Merge branch 'master' into feature/typed-regex-2

1 files changed, 526 insertions, 494 deletions

diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info
index 264b7054..412edf51 100644
--- a/doc/gawk.info
+++ b/doc/gawk.info
@@ -8414,11 +8414,72 @@ File: gawk.info,  Node: Variable Typing,  Next: Comparison Operators,  Up: Typin
 6.3.2.1 String Type versus Numeric Type
 .......................................
 
-The POSIX standard introduced the concept of a "numeric string", which
-is simply a string that looks like a number--for example, '" +2"'.  This
-concept is used for determining the type of a variable.  The type of the
-variable is important because the types of two variables determine how
-they are compared.  Variable typing follows these rules:
+Scalar objects in 'awk' (variables, array elements, and fields) are
+_dynamically_ typed.  This means their type can change as the program
+runs, from "untyped" before any use,(1) to string or number, and then
+from string to number or number to string, as the program progresses.
+
+   You can't do much with untyped variables, other than tell that they
+are untyped.  The following program tests 'a' against '""' and '0'; the
+test succeeds when 'a' has never been assigned a value.  It also uses
+the built-in 'typeof()' function (not presented yet; *note Type
+Functions::) to show 'a''s type:
+
+     $ gawk 'BEGIN { print (a == "" && a == 0 ?
+     > "a is untyped" : "a has a type!") ; print typeof(a) }'
+     -| a is untyped
+     -| unassigned
+
+   A scalar has numeric type when assigned a numeric value, such as from
+a numeric constant, or from another scalar with numeric type:
+
+     $ gawk 'BEGIN { a = 42 ; print typeof(a)
+     > b = a ; print typeof(b) }'
+     number
+     number
+
+   Similarly, a scalar has string type when assigned a string value,
+such as from a string constant, or from another scalar with string type:
+
+     $ gawk 'BEGIN { a = "forty two" ; print typeof(a)
+     > b = a ; print typeof(b) }'
+     string
+     string
+
+   So far, this is all simple and straightforward.  What happens,
+though, when 'awk' has to process data from a user?  Let's start with
+field data.  What should the following command produce as output?
+
+     echo hello | awk '{ printf("%s %s < 42\n", $1,
+                                ($1 < 42 ? "is" : "is not")) }'
+
+Since 'hello' is alphabetic data, 'awk' can only do a string comparison.
+Internally, it converts '42' into '"42"' and compares the two string
+values '"hello"' and '"42"'.  Here's the result:
+
+     $ echo hello | awk '{ printf("%s %s < 42\n", $1,
+     >                            ($1 < 42 ? "is" : "is not")) }'
+     -| hello is not < 42
+
+   However, what happens when data from a user _looks like_ a number?
+On the one hand, in reality, the input data consists of characters, not
+binary numeric values.  But, on the other hand, the data looks numeric,
+and 'awk' really ought to treat it as such.  And indeed, it does:
+
+     $ echo 37 | awk '{ printf("%s %s < 42\n", $1,
+     >                         ($1 < 42 ? "is" : "is not")) }'
+     -| 37 is < 42
+
+   Here are the rules for when 'awk' treats data as a number, and for
+when it treats data as a string.
+
+   The POSIX standard uses the term "numeric string" for input data that
+looks numeric.  The '37' in the previous example is a numeric string.
+So what is the type of a numeric string?  Answer: numeric.
+
+   The type of a variable is important because the types of two
+variables determine how they are compared.  Variable typing follows
+these definitions and rules:
 
    * A numeric constant or the result of a numeric operation has the
      "numeric" attribute.
@@ -8429,8 +8490,9 @@ they are compared.  Variable typing follows these rules:
    * Fields, 'getline' input, 'FILENAME', 'ARGV' elements, 'ENVIRON'
      elements, and the elements of an array created by 'match()',
      'split()', and 'patsplit()' that are numeric strings have the
-     "strnum" attribute.  Otherwise, they have the "string" attribute.
-     Uninitialized variables also have the "strnum" attribute.
+     "strnum" attribute.(2)  Otherwise, they have the "string"
+     attribute.  Uninitialized variables also have the "strnum"
+     attribute.
 
