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authorArnold D. Robbins <arnold@skeeve.com>2015-01-21 08:49:49 +0200
committerArnold D. Robbins <arnold@skeeve.com>2015-01-21 08:49:49 +0200
commit902fcb22d611b7f9e99369ecab223c00c877b82c (patch)
tree5846d6638beb88a7f5d0ee6f69fd62c3ccafb953 /doc/gawk.texi
parent4c01db1833a02173c910d463eaed77ad6ed66195 (diff)
parent8e0e08c84626633e1d4b7b431576d4ec7d8f10c4 (diff)
downloadegawk-902fcb22d611b7f9e99369ecab223c00c877b82c.tar.gz
egawk-902fcb22d611b7f9e99369ecab223c00c877b82c.tar.bz2
egawk-902fcb22d611b7f9e99369ecab223c00c877b82c.zip
Merge branch 'gawk-4.1-stable'
Diffstat (limited to 'doc/gawk.texi')
-rw-r--r--doc/gawk.texi465
1 files changed, 53 insertions, 412 deletions
diff --git a/doc/gawk.texi b/doc/gawk.texi
index 035d1476..a4567760 100644
--- a/doc/gawk.texi
+++ b/doc/gawk.texi
@@ -2597,9 +2597,7 @@ for programs that are provided on the @command{awk} command line.
(Also, placing the program in a file allows us to use a literal single quote in the program
text, instead of the magic @samp{\47}.)
-@c STARTOFRANGE sq1x
@cindex single quote (@code{'}) in @command{gawk} command lines
-@c STARTOFRANGE qs2x
@cindex @code{'} (single quote) in @command{gawk} command lines
If you want to clearly identify an @command{awk} program file as such,
you can add the extension @file{.awk} to the @value{FN}. This doesn't
@@ -2973,8 +2971,6 @@ $ @kbd{awk "BEGIN @{ print \"Here is a single quote <'>\" @}"}
@end example
@noindent
-@c ENDOFRANGE sq1x
-@c ENDOFRANGE qs2x
This option is also painful, because double quotes, backslashes, and dollar signs
are very common in more advanced @command{awk} programs.
@@ -3310,8 +3306,13 @@ no actions run.
After processing all the rules that match the line (and perhaps there are none),
@command{awk} reads the next line. (However,
-@pxref{Next Statement},
+@DBPXREF{Next Statement}
+@ifdocbook
+and @DBREF{Nextfile Statement}.)
+@end ifdocbook
+@ifnotdocbook
and also @pxref{Nextfile Statement}.)
+@end ifnotdocbook
This continues until the program reaches the end of the file.
For example, the following @command{awk} program contains two rules:
@@ -3576,7 +3577,7 @@ performing bit manipulation, for runtime string translation (internationalizatio
determining the type of a variable,
and array sorting.
-As we develop our presentation of the @command{awk} language, we introduce
+As we develop our presentation of the @command{awk} language, we will introduce
most of the variables and many of the functions. They are described
systematically in @DBREF{Built-in Variables} and in
@ref{Built-in}.
@@ -3630,7 +3631,7 @@ and Perl.}
@c FIXME: Review this chapter for summary of builtin functions called.
@itemize @value{BULLET}
@item
-Programs in @command{awk} consist of @var{pattern}-@var{action} pairs.
+Programs in @command{awk} consist of @var{pattern}--@var{action} pairs.
@item
An @var{action} without a @var{pattern} always runs. The default
@@ -3659,7 +3660,7 @@ part of a larger shell script (or MS-Windows batch file).
You may use backslash continuation to continue a source line.
Lines are automatically continued after
a comma, open brace, question mark, colon,
-@samp{||}, @samp{&&}, @code{do} and @code{else}.
+@samp{||}, @samp{&&}, @code{do}, and @code{else}.
@end itemize
@node Invoking Gawk
@@ -3734,20 +3735,16 @@ warning that the program is empty.
@node Options
@section Command-Line Options
-@c STARTOFRANGE ocl
@cindex options, command-line
-@c STARTOFRANGE clo
@cindex command line, options
-@c STARTOFRANGE gnulo
@cindex GNU long options
-@c STARTOFRANGE longo
@cindex options, long
Options begin with a dash and consist of a single character.
GNU-style long options consist of two dashes and a keyword.
The keyword can be abbreviated, as long as the abbreviation allows the option
-to be uniquely identified. If the option takes an argument, then the
-keyword is either immediately followed by an equals sign (@samp{=}) and the
+to be uniquely identified. If the option takes an argument, either the
+keyword is immediately followed by an equals sign (@samp{=}) and the
argument's value, or the keyword and the argument's value are separated
by whitespace.
If a particular option with a value is given more than once, it is the
@@ -3774,7 +3771,7 @@ Set the @code{FS} variable to @var{fs}
@cindex @option{-f} option
@cindex @option{--file} option
@cindex @command{awk} programs, location of
-Read @command{awk} program source from @var{source-file}
+Read the @command{awk} program source from @var{source-file}
instead of in the first nonoption argument.
This option may be given multiple times; the @command{awk}
program consists of the concatenation of the contents of
@@ -3829,8 +3826,6 @@ by the user that could start with @samp{-}.
It is also useful for passing options on to the @command{awk}
program; see @ref{Getopt Function}.
@end table
-@c ENDOFRANGE gnulo
-@c ENDOFRANGE longo
The following list describes @command{gawk}-specific options:
@@ -3842,14 +3837,14 @@ The following list describes @command{gawk}-specific options:
@cindex @option{--characters-as-bytes} option
Cause @command{gawk} to treat all input data as single-byte characters.
In addition, all output written with @code{print} or @code{printf}
-are treated as single-byte characters.
+is treated as single-byte characters.
Normally, @command{gawk} follows the POSIX standard and attempts to process
its input data according to the current locale (@pxref{Locales}). This can often involve
converting multibyte characters into wide characters (internally), and
can lead to problems or confusion if the input data does not contain valid
-multibyte characters. This option is an easy way to tell @command{gawk}:
-``hands off my data!''.
+multibyte characters. This option is an easy way to tell @command{gawk},
+``Hands off my data!''
@item @option{-c}
@itemx @option{--traditional}
@@ -3906,7 +3901,7 @@ Enable debugging of @command{awk} programs
By default, the debugger reads commands interactively from the keyboard
(standard input).
The optional @var{file} argument allows you to specify a file with a list
-of commands for the debugger to execute non-interactively.
+of commands for the debugger to execute noninteractively.
No space is allowed between the @option{-D} and @var{file}, if
@var{file} is supplied.
@@ -3966,7 +3961,7 @@ with @samp{#!} scripts (@pxref{Executable Scripts}), like so:
@cindex portable object files, generating
@cindex files, portable object, generating
Analyze the source program and
-generate a GNU @command{gettext} Portable Object Template file on standard
+generate a GNU @command{gettext} portable object template file on standard
output for all string constants that have been marked for translation.
@xref{Internationalization},
for information about this option.
@@ -3978,7 +3973,7 @@ for information about this option.
@cindex GNU long options, printing list of
@cindex options, printing list of
@cindex printing, list of options
-Print a ``usage'' message summarizing the short and long style options
+Print a ``usage'' message summarizing the short- and long-style options
that @command{gawk} accepts and then exit.
@item @option{-i} @var{source-file}
@@ -3988,7 +3983,7 @@ that @command{gawk} accepts and then exit.
@cindex @command{awk} programs, location of
Read an @command{awk} source library from @var{source-file}. This option
is completely equivalent to using the @code{@@include} directive inside
-your program. This option is very similar to the @option{-f} option,
+your program. It is very similar to the @option{-f} option,
but there are two important differences. First, when @option{-i} is
used, the program source is not loaded if it has been previously
loaded, whereas with @option{-f}, @command{gawk} always loads the file.
@@ -4073,7 +4068,7 @@ when parsing numeric input data (@pxref{Locales}).
@cindex @option{-o} option
@cindex @option{--pretty-print} option
Enable pretty-printing of @command{awk} programs.
-By default, output program is created in a file named @file{awkprof.out}
+By default, the output program is created in a file named @file{awkprof.out}
(@pxref{Profiling}).
The optional @var{file} argument allows you to specify a different
@value{FN} for the output.
@@ -4117,7 +4112,7 @@ in the left margin, and function call counts for each function.
Operate in strict POSIX mode. This disables all @command{gawk}
extensions (just like @option{--traditional}) and
disables all extensions not allowed by POSIX.
-@xref{Common Extensions}, for a summary of the extensions
+@DBXREF{Common Extensions} for a summary of the extensions
in @command{gawk} that are disabled by this option.
Also,
the following additional
@@ -4238,7 +4233,7 @@ source of data.)
Because it is clumsy using the standard @command{awk} mechanisms to mix
source file and command-line @command{awk} programs, @command{gawk}
provides the @option{-e} option. This does not require you to
-pre-empt the standard input for your source code; it allows you to easily
+preempt the standard input for your source code; it allows you to easily
mix command-line and library source code (@pxref{AWKPATH Variable}).
As with @option{-f}, the @option{-e} and @option{-i}
options may also be used multiple times on the command line.
@@ -4284,8 +4279,6 @@ setenv POSIXLY_CORRECT true
Having @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} set is not recommended for daily use,
but it is good for testing the portability of your programs to other
environments.
-@c ENDOFRANGE ocl
-@c ENDOFRANGE clo
@node Other Arguments
@section Other Command-Line Arguments
@@ -4428,7 +4421,7 @@ file, unless the file is in the current directory.
