Continue on reviewer comments.

4 files changed, 1074 insertions, 1147 deletions

diff --git a/doc/ChangeLog b/doc/ChangeLog
index 5ccab2db..d5eaa3a0 100644
--- a/doc/ChangeLog
+++ b/doc/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+2014-08-15         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
+
+	* gawktexi.in: Continuing on reviewer comments.
+
 2014-08-13         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
 
 	* gawktexi.in: Starting on reviewer comments.
diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info
index 8035803b..8f91f3c0 100644
--- a/doc/gawk.info
+++ b/doc/gawk.info
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
 * Single Character Fields::             Making each character a separate
                                         field.
 * Command Line Field Separator::        Setting `FS' from the
-                                        command-line.
+                                        command line.
 * Full Line Fields::                    Making the full line be a single
                                         field.
 * Field Splitting Summary::             Some final points and a summary table.
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
                                         `getline'.
 * Getline Summary::                     Summary of `getline' Variants.
 * Read Timeout::                        Reading input with a timeout.
-* Command line directories::            What happens if you put a directory on
+* Command-line directories::            What happens if you put a directory on
                                         the command line.
 * Input Summary::                       Input summary.
 * Input Exercises::                     Exercises.
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
 * Variables::                           Variables give names to values for
                                         later use.
 * Using Variables::                     Using variables in your programs.
-* Assignment Options::                  Setting variables on the command-line
+* Assignment Options::                  Setting variables on the command line
                                         and a summary of command-line syntax.
                                         This is an advanced method of input.
 * Conversion::                          The conversion of strings to numbers
@@ -884,7 +884,7 @@ contributed parts of the code as well.  In 1988 and 1989, David
 Trueman, with help from me, thoroughly reworked `gawk' for compatibility
 with the newer `awk'.  Circa 1994, I became the primary maintainer.
 Current development focuses on bug fixes, performance improvements,
-standards compliance, and occasionally, new features.
+standards compliance and, occasionally, new features.
 
    In May of 1997, Ju"rgen Kahrs felt the need for network access from
 `awk', and with a little help from me, set about adding features to do
@@ -1086,7 +1086,7 @@ formatting language.  A single Texinfo source file is used to produce
 both the printed and online versions of the documentation.  This minor
 node briefly documents the typographical conventions used in Texinfo.
 
-   Examples you would type at the command-line are preceded by the
+   Examples you would type at the command line are preceded by the
 common shell primary and secondary prompts, `$' and `>'.  Input that
 you type is shown `like this'.  Output from the command is preceded by
 the glyph "-|".  This typically represents the command's standard
@@ -1456,7 +1456,7 @@ end-of-file character may be different.  For example, on OS/2, it is
    As an example, the following program prints a friendly piece of
 advice (from Douglas Adams's `The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy'),
 to keep you from worrying about the complexities of computer
-programming(1) (`BEGIN' is a feature we haven't discussed yet):
+programming (`BEGIN' is a feature we haven't discussed yet):
 
      $ awk "BEGIN { print \"Don't Panic!\" }"
      -| Don't Panic!
@@ -1464,7 +1464,13 @@ programming(1) (`BEGIN' is a feature we haven't discussed yet):
    This program does not read any input.  The `\' before each of the
 inner double quotes is necessary because of the shell's quoting
 rules--in particular because it mixes both single quotes and double
-quotes.(2)
+quotes.(1)
+
+     NOTE: As a side note, if you use Bash as your shell, you should
+     execute the command `set +H' before running this program
+     interactively, to disable the C shell-style command history, which
+     treats `!' as a special character. We recommend putting this
+     command into your personal startup file.
 
    This next simple `awk' program emulates the `cat' utility; it copies
 whatever you type on the keyboard to its standard output (why this
@@ -1483,12 +1489,7 @@ works is explained shortly).
 
