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authorArnold D. Robbins <arnold@skeeve.com>2015-02-11 23:26:38 +0200
committerArnold D. Robbins <arnold@skeeve.com>2015-02-11 23:26:38 +0200
commit378e213c953d6482ae4d92a69b526cdeaef1f26f (patch)
treebc4c1b54d83e4869f9aae794aac6688f04cbbc76 /doc/gawk.info
parent7f9f66525d7d82816eba352efdf58497373a47bf (diff)
parentf2c0bdf60b053c28d6cde7faf1b014e5b7f7deaf (diff)
downloadegawk-378e213c953d6482ae4d92a69b526cdeaef1f26f.tar.gz
egawk-378e213c953d6482ae4d92a69b526cdeaef1f26f.tar.bz2
egawk-378e213c953d6482ae4d92a69b526cdeaef1f26f.zip
Merge branch 'master' into non-fatal-io-2
Diffstat (limited to 'doc/gawk.info')
-rw-r--r--doc/gawk.info1559
1 files changed, 785 insertions, 774 deletions
diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info
index 118c814a..bb5c30bb 100644
--- a/doc/gawk.info
+++ b/doc/gawk.info
@@ -1376,6 +1376,12 @@ also must acknowledge my gratitude to G-d, for the many opportunities
He has sent my way, as well as for the gifts He has given me with which
to take advantage of those opportunities.
+
+Arnold Robbins
+Nof Ayalon
+Israel
+February 2015
+

File: gawk.info, Node: Getting Started, Next: Invoking Gawk, Prev: Preface, Up: Top
@@ -9131,9 +9137,10 @@ accepts any record with a first field that contains `li':
-| 555-5553
-| 555-6699
- pattern. The expression `/li/' has the value one if `li' appears in
-the current input record. Thus, as a pattern, `/li/' matches any record
-containing `li'.
+ A regexp constant as a pattern is also a special case of an
+expression pattern. The expression `/li/' has the value one if `li'
+appears in the current input record. Thus, as a pattern, `/li/' matches
+any record containing `li'.
Boolean expressions are also commonly used as patterns. Whether the
pattern matches an input record depends on whether its subexpressions
@@ -21872,7 +21879,7 @@ Decimal arithmetic
sides) of the decimal point, and the results of a computation are
always exact.
- Some modern system can do decimal arithmetic in hardware, but
+ Some modern systems can do decimal arithmetic in hardware, but
usually you need a special software library to provide access to
these instructions. There are also libraries that do decimal
arithmetic entirely in software.
@@ -21926,12 +21933,6 @@ Numeric representation Minimum value Maximum value
32-bit unsigned integer 0 4,294,967,295
64-bit signed integer -9,223,372,036,854,775,8089,223,372,036,854,775,807
64-bit unsigned integer 0 18,446,744,073,709,551,615
-Single-precision `1.175494e-38' `3.402823e+38'
-floating point
-(approximate)
-Double-precision `2.225074e-308' `1.797693e+308'
-floating point
-(approximate)
Table 15.1: Value ranges for different numeric representations
@@ -21947,7 +21948,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Math Definitions, Next: MPFR features, Prev: Computer
The rest of this major node uses a number of terms. Here are some
informal definitions that should help you work your way through the
-material here.
+material here:
"Accuracy"
A floating-point calculation's accuracy is how close it comes to
@@ -21967,7 +21968,7 @@ material here.
number and infinity produce infinity.
"NaN"
- "Not A Number."(1) A special value that results from attempting a
+ "Not a number."(1) A special value that results from attempting a
calculation that has no answer as a real number. In such a case,
programs can either receive a floating-point exception, or get
`NaN' back as the result. The IEEE 754 standard recommends that
@@ -21993,15 +21994,15 @@ material here.
PREC = 3.322 * DPS
- Here, PREC denotes the binary precision (measured in bits) and DPS
- (short for decimal places) is the decimal digits.
+ Here, _prec_ denotes the binary precision (measured in bits) and
+ _dps_ (short for decimal places) is the decimal digits.
"Rounding mode"
How numbers are rounded up or down when necessary. More details
are provided later.
"Significand"
- A floating-point value consists the significand multiplied by 10
+ A floating-point value consists of the significand multiplied by 10
to the power of the exponent. For example, in `1.2345e67', the
significand is `1.2345'.
@@ -22023,7 +22024,7 @@ precision formats to allow greater precisions and larger exponent
ranges. (`awk' uses only the 64-bit double-precision format.)
*note table-ieee-formats:: lists the precision and exponent field
-values for the basic IEEE 754 binary formats:
+values for the basic IEEE 754 binary formats.
Name Total bits Precision Minimum Maximum
exponent exponent
@@ -22088,7 +22089,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: FP Math Caution, Next: Arbitrary Precision Integers, P
Math class is tough! -- Teen Talk Barbie, July 1992
- This minor node provides a high level overview of the issues
+ This minor node provides a high-level overview of the issues
involved when doing lots of floating-point arithmetic.(1) The
discussion applies to both hardware and arbitrary-precision
floating-point arithmetic.
@@ -22109,8 +22110,8 @@ floating-point arithmetic.
(1) There is a very nice paper on floating-point arithmetic
(http://www.validlab.com/goldberg/paper.pdf) by David Goldberg, "What
-Every Computer Scientist Should Know About Floating-point Arithmetic,"
-`ACM Computing Surveys' *23*, 1 (1991-03), 5-48. This is worth reading
+Every Computer Scientist Should Know About Floating-Point Arithmetic,"
+`ACM Computing Surveys' *23*, 1 (1991-03): 5-48. This is worth reading
if you are interested in the details, but it does require a background
in computer science.
@@ -22164,7 +22165,7 @@ number as you assigned to it:
Often the error is so small you do not even notice it, and if you do,
you can always specify how much precision you would like in your output.
-Usually this is a format string like `"%.15g"', which when used in the
+Usually this is a format string like `"%.15g"', which, when used in the
previous example, produces an output identical to the input.

@@ -22204,7 +22205,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Errors accumulate, Prev: Comparing FP Values, Up: Inex
The loss of accuracy during a single computation with floating-point
numbers usually isn't enough to worry about. However, if you compute a
-value which is the result of a sequence of floating-point operations,
+value that is the result of a sequence of floating-point operations,
the error can accumulate and greatly affect the computation itself.
Here is an attempt to compute the value of pi using one of its many
series representations:
@@ -22255,7 +22256,7 @@ easy answers. The standard rules of algebra often do not apply when
using floating-point arithmetic. Among other things, the distributive
and associative laws do not hold completely, and order of operation may
be important for your computation. Rounding error, cumulative precision
-loss and underflow are often troublesome.
+loss, and underflow are often troublesome.
When `gawk' tests the expressions `0.1 + 12.2' and `12.3' for
equality using the machine double-precision arithmetic, it decides that
@@ -22290,8 +22291,9 @@ illustrated by our earlier attempt to compute the value of pi. Extra
precision can greatly enhance the stability and the accuracy of your
computation in such cases.
- Repeated addition is not necessarily equivalent to multiplication in
-floating-point arithmetic. In the example in *note Errors accumulate:::
+ Additionally, you should understand that repeated addition is not
+necessarily equivalent to multiplication in floating-point arithmetic.
+In the example in *note Errors accumulate:::
$ gawk 'BEGIN {
> for (d = 1.1; d <= 1.5; d += 0.1) # loop five times (?)
@@ -22346,7 +22348,7 @@ set the value to one of the predefined case-insensitive strings shown
in *note table-predefined-precision-strings::, to emulate an IEEE 754
binary format.
-`PREC' IEEE 754 Binary Format
+`PREC' IEEE 754 binary format
---------------------------------------------------
`"half"' 16-bit half-precision
`"single"' Basic 32-bit single precision
@@ -22379,14 +22381,14 @@ on arithmetic operations:
example illustrates the differences among various ways to print a
floating-point constant:
- $ gawk -M 'BEGIN { PREC = 113; printf("%0.25f\n", 0.1) }'
- -| 0.1000000000000000055511151
- $ gawk -M -v PREC=113 'BEGIN { printf("%0.25f\n", 0.1) }'
- -| 0.1000000000000000000000000
- $ gawk -M 'BEGIN { PREC = 113; printf("%0.25f\n", "0.1") }'
- -| 0.1000000000000000000000000
- $ gawk -M 'BEGIN { PREC = 113; printf("%0.25f\n", 1/10) }'
- -| 0.1000000000000000000000000
+ $ gawk -M 'BEGIN { PREC = 113; printf("%0.25f\n", 0.1) }'
+ -| 0.1000000000000000055511151
+ $ gawk -M -v PREC=113 'BEGIN { printf("%0.25f\n", 0.1) }'
+ -| 0.1000000000000000000000000
+ $ gawk -M 'BEGIN { PREC = 113; printf("%0.25f\n", "0.1") }'
+ -| 0.1000000000000000000000000
+ $ gawk -M 'BEGIN { PREC = 113; printf("%0.25f\n", 1/10) }'
+ -| 0.1000000000000000000000000

File: gawk.info, Node: Setting the rounding mode, Prev: Setting precision, Up: FP Math Caution
@@ -22394,15 +22396,15 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Setting the rounding mode, Prev: Setting precision, Up
15.4.5 Setting the Rounding Mode
--------------------------------
-The `ROUNDMODE' variable provides program level control over the
+The `ROUNDMODE' variable provides program-level control over the
rounding mode. The correspondence between `ROUNDMODE' and the IEEE
rounding modes is shown in *note table-gawk-rounding-modes::.