But with @command{gawk}, if the @value{FN} supplied to the @option{-f}
or @option{-i} options
does not contain a directory separator @samp{/}, then @command{gawk} searches a list of
-directories (called the @dfn{search path}), one by one, looking for a
+directories (called the @dfn{search path}) one by one, looking for a
file with the specified name.
The search path is a string consisting of directory names
@@ -4469,9 +4462,9 @@ as an entry in the path or write a null entry in the path.
Different past versions of @command{gawk} would also look explicitly in
the current directory, either before or after the path search. As of
-@value{PVERSION} 4.1.2, this no longer happens, and if you wish to look
+@value{PVERSION} 4.1.2, this no longer happens; if you wish to look
in the current directory, you must include @file{.} either as a separate
-entry, or as a null entry in the search path.
+entry or as a null entry in the search path.
@end quotation
The default value for @env{AWKPATH} is
@@ -4587,7 +4580,7 @@ If this variable exists, @command{gawk} includes the @value{FN}
and line number within the @command{gawk} source code
from which warning and/or fatal messages
are generated. Its purpose is to help isolate the source of a
-message, as there are multiple places which produce the
+message, as there are multiple places that produce the
same warning or error message.
@item GAWK_NO_DFA
@@ -4603,16 +4596,16 @@ This specifies the amount by which @command{gawk} should grow its
internal evaluation stack, when needed.
@item INT_CHAIN_MAX
-The intended maximum number of items @command{gawk} will maintain on a
+This specifies intended maximum number of items @command{gawk} will maintain on a
hash chain for managing arrays indexed by integers.
@item STR_CHAIN_MAX
-The intended maximum number of items @command{gawk} will maintain on a
+This specifies intended maximum number of items @command{gawk} will maintain on a
hash chain for managing arrays indexed by strings.
@item TIDYMEM
If this variable exists, @command{gawk} uses the @code{mtrace()} library
-calls from GNU LIBC to help track down possible memory leaks.
+calls from the GNU C library to help track down possible memory leaks.
@end table
@node Exit Status
@@ -4649,7 +4642,7 @@ The @code{@@include} keyword can be used to read external @command{awk} source
files. This gives you the ability to split large @command{awk} source files
into smaller, more manageable pieces, and also lets you reuse common @command{awk}
code from various @command{awk} scripts. In other words, you can group
-together @command{awk} functions, used to carry out specific tasks,
+together @command{awk} functions used to carry out specific tasks
into external files. These files can be used just like function libraries,
using the @code{@@include} keyword in conjunction with the @env{AWKPATH}
environment variable. Note that source files may also be included
@@ -4739,11 +4732,12 @@ of the @env{AWKPATH} variable in command-line file searches
This is very helpful in constructing @command{gawk} function libraries.
If you have a large script with useful, general-purpose @command{awk}
functions, you can break it down into library files and put those files
-in a special directory. You can then include those ``libraries,'' using
-either the full pathnames of the files, or by setting the @env{AWKPATH}
+in a special directory. You can then include those ``libraries,''
+either by using the full pathnames of the files, or by setting the @env{AWKPATH}
environment variable accordingly and then using @code{@@include} with
-just the file part of the full pathname. Of course, you can have more
-than one directory to keep library files; the more complex the working
+just the file part of the full pathname. Of course,
+you can keep library files in more than one directory;
+the more complex the working
environment is, the more directories you may need to organize the files
to be included.
@@ -4756,8 +4750,8 @@ In particular, @code{@@include} is very useful for writing CGI scripts
to be run from web pages.
As mentioned in @ref{AWKPATH Variable}, the current directory is always
-searched first for source files, before searching in @env{AWKPATH},
-and this also applies to files named with @code{@@include}.
+searched first for source files, before searching in @env{AWKPATH};
+this also applies to files named with @code{@@include}.
@node Loading Shared Libraries
@section Loading Dynamic Extensions into Your Program
@@ -4811,8 +4805,8 @@ It also describes the @code{ordchr} extension.
@cindex features, deprecated
@cindex obsolete features
This @value{SECTION} describes features and/or command-line options from
-previous releases of @command{gawk} that are either not available in the
-current version or that are still supported but deprecated (meaning that
+previous releases of @command{gawk} that either are not available in the
+current version or are still supported but deprecated (meaning that
they will @emph{not} be in the next release).
The process-related special files @file{/dev/pid}, @file{/dev/ppid},
@@ -4909,7 +4903,7 @@ to run @command{awk}.
@item
The three standard options for all versions of @command{awk} are
-@option{-f}, @option{-F} and @option{-v}. @command{gawk} supplies these
+@option{-f}, @option{-F}, and @option{-v}. @command{gawk} supplies these
and many others, as well as corresponding GNU-style long options.
@item
@@ -4946,13 +4940,12 @@ and @option{-f} command-line options.
@item
@command{gawk} allows you to load additional functions written in C
or C++ using the @code{@@load} statement and/or the @option{-l} option.
-(This advanced feature is described later on in @ref{Dynamic Extensions}.)
+(This advanced feature is described later, in @ref{Dynamic Extensions}.)
@end itemize
@node Regexp
@chapter Regular Expressions
@cindex regexp
-@c STARTOFRANGE regexp
@cindex regular expressions
A @dfn{regular expression}, or @dfn{regexp}, is a way of describing a
@@ -5159,7 +5152,7 @@ Horizontal TAB, @kbd{Ctrl-i}, ASCII code 9 (HT).
@cindex @code{\} (backslash), @code{\v} escape sequence
@cindex backslash (@code{\}), @code{\v} escape sequence
@item \v
-Vertical tab, @kbd{Ctrl-k}, ASCII code 11 (VT).
+Vertical TAB, @kbd{Ctrl-k}, ASCII code 11 (VT).
@cindex @code{\} (backslash), @code{\}@var{nnn} escape sequence
@cindex backslash (@code{\}), @code{\}@var{nnn} escape sequence
@@ -5234,7 +5227,7 @@ characters @samp{a+b}.
@cindex @code{\} (backslash), in escape sequences
@cindex portability
For complete portability, do not use a backslash before any character not
-shown in the previous list and that is not an operator.
+shown in the previous list or that is not an operator.
@c 11/2014: Moved so as to not stack sidebars
@cindex sidebar, Backslash Before Regular Characters
@@ -5396,7 +5389,6 @@ escape sequences literally when used in regexp constants. Thus,
@node Regexp Operators
@section Regular Expression Operators
-@c STARTOFRANGE regexpo
@cindex regular expressions, operators
@cindex metacharacters in regular expressions
@@ -5414,7 +5406,7 @@ are recognized and converted into corresponding real characters as
the very first step in processing regexps.
Here is a list of metacharacters. All characters that are not escape
-sequences and that are not listed in the following stand for themselves:
+sequences and that are not listed here stand for themselves:
@c Use @asis so the docbook comes out ok. Sigh.
@table @asis
@@ -5537,7 +5529,7 @@ just @samp{p} if no @samp{h}s are present.
There are two subtle points to understand about how @samp{*} works.
First, the @samp{*} applies only to the single preceding regular expression
component (e.g., in @samp{ph*}, it applies just to the @samp{h}).
-To cause @samp{*} to apply to a larger sub-expression, use parentheses:
+To cause @samp{*} to apply to a larger subexpression, use parentheses:
@samp{(ph)*} matches @samp{ph}, @samp{phph}, @samp{phphph}, and so on.
Second, @samp{*} finds as many repetitions as possible. If the text
@@ -5576,10 +5568,10 @@ is repeated at least @var{n} times:
Matches @samp{whhhy}, but not @samp{why} or @samp{whhhhy}.
@item wh@{3,5@}y
-Matches @samp{whhhy}, @samp{whhhhy}, or @samp{whhhhhy}, only.
+Matches @samp{whhhy}, @samp{whhhhy}, or @samp{whhhhhy} only.
@item wh@{2,@}y
-Matches @samp{whhy} or @samp{whhhy}, and so on.
+Matches @samp{whhy}, @samp{whhhy}, and so on.
@end table
@cindex POSIX @command{awk}, interval expressions in
@@ -5628,11 +5620,9 @@ usage as a syntax error.
If @command{gawk} is in compatibility mode (@pxref{Options}), interval
expressions are not available in regular expressions.
-@c ENDOFRANGE regexpo
@node Bracket Expressions
@section Using Bracket Expressions
-@c STARTOFRANGE charlist
@cindex bracket expressions
@cindex bracket expressions, range expressions
@cindex range expressions (regexps)
@@ -5708,7 +5698,7 @@ POSIX standard.
(a space is printable but not visible, whereas an @samp{a} is both)
@item @code{[:lower:]} @tab Lowercase alphabetic characters
@item @code{[:print:]} @tab Printable characters (characters that are not control characters)
-@item @code{[:punct:]} @tab Punctuation characters (characters that are not letters, digits
+@item @code{[:punct:]} @tab Punctuation characters (characters that are not letters, digits,
control characters, or space characters)
@item @code{[:space:]} @tab Space characters (such as space, TAB, and formfeed, to name a few)
@item @code{[:upper:]} @tab Uppercase alphabetic characters
@@ -5776,7 +5766,6 @@ expression matching currently recognize only POSIX character classes;
they do not recognize collating symbols or equivalence classes.
@end quotation
@c maybe one day ...
-@c ENDOFRANGE charlist
@node Leftmost Longest
@section How Much Text Matches?
@@ -5820,9 +5809,7 @@ and also @pxref{Field Separators}).