    * Attributes propagate across assignments but are not changed by any
      use.
@@ -8449,16 +8511,16 @@ operation:
 comparison may be used.  This depends upon the attributes of the
 operands, according to the following symmetric matrix:
 
-             +-------------------------------
-             |       STRING          NUMERIC         STRNUM
-     -----+-------------------------------
-             |
-     STRING  |       string          string          string
-             |
-     NUMERIC |       string          numeric         numeric
-             |
-     STRNUM  |       string          numeric         numeric
-     -----+-------------------------------
+        +----------------------------------------------
+        |       STRING          NUMERIC         STRNUM
+--------+----------------------------------------------
+        |
+STRING  |       string          string          string
+        |
+NUMERIC |       string          numeric         numeric
+        |
+STRNUM  |       string          numeric         numeric
+--------+----------------------------------------------
 
    The basic idea is that user input that looks numeric--and _only_ user
 input--should be treated as numeric, even though it is actually made of
@@ -8469,16 +8531,18 @@ for comparison purposes.
 
    In short, when one operand is a "pure" string, such as a string
 constant, then a string comparison is performed.  Otherwise, a numeric
-comparison is performed.
+comparison is performed.  (The primary difference between a number and a
+strnum is that for strnums 'gawk' preserves the original string value
+that the scalar had when it came in.)
 
-   This point bears additional emphasis: All user input is made of
-characters, and so is first and foremost of string type; input strings
-that look numeric are additionally given the strnum attribute.  Thus,
-the six-character input string ' +3.14' receives the strnum attribute.
-In contrast, the eight characters '" +3.14"' appearing in program text
-comprise a string constant.  The following examples print '1' when the
-comparison between the two different constants is true, and '0'
-otherwise:
+   This point bears additional emphasis: Input that looks numeric _is_
+numeric.  All other input is treated as strings.
+
+   Thus, the six-character input string ' +3.14' receives the strnum
+attribute.  In contrast, the eight characters '" +3.14"' appearing in
+program text comprise a string constant.  The following examples print
+'1' when the comparison between the two different constants is true, and
+'0' otherwise:
 
      $ echo ' +3.14' | awk '{ print($0 == " +3.14") }'    True
      -| 1
@@ -8497,6 +8561,19 @@ otherwise:
      $ echo ' +3.14' | awk '{ print($1 == 3.14) }'        True
      -| 1
 
+   You can see the type of an input field (or other user input) using
+'typeof()':
+
+     $ echo hello 37 | gawk '{ print typeof($1), typeof($2) }'
+     -| string strnum
+
+   ---------- Footnotes ----------
+
+   (1) 'gawk' calls this "unassigned", as the following example shows.
+
+   (2) Thus, a POSIX numeric string and 'gawk''s strnum are the same
+thing.
+
 
 File: gawk.info,  Node: Comparison Operators,  Next: POSIX String Comparison,  Prev: Variable Typing,  Up: Typing and Comparison
 
@@ -13618,8 +13695,8 @@ contexts.
           X is a string.
 
      '"strnum"'
-          X is a string that might be a number, such as a field or the
-          result of calling 'split()'.  (I.e., X has the STRNUM
+          X is a number that started life as user input, such as a field
+          or the result of calling 'split()'.  (I.e., X has the strnum
           attribute; *note Variable Typing::.)
 
      '"unassigned"'
@@ -13627,8 +13704,9 @@ contexts.
           For example:
 
                BEGIN {
-                   a[1]                # creates a[1] but it has no assigned value
-                   print typeof(a[1])  # scalar_u
+                   # creates a[1] but it has no assigned value
+                   a[1]
+                   print typeof(a[1])  # unassigned
                }
 
      '"untyped"'
@@ -22100,62 +22178,6 @@ some limitations.  A few that it's worth being aware of are:
    * The 'gawk' debugger only accepts source code supplied with the '-f'
      option.
 
