diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/ChangeLog | 5 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gawk.info | 1250 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gawk.texi | 54 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gawktexi.in | 54 |
4 files changed, 728 insertions, 635 deletions
diff --git a/doc/ChangeLog b/doc/ChangeLog index d62a3880..702ff6ef 100644 --- a/doc/ChangeLog +++ b/doc/ChangeLog @@ -1,3 +1,8 @@ +2019-03-09 Arnold D. Robbins <arnold@skeeve.com> + + * gawktexi.in (Regexp Operators): Refactor a bit into subsections, + mention that BWK awk now has interval expressions. + 2019-02-28 Arnold D. Robbins <arnold@skeeve.com> * gawktexi.in: Fix a spelling error, change update month. diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index b8ab270e..b026efc6 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -3647,7 +3647,18 @@ You can combine regular expressions with special characters, called "regular expression operators" or "metacharacters", to increase the power and versatility of regular expressions. - The escape sequences described in *note Escape Sequences:: are valid +* Menu: + +* Regexp Operator Details:: The actual details. +* Interval Expressions:: Notes on interval expressions. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Regexp Operator Details, Next: Interval Expressions, Up: Regexp Operators + +3.3.1 Regexp Operators in 'awk' +------------------------------- + +The escape sequences described in *note Escape Sequences:: are valid inside a regexp. They are introduced by a '\' and are recognized and converted into corresponding real characters as the very first step in processing regexps. @@ -3772,27 +3783,6 @@ sequences and that are not listed here stand for themselves: 'wh{2,}y' Matches 'whhy', 'whhhy', and so on. - Interval expressions were not traditionally available in 'awk'. - They were added as part of the POSIX standard to make 'awk' and - 'egrep' consistent with each other. - - Initially, because old programs may use '{' and '}' in regexp - constants, 'gawk' did _not_ match interval expressions in regexps. - - However, beginning with version 4.0, 'gawk' does match interval - expressions by default. This is because compatibility with POSIX - has become more important to most 'gawk' users than compatibility - with old programs. - - For programs that use '{' and '}' in regexp constants, it is good - practice to always escape them with a backslash. Then the regexp - constants are valid and work the way you want them to, using any - version of 'awk'.(2) - - Finally, when '{' and '}' appear in regexp constants in a way that - cannot be interpreted as an interval expression (such as '/q{a}/'), - then they stand for themselves. - In regular expressions, the '*', '+', and '?' operators, as well as the braces '{' and '}', have the highest precedence, followed by concatenation, and finally by '|'. As in arithmetic, parentheses can @@ -3803,15 +3793,49 @@ themselves when there is nothing in the regexp that precedes them. For example, '/+/' matches a literal plus sign. However, many other versions of 'awk' treat such a usage as a syntax error. - If 'gawk' is in compatibility mode (*note Options::), interval -expressions are not available in regular expressions. - ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) In other literature, you may see a bracket expression referred to as either a "character set", a "character class", or a "character list". - (2) Use two backslashes if you're using a string constant with a + +File: gawk.info, Node: Interval Expressions, Prev: Regexp Operator Details, Up: Regexp Operators + +3.3.2 Some Notes On Interval Expressions +---------------------------------------- + +Interval expressions were not traditionally available in 'awk'. They +were added as part of the POSIX standard to make 'awk' and 'egrep' +consistent with each other. + + Initially, because old programs may use '{' and '}' in regexp +constants, 'gawk' did _not_ match interval expressions in regexps. + + However, beginning with version 4.0, 'gawk' does match interval +expressions by default. This is because compatibility with POSIX has +become more important to most 'gawk' users than compatibility with old +programs. + + For programs that use '{' and '}' in regexp constants, it is good +practice to always escape them with a backslash. Then the regexp +constants are valid and work the way you want them to, using any version +of 'awk'.