@node Computed Regexps
@section Using Dynamic Regexps
-@c STARTOFRANGE dregexp
@cindex regular expressions, computed
-@c STARTOFRANGE regexpd
@cindex regular expressions, dynamic
@cindex @code{~} (tilde), @code{~} operator
@cindex tilde (@code{~}), @code{~} operator
@@ -5973,17 +5960,13 @@ $ @kbd{awk '$0 ~ /[ \t\n]/'}
occur often in practice, but it's worth noting for future reference.
@end cartouche
@end ifnotdocbook
-@c ENDOFRANGE dregexp
-@c ENDOFRANGE regexpd
@node GNU Regexp Operators
@section @command{gawk}-Specific Regexp Operators
@c This section adapted (long ago) from the regex-0.12 manual
-@c STARTOFRANGE regexpg
@cindex regular expressions, operators, @command{gawk}
-@c STARTOFRANGE gregexp
@cindex @command{gawk}, regular expressions, operators
@cindex operators, GNU-specific
@cindex regular expressions, operators, for words
@@ -6148,15 +6131,11 @@ Allow interval expressions in regexps, if @option{--traditional}
has been provided.
Otherwise, interval expressions are available by default.
@end table
-@c ENDOFRANGE gregexp
-@c ENDOFRANGE regexpg
@node Case-sensitivity
@section Case Sensitivity in Matching
-@c STARTOFRANGE regexpcs
@cindex regular expressions, case sensitivity
-@c STARTOFRANGE csregexp
@cindex case sensitivity, regexps and
Case is normally significant in regular expressions, both when matching
ordinary characters (i.e., not metacharacters) and inside bracket
@@ -6248,8 +6227,6 @@ the right thing.}
The value of @code{IGNORECASE} has no effect if @command{gawk} is in
compatibility mode (@pxref{Options}).
Case is always significant in compatibility mode.
-@c ENDOFRANGE csregexp
-@c ENDOFRANGE regexpcs
@node Regexp Summary
@section Summary
@@ -6296,12 +6273,10 @@ versions, use @code{tolower()} or @code{toupper()}.
@end itemize
-@c ENDOFRANGE regexp
@node Reading Files
@chapter Reading Input Files
-@c STARTOFRANGE infir
@cindex reading input files
@cindex input files, reading
@cindex input files
@@ -6352,9 +6327,7 @@ used with it do not have to be named on the @command{awk} command line
@node Records
@section How Input Is Split into Records
-@c STARTOFRANGE inspl
@cindex input, splitting into records
-@c STARTOFRANGE recspl
@cindex records, splitting input into
@cindex @code{NR} variable
@cindex @code{FNR} variable
@@ -6711,8 +6684,6 @@ whole files. If you are using @command{gawk}, see @DBREF{Extension Sample
Readfile} for another option.
@end cartouche
@end ifnotdocbook
-@c ENDOFRANGE inspl
-@c ENDOFRANGE recspl
@node Fields
@section Examining Fields
@@ -6720,7 +6691,6 @@ Readfile} for another option.
@cindex examining fields
@cindex fields
@cindex accessing fields
-@c STARTOFRANGE fiex
@cindex fields, examining
@cindex POSIX @command{awk}, field separators and
@cindex field separators, POSIX and
@@ -6801,7 +6771,6 @@ $ @kbd{awk '/li/ @{ print $1, $NF @}' mail-list}
@print{} Julie F
@print{} Samuel A
@end example
-@c ENDOFRANGE fiex
@node Nonconstant Fields
@section Nonconstant Field Numbers
@@ -6862,7 +6831,6 @@ evaluating @code{NF} and using its value as a field number.
@node Changing Fields
@section Changing the Contents of a Field
-@c STARTOFRANGE ficon
@cindex fields, changing contents of
The contents of a field, as seen by @command{awk}, can be changed within an
@command{awk} program; this changes what @command{awk} perceives as the
@@ -7085,7 +7053,6 @@ with a statement such as @samp{$1 = $1}, as described earlier.
@end cartouche
@end ifnotdocbook
-@c ENDOFRANGE ficon
@node Field Separators
@section Specifying How Fields Are Separated
@@ -7101,9 +7068,7 @@ with a statement such as @samp{$1 = $1}, as described earlier.
@cindex @code{FS} variable
@cindex fields, separating
-@c STARTOFRANGE fisepr
@cindex field separators
-@c STARTOFRANGE fisepg
@cindex fields, separating
The @dfn{field separator}, which is either a single character or a regular
expression, controls the way @command{awk} splits an input record into fields.
@@ -7203,9 +7168,7 @@ rules.
@node Regexp Field Splitting
@subsection Using Regular Expressions to Separate Fields
-@c STARTOFRANGE regexpfs
@cindex regular expressions, as field separators
-@c STARTOFRANGE fsregexp
@cindex field separators, regular expressions as
The previous @value{SUBSECTION}
discussed the use of single characters or simple strings as the
@@ -7309,8 +7272,6 @@ $ @kbd{echo 'xxAA xxBxx C' |}
@print{} -->xxBxx<--
@print{} -->C<--
@end example
-@c ENDOFRANGE regexpfs
-@c ENDOFRANGE fsregexp
@node Single Character Fields
@subsection Making Each Character a Separate Field
@@ -7666,8 +7627,6 @@ will take effect.
@end cartouche
@end ifnotdocbook
-@c ENDOFRANGE fisepr
-@c ENDOFRANGE fisepg
@node Constant Size
@section Reading Fixed-Width Data
@@ -7931,11 +7890,8 @@ last assigned to.
@section Multiple-Line Records
@cindex multiple-line records
-@c STARTOFRANGE recm
@cindex records, multiline
-@c STARTOFRANGE imr
@cindex input, multiline records
-@c STARTOFRANGE frm
@cindex files, reading, multiline records
@cindex input, files, See input files
In some databases, a single line cannot conveniently hold all the
@@ -8102,16 +8058,11 @@ If not in compatibility mode (@pxref{Options}), @command{gawk} sets
@code{RT} to the input text that matched the value specified by @code{RS}.
But if the input file ended without any text that matches @code{RS},
then @command{gawk} sets @code{RT} to the null string.
-@c ENDOFRANGE recm
-@c ENDOFRANGE imr
-@c ENDOFRANGE frm
@node Getline
@section Explicit Input with @code{getline}
-@c STARTOFRANGE getl
@cindex @code{getline} command, explicit input with
-@c STARTOFRANGE inex
@cindex input, explicit
So far we have been getting our input data from @command{awk}'s main
input stream---either the standard input (usually your keyboard, sometimes
@@ -8701,9 +8652,6 @@ Note: for each variant, @command{gawk} sets the @code{RT} predefined variable.
@item @var{command} @code{|& getline} @var{var} @tab Sets @var{var} and @code{RT} @tab @command{gawk}
@end multitable
@end float
-@c ENDOFRANGE getl
-@c ENDOFRANGE inex
-@c ENDOFRANGE infir
@node Read Timeout
@section Reading Input with a Timeout
@@ -8938,7 +8886,6 @@ That can be fixed by making one simple change. What is it?
@node Printing
@chapter Printing Output
-@c STARTOFRANGE prnt
@cindex printing
@cindex output, printing, See printing
One of the most common programming actions is to @dfn{print}, or output,
@@ -8954,7 +8901,6 @@ columns, whether to use exponential notation or not, and so on.
For printing with specifications, you need the @code{printf} statement
(@pxref{Printf}).
-@c STARTOFRANGE prnts
@cindex @code{print} statement
@cindex @code{printf} statement
Besides basic and formatted printing, this @value{CHAPTER}
@@ -9134,7 +9080,6 @@ You can continue either a @code{print} or
@code{printf} statement simply by putting a newline after any comma
(@pxref{Statements/Lines}).
@end quotation
-@c ENDOFRANGE prnts
@node Output Separators
@section Output Separators
@@ -9247,7 +9192,6 @@ if @code{OFMT} contains anything but a floating-point conversion specification.
@node Printf
@section Using @code{printf} Statements for Fancier Printing
-@c STARTOFRANGE printfs
@cindex @code{printf} statement
@cindex output, formatted
@cindex formatting output
@@ -9445,7 +9389,6 @@ values or do something else entirely.
@node Format Modifiers
@subsection Modifiers for @code{printf} Formats
-@c STARTOFRANGE pfm
@cindex @code{printf} statement, modifiers
@cindex modifiers@comma{} in format specifiers
A format specification can also include @dfn{modifiers} that can control
@@ -9651,7 +9594,6 @@ format strings. These are not valid in @command{awk}. Most @command{awk}
implementations silently ignore them. If @option{--lint} is provided
on the command line (@pxref{Options}), @command{gawk} warns about their
use. If @option{--posix} is supplied, their use is a fatal error.
-@c ENDOFRANGE pfm
@node Printf Examples
@subsection Examples Using @code{printf}
@@ -9732,14 +9674,11 @@ awk 'BEGIN @{ format = "%-10s %s\n"
@{ printf format, $1, $2 @}' mail-list
@end example
-@c ENDOFRANGE printfs
@node Redirection
@section Redirecting Output of @code{print} and @code{printf}
-@c STARTOFRANGE outre
@cindex output redirection
-@c STARTOFRANGE reout
@cindex redirection of output
@cindex @option{--sandbox} option, output redirection with @code{print}, @code{printf}
So far, the output from @code{print} and @code{printf} has gone
@@ -9997,8 +9936,6 @@ It then sends the list to the shell for execution.
command lines to be fed to the shell.