-Rounding Mode IEEE Name `ROUNDMODE'
+Rounding mode IEEE name `ROUNDMODE'
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Round to nearest, ties to even `roundTiesToEven' `"N"' or `"n"'
-Round toward plus Infinity `roundTowardPositive' `"U"' or `"u"'
-Round toward negative Infinity `roundTowardNegative' `"D"' or `"d"'
+Round toward positive infinity `roundTowardPositive' `"U"' or `"u"'
+Round toward negative infinity `roundTowardNegative' `"D"' or `"d"'
Round toward zero `roundTowardZero' `"Z"' or `"z"'
Round to nearest, ties away `roundTiesToAway' `"A"' or `"a"'
from zero
@@ -22453,8 +22455,8 @@ distributes upward and downward rounds of exact halves, which might
cause any accumulating round-off error to cancel itself out. This is the
default rounding mode for IEEE 754 computing functions and operators.
- The other rounding modes are rarely used. Round toward positive
-infinity (`roundTowardPositive') and round toward negative infinity
+ The other rounding modes are rarely used. Rounding toward positive
+infinity (`roundTowardPositive') and toward negative infinity
(`roundTowardNegative') are often used to implement interval
arithmetic, where you adjust the rounding mode to calculate upper and
lower bounds for the range of output. The `roundTowardZero' mode can be
@@ -22502,7 +22504,7 @@ floating-point values:
If instead you were to compute the same value using
arbitrary-precision floating-point values, the precision needed for
-correct output (using the formula `prec = 3.322 * dps'), would be 3.322
+correct output (using the formula `prec = 3.322 * dps') would be 3.322
x 183231, or 608693.
The result from an arithmetic operation with an integer and a
@@ -22533,7 +22535,7 @@ interface to process arbitrary-precision integers or mixed-mode numbers
as needed by an operation or function. In such a case, the precision is
set to the minimum value necessary for exact conversion, and the working
precision is not used for this purpose. If this is not what you need or
-want, you can employ a subterfuge, and convert the integer to floating
+want, you can employ a subterfuge and convert the integer to floating
point first, like this:
gawk -M 'BEGIN { n = 13; print (n + 0.0) % 2.0 }'
@@ -22616,7 +22618,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems, Next: Floating point sum
15.6 Standards Versus Existing Practice
=======================================
-Historically, `awk' has converted any non-numeric looking string to the
+Historically, `awk' has converted any nonnumeric-looking string to the
numeric value zero, when required. Furthermore, the original
definition of the language and the original POSIX standards specified
that `awk' only understands decimal numbers (base 10), and not octal
@@ -22630,8 +22632,8 @@ These features are:
hexadecimal notation (e.g., `0xDEADBEEF'). (Note: data values,
_not_ source code constants.)
- * Support for the special IEEE 754 floating-point values "Not A
- Number" (NaN), positive Infinity ("inf"), and negative Infinity
+ * Support for the special IEEE 754 floating-point values "not a
+ number" (NaN), positive infinity ("inf"), and negative infinity
("-inf"). In particular, the format for these values is as
specified by the ISO 1999 C standard, which ignores case and can
allow implementation-dependent additional characters after the
@@ -22648,21 +22650,21 @@ historical practice:
values is also a very severe departure from historical practice.
The second problem is that the `gawk' maintainer feels that this
-interpretation of the standard, which requires a certain amount of
+interpretation of the standard, which required a certain amount of
"language lawyering" to arrive at in the first place, was not even
-intended by the standard developers. In other words, "we see how you
+intended by the standard developers. In other words, "We see how you
got where you are, but we don't think that that's where you want to be."
Recognizing these issues, but attempting to provide compatibility
with the earlier versions of the standard, the 2008 POSIX standard
added explicit wording to allow, but not require, that `awk' support
-hexadecimal floating-point values and special values for "Not A Number"
+hexadecimal floating-point values and special values for "not a number"
and infinity.
Although the `gawk' maintainer continues to feel that providing
those features is inadvisable, nevertheless, on systems that support
IEEE floating point, it seems reasonable to provide _some_ way to
-support NaN and Infinity values. The solution implemented in `gawk' is
+support NaN and infinity values. The solution implemented in `gawk' is
as follows:
* With the `--posix' command-line option, `gawk' becomes "hands
@@ -22677,7 +22679,7 @@ as follows:
$ echo 0xDeadBeef | gawk --posix '{ print $1 + 0 }'
-| 3735928559
- * Without `--posix', `gawk' interprets the four strings `+inf',
+ * Without `--posix', `gawk' interprets the four string values `+inf',
`-inf', `+nan', and `-nan' specially, producing the corresponding
special numeric values. The leading sign acts a signal to `gawk'
(and the user) that the value is really numeric. Hexadecimal
@@ -22691,7 +22693,7 @@ as follows:
$ echo 0xDeadBeef | gawk '{ print $1 + 0 }'
-| 0
- `gawk' ignores case in the four special values. Thus `+nan' and
+ `gawk' ignores case in the four special values. Thus, `+nan' and
`+NaN' are the same.
---------- Footnotes ----------
@@ -22708,9 +22710,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Floating point summary, Prev: POSIX Floating Point Prob
floating-point values. Standard `awk' uses double-precision
floating-point values.
- * In the early 1990s, Barbie mistakenly said "Math class is tough!"
+ * In the early 1990s Barbie mistakenly said, "Math class is tough!"
Although math isn't tough, floating-point arithmetic isn't the same
- as pencil and paper math, and care must be taken:
+ as pencil-and-paper math, and care must be taken:
- Not all numbers can be represented exactly.
@@ -22731,7 +22733,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Floating point summary, Prev: POSIX Floating Point Prob
rounding mode.
* With `-M', `gawk' performs arbitrary-precision integer arithmetic
- using the GMP library. This is faster and more space efficient
+ using the GMP library. This is faster and more space-efficient
than using MPFR for the same calculations.
* There are several "dark corners" with respect to floating-point
@@ -22742,7 +22744,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Floating point summary, Prev: POSIX Floating Point Prob
results from floating-point arithmetic. The lesson to remember is
that floating-point arithmetic is always more complex than
arithmetic using pencil and paper. In order to take advantage of
- the power of computer floating point, you need to know its
+ the power of floating-point arithmetic, you need to know its
limitations and work within them. For most casual use of
floating-point arithmetic, you will often get the expected result
if you simply round the display of your final results to the
@@ -22801,7 +22803,7 @@ the rest of this Info file.
`gawk''s functionality. For example, they can provide access to system
calls (such as `chdir()' to change directory) and to other C library
routines that could be of use. As with most software, "the sky is the
-limit;" if you can imagine something that you might want to do and can
+limit"; if you can imagine something that you might want to do and can
write in C or C++, you can write an extension to do it!
Extensions are written in C or C++, using the "application
@@ -22809,7 +22811,7 @@ programming interface" (API) defined for this purpose by the `gawk'
developers. The rest of this major node explains the facilities that
the API provides and how to use them, and presents a small example
extension. In addition, it documents the sample extensions included in
-the `gawk' distribution, and describes the `gawkextlib' project. *Note
+the `gawk' distribution and describes the `gawkextlib' project. *Note
Extension Design::, for a discussion of the extension mechanism goals
and design.
@@ -22927,7 +22929,7 @@ Example::) and also in the `testext.c' code for testing the APIs.
Some other bits and pieces:
* The API provides access to `gawk''s `do_XXX' values, reflecting
- command-line options, like `do_lint', `do_profiling' and so on
+ command-line options, like `do_lint', `do_profiling', and so on
(*note Extension API Variables::). These are informational: an
extension cannot affect their values inside `gawk'. In addition,
attempting to assign to them produces a compile-time error.
@@ -22973,8 +22975,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Functions Introduction, Next: General Dat
16.4.1 Introduction
-------------------
-Access to facilities within `gawk' are made available by calling
-through function pointers passed into your extension.
+Access to facilities within `gawk' is achieved by calling through
+function pointers passed into your extension.
API function pointers are provided for the following kinds of
operations:
@@ -22995,7 +22997,7 @@ operations:
- Two-way processors
- All of these are discussed in detail, later in this major node.
+ All of these are discussed in detail later in this major node.
* Printing fatal, warning, and "lint" warning messages.