(1) + + Finally, when '{' and '}' appear in regexp constants in a way that +cannot be interpreted as an interval expression (such as '/q{a}/'), then +they stand for themselves. + + As mentioned, interval expressions were not traditionally available +in 'awk'. In March of 2019, Brian Kernighan's 'awk' (finally) acquired +them. + + Nonetheless, because they were not available for so many decades, +'gawk' continues to not supply them when in compatibility mode (*note +Options::). + + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) Use two backslashes if you're using a string constant with a regexp operator or function. @@ -33561,7 +33585,8 @@ Index * $ (dollar sign), $ field operator <1>: Precedence. (line 42) * $ (dollar sign), incrementing fields and arrays: Increment Ops. (line 30) -* $ (dollar sign), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 35) +* $ (dollar sign), regexp operator: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 31) * % (percent sign), % operator: Precedence. (line 54) * % (percent sign), %= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) * % (percent sign), %= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 94) @@ -33575,11 +33600,12 @@ Index * ' (single quote), vs. apostrophe: Comments. (line 27) * ' (single quote), with double quotes: Quoting. (line 73) * () (parentheses), in a profile: Profiling. (line 146) -* () (parentheses), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 81) +* () (parentheses), regexp operator: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 77) * * (asterisk), * operator, as multiplication operator: Precedence. (line 54) -* * (asterisk), * operator, as regexp operator: Regexp Operators. - (line 89) +* * (asterisk), * operator, as regexp operator: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 85) * * (asterisk), * operator, null strings, matching: String Functions. (line 542) * * (asterisk), ** operator: Arithmetic Ops. (line 81) @@ -33595,7 +33621,8 @@ Index * + (plus sign), ++ operator <2>: Precedence. (line 45) * + (plus sign), += operator: Assignment Ops. (line 81) * + (plus sign), += operator <1>: Precedence. (line 94) -* + (plus sign), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 105) +* + (plus sign), regexp operator: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 101) * , (comma), in range patterns: Ranges. (line 6) * - (hyphen), - operator: Precedence. (line 51) * - (hyphen), - operator <1>: Precedence. (line 57) @@ -33693,7 +33720,8 @@ Index * -V option: Options. (line 329) * -v option <1>: Assignment Options. (line 12) * -W option: Options. (line 51) -* . (period), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 44) +* . (period), regexp operator: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 40) * .gmo files: Explaining gettext. (line 42) * .gmo files, specifying directory of: Explaining gettext. (line 54) * .gmo files, specifying directory of <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 48) @@ -33746,7 +33774,8 @@ Index * > (right angle bracket), >> operator (I/O): Redirection. (line 50) * > (right angle bracket), >> operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 64) * ? (question mark), ?: operator: Precedence. (line 91) -* ? (question mark), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 111) +* ? (question mark), regexp operator: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 107) * ? (question mark), regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 62) * @-notation for indirect function calls: Indirect Calls. (line 47) @@ -33757,7 +33786,8 @@ Index (line 6) * @namespace, no effect on BEGIN, BEGINFILE, END, and ENDFILE: Changing The Namespace. (line 37) -* [] (square brackets), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 56) +* [] (square brackets), regexp operator: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 52) * \ (backslash): Comments. (line 50) * \ (backslash), as field separator: Command Line Field Separator. (line 24) @@ -33775,7 +33805,8 @@ Index (line 108) * \ (backslash), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 30) * \ (backslash), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 48) -* \ (backslash), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 18) +* \ (backslash), regexp operator: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 14) * \ (backslash), \" escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 85) * \ (backslash), \' operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 59) @@ -33810,7 +33841,8 @@ Index * ^ (caret), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 25) * ^ (caret), in FS: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 59) -* ^ (caret), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 22) +* ^ (caret), regexp operator: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 18) * ^ (caret), regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 62) * ^ (caret), ^ operator: Precedence. (line 48) @@ -33826,7 +33858,8 @@ Index * {} (braces): Profiling. (line 142) * {} (braces), actions and: Action Overview. (line 19) * {} (braces), statements, grouping: Statements. (line 10) -* | (vertical bar): Regexp Operators. (line 70) +* | (vertical bar): Regexp Operator Details. + (line 66) * | (vertical bar), | operator (I/O): Getline/Pipe. (line 10) * | (vertical bar), | operator (I/O) <1>: Redirection. (line 57) * | (vertical bar), | operator (I/O) <2>: Precedence. (line 64) @@ -33986,8 +34019,8 @@ Index * associative arrays: Array Intro. (line 48) * asterisk (*), * operator, as multiplication operator: Precedence. (line 54) -* asterisk (*), * operator, as regexp operator: Regexp Operators. - (line 89) +* asterisk (*), * operator, as regexp operator: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 