@end cartouche
@end ifnotdocbook
-@c ENDOFRANGE outre
-@c ENDOFRANGE reout
@node Special FD
@section Special Files for Standard Pre-Opened Data Streams
@@ -10108,7 +10045,6 @@ invoked with the @option{--traditional} option (@pxref{Options}).
@node Special Files
@section Special @value{FFN}s in @command{gawk}
-@c STARTOFRANGE gfn
@cindex @command{gawk}, file names in
Besides access to standard input, standard output, and standard error,
@@ -10199,18 +10135,13 @@ the time this does not matter; however, it is important to @emph{not}
close any of the files related to file descriptors 0, 1, and 2.
Doing so results in unpredictable behavior.
@end itemize
-@c ENDOFRANGE gfn
@node Close Files And Pipes
@section Closing Input and Output Redirections
@cindex files, output, See output files
-@c STARTOFRANGE ifc
@cindex input files, closing
-@c STARTOFRANGE ofc
@cindex output, files@comma{} closing
-@c STARTOFRANGE pc
@cindex pipe, closing
-@c STARTOFRANGE cc
@cindex coprocesses, closing
@cindex @code{getline} command, coprocesses@comma{} using from
@@ -10487,10 +10418,6 @@ when closing a pipe.
@end cartouche
@end ifnotdocbook
-@c ENDOFRANGE ifc
-@c ENDOFRANGE ofc
-@c ENDOFRANGE pc
-@c ENDOFRANGE cc
@node Output Summary
@section Summary
@@ -10554,11 +10481,9 @@ BEGIN @{ print "Serious error detected!" > /dev/stderr @}
@end enumerate
@c EXCLUDE END
-@c ENDOFRANGE prnt
@node Expressions
@chapter Expressions
-@c STARTOFRANGE exps
@cindex expressions
Expressions are the basic building blocks of @command{awk} patterns
@@ -10601,7 +10526,6 @@ which provide the values used in expressions.
@node Constants
@subsection Constant Expressions
-@c STARTOFRANGE cnst
@cindex constants, types of
The simplest type of expression is the @dfn{constant}, which always has
@@ -10787,7 +10711,6 @@ $ @kbd{gawk 'BEGIN @{ printf "0x11 is <%s>\n", 0x11 @}'}
@node Regexp Constants
@subsubsection Regular Expression Constants
-@c STARTOFRANGE rec
@cindex regexp constants
@cindex @code{~} (tilde), @code{~} operator
@cindex tilde (@code{~}), @code{~} operator
@@ -10799,7 +10722,6 @@ slashes, such as @code{@w{/^beginning and end$/}}. Most regexps used in
matching operators can also match computed or dynamic regexps
(which are typically just ordinary strings or variables that contain a regexp,
but could be a more complex expression).
-@c ENDOFRANGE cnst
@node Using Constant Regexps
@subsection Using Regular Expression Constants
@@ -10910,7 +10832,6 @@ or not @code{$0} matches @code{/hi/}.
@command{gawk} issues a warning when it sees a regexp constant used as
a parameter to a user-defined function, because passing a truth value in
this way is probably not what was intended.
-@c ENDOFRANGE rec
@node Variables
@subsection Variables
@@ -11505,11 +11426,8 @@ you're never quite sure what you'll get.
@node Assignment Ops
@subsection Assignment Expressions
-@c STARTOFRANGE asop
@cindex assignment operators
-@c STARTOFRANGE opas
@cindex operators, assignment
-@c STARTOFRANGE exas
@cindex expressions, assignment
@cindex @code{=} (equals sign), @code{=} operator
@cindex equals sign (@code{=}), @code{=} operator
@@ -11815,16 +11733,11 @@ awk '/[=]=/' /dev/null
and @command{mawk} also do not.
@end cartouche
@end ifnotdocbook
-@c ENDOFRANGE exas
-@c ENDOFRANGE opas
-@c ENDOFRANGE asop
@node Increment Ops
@subsection Increment and Decrement Operators
-@c STARTOFRANGE inop
@cindex increment operators
-@c STARTOFRANGE opde
@cindex operators, decrement/increment
@dfn{Increment} and @dfn{decrement operators} increase or decrease the value of
a variable by one. An assignment operator can do the same thing, so
@@ -11872,7 +11785,6 @@ just like variables. (Use @samp{$(i++)} when you want to do a field reference
and a variable increment at the same time. The parentheses are necessary
because of the precedence of the field reference operator @samp{$}.)
-@c STARTOFRANGE deop
@cindex decrement operators
The decrement operator @samp{--} works just like @samp{++}, except that
it subtracts one instead of adding it. As with @samp{++}, it can be used before
@@ -12006,9 +11918,6 @@ You should avoid such things in your own programs.
@c in the mirror in the morning.
@end cartouche
@end ifnotdocbook
-@c ENDOFRANGE inop
-@c ENDOFRANGE opde
-@c ENDOFRANGE deop
@node Truth Values and Conditions
@section Truth Values and Conditions
@@ -12073,17 +11982,13 @@ the string constant @code{"0"} is actually true, because it is non-null.
@author Douglas Adams, @cite{The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy}
@end quotation
-@c STARTOFRANGE comex
@cindex comparison expressions
-@c STARTOFRANGE excom
@cindex expressions, comparison
@cindex expressions, matching, See comparison expressions
@cindex matching, expressions, See comparison expressions
@cindex relational operators, See comparison operators
@cindex operators, relational, See operators@comma{} comparison
-@c STARTOFRANGE varting
@cindex variable typing
-@c STARTOFRANGE vartypc
@cindex variables, types of, comparison expressions and
Unlike other programming languages, @command{awk} variables do not have a
fixed type. Instead, they can be either a number or a string, depending
@@ -12483,19 +12388,13 @@ $ @kbd{gawk --posix 'BEGIN @{ printf("ABC < abc = %s\n",}
@print{} ABC < abc = FALSE
@end example
-@c ENDOFRANGE comex
-@c ENDOFRANGE excom
-@c ENDOFRANGE vartypc
-@c ENDOFRANGE varting
@node Boolean Ops
@subsection Boolean Expressions
@cindex and Boolean-logic operator
@cindex or Boolean-logic operator
@cindex not Boolean-logic operator
-@c STARTOFRANGE exbo
@cindex expressions, Boolean
-@c STARTOFRANGE boex
@cindex Boolean expressions
@cindex operators, Boolean, See Boolean expressions
@cindex Boolean operators, See Boolean expressions
@@ -12641,8 +12540,6 @@ next record, and start processing the rules over again at the top.
The reason it's there is to avoid printing the bracketing
@samp{START} and @samp{END} lines.
@end quotation
-@c ENDOFRANGE exbo
-@c ENDOFRANGE boex
@node Conditional Exp
@subsection Conditional Expressions
@@ -12821,9 +12718,7 @@ $ @kbd{awk -f matchit.awk}
@node Precedence
@section Operator Precedence (How Operators Nest)
-@c STARTOFRANGE prec
@cindex precedence
-@c STARTOFRANGE oppr
@cindex operators, precedence
@dfn{Operator precedence} determines how operators are grouped when
@@ -13008,8 +12903,6 @@ Assignment. These operators group right-to-left.
The @samp{|&}, @samp{**}, and @samp{**=} operators are not specified by POSIX.
For maximum portability, do not use them.
@end quotation
-@c ENDOFRANGE prec
-@c ENDOFRANGE oppr
@node Locales
@section Where You Are Makes a Difference
@@ -13113,11 +13006,9 @@ program, and occasionally the format for data read as input.
@end itemize
-@c ENDOFRANGE exps
@node Patterns and Actions
@chapter Patterns, Actions, and Variables
-@c STARTOFRANGE pat
@cindex patterns
As you have already seen, each @command{awk} statement consists of
@@ -13413,9 +13304,7 @@ a range pattern. @value{DARKCORNER}
@node BEGIN/END
@subsection The @code{BEGIN} and @code{END} Special Patterns
-@c STARTOFRANGE beg
@cindex @code{BEGIN} pattern
-@c STARTOFRANGE end
@cindex @code{END} pattern
All the patterns described so far are for matching input records.
The @code{BEGIN} and @code{END} special patterns are different.
@@ -13553,8 +13442,6 @@ are not valid in an @code{END} rule, because all the input has been read.
@ifdocbook
@DBREF{Nextfile Statement}.)
@end ifdocbook
-@c ENDOFRANGE beg
-@c ENDOFRANGE end
@node BEGINFILE/ENDFILE
@subsection The @code{BEGINFILE} and @code{ENDFILE} Special Patterns
@@ -13675,7 +13562,6 @@ awk '@{ print $1 @}' mail-list
@noindent
prints the first field of every record.
-@c ENDOFRANGE pat
@node Using Shell Variables
@section Using Shell Variables in Programs
@@ -13824,11 +13710,8 @@ For deleting array elements.
@node Statements
@section Control Statements in Actions
-@c STARTOFRANGE csta
@cindex control statements
-@c STARTOFRANGE acs
@cindex statements, control, in actions
-@c STARTOFRANGE accs
@cindex actions, control statements in
@dfn{Control statements}, such as @code{if}, @code{while}, and so on,
@@ -14546,15 +14429,10 @@ Negative values, and values of 127 or greater, may not produce consistent
results across different operating systems.
@end quotation
-@c ENDOFRANGE csta
-@c ENDOFRANGE acs
-@c ENDOFRANGE accs
@node Built-in Variables
@section Predefined Variables
-@c STARTOFRANGE bvar
@cindex predefined variables
-@c STARTOFRANGE varb
@cindex variables, predefined
Most @command{awk} variables are available to use for your own
@@ -14581,9 +14459,7 @@ their areas of activity.