@@ -23021,7 +23023,7 @@ operations:
- Clearing an array
- - Flattening an array for easy C style looping over all its
+ - Flattening an array for easy C-style looping over all its
indices and elements
Some points about using the API:
@@ -23030,7 +23032,7 @@ operations:
`gawkapi.h'. For correct use, you must therefore include the
corresponding standard header file _before_ including `gawkapi.h':
- C Entity Header File
+ C entity Header file
-------------------------------------------
`EOF' `<stdio.h>'
Values for `errno' `<errno.h>'
@@ -23054,13 +23056,13 @@ operations:
* Although the API only uses ISO C 90 features, there is an
exception; the "constructor" functions use the `inline' keyword.
If your compiler does not support this keyword, you should either
- place `-Dinline=''' on your command line, or use the GNU Autotools
+ place `-Dinline=''' on your command line or use the GNU Autotools
and include a `config.h' file in your extensions.
* All pointers filled in by `gawk' point to memory managed by `gawk'
and should be treated by the extension as read-only. Memory for
_all_ strings passed into `gawk' from the extension _must_ come
- from calling one of `gawk_malloc()', `gawk_calloc()' or
+ from calling one of `gawk_malloc()', `gawk_calloc()', or
`gawk_realloc()', and is managed by `gawk' from then on.
* The API defines several simple `struct's that map values as seen
@@ -23073,7 +23075,7 @@ operations:
multibyte encoding (as defined by `LC_XXX' environment
variables) and not using wide characters. This matches how
`gawk' stores strings internally and also how characters are
- likely to be input and output from files.
+ likely to be input into and output from files.
* When retrieving a value (such as a parameter or that of a global
variable or array element), the extension requests a specific type
@@ -23110,6 +23112,8 @@ general-purpose use. Additional, more specialized, data structures are
introduced in subsequent minor nodes, together with the functions that
use them.
+ The general-purpose types and structures are as follows:
+
`typedef void *awk_ext_id_t;'
A value of this type is received from `gawk' when an extension is
loaded. That value must then be passed back to `gawk' as the
@@ -23125,7 +23129,7 @@ use them.
` awk_false = 0,'
` awk_true'
`} awk_bool_t;'
- A simple boolean type.
+ A simple Boolean type.
`typedef struct awk_string {'
` char *str; /* data */'
@@ -23169,8 +23173,8 @@ use them.
`#define array_cookie u.a'
`#define scalar_cookie u.scl'
`#define value_cookie u.vc'
- These macros make accessing the fields of the `awk_value_t' more
- readable.
+ Using these macros makes accessing the fields of the `awk_value_t'
+ more readable.
`typedef void *awk_scalar_t;'
Scalars can be represented as an opaque type. These values are
@@ -23190,8 +23194,8 @@ indicates what is in the `union'.
Representing numbers is easy--the API uses a C `double'. Strings
require more work. Because `gawk' allows embedded NUL bytes in string
-values, a string must be represented as a pair containing a
-data-pointer and length. This is the `awk_string_t' type.
+values, a string must be represented as a pair containing a data
+pointer and length. This is the `awk_string_t' type.
Identifiers (i.e., the names of global variables) can be associated
with either scalar values or with arrays. In addition, `gawk' provides
@@ -23203,12 +23207,12 @@ Manipulation::.
of the `union' as if they were fields in a `struct'; this is a common
coding practice in C. Such code is easier to write and to read, but it
remains _your_ responsibility to make sure that the `val_type' member
-correctly reflects the type of the value in the `awk_value_t'.
+correctly reflects the type of the value in the `awk_value_t' struct.
Conceptually, the first three members of the `union' (number, string,
and array) are all that is needed for working with `awk' values.
However, because the API provides routines for accessing and changing
-the value of global scalar variables only by using the variable's name,
+the value of a global scalar variable only by using the variable's name,
there is a performance penalty: `gawk' must find the variable each time
it is accessed and changed. This turns out to be a real issue, not
just a theoretical one.
@@ -23217,17 +23221,19 @@ just a theoretical one.
reading and/or changing the value of one or more scalar variables, you
can obtain a "scalar cookie"(1) object for that variable, and then use
the cookie for getting the variable's value or for changing the
-variable's value. This is the `awk_scalar_t' type and `scalar_cookie'
-macro. Given a scalar cookie, `gawk' can directly retrieve or modify
-the value, as required, without having to find it first.
+variable's value. The `awk_scalar_t' type holds a scalar cookie, and
+the `scalar_cookie' macro provides access to the value of that type in
+the `awk_value_t' struct. Given a scalar cookie, `gawk' can directly
+retrieve or modify the value, as required, without having to find it
+first.
The `awk_value_cookie_t' type and `value_cookie' macro are similar.
If you know that you wish to use the same numeric or string _value_ for
one or more variables, you can create the value once, retaining a
"value cookie" for it, and then pass in that value cookie whenever you
-wish to set the value of a variable. This saves both storage space
-within the running `gawk' process as well as the time needed to create
-the value.
+wish to set the value of a variable. This saves storage space within
+the running `gawk' process and reduces the time needed to create the
+value.
---------- Footnotes ----------
@@ -23262,7 +23268,7 @@ prototypes, in the way that extension code would use them:
`void gawk_free(void *ptr);'
Call the correct version of `free()' to release storage that was
- allocated with `gawk_malloc()', `gawk_calloc()' or
+ allocated with `gawk_malloc()', `gawk_calloc()', or
`gawk_realloc()'.
The API has to provide these functions because it is possible for an
@@ -23274,7 +23280,7 @@ version of `malloc()', unexpected behavior would likely result.
Two convenience macros may be used for allocating storage from
`gawk_malloc()' and `gawk_realloc()'. If the allocation fails, they
cause `gawk' to exit with a fatal error message. They should be used
-as if they were procedure calls that do not return a value.
+as if they were procedure calls that do not return a value:
`#define emalloc(pointer, type, size, message) ...'
The arguments to this macro are as follows:
@@ -23304,13 +23310,13 @@ as if they were procedure calls that do not return a value.
make_malloced_string(message, strlen(message), & result);
`#define erealloc(pointer, type, size, message) ...'
- This is like `emalloc()', but it calls `gawk_realloc()', instead
- of `gawk_malloc()'. The arguments are the same as for the
+ This is like `emalloc()', but it calls `gawk_realloc()' instead of
+ `gawk_malloc()'. The arguments are the same as for the
`emalloc()' macro.
---------- Footnotes ----------
- (1) This is more common on MS-Windows systems, but can happen on
+ (1) This is more common on MS-Windows systems, but it can happen on
Unix-like systems as well.

@@ -23336,7 +23342,7 @@ extension code would use them:
This function creates a string value in the `awk_value_t' variable
pointed to by `result'. It expects `string' to be a `char *' value
pointing to data previously obtained from `gawk_malloc()',
- `gawk_calloc()' or `gawk_realloc()'. The idea here is that the
+ `gawk_calloc()', or `gawk_realloc()'. The idea here is that the
data is passed directly to `gawk', which assumes responsibility
for it. It returns `result'.
@@ -23386,7 +23392,7 @@ Extension functions are described by the following record:
The fields are:
`const char *name;'
- The name of the new function. `awk' level code calls the function
+ The name of the new function. `awk'-level code calls the function
by this name. This is a regular C string.
Function names must obey the rules for `awk' identifiers. That is,
@@ -23398,7 +23404,7 @@ Extension functions are described by the following record:
This is a pointer to the C function that provides the extension's
functionality. The function must fill in `*result' with either a
number or a string. `gawk' takes ownership of any string memory.
- As mentioned earlier, string memory *must* come from one of
+ As mentioned earlier, string memory _must_ come from one of
`gawk_malloc()', `gawk_calloc()', or `gawk_realloc()'.
The `num_actual_args' argument tells the C function how many
@@ -23445,10 +23451,10 @@ function with `gawk' using the following function:
`gawk' intends to pass to the `exit()' system call.
`arg0'
- A pointer to private data which `gawk' saves in order to pass
+ A pointer to private data that `gawk' saves in order to pass
to the function pointed to by `funcp'.
- Exit callback functions are called in last-in-first-out (LIFO)
+ Exit callback functions are called in last-in, first-out (LIFO)
order--that is, in the reverse order in which they are registered with
`gawk'.
@@ -23458,8 +23464,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Version String, Next: Input Parsers, Prev: E
16.4.5.3 Registering An Extension Version String
................................................
-You can register a version string which indicates the name and version
-of your extension, with `gawk', as follows:
+You can register a version string that indicates the name and version
+of your extension with `gawk', as follows:
`void register_ext_version(const char *version);'
Register the string pointed to by `version' with `gawk'. Note
@@ -23482,7 +23488,7 @@ Files::). Additionally, it sets the value of `RT' (*note Built-in
Variables::).
If you want, you can provide your own custom input parser. An input
-parser's job is to return a record to the `gawk' record processing
+parser's job is to return a record to the `gawk' record-processing
code, along with indicators for the value and length of the data to be
used for `RT', if any.
@@ -23499,10 +23505,10 @@ used for `RT', if any.