85) * asterisk (*), * operator, null strings, matching: String Functions. (line 542) * asterisk (*), ** operator: Arithmetic Ops. (line 81) @@ -34082,7 +34115,8 @@ Index (line 108) * backslash (\), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 30) * backslash (\), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 48) -* backslash (\), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 18) +* backslash (\), regexp operator: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 14) * backslash (\), \" escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 85) * backslash (\), \' operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 59) @@ -34178,7 +34212,8 @@ Index * braces ({}): Profiling. (line 142) * braces ({}), actions and: Action Overview. (line 19) * braces ({}), statements, grouping: Statements. (line 10) -* bracket expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 56) +* bracket expressions: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 52) * bracket expressions <1>: Bracket Expressions. (line 6) * bracket expressions, character classes: Bracket Expressions. (line 40) @@ -34186,7 +34221,8 @@ Index (line 90) * bracket expressions, collating symbols: Bracket Expressions. (line 97) -* bracket expressions, complemented: Regexp Operators. (line 64) +* bracket expressions, complemented: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 60) * bracket expressions, equivalence classes: Bracket Expressions. (line 103) * bracket expressions, non-ASCII: Bracket Expressions. (line 90) @@ -34256,7 +34292,8 @@ Index * call stack (debugger): Debugging Terms. (line 10) * call stack, display in debugger: Execution Stack. (line 13) * caret (^), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 25) -* caret (^), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 22) +* caret (^), regexp operator: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 18) * caret (^), regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 62) * caret (^), ^ operator: Precedence. (line 48) @@ -34271,16 +34308,17 @@ Index * case sensitivity, regexps and <1>: User-modified. (line 79) * case sensitivity, string comparisons and: User-modified. (line 79) * CGI, awk scripts for: Options. (line 147) -* character classes, See bracket expressions: Regexp Operators. - (line 56) +* character classes, See bracket expressions: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 52) * character lists in regular expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 6) -* character lists, See bracket expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 56) +* character lists, See bracket expressions: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 52) * character sets (machine character encodings): Ordinal Functions. (line 45) * character sets (machine character encodings) <1>: Glossary. (line 194) -* character sets, See Also bracket expressions: Regexp Operators. - (line 56) +* character sets, See Also bracket expressions: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 52) * characters, counting: Wc Program. (line 6) * characters, transliterating: Translate Program. (line 6) * characters, values of as numbers: Ordinal Functions. (line 6) @@ -34773,7 +34811,8 @@ Index * dollar sign ($), $ field operator <1>: Precedence. (line 42) * dollar sign ($), incrementing fields and arrays: Increment Ops. (line 30) -* dollar sign ($), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 35) +* dollar sign ($), regexp operator: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 31) * double quote ("), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 30) * double quote ("), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 54) * double-precision: Computer Arithmetic. (line 61) @@ -35242,7 +35281,8 @@ Index (line 13) * gawk, interpreter, adding code to: Using Internal File Ops. (line 6) -* gawk, interval expressions and: Regexp Operators. (line 139) +* gawk, interval expressions and: Interval Expressions. + (line 10) * gawk, line continuation in: Conditional Exp. (line 34) * gawk, LINT variable in: User-modified. (line 90) * gawk, list of contributors to: Contributors. (line 6) @@ -35259,7 +35299,8 @@ Index (line 26) * gawk, regular expressions, operators: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 6) -* gawk, regular expressions, precedence: Regexp Operators. (line 161) +* gawk, regular expressions, precedence: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 136) * gawk, RT variable in: awk split records. (line 131) * gawk, RT variable in <1>: gawk split records. (line 58) * gawk, RT variable in <2>: Multiple Line. (line 130) @@ -35502,7 +35543,8 @@ Index * internationalizing a program: Explaining gettext. (line 6) * interpreted programs: Basic High Level. (line 13) * interpreted programs <1>: Glossary. (line 443) -* interval expressions, regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 116) +* interval expressions, regexp operator: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 112) * inventory-shipped file: Sample Data Files. (line 32) * invoke shell command: I/O