@node User-modified
@subsection Built-In Variables That Control @command{awk}
-@c STARTOFRANGE bvaru
@cindex predefined variables, user-modifiable
-@c STARTOFRANGE nmbv
@cindex user-modifiable variables
The following is an alphabetical list of variables that you can change to
@@ -14810,17 +14686,11 @@ marked string constants in the source text, as well as for the
(@pxref{Internationalization}).
The default value of @code{TEXTDOMAIN} is @code{"messages"}.
@end table
-@c ENDOFRANGE bvar
-@c ENDOFRANGE varb
-@c ENDOFRANGE bvaru
-@c ENDOFRANGE nmbv
@node Auto-set
@subsection Built-In Variables That Convey Information
-@c STARTOFRANGE bvconi
@cindex predefined variables, conveying information
-@c STARTOFRANGE vbconi
@cindex variables, predefined conveying information
The following is an alphabetical list of variables that @command{awk}
sets automatically on certain occasions in order to provide
@@ -15242,8 +15112,6 @@ implementation issues.} neither @code{FUNCTAB} nor @code{SYMTAB}
are available as elements within the @code{SYMTAB} array.
@end quotation
@end table
-@c ENDOFRANGE bvconi
-@c ENDOFRANGE vbconi
@cindex sidebar, Changing @code{NR} and @code{FNR}
@ifdocbook
@@ -15536,7 +15404,6 @@ control how @command{awk} will process the provided @value{DF}s.
@node Arrays
@chapter Arrays in @command{awk}
-@c STARTOFRANGE arrs
@cindex arrays
An @dfn{array} is a table of values called @dfn{elements}. The
@@ -15658,9 +15525,7 @@ Only the values are stored; the indices are implicit from the order of
the values. Here, 8 is the value at index zero, because 8 appears in the
position with zero elements before it.
-@c STARTOFRANGE arrin
@cindex arrays, indexing
-@c STARTOFRANGE inarr
@cindex indexing arrays
@cindex associative arrays
@cindex arrays, associative
@@ -15863,8 +15728,6 @@ that array's indices are consecutive integers starting at one.
@command{awk}'s arrays are efficient---the time to access an element
is independent of the number of elements in the array.
-@c ENDOFRANGE arrin
-@c ENDOFRANGE inarr
@node Reference to Elements
@subsection Referring to an Array Element
@@ -16917,14 +16780,11 @@ element is itself a subarray.
@end itemize
-@c ENDOFRANGE arrs
@node Functions
@chapter Functions
-@c STARTOFRANGE funcbi
@cindex functions, built-in
-@c STARTOFRANGE bifunc
@cindex built-in functions
This @value{CHAPTER} describes @command{awk}'s built-in functions,
which fall into three categories: numeric, string, and I/O.
@@ -18648,13 +18508,9 @@ you would see the latter (undesirable) output.
@subsection Time Functions
@cindex time functions
-@c STARTOFRANGE tst
@cindex timestamps
-@c STARTOFRANGE logftst
@cindex log files, timestamps in
-@c STARTOFRANGE filogtst
@cindex files, log@comma{} timestamps in
-@c STARTOFRANGE gawtst
@cindex @command{gawk}, timestamps
@cindex POSIX @command{awk}, timestamps and
@code{awk} programs are commonly used to process log files
@@ -18732,7 +18588,6 @@ is out of range, @code{mktime()} returns @minus{}1.
@cindex @command{gawk}, @code{PROCINFO} array in
@cindex @code{PROCINFO} array
@item @code{strftime(}[@var{format} [@code{,} @var{timestamp} [@code{,} @var{utc-flag}] ] ]@code{)}
-@c STARTOFRANGE strf
@cindexgawkfunc{strftime}
@cindex format time string
Format the time specified by @var{timestamp}
@@ -18981,7 +18836,6 @@ The time as a decimal timestamp in seconds since the epoch.
The date in VMS format (e.g., @samp{20-JUN-1991}).
@end ignore
@end table
-@c ENDOFRANGE strf
Additionally, the alternative representations are recognized but their
normal representations are used.
@@ -19032,23 +18886,14 @@ gawk 'BEGIN @{
exit exitval
@}' "$@@"
@end example
-@c ENDOFRANGE tst
-@c ENDOFRANGE logftst
-@c ENDOFRANGE filogtst
-@c ENDOFRANGE gawtst
@node Bitwise Functions
@subsection Bit-Manipulation Functions
@cindex bit-manipulation functions
-@c STARTOFRANGE bit
@cindex bitwise, operations
-@c STARTOFRANGE and
@cindex AND bitwise operation
-@c STARTOFRANGE oro
@cindex OR bitwise operation
-@c STARTOFRANGE xor
@cindex XOR bitwise operation
-@c STARTOFRANGE opbit
@cindex operations, bitwise
@quotation
@i{I can explain it for you, but I can't understand it for you.}
@@ -19340,11 +19185,6 @@ decimal and octal values for the same numbers
(@pxref{Nondecimal-numbers}),
and then demonstrates the
results of the @code{compl()}, @code{lshift()}, and @code{rshift()} functions.
-@c ENDOFRANGE bit
-@c ENDOFRANGE and
-@c ENDOFRANGE oro
-@c ENDOFRANGE xor
-@c ENDOFRANGE opbit
@node Type Functions
@subsection Getting Type Information
@@ -19424,15 +19264,11 @@ variant of the same message.
The default value for @var{domain} is the current value of @code{TEXTDOMAIN}.
The default value for @var{category} is @code{"LC_MESSAGES"}.
@end table
-@c ENDOFRANGE funcbi
-@c ENDOFRANGE bifunc
@node User-defined
@section User-Defined Functions
-@c STARTOFRANGE udfunc
@cindex user-defined functions
-@c STARTOFRANGE funcud
@cindex functions, user-defined
Complicated @command{awk} programs can often be simplified by defining
your own functions. User-defined functions can be called just like
@@ -19457,7 +19293,6 @@ variable definitions is appallingly awful.}
@author Brian Kernighan
@end quotation
-@c STARTOFRANGE fdef
@cindex functions, defining
Definitions of functions can appear anywhere between the rules of an
@command{awk} program. Thus, the general form of an @command{awk} program is
@@ -19704,12 +19539,10 @@ You might think that @code{ctime()} could use @code{PROCINFO["strftime"]}
for its format string. That would be a mistake, because @code{ctime()} is
supposed to return the time formatted in a standard fashion, and user-level
code could have changed @code{PROCINFO["strftime"]}.
-@c ENDOFRANGE fdef
@node Function Caveats
@subsection Calling User-Defined Functions
-@c STARTOFRANGE fudc
@cindex functions, user-defined, calling
@dfn{Calling a function} means causing the function to run and do its job.
A function call is an expression and its value is the value returned by
@@ -20001,7 +19834,6 @@ or the @code{nextfile} statement
@end ifnotdocbook
inside a user-defined function.
@command{gawk} does not have this limitation.
-@c ENDOFRANGE fudc
@node Return Statement
@subsection The @code{return} Statement
@@ -20129,7 +19961,6 @@ does report the second error.
Usually, such things aren't a big issue, but it's worth
being aware of them.
-@c ENDOFRANGE udfunc
@node Indirect Calls
@section Indirect Function Calls
@@ -20622,7 +20453,6 @@ program. This is equivalent to function pointers in C and C++.
@end itemize
-@c ENDOFRANGE funcud
@ifnotinfo
@part @value{PART2}Problem Solving with @command{awk}
@@ -20644,11 +20474,8 @@ It contains the following chapters:
@node Library Functions
@chapter A Library of @command{awk} Functions
-@c STARTOFRANGE libf
@cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions
-@c STARTOFRANGE flib
@cindex functions, library
-@c STARTOFRANGE fudlib
@cindex functions, user-defined, library of
@DBREF{User-defined} describes how to write
@@ -20971,13 +20798,9 @@ be tested with @command{gawk} and the results compared to the built-in
@node Assert Function
@subsection Assertions
-@c STARTOFRANGE asse
@cindex assertions
-@c STARTOFRANGE assef
@cindex @code{assert()} function (C library)
-@c STARTOFRANGE libfass
@cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions, assertions
-@c STARTOFRANGE flibass
@cindex functions, library, assertions
@cindex @command{awk} programs, lengthy, assertions
When writing large programs, it is often useful to know
@@ -21093,10 +20916,6 @@ most likely causing the program to hang as it waits for input.
There is a simple workaround to this:
make sure that such a @code{BEGIN} rule always ends
with an @code{exit} statement.
-@c ENDOFRANGE asse
-@c ENDOFRANGE assef
-@c ENDOFRANGE flibass
-@c ENDOFRANGE libfass
@node Round Function
@subsection Rounding Numbers
@@ -21654,11 +21473,8 @@ function shell_quote(s, # parameter
@node Data File Management
@section @value{DDF} Management
-@c STARTOFRANGE dataf
@cindex files, managing
-@c STARTOFRANGE libfdataf
@cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions, managing, data files
-@c STARTOFRANGE flibdataf
@cindex functions, library, managing data files
This @value{SECTION} presents functions that are useful for managing
command-line @value{DF}s.
@@ -22050,22 +21866,14 @@ The use of @code{No_command_assign} allows you to disable command-line
assignments at invocation time, by giving the variable a true value.
When not set, it is initially zero (i.e., false), so the command-line arguments
are left alone.