-   One other point is worth discussing.  Conventional debuggers run in a
-separate process (and thus address space) from the programs that they
-debug (the "debuggee", if you will).
-
-   The 'gawk' debugger is different; it is an integrated part of 'gawk'
-itself.  This makes it possible, in rare cases, for 'gawk' to become an
-excellent demonstrator of Heisenberg Uncertainty physics, where the mere
-act of observing something can change it.  Consider the following:(1)
-
-     $ cat test.awk
-     -| { print typeof($1), typeof($2) }
-     $ cat test.data
-     -| abc 123
-     $ gawk -f test.awk test.data
-     -| strnum strnum
-
-   This is all as expected: field data has the STRNUM attribute (*note
-Variable Typing::).  Now watch what happens when we run this program
-under the debugger:
-
-     $ gawk -D -f test.awk test.data
-     gawk> w $1                        Set watchpoint on $1
-     -| Watchpoint 1: $1
-     gawk> w $2                        Set watchpoint on $2
-     -| Watchpoint 2: $2
-     gawk> r                           Start the program
-     -| Starting program:
-     -| Stopping in Rule ...
-     -| Watchpoint 1: $1               Watchpoint fires
-     -|   Old value: ""
-     -|   New value: "abc"
-     -| main() at `test.awk':1
-     -| 1       { print typeof($1), typeof($2) }
-     gawk> n                           Keep going ...
-     -| Watchpoint 2: $2               Watchpoint fires
-     -|   Old value: ""
-     -|   New value: "123"
-     -| main() at `test.awk':1
-     -| 1       { print typeof($1), typeof($2) }
-     gawk> n                           Get result from typeof()
-     -| strnum number                  Result for $2 isn't right
-     -| Program exited normally with exit value: 0
-     gawk> quit
-
-   In this case, the act of comparing the new value of '$2' with the old
-one caused 'gawk' to evaluate it and determine that it is indeed a
-number, and this is reflected in the result of 'typeof()'.
-
-   Cases like this where the debugger is not transparent to the
-program's execution should be rare.  If you encounter one, please report
-it (*note Bugs::).
-
-   ---------- Footnotes ----------
-
-   (1) Thanks to Hermann Peifer for this example.
-
 
 File: gawk.info,  Node: Debugging Summary,  Prev: Limitations,  Up: Debugger
 
@@ -23436,16 +23458,25 @@ operations:
 
    * The API defines several simple 'struct's that map values as seen
      from 'awk'.  A value can be a 'double', a string, or an array (as
-     in multidimensional arrays, or when creating a new array).  String
-     values maintain both pointer and length, because embedded NUL
-     characters are allowed.
+     in multidimensional arrays, or when creating a new array).
 
-          NOTE: By intent, strings are maintained using the current
+     String values maintain both pointer and length, because embedded
+     NUL characters are allowed.
+
+          NOTE: By intent, 'gawk' maintains strings using the current
           multibyte encoding (as defined by 'LC_XXX' environment
           variables) and not using wide characters.  This matches how
           'gawk' stores strings internally and also how characters are
           likely to be input into and output from files.
 