`awk_bool_t XXX_take_control_of(awk_input_buf_t *iobuf);'
When `gawk' decides to hand control of the file over to the input
parser, it calls this function. This function in turn must fill
- in certain fields in the `awk_input_buf_t' structure, and ensure
+ in certain fields in the `awk_input_buf_t' structure and ensure
that certain conditions are true. It should then return true. If
- an error of some kind occurs, it should not fill in any fields,
- and should return false; then `gawk' will not use the input parser.
+ an error of some kind occurs, it should not fill in any fields and
+ should return false; then `gawk' will not use the input parser.
The details are presented shortly.
Your extension should package these functions inside an
@@ -23579,10 +23585,10 @@ the `struct stat', or any combination of these factors.
Once `XXX_can_take_file()' has returned true, and `gawk' has decided
to use your input parser, it calls `XXX_take_control_of()'. That
-function then fills one of either the `get_record' field or the
-`read_func' field in the `awk_input_buf_t'. It must also ensure that
-`fd' is _not_ set to `INVALID_HANDLE'. The following list describes
-the fields that may be filled by `XXX_take_control_of()':
+function then fills either the `get_record' field or the `read_func'
+field in the `awk_input_buf_t'. It must also ensure that `fd' is _not_
+set to `INVALID_HANDLE'. The following list describes the fields that
+may be filled by `XXX_take_control_of()':
`void *opaque;'
This is used to hold any state information needed by the input
@@ -23599,22 +23605,22 @@ the fields that may be filled by `XXX_take_control_of()':
Its behavior is described in the text following this list.
`ssize_t (*read_func)();'
- This function pointer should point to function that has the same
+ This function pointer should point to a function that has the same
behavior as the standard POSIX `read()' system call. It is an
alternative to the `get_record' pointer. Its behavior is also
described in the text following this list.
`void (*close_func)(struct awk_input *iobuf);'
This function pointer should point to a function that does the
- "tear down." It should release any resources allocated by
+ "teardown." It should release any resources allocated by
`XXX_take_control_of()'. It may also close the file. If it does
so, it should set the `fd' field to `INVALID_HANDLE'.
If `fd' is still not `INVALID_HANDLE' after the call to this
function, `gawk' calls the regular `close()' system call.
- Having a "tear down" function is optional. If your input parser
- does not need it, do not set this field. Then, `gawk' calls the
+ Having a "teardown" function is optional. If your input parser does
+ not need it, do not set this field. Then, `gawk' calls the
regular `close()' system call on the file descriptor, so it should
be valid.
@@ -23622,7 +23628,7 @@ the fields that may be filled by `XXX_take_control_of()':
records. The parameters are as follows:
`char **out'
- This is a pointer to a `char *' variable which is set to point to
+ This is a pointer to a `char *' variable that is set to point to
the record. `gawk' makes its own copy of the data, so the
extension must manage this storage.
@@ -23671,16 +23677,16 @@ explicitly.
NOTE: You must choose one method or the other: either a function
that returns a record, or one that returns raw data. In
particular, if you supply a function to get a record, `gawk' will
- call it, and never call the raw read function.
+ call it, and will never call the raw read function.
`gawk' ships with a sample extension that reads directories,
-returning records for each entry in the directory (*note Extension
-Sample Readdir::). You may wish to use that code as a guide for writing
-your own input parser.
+returning records for each entry in a directory (*note Extension Sample
+Readdir::). You may wish to use that code as a guide for writing your
+own input parser.
When writing an input parser, you should think about (and document)
how it is expected to interact with `awk' code. You may want it to
-always be called, and take effect as appropriate (as the `readdir'
+always be called, and to take effect as appropriate (as the `readdir'
extension does). Or you may want it to take effect based upon the
value of an `awk' variable, as the XML extension from the `gawkextlib'
project does (*note gawkextlib::). In the latter case, code in a
@@ -23780,17 +23786,17 @@ in the `awk_output_buf_t'. The data members are as follows:
These pointers should be set to point to functions that perform
the equivalent function as the `<stdio.h>' functions do, if
appropriate. `gawk' uses these function pointers for all output.
- `gawk' initializes the pointers to point to internal, "pass
- through" functions that just call the regular `<stdio.h>'
- functions, so an extension only needs to redefine those functions
- that are appropriate for what it does.
+ `gawk' initializes the pointers to point to internal "pass-through"
+ functions that just call the regular `<stdio.h>' functions, so an
+ extension only needs to redefine those functions that are
+ appropriate for what it does.
The `XXX_can_take_file()' function should make a decision based upon
the `name' and `mode' fields, and any additional state (such as `awk'
variable values) that is appropriate.
When `gawk' calls `XXX_take_control_of()', that function should fill
-in the other fields, as appropriate, except for `fp', which it should
+in the other fields as appropriate, except for `fp', which it should
just use normally.
You register your output wrapper with the following function:
@@ -23827,16 +23833,17 @@ structures as described earlier.
The name of the two-way processor.
`awk_bool_t (*can_take_two_way)(const char *name);'
- This function returns true if it wants to take over two-way I/O
- for this file name. It should not change any state (variable
- values, etc.) within `gawk'.
+ The function pointed to by this field should return true if it
+ wants to take over two-way I/O for this file name. It should not
+ change any state (variable values, etc.) within `gawk'.
`awk_bool_t (*take_control_of)(const char *name,'
` awk_input_buf_t *inbuf,'
` awk_output_buf_t *outbuf);'
- This function should fill in the `awk_input_buf_t' and
- `awk_outut_buf_t' structures pointed to by `inbuf' and `outbuf',
- respectively. These structures were described earlier.
+ The function pointed to by this field should fill in the
+ `awk_input_buf_t' and `awk_outut_buf_t' structures pointed to by
+ `inbuf' and `outbuf', respectively. These structures were
+ described earlier.
`awk_const struct two_way_processor *awk_const next;'
This is for use by `gawk'; therefore it is marked `awk_const' so
@@ -23860,7 +23867,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Printing Messages, Next: Updating `ERRNO', Prev: Regis
You can print different kinds of warning messages from your extension,
as described here. Note that for these functions, you must pass in the
-extension id received from `gawk' when the extension was loaded:(1)
+extension ID received from `gawk' when the extension was loaded:(1)
`void fatal(awk_ext_id_t id, const char *format, ...);'
Print a message and then cause `gawk' to exit immediately.
@@ -23916,7 +23923,7 @@ value you expect. If the actual value matches what you requested, the
function returns true and fills in the `awk_value_t' result.
Otherwise, the function returns false, and the `val_type' member
indicates the type of the actual value. You may then print an error
-message, or reissue the request for the actual value type, as
+message or reissue the request for the actual value type, as
appropriate. This behavior is summarized in *note
table-value-types-returned::.
@@ -23925,15 +23932,15 @@ table-value-types-returned::.
String Number Array Undefined
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- String String String false false
- Number Number if can Number false false
+ String String String False False
+ Number Number if can Number False False
be converted,
else false
-Type Array false false Array false
-Requested Scalar Scalar Scalar false false
+Type Array False False Array False
+Requested Scalar Scalar Scalar False False
Undefined String Number Array Undefined
- Value false false false false
- Cookie
+ Value False False False False
+ cookie
Table 16.1: API value types returned
@@ -23950,16 +23957,16 @@ your extension function. They are:
` awk_valtype_t wanted,'
` awk_value_t *result);'
Fill in the `awk_value_t' structure pointed to by `result' with
- the `count''th argument. Return true if the actual type matches
- `wanted', false otherwise. In the latter case, `result->val_type'
- indicates the actual type (*note Table 16.1:
- table-value-types-returned.). Counts are zero based--the first
+ the `count'th argument. Return true if the actual type matches
+ `wanted', and false otherwise. In the latter case,
+ `result->val_type' indicates the actual type (*note Table 16.1:
+ table-value-types-returned.). Counts are zero-based--the first
argument is numbered zero, the second one, and so on. `wanted'
indicates the type of value expected.
`awk_bool_t set_argument(size_t count, awk_array_t array);'
Convert a parameter that was undefined into an array; this provides
- call-by-reference for arrays. Return false if `count' is too big,
+ call by reference for arrays. Return false if `count' is too big,
or if the argument's type is not undefined. *Note Array
Manipulation::, for more information on creating arrays.
@@ -23987,8 +23994,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Symbol table by name, Next: Symbol table by cookie, Up
The following routines provide the ability to access and update global
`awk'-level variables by name. In compiler terminology, identifiers of
different kinds are termed "symbols", thus the "sym" in the routines'
-names. The data structure which stores information about symbols is
-termed a "symbol table".
+names. The data structure that stores information about symbols is
+termed a "symbol table". The functions are as follows:
`awk_bool_t sym_lookup(const char *name,'
` awk_valtype_t wanted,'
@@ -23996,14 +24003,14 @@ termed a "symbol table".
Fill in the `awk_value_t' structure pointed to by `result' with
the value of the variable named by the string `name', which is a
regular C string. `wanted' indicates the type of value expected.
- Return true if the actual type matches `wanted', false otherwise.
- In the latter case, `result->val_type' indicates the actual type
- (*note Table 16.1: table-value-types-returned.).