-@c ENDOFRANGE dataf
-@c ENDOFRANGE flibdataf
-@c ENDOFRANGE libfdataf
@node Getopt Function
@section Processing Command-Line Options
-@c STARTOFRANGE libfclo
@cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions, command-line options
-@c STARTOFRANGE flibclo
@cindex functions, library, command-line options
-@c STARTOFRANGE clop
@cindex command-line options, processing
-@c STARTOFRANGE oclp
@cindex options, command-line, processing
-@c STARTOFRANGE clibf
@cindex functions, library, C library
@cindex arguments, processing
Most utilities on POSIX-compatible systems take options on
@@ -22417,21 +22225,13 @@ further options
Several of the sample programs presented in
@ref{Sample Programs},
use @code{getopt()} to process their arguments.
-@c ENDOFRANGE libfclo
-@c ENDOFRANGE flibclo
-@c ENDOFRANGE clop
-@c ENDOFRANGE oclp
@node Passwd Functions
@section Reading the User Database
-@c STARTOFRANGE libfudata
@cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions, user database, reading
-@c STARTOFRANGE flibudata
@cindex functions, library, user database@comma{} reading
-@c STARTOFRANGE udatar
@cindex user database@comma{} reading
-@c STARTOFRANGE dataur
@cindex database, users@comma{} reading
@cindex @code{PROCINFO} array
The @code{PROCINFO} array
@@ -22778,21 +22578,13 @@ and such a change would clutter up the code.
The @command{id} program in @DBREF{Id Program}
uses these functions.
-@c ENDOFRANGE libfudata
-@c ENDOFRANGE flibudata
-@c ENDOFRANGE udatar
-@c ENDOFRANGE dataur
@node Group Functions
@section Reading the Group Database
-@c STARTOFRANGE libfgdata
@cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions, group database, reading
-@c STARTOFRANGE flibgdata
@cindex functions, library, group database@comma{} reading
-@c STARTOFRANGE gdatar
@cindex group database, reading
-@c STARTOFRANGE datagr
@cindex database, group, reading
@cindex @code{PROCINFO} array, and group membership
@cindex @code{getgrent()} function (C library)
@@ -23115,7 +22907,6 @@ function getgrent()
@}
@c endfile
@end example
-@c ENDOFRANGE clibf
@cindex @code{endgrent()} function (C library)
The @code{endgrent()} function resets @code{_gr_count} to zero so that @code{getgrent()} can
@@ -23204,10 +22995,6 @@ $ @kbd{gawk -f walk_array.awk}
@print{} a[4][2] = 42
@end example
-@c ENDOFRANGE libfgdata
-@c ENDOFRANGE flibgdata
-@c ENDOFRANGE gdatar
-@c ENDOFRANGE libf
@node Library Functions Summary
@section Summary
@@ -23321,13 +23108,9 @@ output identical to that of the original version.
@end enumerate
@c EXCLUDE END
-@c ENDOFRANGE flib
-@c ENDOFRANGE fudlib
-@c ENDOFRANGE datagr
@node Sample Programs
@chapter Practical @command{awk} Programs
-@c STARTOFRANGE awkpex
@cindex @command{awk} programs, examples of
@c FULLXREF ON
@@ -23397,7 +23180,6 @@ cut.awk -- -c1-8 myfiles > results
@node Clones
@section Reinventing Wheels for Fun and Profit
-@c STARTOFRANGE posimawk
@cindex POSIX, programs@comma{} implementing in @command{awk}
This @value{SECTION} presents a number of POSIX utilities implemented in
@@ -23428,11 +23210,8 @@ The programs are presented in alphabetical order.
@subsection Cutting Out Fields and Columns
@cindex @command{cut} utility
-@c STARTOFRANGE cut
@cindex @command{cut} utility
-@c STARTOFRANGE ficut
@cindex fields, cutting
-@c STARTOFRANGE colcut
@cindex columns, cutting
The @command{cut} utility selects, or ``cuts,'' characters or fields
from its standard input and sends them to its standard output.
@@ -23740,21 +23519,14 @@ other @command{awk} implementations to use @code{substr()}
it is also extremely painful.
The @code{FIELDWIDTHS} variable supplies an elegant solution to the problem
of picking the input line apart by characters.
-@c ENDOFRANGE cut
-@c ENDOFRANGE ficut
-@c ENDOFRANGE colcut
@node Egrep Program
@subsection Searching for Regular Expressions in Files
-@c STARTOFRANGE regexps
@cindex regular expressions, searching for
-@c STARTOFRANGE sfregexp
@cindex searching, files for regular expressions
-@c STARTOFRANGE fsregexp
@cindex files, searching for regular expressions
-@c STARTOFRANGE egrep
@cindex @command{egrep} utility
The @command{egrep} utility searches files for patterns. It uses regular
expressions that are almost identical to those available in @command{awk}
@@ -24022,17 +23794,12 @@ function usage()
@c endfile
@end example
-@c ENDOFRANGE regexps
-@c ENDOFRANGE sfregexp
-@c ENDOFRANGE fsregexp
-@c ENDOFRANGE egrep
@node Id Program
@subsection Printing Out User Information
@cindex printing, user information
@cindex users, information about, printing
-@c STARTOFRANGE id
@cindex @command{id} utility
The @command{id} utility lists a user's real and effective user ID numbers,
real and effective group ID numbers, and the user's group set, if any.
@@ -24161,16 +23928,13 @@ code that is used repeatedly, making the whole program
shorter and cleaner. In particular, moving the check for
the empty string into this function saves several lines of code.
-@c ENDOFRANGE id
@node Split Program
@subsection Splitting a Large File into Pieces
@c FIXME: One day, update to current POSIX version of split
-@c STARTOFRANGE filspl
@cindex files, splitting
-@c STARTOFRANGE split
@cindex @code{split} utility
The @command{split} program splits large text files into smaller pieces.
Usage is as follows:@footnote{This is the traditional usage. The
@@ -24305,15 +24069,12 @@ You might want to consider how to eliminate the use of
way as to solve the EBCDIC issue as well.
@end ifset
-@c ENDOFRANGE filspl
-@c ENDOFRANGE split
@node Tee Program
@subsection Duplicating Output into Multiple Files
@cindex files, multiple@comma{} duplicating output into
@cindex output, duplicating into files
-@c STARTOFRANGE tee
@cindex @code{tee} utility
The @code{tee} program is known as a ``pipe fitting.'' @code{tee} copies
its standard input to its standard output and also duplicates it to the
@@ -24426,18 +24187,14 @@ END @{
@}
@c endfile
@end example
-@c ENDOFRANGE tee
@node Uniq Program
@subsection Printing Nonduplicated Lines of Text
@c FIXME: One day, update to current POSIX version of uniq
-@c STARTOFRANGE prunt
@cindex printing, unduplicated lines of text
-@c STARTOFRANGE tpul
@cindex text@comma{} printing, unduplicated lines of
-@c STARTOFRANGE uniq
@cindex @command{uniq} utility
The @command{uniq} utility reads sorted lines of data on its standard
input, and by default removes duplicate lines. In other words, it only
@@ -24706,26 +24463,17 @@ suggestion.
@end ifset
-@c ENDOFRANGE prunt
-@c ENDOFRANGE tpul
-@c ENDOFRANGE uniq
@node Wc Program
@subsection Counting Things
@c FIXME: One day, update to current POSIX version of wc
-@c STARTOFRANGE count
@cindex counting
-@c STARTOFRANGE infco
@cindex input files, counting elements in
-@c STARTOFRANGE woco
@cindex words, counting
-@c STARTOFRANGE chco
@cindex characters, counting
-@c STARTOFRANGE lico
@cindex lines, counting
-@c STARTOFRANGE wc
@cindex @command{wc} utility
The @command{wc} (word count) utility counts lines, words, and characters in
one or more input files. Its usage is as follows:
@@ -24895,13 +24643,6 @@ END @{
@}
@c endfile
@end example
-@c ENDOFRANGE count
-@c ENDOFRANGE infco
-@c ENDOFRANGE lico
-@c ENDOFRANGE woco
-@c ENDOFRANGE chco
-@c ENDOFRANGE wc
-@c ENDOFRANGE posimawk
@node Miscellaneous Programs
@section A Grab Bag of @command{awk} Programs
@@ -25032,9 +24773,7 @@ Aharon Robbins <arnold@skeeve.com> wrote:
@author Erik Quanstrom
@end quotation
-@c STARTOFRANGE tialarm
@cindex time, alarm clock example program
-@c STARTOFRANGE alaex
@cindex alarm clock example program
The following program is a simple ``alarm clock'' program.
You give it a time of day and an optional message. At the specified time,
@@ -25186,15 +24925,11 @@ seconds are necessary:
@}
@c endfile
@end example
-@c ENDOFRANGE tialarm
-@c ENDOFRANGE alaex
@node Translate Program
@subsection Transliterating Characters
-@c STARTOFRANGE chtra
@cindex characters, transliterating
-@c STARTOFRANGE tr
@cindex @command{tr} utility
The system @command{tr} utility transliterates characters. For example, it is
often used to map uppercase letters into lowercase for further processing:
@@ -25342,15 +25077,11 @@ such as @samp{a-z}, as allowed by the @command{tr} utility.
Look at the code for @file{cut.awk} (@pxref{Cut Program})
for inspiration.