+          NOTE: String values passed to an extension by 'gawk' are
+          always NUL-terminated.  Thus it is safe to pass such string
+          values to standard library and system routines.  However,
+          because 'gawk' allows embedded NUL characters in string data,
+          you should check that 'strlen(SOME_STRING)' matches the length
+          for that string passed to the extension before using it as a
+          regular C string.
+
    * When retrieving a value (such as a parameter or that of a global
      variable or array element), the extension requests a specific type
      (number, string, scalar, value cookie, array, or "undefined").
@@ -34229,7 +34260,7 @@ Index
 * numeric constants:                     Scalar Constants.    (line   6)
 * numeric functions:                     Numeric Functions.   (line   6)
 * numeric, output format:                OFMT.                (line   6)
-* numeric, strings:                      Variable Typing.     (line   6)
+* numeric, strings:                      Variable Typing.     (line  65)
 * o debugger command (alias for option): Debugger Info.       (line  57)
 * obsolete features:                     Obsolete.            (line   6)
 * octal numbers:                         Nondecimal-numbers.  (line   6)
@@ -34425,7 +34456,7 @@ Index
 * POSIX awk, GNU long options and:       Options.             (line  15)
 * POSIX awk, interval expressions in:    Regexp Operators.    (line 135)
 * POSIX awk, next/nextfile statements and: Next Statement.    (line  44)
-* POSIX awk, numeric strings and:        Variable Typing.     (line   6)
+* POSIX awk, numeric strings and:        Variable Typing.     (line  65)
 * POSIX awk, OFMT variable and:          OFMT.                (line  27)
 * POSIX awk, OFMT variable and <1>:      Strings And Numbers. (line  56)
 * POSIX awk, period (.), using:          Regexp Operators.    (line  51)
@@ -34935,7 +34966,7 @@ Index
 * strings, merging arrays into:          Join Function.       (line   6)
 * strings, null:                         Regexp Field Splitting.
                                                               (line  43)
-* strings, numeric:                      Variable Typing.     (line   6)
+* strings, numeric:                      Variable Typing.     (line  65)
 * strtonum:                              String Functions.    (line 391)
 * strtonum() function (gawk), --non-decimal-data option and: Nondecimal Data.
                                                               (line  35)
@@ -35378,406 +35409,407 @@ Node: Truth Values and Conditions361798
 Node: Truth Values362872
 Node: Typing and Comparison363920
 Node: Variable Typing364740
-Node: Comparison Operators368364
-Ref: table-relational-ops368783
-Node: POSIX String Comparison372278
-Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1373973
-Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-2374112
-Node: Boolean Ops374196
-Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1378678
-Node: Conditional Exp378770
-Node: Function Calls380506
-Node: Precedence384383
-Node: Locales388042
-Node: Expressions Summary389674
-Node: Patterns and Actions392247
-Node: Pattern Overview393367
-Node: Regexp Patterns395044
-Node: Expression Patterns395586
-Node: Ranges399367
-Node: BEGIN/END402475
-Node: Using BEGIN/END403236
-Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1405972
-Node: I/O And BEGIN/END406078
-Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE408392
-Node: Empty411299
-Node: Using Shell Variables411616
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-Node: Statements416215
-Node: If Statement418063
-Node: While Statement419558
-Node: Do Statement421586
-Node: For Statement422734
-Node: Switch Statement425892
-Node: Break Statement428278
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-Node: Nextfile Statement434580
-Node: Exit Statement437232
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-Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2463213
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-Node: Array Basics471241
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-Node: Assigning Elements479356
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-Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1490027
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-Node: Extension Example1031601
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-Node: Extension summary1077314
-Node: Extension Exercises1081016
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-Node: V7/SVR3.11084170
-Node: SVR41086322
-Node: POSIX1087756
-Node: BTL1089135
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-Node: Installation1123418
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-Node: Getting1124846
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-Node: Distribution contents1127445
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-Node: Additional Configuration Options1137704
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-Node: Non-Unix Installation1141878
-Node: PC Installation1142338
-Node: PC Binary Installation1143176
-Node: PC Compiling1143611
-Node: PC Using1144728
-Node: Cygwin1147773
-Node: MSYS1148543
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-Node: VMS Old Gawk1160074
-Node: Bugs1160545
-Node: Bug address1161208
-Node: Usenet1163605
-Node: Maintainers1164380
-Node: Other Versions1165756
-Node: Installation summary1172340
-Node: Notes1173375
-Node: Compatibility Mode1174240
-Node: Additions1175022
-Node: Accessing The Source1175947
-Node: Adding Code1177382
-Node: New Ports1183601
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-Node: Basic Data Typing1213472
-Node: Glossary1216800
-Node: Copying1248747
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License1286286
-Node: Index1311404
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+Ref: figure-process-flow1211159
+Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11214460
+Node: Basic Data Typing1214645
+Node: Glossary1217973
+Node: Copying1249920
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License1287459
+Node: Index1312577
 
 End Tag Table