Functions. (line 106) * isarray: Type Functions. (line 11) @@ -35893,7 +35935,8 @@ Index * Papadopoulos, Panos: Contributors. (line 131) * parent process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 251) * parentheses (), in a profile: Profiling. (line 146) -* parentheses (), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 81) +* parentheses (), regexp operator: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 77) * password file: Passwd Functions. (line 16) * patsplit: String Functions. (line 297) * patterns: Patterns and Actions. @@ -35917,7 +35960,8 @@ Index * percent sign (%), % operator: Precedence. (line 54) * percent sign (%), %= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) * percent sign (%), %= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 94) -* period (.), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 44) +* period (.), regexp operator: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 40) * Perl: Future Extensions. (line 6) * Peters, Arno: Contributors. (line 88) * Peterson, Hal: Contributors. (line 40) @@ -35937,7 +35981,8 @@ Index * plus sign (+), ++ operator <2>: Precedence. (line 45) * plus sign (+), += operator: Assignment Ops. (line 81) * plus sign (+), += operator <1>: Precedence. (line 94) -* plus sign (+), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 105) +* plus sign (+), regexp operator: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 101) * pointers to functions: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * portability: Escape Sequences. (line 103) * portability, #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. (line 33) @@ -36002,14 +36047,17 @@ Index * POSIX awk, functions and, gsub()/sub(): Gory Details. (line 90) * POSIX awk, functions and, length(): String Functions. (line 180) * POSIX awk, GNU long options and: Options. (line 15) -* POSIX awk, interval expressions in: Regexp Operators. (line 135) +* POSIX awk, interval expressions in: Interval Expressions. + (line 6) * POSIX awk, next/nextfile statements and: Next Statement. (line 44) * POSIX awk, numeric strings and: Variable Typing. (line 67) * POSIX awk, OFMT variable and: OFMT. (line 27) * POSIX awk, OFMT variable and <1>: Strings And Numbers. (line 56) -* POSIX awk, period (.), using: Regexp Operators. (line 51) +* POSIX awk, period (.), using: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 47) * POSIX awk, printf format strings and: Format Modifiers. (line 157) -* POSIX awk, regular expressions and: Regexp Operators. (line 161) +* POSIX awk, regular expressions and: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 136) * POSIX awk, timestamps and: Time Functions. (line 6) * POSIX awk, | I/O operator and: Getline/Pipe. (line 56) * POSIX mode: Options. (line 282) @@ -36021,7 +36069,8 @@ Index * PREC variable: User-modified. (line 127) * precedence: Increment Ops. (line 60) * precedence <1>: Precedence. (line 6) -* precedence, regexp operators: Regexp Operators. (line 156) +* precedence, regexp operators: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 131) * predefined variables: Built-in Variables. (line 6) * predefined variables, -v option, setting with: Options. (line 45) * predefined variables, conveying information: Auto-set. (line 6) @@ -36121,7 +36170,8 @@ Index * qualified name, use of: Qualified Names. (line 17) * Quanstrom, Erik: Alarm Program. (line 8) * question mark (?), ?: operator: Precedence. (line 91) -* question mark (?), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 111) +* question mark (?), regexp operator: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 107) * question mark (?), regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 62) * QuikTrim Awk: Other Versions. (line 143) @@ -36195,7 +36245,8 @@ Index * register extension: Registration Functions. (line 6) * regular expressions: Regexp. (line 6) -* regular expressions, anchors in: Regexp Operators. (line 22) +* regular expressions, anchors in: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 18) * regular expressions, as field separators: Field Separators. (line 50) * regular expressions, as field separators <1>: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 6) @@ -36224,8 +36275,8 @@ Index (line 6) * regular expressions, operators, gawk: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 6) -* regular expressions, operators, precedence of: Regexp Operators. - (line 156) +* regular expressions, operators, precedence of: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 131) * regular expressions, searching for: Egrep Program. (line 6) * relational operators, See comparison operators: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) @@ -36485,7 +36536,8 @@ Index * sprintf() function, print/printf statements and: Round Function. (line 6) * sqrt: Numeric Functions. (line 78) -* square brackets ([]), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 56) +* square brackets ([]), regexp operator: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 52) * square root: Numeric Functions. (line 78) * srand: Numeric Functions. (line 82) * stack frame (debugger): Debugging Terms. (line 10) @@ -36586,7 +36638,8 @@ Index * Texinfo <4>: Distribution contents. (line 83) * Texinfo <5>: Adding Code. (line 100) -* Texinfo, chapter beginnings in files: Regexp Operators. (line 22) +* Texinfo, chapter beginnings in files: Regexp Operator Details. + (line 18) * Texinfo, extracting programs from source files: Extract Program. (line 6) * text, printing: Print. (line 22) @@ -36750,7 +36803,8 @@ Index * version of gawk extension API: Auto-set. (line 287) * version of GNU MP library: Auto-set. (line 270) * version of GNU MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 272) -* vertical bar (|): Regexp Operators. (line 70) +* vertical bar (|): Regexp Operator Details. + (line 66) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O): Getline/Pipe. (line 10) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 64) * vertical bar (|), |& operator (I/O): Getline/Coprocess. (line 6) @@ -36875,536 +36929,538 @@ Node: Regexp159037 Node: Regexp Usage160491 Node: Escape Sequences162528 Node: Regexp Operators168760 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1176176 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2176323 -Node: Bracket Expressions176421 -Ref: table-char-classes178897 -Node: Leftmost Longest182223 -Node: Computed Regexps183526 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators186953 -Node: Case-sensitivity190632 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1193519 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2193754 -Node: Regexp Summary193862 -Node: Reading Files195328 -Node: Records197597 -Node: awk split records198672 -Node: gawk split records203947 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1208533 -Node: Fields208570 -Node: Nonconstant Fields211311 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1213547 -Node: Changing Fields213751 -Node: Field Separators219782 -Node: Default Field Splitting222480 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting223598 -Node: Single Character Fields226951 -Node: Command Line Field Separator228011 -Node: Full Line Fields231229 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1232751 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2232797 -Node: Field Splitting Summary232898 -Node: Constant Size234972 -Node: Fixed width data235704 -Node: Skipping intervening239171 -Node: Allowing trailing data239969 -Node: Fields with fixed data241006 -Node: Splitting By Content242524 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1246174 -Node: Testing field creation246337 -Node: Multiple Line247962 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1253846 -Node: Getline254025 -Node: Plain Getline256494 -Node: Getline/Variable259135 -Node: Getline/File260286 -Node: Getline/Variable/File261674 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1263279 -Node: Getline/Pipe263367 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe266074 -Node: Getline/Coprocess267209 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess268476 -Node: Getline Notes269218 -Node: Getline Summary272015 -Ref: table-getline-variants272439 -Node: Read Timeout273187 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1277093 -Node: Retrying Input277151 -Node: Command-line directories278350 -Node: Input Summary279256 -Node: Input Exercises282428 -Node: Printing283156 -Node: Print284990 -Node: Print Examples286447 -Node: Output Separators289227 -Node: OFMT291244 -Node: Printf292600 -Node: Basic Printf293385 -Node: Control Letters294959 -Node: Format Modifiers300123 -Node: Printf Examples306138 -Node: Redirection308624 -Node: Special FD315465 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1318633 -Node: Special Files318707 -Node: Other Inherited Files319324 -Node: Special Network320325 -Node: Special Caveats321185 -Node: Close Files And Pipes322134 -Ref: table-close-pipe-return-values329041 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1329854 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2330002 -Node: Nonfatal330154 -Node: Output Summary332492 -Node: Output Exercises333714 -Node: Expressions334393 -Node: Values335581 -Node: Constants336259 -Node: Scalar Constants336950 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1339474 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers339724 -Node: Regexp Constants342725 -Node: Using Constant Regexps343251 -Node: Standard Regexp Constants343873 -Node: Strong Regexp Constants347061 -Node: Variables350019 -Node: Using Variables350676 -Node: Assignment Options352586 -Node: Conversion355053 -Node: Strings And Numbers355577 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1358640 -Node: Locale influences conversions358749 -Ref: table-locale-affects361507 -Node: All Operators362125 -Node: Arithmetic Ops362754 -Node: Concatenation365260 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1368107 -Node: Assignment Ops368214 -Ref: table-assign-ops373205 -Node: Increment Ops374518 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions377978 -Node: Truth Values379052 -Node: Typing and Comparison380100 -Node: Variable Typing380920 