node: Return Statement472379 +Node: Dynamic Typing475036 +Node: Indirect Calls475773 +Node: Internationalization485408 +Node: I18N and L10N486827 +Node: Explaining gettext487511 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1492418 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2492657 +Node: Programmer i18n492826 +Node: Translator i18n497049 +Node: String Extraction497840 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1498793 +Node: Printf Ordering498919 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1501697 +Node: I18N Portability501761 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1504189 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