    ---------- Footnotes ----------
 
-   (1) If you use Bash as your shell, you should execute the command
-`set +H' before running this program interactively, to disable the C
-shell-style command history, which treats `!' as a special character.
-We recommend putting this command into your personal startup file.
-
-   (2) Although we generally recommend the use of single quotes around
+   (1) Although we generally recommend the use of single quotes around
 the program text, double quotes are needed here in order to put the
 single quote into the message.
 
@@ -1719,9 +1720,9 @@ the quoting rules.
      Note that the single quote is not special within double quotes.
 
    * Null strings are removed when they occur as part of a non-null
-     command-line argument, while explicit non-null objects are kept.
-     For example, to specify that the field separator `FS' should be
-     set to the null string, use:
+     command-line argument, while explicit null objects are kept.  For
+     example, to specify that the field separator `FS' should be set to
+     the null string, use:
 
           awk -F "" 'PROGRAM' FILES # correct
 
@@ -1814,10 +1815,10 @@ one "record".
 
    In the data file `mail-list', each record contains the name of a
 person, his/her phone number, his/her email-address, and a code for
-their relationship with the author of the list.  An `A' in the last
-column means that the person is an acquaintance.  An `F' in the last
-column means that the person is a friend.  An `R' means that the person
-is a relative:
+their relationship with the author of the list.  The columns are
+aligned using spaces.  An `A' in the last column means that the person
+is an acquaintance.  An `F' in the last column means that the person is
+a friend.  An `R' means that the person is a relative:
 
      Amelia       555-5553     amelia.zodiacusque@gmail.com    F
      Anthony      555-3412     anthony.asserturo@hotmail.com   A
@@ -2505,8 +2506,8 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard:
      this option is intended to be used with code libraries, `gawk'
      does not recognize such files as constituting main program input.
      Thus, after processing an `-i' argument, `gawk' still expects to
-     find the main source code via the `-f' option or on the
-     command-line.
+     find the main source code via the `-f' option or on the command
+     line.
 
 `-l' EXT
 `--load' EXT
@@ -2523,7 +2524,7 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard:
 `-L'[VALUE]
 `--lint'[`='VALUE]
      Warn about constructs that are dubious or nonportable to other
-     `awk' implementations.  No space is allowed between the `-D' and
+     `awk' implementations.  No space is allowed between the `-L' and
      VALUE, if VALUE is supplied.  Some warnings are issued when `gawk'
      first reads your program.  Others are issued at runtime, as your
      program executes.  With an optional argument of `fatal', lint
@@ -2603,7 +2604,7 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard:
         * Newlines are not allowed after `?' or `:' (*note Conditional
           Exp::).
 
-        * Specifying `-Ft' on the command-line does not set the value
+        * Specifying `-Ft' on the command line does not set the value
           of `FS' to be a single TAB character (*note Field
           Separators::).
 
@@ -2785,7 +2786,7 @@ with `getline' (*note Getline/File::).
    In addition, `gawk' allows you to specify the special file name
 `/dev/stdin', both on the command line and with `getline'.  Some other
 versions of `awk' also support this, but it is not standard.  (Some
-operating systems provide a `/dev/stdin' file in the file system;
+operating systems provide a `/dev/stdin' file in the filesystem;
 however, `gawk' always processes this file name itself.)
 
 
@@ -2811,7 +2812,7 @@ File: gawk.info,  Node: AWKPATH Variable,  Next: AWKLIBPATH Variable,  Up: Envir
 ----------------------------------------
 
 The previous minor node described how `awk' program files can be named
-on the command-line with the `-f' option.  In most `awk'
+on the command line with the `-f' option.  In most `awk'
 implementations, you must supply a precise path name for each program
 file, unless the file is in the current directory.  But in `gawk', if
 the file name supplied to the `-f' or `-i' options does not contain a
@@ -2898,7 +2899,7 @@ they are more specialized. Those in the following list are meant to be
 used by regular users.
 
 `POSIXLY_CORRECT'
-     Causes `gawk' to switch POSIX compatibility mode, disabling all
+     Causes `gawk' to switch to POSIX compatibility mode, disabling all
      traditional and GNU extensions.  *Note Options::.
 