+ Return true if the actual type matches `wanted', and false
+ otherwise. In the latter case, `result->val_type' indicates the
+ actual type (*note Table 16.1: table-value-types-returned.).
`awk_bool_t sym_update(const char *name, awk_value_t *value);'
Update the variable named by the string `name', which is a regular
C string. The variable is added to `gawk''s symbol table if it is
- not there. Return true if everything worked, false otherwise.
+ not there. Return true if everything worked, and false otherwise.
Changing types (scalar to array or vice versa) of an existing
variable is _not_ allowed, nor may this routine be used to update
@@ -24028,7 +24035,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Symbol table by cookie, Next: Cached values, Prev: Sym
A "scalar cookie" is an opaque handle that provides access to a global
variable or array. It is an optimization that avoids looking up
variables in `gawk''s symbol table every time access is needed. This
-was discussed earlier in *note General Data Types::.
+was discussed earlier, in *note General Data Types::.
The following functions let you work with scalar cookies:
@@ -24139,7 +24146,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Cached values, Prev: Symbol table by cookie, Up: Symbo
..........................................
The routines in this section allow you to create and release cached
-values. As with scalar cookies, in theory, cached values are not
+values. Like scalar cookies, in theory, cached values are not
necessary. You can create numbers and strings using the functions in
*note Constructor Functions::. You can then assign those values to
variables using `sym_update()' or `sym_update_scalar()', as you like.
@@ -24210,7 +24217,7 @@ Using value cookies in this way saves considerable storage, as all of
`VAR1' through `VAR100' share the same value.
You might be wondering, "Is this sharing problematic? What happens
-if `awk' code assigns a new value to `VAR1', are all the others changed
+if `awk' code assigns a new value to `VAR1'; are all the others changed
too?"
That's a great question. The answer is that no, it's not a problem.
@@ -24329,7 +24336,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Array Functions, Next: Flattening Arrays, Prev: Array
16.4.11.2 Array Functions
.........................
-The following functions relate to individual array elements.
+The following functions relate to individual array elements:
`awk_bool_t get_element_count(awk_array_t a_cookie, size_t *count);'
For the array represented by `a_cookie', place in `*count' the
@@ -24347,13 +24354,14 @@ The following functions relate to individual array elements.
(*note Table 16.1: table-value-types-returned.).
The value for `index' can be numeric, in which case `gawk'
- converts it to a string. Using non-integral values is possible, but
+ converts it to a string. Using nonintegral values is possible, but
requires that you understand how such values are converted to
- strings (*note Conversion::); thus using integral values is safest.
+ strings (*note Conversion::); thus, using integral values is
+ safest.
As with _all_ strings passed into `gawk' from an extension, the
string value of `index' must come from `gawk_malloc()',
- `gawk_calloc()' or `gawk_realloc()', and `gawk' releases the
+ `gawk_calloc()', or `gawk_realloc()', and `gawk' releases the
storage.
`awk_bool_t set_array_element(awk_array_t a_cookie,'
@@ -24397,9 +24405,9 @@ The following functions relate to individual array elements.
`awk_bool_t release_flattened_array(awk_array_t a_cookie,'
` awk_flat_array_t *data);'
When done with a flattened array, release the storage using this
- function. You must pass in both the original array cookie, and
- the address of the created `awk_flat_array_t' structure. The
- function returns true upon success, false otherwise.
+ function. You must pass in both the original array cookie and the
+ address of the created `awk_flat_array_t' structure. The function
+ returns true upon success, false otherwise.

File: gawk.info, Node: Flattening Arrays, Next: Creating Arrays, Prev: Array Functions, Up: Array Manipulation
@@ -24409,8 +24417,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Flattening Arrays, Next: Creating Arrays, Prev: Array
To "flatten" an array is to create a structure that represents the full
array in a fashion that makes it easy for C code to traverse the entire
-array. Test code in `extension/testext.c' does this, and also serves
-as a nice example showing how to use the APIs.
+array. Some of the code in `extension/testext.c' does this, and also
+serves as a nice example showing how to use the APIs.
We walk through that part of the code one step at a time. First,
the `gawk' script that drives the test extension:
@@ -24459,9 +24467,8 @@ number of arguments:
}
The function then proceeds in steps, as follows. First, retrieve the
-name of the array, passed as the first argument. Then retrieve the
-array itself. If either operation fails, print error messages and
-return:
+name of the array, passed as the first argument, followed by the array
+itself. If either operation fails, print an error message and return:
/* get argument named array as flat array and print it */
if (get_argument(0, AWK_STRING, & value)) {
@@ -24491,9 +24498,9 @@ count of elements in the array and print it:
printf("dump_array_and_delete: incoming size is %lu\n",
(unsigned long) count);
- The third step is to actually flatten the array, and then to double
-check that the count in the `awk_flat_array_t' is the same as the count
-just retrieved:
+ The third step is to actually flatten the array, and then to
+double-check that the count in the `awk_flat_array_t' is the same as
+the count just retrieved:
if (! flatten_array(value2.array_cookie, & flat_array)) {
printf("dump_array_and_delete: could not flatten array\n");
@@ -24510,7 +24517,7 @@ just retrieved:
The fourth step is to retrieve the index of the element to be
deleted, which was passed as the second argument. Remember that
-argument counts passed to `get_argument()' are zero-based, thus the
+argument counts passed to `get_argument()' are zero-based, and thus the
second argument is numbered one:
if (! get_argument(1, AWK_STRING, & value3)) {
@@ -24523,7 +24530,7 @@ over every element in the array, printing the index and element values.
In addition, upon finding the element with the index that is supposed
to be deleted, the function sets the `AWK_ELEMENT_DELETE' bit in the
`flags' field of the element. When the array is released, `gawk'
-traverses the flattened array, and deletes any elements which have this
+traverses the flattened array, and deletes any elements that have this
flag bit set:
for (i = 0; i < flat_array->count; i++) {
@@ -24741,10 +24748,10 @@ The API provides both a "major" and a "minor" version number. The API
versions are available at compile time as constants:
`GAWK_API_MAJOR_VERSION'
- The major version of the API.
+ The major version of the API
`GAWK_API_MINOR_VERSION'
- The minor version of the API.
+ The minor version of the API
The minor version increases when new functions are added to the API.
Such new functions are always added to the end of the API `struct'.
@@ -24759,13 +24766,13 @@ For this reason, the major and minor API versions of the running `gawk'
are included in the API `struct' as read-only constant integers:
`api->major_version'
- The major version of the running `gawk'.
+ The major version of the running `gawk'
`api->minor_version'
- The minor version of the running `gawk'.
+ The minor version of the running `gawk'
It is up to the extension to decide if there are API
-incompatibilities. Typically a check like this is enough:
+incompatibilities. Typically, a check like this is enough:
if (api->major_version != GAWK_API_MAJOR_VERSION
|| api->minor_version < GAWK_API_MINOR_VERSION) {
@@ -24777,7 +24784,7 @@ incompatibilities. Typically a check like this is enough:
}
Such code is included in the boilerplate `dl_load_func()' macro
-provided in `gawkapi.h' (discussed later, in *note Extension API
+provided in `gawkapi.h' (discussed in *note Extension API
Boilerplate::).

@@ -24828,7 +24835,7 @@ functions) toward the top of your source file, using predefined names
as described here. The boilerplate needed is also provided in comments
in the `gawkapi.h' header file:
- /* Boiler plate code: */
+ /* Boilerplate code: */
int plugin_is_GPL_compatible;
static gawk_api_t *const api;
@@ -24878,7 +24885,7 @@ in the `gawkapi.h' header file:
to point to a string giving the name and version of your extension.
`static awk_ext_func_t func_table[] = { ... };'
- This is an array of one or more `awk_ext_func_t' structures as
+ This is an array of one or more `awk_ext_func_t' structures, as
described earlier (*note Extension Functions::). It can then be
looped over for multiple calls to `add_ext_func()'.
@@ -24991,7 +24998,7 @@ appropriate information:
`stat()' fails. It fills in the following elements:
`"name"'
- The name of the file that was `stat()''ed.
+ The name of the file that was `stat()'ed.
`"dev"'
`"ino"'
@@ -25039,7 +25046,7 @@ appropriate information:
The file is a directory.
`"fifo"'
- The file is a named-pipe (also known as a FIFO).
+ The file is a named pipe (also known as a FIFO).
`"file"'
The file is just a regular file.
@@ -25059,7 +25066,7 @@ appropriate information:
systems, "a priori" knowledge is used to provide a value. Where no
value can be determined, it defaults to 512.
- Several additional elements may be present depending upon the
+ Several additional elements may be present, depending upon the
operating system and the type of the file. You can test for them in
your `awk' program by using the `in' operator (*note Reference to
Elements::):
@@ -25088,9 +25095,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Internal File Ops, Next: Using Internal File Ops, Prev
Here is the C code for these extensions.(1)
The file includes a number of standard header files, and then
-includes the `gawkapi.h' header file which provides the API definitions.