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1387383 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-2387455 -Node: Comparison Operators387532 -Ref: table-relational-ops387951 -Node: POSIX String Comparison391446 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1393141 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-2393280 -Node: Boolean Ops393364 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1397846 -Node: Conditional Exp397938 -Node: Function Calls399674 -Node: Precedence403551 -Node: Locales407210 -Node: Expressions Summary408842 -Node: Patterns and Actions411415 -Node: Pattern Overview412535 -Node: Regexp Patterns414212 -Node: Expression Patterns414754 -Node: Ranges418535 -Node: BEGIN/END421643 -Node: Using BEGIN/END422404 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1425140 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END425246 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE427560 -Node: Empty430473 -Node: Using Shell Variables430790 -Node: Action Overview433064 -Node: Statements435389 -Node: If Statement437237 -Node: While Statement438732 -Node: Do Statement440760 -Node: For Statement441908 -Node: Switch Statement445079 -Node: Break Statement447465 -Node: Continue Statement449557 -Node: Next Statement451384 -Node: Nextfile Statement453767 -Node: Exit Statement456419 -Node: Built-in Variables458822 -Node: User-modified459955 -Node: Auto-set467722 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1484529 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2484735 -Node: ARGC and ARGV484791 -Node: Pattern Action Summary489004 -Node: Arrays491434 -Node: Array Basics492763 -Node: Array Intro493607 -Ref: figure-array-elements495582 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1498286 -Node: Reference to Elements498414 -Node: Assigning Elements500878 -Node: Array Example501369 -Node: Scanning an Array503128 -Node: Controlling Scanning506150 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1511549 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts511865 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts514049 -Node: Delete515668 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1518420 -Node: Multidimensional518477 -Node: Multiscanning521572 -Node: Arrays of Arrays523163 -Node: Arrays Summary527931 -Node: Functions530024 -Node: Built-in531062 -Node: Calling Built-in532143 -Node: Numeric Functions534139 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1538167 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2538812 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3538860 -Node: String Functions539132 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1562990 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2563118 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3563366 -Node: Gory Details563453 -Ref: table-sub-escapes565244 -Ref: table-sub-proposed566763 -Ref: table-posix-sub568126 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes569667 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1570490 -Node: I/O Functions570644 -Ref: table-system-return-values577112 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1579192 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-2579340 -Node: Time Functions579460 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1590131 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2590199 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3590357 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4590468 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5590580 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6590807 -Node: Bitwise Functions591073 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops591667 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1597730 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-2597903 -Node: Type Functions598094 -Node: I18N Functions600845 -Node: User-defined602496 -Node: Definition Syntax603308 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1608995 -Node: Function Example609066 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1611988 -Node: Function 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from API V11087457 +Node: Finding Extensions1089029 +Node: Extension Example1089588 +Node: Internal File Description1090386 +Node: Internal File Ops1094466 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11105816 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1105956 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11108339 +Node: Extension Samples1108613 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1110142 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1117791 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1119278 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1120496 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1123800 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1124636 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1125525 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1126330 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1126919 