-@c ENDOFRANGE chtra
-@c ENDOFRANGE tr
@node Labels Program
@subsection Printing Mailing Labels
-@c STARTOFRANGE prml
@cindex printing, mailing labels
-@c STARTOFRANGE mlprint
@cindex mailing labels@comma{} printing
Here is a ``real world''@footnote{``Real world'' is defined as
``a program actually used to get something done.''}
@@ -25414,7 +25145,6 @@ that there are two blank lines at the top and two blank lines at the bottom.
The @code{END} rule arranges to flush the final page of labels; there may
not have been an even multiple of 20 labels in the data:
-@c STARTOFRANGE labels
@cindex @code{labels.awk} program
@example
@c file eg/prog/labels.awk
@@ -25479,14 +25209,10 @@ END @{
@}
@c endfile
@end example
-@c ENDOFRANGE prml
-@c ENDOFRANGE mlprint
-@c ENDOFRANGE labels
@node Word Sorting
@subsection Generating Word-Usage Counts
-@c STARTOFRANGE worus
@cindex words, usage counts@comma{} generating
When working with large amounts of text, it can be interesting to know
@@ -25548,7 +25274,6 @@ to remove punctuation characters. Finally, we solve the third problem
by using the system @command{sort} utility to process the output of the
@command{awk} script. Here is the new version of the program:
-@c STARTOFRANGE wordfreq
@cindex @code{wordfreq.awk} program
@example
@c file eg/prog/wordfreq.awk
@@ -25613,13 +25338,10 @@ This way of sorting must be used on systems that do not
have true pipes at the command-line (or batch-file) level.
See the general operating system documentation for more information on how
to use the @command{sort} program.
-@c ENDOFRANGE worus
-@c ENDOFRANGE wordfreq
@node History Sorting
@subsection Removing Duplicates from Unsorted Text
-@c STARTOFRANGE lidu
@cindex lines, duplicate@comma{} removing
The @command{uniq} program
(@pxref{Uniq Program}),
@@ -25644,7 +25366,6 @@ Each element of @code{lines} is a unique command, and the indices of
The @code{END} rule simply prints out the lines, in order:
@cindex Rakitzis, Byron
-@c STARTOFRANGE histsort
@cindex @code{histsort.awk} program
@example
@c file eg/prog/histsort.awk
@@ -25687,15 +25408,11 @@ print data[lines[i]], lines[i]
@noindent
This works because @code{data[$0]} is incremented each time a line is
seen.
-@c ENDOFRANGE lidu
-@c ENDOFRANGE histsort
@node Extract Program
@subsection Extracting Programs from Texinfo Source Files
-@c STARTOFRANGE texse
@cindex Texinfo, extracting programs from source files
-@c STARTOFRANGE fitex
@cindex files, Texinfo@comma{} extracting programs from
@ifnotinfo
Both this chapter and the previous chapter
@@ -25799,7 +25516,6 @@ The first rule handles calling @code{system()}, checking that a command is
given (@code{NF} is at least three) and also checking that the command
exits with a zero exit status, signifying OK:
-@c STARTOFRANGE extract
@cindex @code{extract.awk} program
@example
@c file eg/prog/extract.awk
@@ -25945,9 +25661,6 @@ END @{
@}
@c endfile
@end example
-@c ENDOFRANGE texse
-@c ENDOFRANGE fitex
-@c ENDOFRANGE extract
@node Simple Sed
@subsection A Simple Stream Editor
@@ -25977,7 +25690,6 @@ additional arguments are treated as @value{DF} names to process. If none
are provided, the standard input is used:
@cindex Brennan, Michael
-@c STARTOFRANGE awksed
@cindex @command{awksed.awk} program
@c @cindex simple stream editor
@c @cindex stream editor, simple
@@ -26054,14 +25766,11 @@ The @code{usage()} function prints an error message and exits.
Finally, the single rule handles the printing scheme outlined earlier,
using @code{print} or @code{printf} as appropriate, depending upon the
value of @code{RT}.
-@c ENDOFRANGE awksed
@node Igawk Program
@subsection An Easy Way to Use Library Functions
-@c STARTOFRANGE libfex
@cindex libraries of @command{awk} functions, example program for using
-@c STARTOFRANGE flibex
@cindex functions, library, example program for using
In @ref{Include Files}, we saw how @command{gawk} provides a built-in
file-inclusion capability. However, this is a @command{gawk} extension.
@@ -26200,7 +25909,6 @@ program.
The program is as follows:
-@c STARTOFRANGE igawk
@cindex @code{igawk.sh} program
@example
@c file eg/prog/igawk.sh
@@ -26525,10 +26233,6 @@ features to a program; they can often be layered on top.@footnote{@command{gawk}
does @code{@@include} processing itself in order to support the use
of @command{awk} programs as Web CGI scripts.}
-@c ENDOFRANGE libfex
-@c ENDOFRANGE flibex
-@c ENDOFRANGE awkpex
-@c ENDOFRANGE igawk
@node Anagram Program
@subsection Finding Anagrams from a Dictionary
@@ -26552,7 +26256,6 @@ The following program uses arrays of arrays to bring together
words with the same signature and array sorting to print the words
in sorted order:
-@c STARTOFRANGE anagram
@cindex @code{anagram.awk} program
@example
@c file eg/prog/anagram.awk
@@ -26661,7 +26364,6 @@ babery yabber
@dots{}
@end example
-@c ENDOFRANGE anagram
@node Signature Program
@subsection And Now for Something Completely Different
@@ -26981,9 +26683,7 @@ It contains the following chapters:
@node Advanced Features
@chapter Advanced Features of @command{gawk}
-@c STARTOFRANGE gawadv
@cindex @command{gawk}, features, advanced
-@c STARTOFRANGE advgaw
@cindex advanced features, @command{gawk}
@ignore
Contributed by: Peter Langston <pud!psl@bellcore.bellcore.com>
@@ -27693,7 +27393,6 @@ using regular pipes.
@section Using @command{gawk} for Network Programming
@cindex advanced features, network programming
@cindex networks, programming
-@c STARTOFRANGE tcpip
@cindex TCP/IP
@cindex @code{/inet/@dots{}} special files (@command{gawk})
@cindex files, @code{/inet/@dots{}} (@command{gawk})
@@ -27810,13 +27509,10 @@ which comes as part of the @command{gawk} distribution,
for a much more complete introduction and discussion, as well as
extensive examples.
-@c ENDOFRANGE tcpip
@node Profiling
@section Profiling Your @command{awk} Programs
-@c STARTOFRANGE awkp
@cindex @command{awk} programs, profiling
-@c STARTOFRANGE proawk
@cindex profiling @command{awk} programs
@cindex @code{awkprof.out} file
@cindex files, @code{awkprof.out}
@@ -28143,9 +27839,6 @@ that the profiling output does. This makes it easy to pretty-print your
code once development is completed, and then use the result as the final
version of your program.
-@c ENDOFRANGE awkp
-@c ENDOFRANGE proawk
-
@node Advanced Features Summary
@section Summary
@@ -28191,8 +27884,6 @@ the program, but that will change in the next major release.
@end itemize
-@c ENDOFRANGE advgaw
-@c ENDOFRANGE gawadv
@node Internationalization
@chapter Internationalization with @command{gawk}
@@ -28205,7 +27896,6 @@ countries, they were able to sell more systems.
As a result, internationalization and localization
of programs and software systems became a common practice.
-@c STARTOFRANGE inloc
@cindex internationalization, localization
@cindex @command{gawk}, internationalization and, See internationalization
@cindex internationalization, localization, @command{gawk} and
@@ -28250,7 +27940,6 @@ monetary values are printed and read.
@section GNU @command{gettext}
@cindex internationalizing a program
-@c STARTOFRANGE gettex
@cindex @command{gettext} library
@command{gawk} uses GNU @command{gettext} to provide its internationalization
features.
@@ -28302,7 +27991,6 @@ lookup of the translations.
@cindex @code{.po} files
@cindex files, @code{.po}
-@c STARTOFRANGE portobfi
@cindex portable object files
@cindex files, portable object
@item
@@ -28314,7 +28002,6 @@ For example, there might be a @file{fr.po} for a French translation.
@cindex @code{.gmo} files
@cindex files, @code{.gmo}
@cindex message object files
-@c STARTOFRANGE portmsgfi
@cindex files, message object
@item
Each language's @file{.po} file is converted into a binary
@@ -28442,11 +28129,9 @@ before or after the day in a date, local month abbreviations, and so on.
@item LC_ALL
All of the above. (Not too useful in the context of @command{gettext}.)
@end table
-@c ENDOFRANGE gettex
@node Programmer i18n
@section Internationalizing @command{awk} Programs
-@c STARTOFRANGE inap
@cindex @command{awk} programs, internationalizing
@command{gawk} provides the following variables and functions for
@@ -28679,8 +28364,6 @@ to provide you translations that you can also then distribute.
@DBXREF{I18N Example}
for the full list of steps to go through to create and test
translations for @command{guide}.
-@c ENDOFRANGE portobfi
-@c ENDOFRANGE portmsgfi
@node Printf Ordering
@subsection Rearranging @code{printf} Arguments
@@ -28856,7 +28539,6 @@ However, because the positional specifications are primarily for use in
@emph{translated} format strings, and because non-GNU @command{awk}s never
retrieve the translated string, this should not be a problem in practice.
@end itemize
-@c ENDOFRANGE inap
@node I18N Example
@section A Simple Internationalization Example
@@ -29007,8 +28689,8 @@ complete detail in
@cite{GNU gettext tools}}.)
@end ifnotinfo
As of this writing, the latest version of GNU @command{gettext} is
-@uref{ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/gettext-0.19.3.tar.gz,
-@value{PVERSION} 0.19.3}.