-Those are followed by the necessary variable declarations to make use
-of the API macros and boilerplate code (*note Extension API
+includes the `gawkapi.h' header file, which provides the API
+definitions. Those are followed by the necessary variable declarations
+to make use of the API macros and boilerplate code (*note Extension API
Boilerplate::):
#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
@@ -25126,9 +25133,9 @@ Boilerplate::):
By convention, for an `awk' function `foo()', the C function that
implements it is called `do_foo()'. The function should have two
-arguments: the first is an `int' usually called `nargs', that
+arguments. The first is an `int', usually called `nargs', that
represents the number of actual arguments for the function. The second
-is a pointer to an `awk_value_t', usually named `result':
+is a pointer to an `awk_value_t' structure, usually named `result':
/* do_chdir --- provide dynamically loaded chdir() function for gawk */
@@ -25164,8 +25171,8 @@ is numbered zero.
}
The `stat()' extension is more involved. First comes a function
-that turns a numeric mode into a printable representation (e.g., 644
-becomes `-rw-r--r--'). This is omitted here for brevity:
+that turns a numeric mode into a printable representation (e.g., octal
+`0644' becomes `-rw-r--r--'). This is omitted here for brevity:
/* format_mode --- turn a stat mode field into something readable */
@@ -25215,8 +25222,8 @@ contain the result of the `stat()':
The following function does most of the work to fill in the
`awk_array_t' result array with values obtained from a valid `struct
-stat'. It is done in a separate function to support the `stat()'
-function for `gawk' and also to support the `fts()' extension which is
+stat'. This work is done in a separate function to support the `stat()'
+function for `gawk' and also to support the `fts()' extension, which is
included in the same file but whose code is not shown here (*note
Extension Sample File Functions::).
@@ -25328,8 +25335,8 @@ argument is optional. If present, it causes `do_stat()' to use the
`stat()' system call instead of the `lstat()' system call. This is
done by using a function pointer: `statfunc'. `statfunc' is
initialized to point to `lstat()' (instead of `stat()') to get the file
-information, in case the file is a symbolic link. However, if there
-were three arguments, `statfunc' is set point to `stat()', instead.
+information, in case the file is a symbolic link. However, if the third
+argument is included, `statfunc' is set to point to `stat()', instead.
Here is the `do_stat()' function, which starts with variable
declarations and argument checking:
@@ -25378,7 +25385,7 @@ returns:
/* always empty out the array */
clear_array(array);
- /* stat the file, if error, set ERRNO and return */
+ /* stat the file; if error, set ERRNO and return */
ret = statfunc(name, & sbuf);
if (ret < 0) {
update_ERRNO_int(errno);
@@ -25397,7 +25404,8 @@ When done, the function returns the result from `fill_stat_array()':
function(s) into `gawk'.
The `filefuncs' extension also provides an `fts()' function, which
-we omit here. For its sake there is an initialization function:
+we omit here (*note Extension Sample File Functions::). For its sake,
+there is an initialization function:
/* init_filefuncs --- initialization routine */
@@ -25521,9 +25529,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Samples, Next: gawkextlib, Prev: Extension E
16.7 The Sample Extensions in the `gawk' Distribution
=====================================================
-This minor node provides brief overviews of the sample extensions that
+This minor node provides a brief overview of the sample extensions that
come in the `gawk' distribution. Some of them are intended for
-production use (e.g., the `filefuncs', `readdir' and `inplace'
+production use (e.g., the `filefuncs', `readdir', and `inplace'
extensions). Others mainly provide example code that shows how to use
the extension API.
@@ -25560,13 +25568,13 @@ follows. The usage is:
`result = chdir("/some/directory")'
The `chdir()' function is a direct hook to the `chdir()' system
call to change the current directory. It returns zero upon
- success or less than zero upon error. In the latter case, it
- updates `ERRNO'.
+ success or a value less than zero upon error. In the latter case,
+ it updates `ERRNO'.
`result = stat("/some/path", statdata' [`, follow']`)'
The `stat()' function provides a hook into the `stat()' system
- call. It returns zero upon success or less than zero upon error.
- In the latter case, it updates `ERRNO'.
+ call. It returns zero upon success or a value less than zero upon
+ error. In the latter case, it updates `ERRNO'.
By default, it uses the `lstat()' system call. However, if passed
a third argument, it uses `stat()' instead.
@@ -25593,23 +25601,23 @@ follows. The usage is:
`"minor"' `st_minor' Device files
`"blksize"'`st_blksize' All
`"pmode"' A human-readable version of the All
- mode value, such as printed by
- `ls'. For example,
- `"-rwxr-xr-x"'
+ mode value, like that printed by
+ `ls' (for example,
+ `"-rwxr-xr-x"')
`"linkval"'The value of the symbolic link Symbolic
links
- `"type"' The type of the file as a string. All
- One of `"file"', `"blockdev"',
- `"chardev"', `"directory"',
- `"socket"', `"fifo"', `"symlink"',
- `"door"', or `"unknown"'. Not
- all systems support all file
- types.
+ `"type"' The type of the file as a All
+ string--one of `"file"',
+ `"blockdev"', `"chardev"',
+ `"directory"', `"socket"',
+ `"fifo"', `"symlink"', `"door"',
+ or `"unknown"' (not all systems
+ support all file types)
`flags = or(FTS_PHYSICAL, ...)'
`result = fts(pathlist, flags, filedata)'
Walk the file trees provided in `pathlist' and fill in the
- `filedata' array as described next. `flags' is the bitwise OR of
+ `filedata' array, as described next. `flags' is the bitwise OR of
several predefined values, also described in a moment. Return
zero if there were no errors, otherwise return -1.
@@ -25662,10 +25670,11 @@ requested hierarchies.
filesystem.
`filedata'
- The `filedata' array is first cleared. Then, `fts()' creates an
- element in `filedata' for every element in `pathlist'. The index
- is the name of the directory or file given in `pathlist'. The
- element for this index is itself an array. There are two cases:
+ The `filedata' array holds the results. `fts()' first clears it.
+ Then it creates an element in `filedata' for every element in
+ `pathlist'. The index is the name of the directory or file given
+ in `pathlist'. The element for this index is itself an array.
+ There are two cases:
_The path is a file_
In this case, the array contains two or three elements:
@@ -25701,7 +25710,7 @@ requested hierarchies.
elements as for a file: `"path"', `"stat"', and `"error"'.
The `fts()' function returns zero if there were no errors.
-Otherwise it returns -1.
+Otherwise, it returns -1.
NOTE: The `fts()' extension does not exactly mimic the interface
of the C library `fts()' routines, choosing instead to provide an
@@ -25740,14 +25749,14 @@ adds one constant (`FNM_NOMATCH'), and an array of flag values named
The arguments to `fnmatch()' are:
`pattern'
- The file name wildcard to match.
+ The file name wildcard to match
`string'
- The file name string.
+ The file name string
`flag'
Either zero, or the bitwise OR of one or more of the flags in the
- `FNM' array.
+ `FNM' array
The flags are as follows:
@@ -25781,13 +25790,13 @@ The `fork' extension adds three functions, as follows:
`pid = fork()'
This function creates a new process. The return value is zero in
- the child and the process-ID number of the child in the parent, or
+ the child and the process ID number of the child in the parent, or
-1 upon error. In the latter case, `ERRNO' indicates the problem.
In the child, `PROCINFO["pid"]' and `PROCINFO["ppid"]' are updated
to reflect the correct values.
`ret = waitpid(pid)'
- This function takes a numeric argument, which is the process-ID to
+ This function takes a numeric argument, which is the process ID to
wait for. The return value is that of the `waitpid()' system call.
`ret = wait()'
@@ -25811,8 +25820,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Sample Inplace, Next: Extension Sample Ord,
16.7.4 Enabling In-Place File Editing
-------------------------------------
-The `inplace' extension emulates GNU `sed''s `-i' option which performs
-"in place" editing of each input file. It uses the bundled
+The `inplace' extension emulates GNU `sed''s `-i' option, which
+performs "in-place" editing of each input file. It uses the bundled
`inplace.awk' include file to invoke the extension properly:
# inplace --- load and invoke the inplace extension.
@@ -25895,11 +25904,11 @@ returned as a record.
The record consists of three fields. The first two are the inode
number and the file name, separated by a forward slash character. On
systems where the directory entry contains the file type, the record
-has a third field (also separated by a slash) which is a single letter
+has a third field (also separated by a slash), which is a single letter
indicating the type of the file. The letters and their corresponding
file types are shown in *note table-readdir-file-types::.
-Letter File Type
+Letter File type
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
`b' Block device
`c' Character device
@@ -25946,7 +25955,7 @@ unwary. Here is an example:
print "don't panic" > "/dev/stdout"
}
- The output from this program is: `cinap t'nod'.
+ The output from this program is `cinap t'nod'.