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1127659 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1129601 +Node: Extension Sample Time1130696 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1132044 +Node: gawkextlib1132536 +Node: Extension summary1135454 +Node: Extension Exercises1139156 +Node: Language History1140398 +Node: V7/SVR3.11142054 +Node: SVR41144206 +Node: POSIX1145640 +Node: BTL1147020 +Node: POSIX/GNU1147749 +Node: Feature History1153527 +Node: Common Extensions1169573 +Node: Ranges and Locales1170856 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11175472 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21175499 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31175734 +Node: Contributors1175955 +Node: History summary1181900 +Node: Installation1183280 +Node: Gawk Distribution1184224 +Node: Getting1184708 +Node: Extracting1185671 +Node: Distribution contents1187309 +Node: Unix Installation1193789 +Node: Quick Installation1194471 +Node: Shell Startup Files1196885 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1197974 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1200139 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1202508 +Node: PC Installation1202968 +Node: PC Binary Installation1203806 +Node: PC Compiling1204241 +Node: PC Using1205358 +Node: Cygwin1208911 +Node: MSYS1210010 +Node: VMS Installation1210511 +Node: VMS Compilation1211302 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11212531 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1212589 +Node: VMS Installation Details1214274 +Node: VMS Running1216527 +Node: VMS GNV1220806 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1221541 +Node: Bugs1222012 +Node: Bug address1222675 +Node: Usenet1225657 +Node: Maintainers1226661 +Node: Other Versions1227922 +Node: Installation summary1234836 +Node: Notes1236038 +Node: Compatibility Mode1236832 +Node: Additions1237614 +Node: Accessing The Source1238539 +Node: Adding Code1239976 +Node: New Ports1246195 +Node: Derived Files1250683 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11256329 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21256364 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31256962 +Node: Future Extensions1257076 +Node: Implementation Limitations1257734 +Node: Extension Design1258917 +Node: Old Extension Problems1260061 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11261579 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1261636 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11265000 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1265189 +Node: Extension Future Growth1267302 +Node: Notes summary1268138 +Node: Basic Concepts1269313 +Node: Basic High Level1269994 +Ref: figure-general-flow1270276 +Ref: figure-process-flow1270961 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11274262 +Node: Basic Data Typing1274447 +Node: Glossary1277775 +Node: Copying1309613 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1347156 +Node: Index1372276 End Tag Table diff --git a/doc/gawk.texi b/doc/gawk.texi index 7a8354eb..48ec7032 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.texi +++ b/doc/gawk.texi @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ @c applies to and all the info about who's publishing this edition @c These apply across the board. -@set UPDATE-MONTH February, 2019 +@set UPDATE-MONTH March, 2019 @set VERSION 5.0 @set PATCHLEVEL 0 @@ -5541,6 +5541,14 @@ You can combine regular expressions with special characters, called @dfn{regular expression operators} or @dfn{metacharacters}, to increase the power and versatility of regular expressions. +@menu +* Regexp Operator Details:: The actual details. +* Interval Expressions:: Notes on interval expressions. +@end menu + +@node Regexp Operator Details +@subsection Regexp Operators in @command{awk} + The escape sequences described @ifnotinfo earlier @@ -5718,6 +5726,26 @@ Matches @samp{whhhy}, @samp{whhhhy}, or @samp{whhhhhy} only. @item wh@{2,@}y Matches @samp{whhy}, @samp{whhhy}, and so on. @end table +@end table + +@cindex precedence, regexp operators +@cindex regular expressions, operators, precedence of +In regular expressions, the @samp{*}, @samp{+}, and @samp{?} operators, +as well as the braces @samp{@{} and @samp{@}}, +have +the highest precedence, followed by concatenation, and finally by @samp{|}. +As in arithmetic, parentheses can change how operators are grouped. + +@cindex POSIX @command{awk}, regular expressions and +@cindex @command{gawk}, regular expressions, precedence +In POSIX @command{awk} and @command{gawk}, the @samp{*}, @samp{+}, and +@samp{?} operators stand for themselves when there is nothing in the +regexp that precedes them. For example, @code{/+/} matches a literal +plus sign. However, many other versions of @command{awk} treat such a +usage as a syntax error. + +@node Interval Expressions +@subsection Some Notes On Interval Expressions @cindex POSIX @command{awk}, interval expressions in Interval expressions were not traditionally available in @command{awk}. @@ -5745,26 +5773,14 @@ using a string constant with a regexp operator or function.