+@uref{ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/gettext-0.19.4.tar.gz,
+@value{PVERSION} 0.19.4}.
If a translation of @command{gawk}'s messages exists,
then @command{gawk} produces usage messages, warnings,
@@ -29052,7 +28734,6 @@ a number of translations for its messages.
@end itemize
-@c ENDOFRANGE inloc
@node Debugger
@chapter Debugging @command{awk} Programs
@@ -30656,7 +30337,7 @@ is available like so:
@example
$ @kbd{gawk --version}
@print{} GNU Awk 4.1.2, API: 1.1 (GNU MPFR 3.1.0-p3, GNU MP 5.0.2)
-@print{} Copyright (C) 1989, 1991-2014 Free Software Foundation.
+@print{} Copyright (C) 1989, 1991-2015 Free Software Foundation.
@dots{}
@end example
@@ -35598,9 +35279,7 @@ online documentation}.
@node V7/SVR3.1
@appendixsec Major Changes Between V7 and SVR3.1
-@c STARTOFRANGE gawkv
@cindex @command{awk}, versions of
-@c STARTOFRANGE gawkv1
@cindex @command{awk}, versions of, changes between V7 and SVR3.1
The @command{awk} language evolved considerably between the release of
@@ -35687,7 +35366,6 @@ Multiple @code{BEGIN} and @code{END} rules
Multidimensional arrays
(@pxref{Multidimensional}).
@end itemize
-@c ENDOFRANGE gawkv1
@node SVR4
@appendixsec Changes Between SVR3.1 and SVR4
@@ -35802,7 +35480,6 @@ not permitted by the POSIX standard.
The 2008 POSIX standard can be found online at
@url{http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/}.
-@c ENDOFRANGE gawkv
@node BTL
@appendixsec Extensions in Brian Kernighan's @command{awk}
@@ -35848,11 +35525,8 @@ available in his @command{awk}.
@node POSIX/GNU
@appendixsec Extensions in @command{gawk} Not in POSIX @command{awk}
-@c STARTOFRANGE fripls
@cindex compatibility mode (@command{gawk}), extensions
-@c STARTOFRANGE exgnot
@cindex extensions, in @command{gawk}, not in POSIX @command{awk}
-@c STARTOFRANGE posnot
@cindex POSIX, @command{gawk} extensions not included in
The GNU implementation, @command{gawk}, adds a large number of features.
They can all be disabled with either the @option{--traditional} or
@@ -36166,9 +35840,6 @@ Support for MirBSD was removed at @command{gawk} @value{PVERSION} 4.2.
@c XXX ADD MORE STUFF HERE
-@c ENDOFRANGE fripls
-@c ENDOFRANGE exgnot
-@c ENDOFRANGE posnot
@c This does not need to be in the formal book.
@ifclear FOR_PRINT
@@ -37217,9 +36888,7 @@ the appropriate credit where credit is due.
@c last two commas are part of see also
@cindex operating systems, See Also GNU/Linux@comma{} PC operating systems@comma{} Unix
-@c STARTOFRANGE gligawk
@cindex @command{gawk}, installing
-@c STARTOFRANGE ingawk
@cindex installing @command{gawk}
This appendix provides instructions for installing @command{gawk} on the
various platforms that are supported by the developers. The primary
@@ -37329,7 +36998,6 @@ a local expert.
@node Distribution contents
@appendixsubsec Contents of the @command{gawk} Distribution
-@c STARTOFRANGE gawdis
@cindex @command{gawk}, distribution
The @command{gawk} distribution has a number of C source files,
@@ -37528,7 +37196,6 @@ directory to run your version of @command{gawk} against the test suite.
If @command{gawk} successfully passes @samp{make check}, then you can
be confident of a successful port.
@end table
-@c ENDOFRANGE gawdis
@node Unix Installation
@appendixsec Compiling and Installing @command{gawk} on Unix-Like Systems
@@ -37993,9 +37660,7 @@ multibyte functionality is not available.
@node PC Using
@appendixsubsubsec Using @command{gawk} on PC Operating Systems
-@c STARTOFRANGE opgawx
@cindex operating systems, PC, @command{gawk} on
-@c STARTOFRANGE pcgawon
@cindex PC operating systems, @command{gawk} on
Under MS-DOS and MS-Windows, the Cygwin and MinGW environments support
@@ -38503,8 +38168,6 @@ $ @kbd{gawk :== $sys$common:[syshlp.examples.tcpip.snmp]gawk.exe}
This is apparently @value{PVERSION} 2.15.6, which is extremely old. We
recommend compiling and using the current version.
-@c ENDOFRANGE opgawx
-@c ENDOFRANGE pcgawon
@node Bugs
@appendixsec Reporting Problems and Bugs
@@ -38515,9 +38178,7 @@ recommend compiling and using the current version.
@end quotation
@c the radio show, not the book. :-)
-@c STARTOFRANGE dbugg
@cindex debugging @command{gawk}, bug reports
-@c STARTOFRANGE tblgawb
@cindex troubleshooting, @command{gawk}, bug reports
If you have problems with @command{gawk} or think that you have found a bug,
report it to the developers; we cannot promise to do anything
@@ -38614,12 +38275,9 @@ The people maintaining the various @command{gawk} ports are:
If your bug is also reproducible under Unix, send a copy of your
report to the @EMAIL{bug-gawk@@gnu.org,bug-gawk at gnu dot org} email list as well.
-@c ENDOFRANGE dbugg
-@c ENDOFRANGE tblgawb
@node Other Versions
@appendixsec Other Freely Available @command{awk} Implementations
-@c STARTOFRANGE awkim
@cindex @command{awk}, implementations
@ignore
From: emory!amc.com!brennan (Michael Brennan)
@@ -38679,7 +38337,7 @@ git clone git://github.com/onetrueawk/awk bwkawk
@end example
@noindent
-This command creates a copy of the @uref{http://www.git-scm.com, Git}
+This command creates a copy of the @uref{http://git-scm.com, Git}
repository in a directory named @file{bwkawk}. If you leave that argument
off the @command{git} command line, the repository copy is created in a
directory named @file{awk}.
@@ -38840,7 +38498,6 @@ See also the ``Versions and implementations'' section of the
Wikipedia article} for information on additional versions.
@end table
-@c ENDOFRANGE awkim
@node Installation summary
@appendixsec Summary
@@ -38878,15 +38535,11 @@ implementations. Many are POSIX compliant; others are less so.
@end itemize
-@c ENDOFRANGE gligawk
-@c ENDOFRANGE ingawk
@ifclear FOR_PRINT
@node Notes
@appendix Implementation Notes
-@c STARTOFRANGE gawii
@cindex @command{gawk}, implementation issues
-@c STARTOFRANGE impis
@cindex implementation issues, @command{gawk}
This appendix contains information mainly of interest to implementers and
@@ -38962,7 +38615,7 @@ However, if you want to modify @command{gawk} and contribute back your
changes, you will probably wish to work with the development version.
To do so, you will need to access the @command{gawk} source code
repository. The code is maintained using the
-@uref{http://git-scm.com/, Git distributed version control system}.
+@uref{http://git-scm.com, Git distributed version control system}.
You will need to install it if your system doesn't have it.
Once you have done so, use the command:
@@ -38991,11 +38644,8 @@ that has a Git plug-in for working with Git repositories.
@node Adding Code
@appendixsubsec Adding New Features
-@c STARTOFRANGE adfgaw
@cindex adding, features to @command{gawk}
-@c STARTOFRANGE fadgaw
@cindex features, adding to @command{gawk}
-@c STARTOFRANGE gawadf
@cindex @command{gawk}, features, adding
You are free to add any new features you like to @command{gawk}.
However, if you want your changes to be incorporated into the @command{gawk}
@@ -39162,9 +38812,6 @@ Although this sounds like a lot of work, please remember that while you
may write the new code, I have to maintain it and support it. If it
isn't possible for me to do that with a minimum of extra work, then I
probably will not.
-@c ENDOFRANGE adfgaw
-@c ENDOFRANGE gawadf
-@c ENDOFRANGE fadgaw
@node New Ports
@appendixsubsec Porting @command{gawk} to a New Operating System
@@ -39298,7 +38945,6 @@ coding style and brace layout that suits your taste.
@node Derived Files
@appendixsubsec Why Generated Files Are Kept In Git
-@c STARTOFRANGE gawkgit
@cindex Git, use of for @command{gawk} source code
@c From emails written March 22, 2012, to the gawk developers list.
@@ -39487,7 +39133,6 @@ wget http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/gawk.git/snapshot/gawk-@var{branchname}.ta
@noindent
to retrieve a snapshot of the given branch.
-@c ENDOFRANGE gawkgit
@node Future Extensions
@appendixsec Probable Future Extensions
@@ -39868,13 +39513,10 @@ of @command{gawk}, but it @emph{will} be removed in the next major release.
@end itemize
-@c ENDOFRANGE impis
-@c ENDOFRANGE gawii
@node Basic Concepts
@appendix Basic Programming Concepts
@cindex programming, concepts
-@c STARTOFRANGE procon
@cindex programming, concepts
This @value{APPENDIX} attempts to define some of the basic concepts
@@ -40112,7 +39754,6 @@ standard for C. This standard became an ISO standard in 1990.
In 1999, a revised ISO C standard was approved and released.
Where it makes sense, POSIX @command{awk} is compatible with 1999 ISO C.
-@c ENDOFRANGE procon
@node Glossary
@unnumbered Glossary