File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Sample Rev2way, Next: Extension Sample Read write array, Prev: Extension Sample Revout, Up: Extension Samples
@@ -25994,7 +26003,7 @@ The `rwarray' extension adds two functions, named `writea()' and
`reada()' is the inverse of `writea()'; it reads the file named as
its first argument, filling in the array named as the second
argument. It clears the array first. Here too, the return value
- is one on success and zero upon failure.
+ is one on success, or zero upon failure.
The array created by `reada()' is identical to that written by
`writea()' in the sense that the contents are the same. However, due to
@@ -26078,7 +26087,7 @@ The `time' extension adds two functions, named `gettimeofday()' and
Attempt to sleep for SECONDS seconds. If SECONDS is negative, or
the attempt to sleep fails, return -1 and set `ERRNO'. Otherwise,
return zero after sleeping for the indicated amount of time. Note
- that SECONDS may be a floating-point (non-integral) value.
+ that SECONDS may be a floating-point (nonintegral) value.
Implementation details: depending on platform availability, this
function tries to use `nanosleep()' or `select()' to implement the
delay.
@@ -26106,7 +26115,9 @@ provides a number of `gawk' extensions, including one for processing
XML files. This is the evolution of the original `xgawk' (XML `gawk')
project.
- As of this writing, there are six extensions:
+ As of this writing, there are seven extensions:
+
+ * `errno' extension
* GD graphics library extension
@@ -26115,7 +26126,7 @@ project.
* PostgreSQL extension
* MPFR library extension (this provides access to a number of MPFR
- functions which `gawk''s native MPFR support does not)
+ functions that `gawk''s native MPFR support does not)
* Redis extension
@@ -26156,7 +26167,7 @@ follows. First, build and install `gawk':
If you have installed `gawk' in the standard way, then you will
likely not need the `--with-gawk' option when configuring `gawkextlib'.
-You may also need to use the `sudo' utility to install both `gawk' and
+You may need to use the `sudo' utility to install both `gawk' and
`gawkextlib', depending upon how your system works.
If you write an extension that you wish to share with other `gawk'
@@ -26178,7 +26189,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension summary, Next: Extension Exercises, Prev: ga
a variable named `plugin_is_GPL_compatible'.
* Communication between `gawk' and an extension is two-way. `gawk'
- passes a `struct' to the extension which contains various data
+ passes a `struct' to the extension that contains various data
fields and function pointers. The extension can then call into
`gawk' via the supplied function pointers to accomplish certain
tasks.
@@ -26189,7 +26200,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension summary, Next: Extension Exercises, Prev: ga
convention, implementation functions are named `do_XXXX()' for
some `awk'-level function `XXXX()'.
- * The API is defined in a header file named `gawkpi.h'. You must
+ * The API is defined in a header file named `gawkapi.h'. You must
include a number of standard header files _before_ including it in
your source file.
@@ -26219,16 +26230,16 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension summary, Next: Extension Exercises, Prev: ga
* Manipulating arrays (retrieving, adding, deleting, and
modifying elements; getting the count of elements in an array;
creating a new array; clearing an array; and flattening an
- array for easy C style looping over all its indices and
+ array for easy C-style looping over all its indices and
elements)
* The API defines a number of standard data types for representing
`awk' values, array elements, and arrays.
- * The API provide convenience functions for constructing values. It
- also provides memory management functions to ensure compatibility
- between memory allocated by `gawk' and memory allocated by an
- extension.
+ * The API provides convenience functions for constructing values.
+ It also provides memory management functions to ensure
+ compatibility between memory allocated by `gawk' and memory
+ allocated by an extension.
* _All_ memory passed from `gawk' to an extension must be treated as
read-only by the extension.
@@ -26246,8 +26257,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension summary, Next: Extension Exercises, Prev: ga
header file make this easier to do.
* The `gawk' distribution includes a number of small but useful
- sample extensions. The `gawkextlib' project includes several more,
- larger, extensions. If you wish to write an extension and
+ sample extensions. The `gawkextlib' project includes several more
+ (larger) extensions. If you wish to write an extension and
contribute it to the community of `gawk' users, the `gawkextlib'
project is the place to do so.
@@ -32192,7 +32203,7 @@ Index
* BEGIN pattern, and profiling: Profiling. (line 62)
* BEGIN pattern, assert() user-defined function and: Assert Function.
(line 83)
-* BEGIN pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 69)
+* BEGIN pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 70)
* BEGIN pattern, exit statement and: Exit Statement. (line 12)
* BEGIN pattern, getline and: Getline Notes. (line 19)
* BEGIN pattern, headings, adding: Print Examples. (line 43)
@@ -32209,7 +32220,7 @@ Index
* BEGIN pattern, TEXTDOMAIN variable and: Programmer i18n. (line 60)
* BEGINFILE pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 6)
* BEGINFILE pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns.
- (line 69)
+ (line 70)
* beginfile() user-defined function: Filetrans Function. (line 62)
* Bentley, Jon: Glossary. (line 207)
* Benzinger, Michael: Contributors. (line 97)
@@ -32235,7 +32246,7 @@ Index
* body, in actions: Statements. (line 10)
* body, in loops: While Statement. (line 14)
* Boolean expressions: Boolean Ops. (line 6)
-* Boolean expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 38)
+* Boolean expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 39)
* Boolean operators, See Boolean expressions: Boolean Ops. (line 6)
* Bourne shell, quoting rules for: Quoting. (line 18)
* braces ({}): Profiling. (line 142)
@@ -32820,7 +32831,7 @@ Index
* END pattern, and profiling: Profiling. (line 62)
* END pattern, assert() user-defined function and: Assert Function.
(line 75)
-* END pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 69)
+* END pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 70)
* END pattern, exit statement and: Exit Statement. (line 12)
* END pattern, next/nextfile statements and <1>: Next Statement.
(line 44)
@@ -32829,7 +32840,7 @@ Index
* END pattern, operators and: Using BEGIN/END. (line 17)
* END pattern, print statement and: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 16)
* ENDFILE pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 6)
-* ENDFILE pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 69)
+* ENDFILE pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 70)
* endfile() user-defined function: Filetrans Function. (line 62)
* endgrent() function (C library): Group Functions. (line 212)
* endgrent() user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 215)
@@ -32888,7 +32899,7 @@ Index
(line 99)
* exp: Numeric Functions. (line 33)
* expand utility: Very Simple. (line 73)
-* Expat XML parser library: gawkextlib. (line 33)
+* Expat XML parser library: gawkextlib. (line 35)
* exponent: Numeric Functions. (line 33)
* expressions: Expressions. (line 6)
* expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 6)
@@ -33308,7 +33319,7 @@ Index
* git utility <2>: Accessing The Source.