} Finally, when @samp{@{} and @samp{@}} appear in regexp constants in a way that cannot be interpreted as an interval expression (such as @code{/q@{a@}/}), then they stand for themselves. -@end table -@cindex precedence, regexp operators -@cindex regular expressions, operators, precedence of -In regular expressions, the @samp{*}, @samp{+}, and @samp{?} operators, -as well as the braces @samp{@{} and @samp{@}}, -have -the highest precedence, followed by concatenation, and finally by @samp{|}. -As in arithmetic, parentheses can change how operators are grouped. - -@cindex POSIX @command{awk}, regular expressions and -@cindex @command{gawk}, regular expressions, precedence -In POSIX @command{awk} and @command{gawk}, the @samp{*}, @samp{+}, and -@samp{?} operators stand for themselves when there is nothing in the -regexp that precedes them. For example, @code{/+/} matches a literal -plus sign. However, many other versions of @command{awk} treat such a -usage as a syntax error. +As mentioned, interval expressions were not traditionally available +in @command{awk}. In March of 2019, Brian Kernighan's +@command{awk} (finally) acquired them. -If @command{gawk} is in compatibility mode (@pxref{Options}), interval -expressions are not available in regular expressions. +Nonetheless, because they were not available for +so many decades, @command{gawk} continues to not supply them +when in compatibility mode (@pxref{Options}). @node Bracket Expressions @section Using Bracket Expressions diff --git a/doc/gawktexi.in b/doc/gawktexi.in index 1aa632db..4cbc3484 100644 --- a/doc/gawktexi.in +++ b/doc/gawktexi.in @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ @c applies to and all the info about who's publishing this edition @c These apply across the board. -@set UPDATE-MONTH February, 2019 +@set UPDATE-MONTH March, 2019 @set VERSION 5.0 @set PATCHLEVEL 0 @@ -5368,6 +5368,14 @@ You can combine regular expressions with special characters, called @dfn{regular expression operators} or @dfn{metacharacters}, to increase the power and versatility of regular expressions. +@menu +* Regexp Operator Details:: The actual details. +* Interval Expressions:: Notes on interval expressions. +@end menu + +@node Regexp Operator Details +@subsection Regexp Operators in @command{awk} + The escape sequences described @ifnotinfo earlier @@ -5545,6 +5553,26 @@ Matches @samp{whhhy}, @samp{whhhhy}, or @samp{whhhhhy} only. @item wh@{2,@}y Matches @samp{whhy}, @samp{whhhy}, and so on. @end table +@end table + +@cindex precedence, regexp operators +@cindex regular expressions, operators, precedence of +In regular expressions, the @samp{*}, @samp{+}, and @samp{?} operators, +as well as the braces @samp{@{} and @samp{@}}, +have +the highest precedence, followed by concatenation, and finally by @samp{|}. +As in arithmetic, parentheses can change how operators are grouped. + +@cindex POSIX @command{awk}, regular expressions and +@cindex @command{gawk}, regular expressions, precedence +In POSIX @command{awk} and @command{gawk}, the @samp{*}, @samp{+}, and +@samp{?} operators stand for themselves when there is nothing in the +regexp that precedes them. For example, @code{/+/} matches a literal +plus sign. However, many other versions of @command{awk} treat such a +usage as a syntax error. + +@node Interval Expressions +@subsection Some Notes On Interval Expressions @cindex POSIX @command{awk}, interval expressions in Interval expressions were not traditionally available in @command{awk}. @@ -5572,26 +5600,14 @@ using a string constant with a regexp operator or function.} Finally, when @samp{@{} and @samp{@}} appear in regexp constants in a way that cannot be interpreted as an interval expression (such as @code{/q@{a@}/}), then they stand for themselves. -@end table -@cindex precedence, regexp operators -@cindex regular expressions, operators, precedence of -In regular expressions, the @samp{*}, @samp{+}, and @samp{?} operators, -as well as the braces @samp{@{} and @samp{@}}, -have -the highest precedence, followed by concatenation, and finally by @samp{|}. -As in arithmetic, parentheses can change how operators are grouped. - -@cindex POSIX @command{awk}, regular expressions and -@cindex @command{gawk}, regular expressions, precedence -In POSIX @command{awk} and @command{gawk}, the @samp{*}, @samp{+}, and -@samp{?} operators stand for themselves when there is nothing in the -regexp that precedes them. For example, @code{/+/} matches a literal -plus sign. However, many other versions of @command{awk} treat such a -usage as a syntax error. +As mentioned, interval expressions were not traditionally available +in @command{awk}. In March of 2019, Brian Kernighan's +@command{awk} (finally) acquired them. -If @command{gawk} is in compatibility mode (@pxref{Options}), interval -expressions are not available in regular expressions. +Nonetheless, because they were not available for +so many decades, @command{gawk} continues to not supply them +when in compatibility mode (@pxref{Options}). @node Bracket Expressions @section Using Bracket Expressions |