(line 10)
* git utility <3>: Other Versions. (line 29)
-* git utility: gawkextlib. (line 27)
+* git utility: gawkextlib. (line 29)
* Git, use of for gawk source code: Derived Files. (line 6)
* GNITS mailing list: Acknowledgments. (line 52)
* GNU awk, See gawk: Preface. (line 51)
@@ -34737,544 +34748,544 @@ Ref: Manual History-Footnote-167139
Ref: Manual History-Footnote-267180
Node: How To Contribute67254
Node: Acknowledgments68383
-Node: Getting Started73200
-Node: Running gawk75639
-Node: One-shot76829
-Node: Read Terminal78093
-Node: Long80124
-Node: Executable Scripts81637
-Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-184426
-Node: Comments84529
-Node: Quoting87011
-Node: DOS Quoting92529
-Node: Sample Data Files93204
-Node: Very Simple95799
-Node: Two Rules100698
-Node: More Complex102584
-Node: Statements/Lines105446
-Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1109901
-Node: Other Features110166
-Node: When111102
-Ref: When-Footnote-1112856
-Node: Intro Summary112921
-Node: Invoking Gawk113805
-Node: Command Line115319
-Node: Options116117
-Ref: Options-Footnote-1131912
-Ref: Options-Footnote-2132141
-Node: Other Arguments132166
-Node: Naming Standard Input135114
-Node: Environment Variables136207
-Node: AWKPATH Variable136765
-Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1140172
-Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2140217
-Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable140477
-Node: Other Environment Variables141733
-Node: Exit Status145251
-Node: Include Files145927
-Node: Loading Shared Libraries149516
-Node: Obsolete150943
-Node: Undocumented151635
-Node: Invoking Summary151902
-Node: Regexp153565
-Node: Regexp Usage155019
-Node: Escape Sequences157056
-Node: Regexp Operators163285
-Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1170695
-Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2170842
-Node: Bracket Expressions170940
-Ref: table-char-classes172955
-Node: Leftmost Longest175897
-Node: Computed Regexps177199
-Node: GNU Regexp Operators180628
-Node: Case-sensitivity184300
-Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1187185
-Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2187420
-Node: Regexp Summary187528
-Node: Reading Files188995
-Node: Records191088
-Node: awk split records191821
-Node: gawk split records196750
-Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1201289
-Node: Fields201326
-Ref: Fields-Footnote-1204104
-Node: Nonconstant Fields204190
-Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1206428
-Node: Changing Fields206631
-Node: Field Separators212562
-Node: Default Field Splitting215266
-Node: Regexp Field Splitting216383
-Node: Single Character Fields219733
-Node: Command Line Field Separator220792
-Node: Full Line Fields224009
-Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1225530
-Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2225576
-Node: Field Splitting Summary225677
-Node: Constant Size227751
-Node: Splitting By Content232334
-Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1236299
-Node: Multiple Line236462
-Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1242343
-Node: Getline242522
-Node: Plain Getline244729
-Node: Getline/Variable247369
-Node: Getline/File248518
-Node: Getline/Variable/File249903
-Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1251506
-Node: Getline/Pipe251593
-Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe254271
-Node: Getline/Coprocess255402
-Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess256666
-Node: Getline Notes257405
-Node: Getline Summary260199
-Ref: table-getline-variants260611
-Node: Read Timeout261440
-Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1265277
-Node: Command-line directories265335
-Node: Input Summary266240
-Node: Input Exercises269625
-Node: Printing270353
-Node: Print272188
-Node: Print Examples273645
-Node: Output Separators276424
-Node: OFMT278442
-Node: Printf279797
-Node: Basic Printf280582
-Node: Control Letters282154
-Node: Format Modifiers286139
-Node: Printf Examples292149
-Node: Redirection294635
-Node: Special FD301473
-Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1304639
-Node: Special Files304713
-Node: Other Inherited Files305330
-Node: Special Network306330
-Node: Special Caveats307192
-Node: Close Files And Pipes308141
-Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1315326
-Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2315474
-Node: Nonfatal315624
-Node: Output Summary317547
-Node: Output Exercises318768
-Node: Expressions319448
-Node: Values320637
-Node: Constants321314
-Node: Scalar Constants322005
-Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1322867
-Node: Nondecimal-numbers323117
-Node: Regexp Constants326127
-Node: Using Constant Regexps326653
-Node: Variables329816
-Node: Using Variables330473
-Node: Assignment Options332384
-Node: Conversion334259
-Node: Strings And Numbers334783
-Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1337848
-Node: Locale influences conversions337957
-Ref: table-locale-affects340703
-Node: All Operators341295
-Node: Arithmetic Ops341924
-Node: Concatenation344429
-Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1347248
-Node: Assignment Ops347355
-Ref: table-assign-ops352334
-Node: Increment Ops353644
-Node: Truth Values and Conditions357075
-Node: Truth Values358158
-Node: Typing and Comparison359207
-Node: Variable Typing360023
-Node: Comparison Operators363690
-Ref: table-relational-ops364100
-Node: POSIX String Comparison367595
-Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1368667
-Node: Boolean Ops368806
-Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1373284
-Node: Conditional Exp373375
-Node: Function Calls375113
-Node: Precedence378993
-Node: Locales382653
-Node: Expressions Summary384285
-Node: Patterns and Actions386856
-Node: Pattern Overview387976
-Node: Regexp Patterns389655
-Node: Expression Patterns390198
-Node: Ranges393907
-Node: BEGIN/END397014
-Node: Using BEGIN/END397775
-Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1400511
-Node: I/O And BEGIN/END400617
-Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE402932
-Node: Empty405829
-Node: Using Shell Variables406146
-Node: Action Overview408419
-Node: Statements410745
-Node: If Statement412593
-Node: While Statement414088
-Node: Do Statement416116
-Node: For Statement417264
-Node: Switch Statement420422
-Node: Break Statement422804
-Node: Continue Statement424845
-Node: Next Statement426672
-Node: Nextfile Statement429053
-Node: Exit Statement431681
-Node: Built-in Variables434092
-Node: User-modified435225
-Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1442928
-Node: Auto-set442990
-Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1456699
-Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2456904
-Node: ARGC and ARGV456960
-Node: Pattern Action Summary461178
-Node: Arrays463611
-Node: Array Basics464940
-Node: Array Intro465784
-Ref: figure-array-elements467718
-Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1470338
-Node: Reference to Elements470466
-Node: Assigning Elements472928
-Node: Array Example473419
-Node: Scanning an Array475178
-Node: Controlling Scanning478198
-Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1483592
-Node: Numeric Array Subscripts483908
-Node: Uninitialized Subscripts486093
-Node: Delete487710
-Ref: Delete-Footnote-1490459
-Node: Multidimensional490516
-Node: Multiscanning493613
-Node: Arrays of Arrays495202
-Node: Arrays Summary499956
-Node: Functions502047
-Node: Built-in503086
-Node: Calling Built-in504164
-Node: Numeric Functions506159
-Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1510977
-Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2511334
-Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3511382
-Node: String Functions511654
-Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1535155
-Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2535284
-Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3535532
-Node: Gory Details535619
-Ref: table-sub-escapes537400
-Ref: table-sub-proposed538915
-Ref: table-posix-sub540277
-Ref: table-gensub-escapes541814
-Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1542647
-Node: I/O Functions542798
-Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1550034
-Node: Time Functions550181
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1560690
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2560758
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3560916
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4561027
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5561139
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6561366
-Node: Bitwise Functions561632
-Ref: table-bitwise-ops562194
-Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1566522
-Node: Type Functions566694
-Node: I18N Functions567846
-Node: User-defined569493
-Node: Definition Syntax570298
-Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1575957
-Node: Function Example576028
-Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1578949
-Node: Function Caveats578971
-Node: Calling A Function579489
-Node: Variable Scope580447
-Node: Pass By Value/Reference583440
-Node: Return Statement586937
-Node: Dynamic Typing589916
-Node: Indirect Calls590845
-Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1602151
-Node: Functions Summary602279
-Node: Library Functions604981
-Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1608589
-Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2608732
-Node: Library Names608903
-Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1612361
-Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2612584
-Node: General Functions612670
-Node: Strtonum Function613773
-Node: Assert Function616795
-Node: Round Function620119
-Node: Cliff Random Function621660
-Node: Ordinal Functions622676
-Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1625739
-Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2625991
-Node: Join Function626202
-Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1627972
-Node: Getlocaltime Function628172
-Node: Readfile Function631916
-Node: Shell Quoting633888
-Node: Data File Management635289
-Node: Filetrans Function635921
-Node: Rewind Function640017
-Node: File Checking641403
-Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1642736
-Node: Empty Files642937
-Node: Ignoring Assigns644916
-Node: Getopt Function646466
-Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1657930
-Node: Passwd Functions658130
-Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1666970
-Node: Group Functions667058
-Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1674955
-Node: Walking Arrays675160
-Node: Library Functions Summary676760
-Node: Library Exercises678164
-Node: Sample Programs679444
-Node: Running Examples680214
-Node: Clones680942
-Node: Cut Program682166
-Node: Egrep Program691886
-Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1699389
-Node: Id Program699499
-Node: Split Program703175
-Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1706629
-Node: Tee Program706757
-Node: Uniq Program709546
-Node: Wc Program716965
-Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1721215
-Node: Miscellaneous Programs721309
-Node: Dupword Program722522
-Node: Alarm Program724553
-Node: Translate Program729358
-Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1733921
-Node: Labels Program734191
-Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1737542
-Node: Word Sorting737626
-Node: History Sorting741696
-Node: Extract Program743531
-Node: Simple Sed751055
-Node: Igawk Program754125
-Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1768451
-Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2768652
-Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3768774
-Node: Anagram Program768889
-Node: Signature Program771950
-Node: Programs Summary773197
-Node: Programs Exercises774418
-Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1778549
-Node: Advanced Features778640
-Node: Nondecimal Data780622
-Node: Array Sorting782212
-Node: Controlling Array Traversal782912
-Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1791278
-Node: Array Sorting Functions791396
-Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1795282
-Node: Two-way I/O795478
-Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1800423
-Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2800609
-Node: TCP/IP Networking800691
-Node: Profiling803563
-Node: Advanced Features Summary811834
-Node: Internationalization813767
-Node: I18N and L10N815247
-Node: Explaining gettext815933
-Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1820958
-Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2821142
-Node: Programmer i18n821307
-Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1826183
-Node: Translator i18n826232
-Node: String Extraction827026
-Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1828157
-Node: Printf Ordering828243
-Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1831029
-Node: I18N Portability831093
-Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1833549
-Node: I18N Example833612
-Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1836415
-Node: Gawk I18N836487
-Node: I18N Summary837131
-Node: Debugger838471
-Node: Debugging839493
-Node: Debugging Concepts839934
-Node: Debugging Terms841744
-Node: Awk Debugging844316
-Node: Sample Debugging Session845222
-Node: Debugger Invocation845756
-Node: Finding The Bug847141
-Node: List of Debugger Commands853620
-Node: Breakpoint Control854952
-Node: Debugger Execution Control858629
-Node: Viewing And Changing Data861988
-Node: Execution Stack865364
-Node: Debugger Info866999
-Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands871044
-Node: Readline Support876045
-Node: Limitations876939
-Node: Debugging Summary879054
-Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic880228
-Node: Computer Arithmetic881644
-Ref: table-numeric-ranges885242
-Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1886101
-Node: Math Definitions886158
-Ref: table-ieee-formats889446
-Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1890050
-Node: MPFR features890155
-Node: FP Math Caution891826
-Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1892876
-Node: Inexactness of computations893245
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