 `GAWK_SOCK_RETRIES'
@@ -2926,7 +2927,7 @@ change. The variables are:
      the value should be a number, and `gawk' uses that number as the
      size of the buffer to allocate.  (When this variable is not set,
      `gawk' uses the smaller of the file's size and the "default"
-     blocksize, which is usually the file systems I/O blocksize.)
+     blocksize, which is usually the filesystems I/O blocksize.)
 
 `AWK_HASH'
      If this variable exists with a value of `gst', `gawk' switches to
@@ -3160,9 +3161,9 @@ File: gawk.info,  Node: Invoking Summary,  Prev: Undocumented,  Up: Invoking Gaw
    * Use either `awk 'PROGRAM' FILES' or `awk -f PROGRAM-FILE FILES' to
      run `awk'.
 
-   * The three standard `awk' options are `-f', `-F' and `-v'.  `gawk'
-     supplies these and many others, as well as corresponding GNU-style
-     long options.
+   * The three standard options for all versions of `awk' are `-f',
+     `-F' and `-v'.  `gawk' supplies these and many others, as well as
+     corresponding GNU-style long options.
 
    * Non-option command-line arguments are usually treated as file
      names, unless they have the form `VAR=VALUE', in which case they
@@ -3998,7 +3999,7 @@ File: gawk.info,  Node: Regexp Summary,  Prev: Computed Regexps,  Up: Regexp
      `awk', regular expression constants are written enclosed between
      slashes: `/'...`/'.
 
-   * Regexp constants may be used by standalone in patterns and in
+   * Regexp constants may be used standalone in patterns and in
      conditional expressions, or as part of matching expressions using
      the `~' and `!~' operators.
 
@@ -4022,8 +4023,8 @@ File: gawk.info,  Node: Regexp Summary,  Prev: Computed Regexps,  Up: Regexp
      extent of the match, such as for text substitution and when the
      record separator is a regexp.
 
-   * Matching expressions may use dynamic regexps; that is string values
-     treated as regular expressions.
+   * Matching expressions may use dynamic regexps; that is, string
+     values treated as regular expressions.
 
 
 
@@ -4064,7 +4065,7 @@ have to be named on the `awk' command line (*note Getline::).
 * Getline::                     Reading files under explicit program control
                                 using the `getline' function.
 * Read Timeout::                Reading input with a timeout.
-* Command line directories::    What happens if you put a directory on the
+* Command-line directories::    What happens if you put a directory on the
                                 command line.
 * Input Summary::               Input summary.
 * Input Exercises::             Exercises.
@@ -4246,16 +4247,16 @@ trailing whitespace:
 
      $ echo record 1 AAAA record 2 BBBB record 3 |
      > gawk 'BEGIN { RS = "\n|( *[[:upper:]]+ *)" }
-     >             { print "Record =", $0, "and RT =", RT }'
-     -| Record = record 1 and RT =  AAAA
-     -| Record = record 2 and RT =  BBBB
-     -| Record = record 3 and RT =
-     -|
+     >             { print "Record =", $0,"and RT = [" RT "]" }'
+     -| Record = record 1 and RT = [ AAAA ]
+     -| Record = record 2 and RT = [ BBBB ]
+     -| Record = record 3 and RT = [
+     -| ]
 
-The final line of output has an extra blank line. This is because the
-value of `RT' is a newline, and the `print' statement supplies its own
-terminating newline.  *Note Simple Sed::, for a more useful example of
-`RS' as a regexp and `RT'.
+The square brackets delineate the contents of `RT', letting you see the
+leading and trailing whitespace. The final value of `RT' `RT' is a
+newline.  *Note Simple Sed::, for a more useful example of `RS' as a
+regexp and `RT'.
 
    If you set `RS' to a regular expression that allows optional
 trailing text, such as `RS = "abc(XYZ)?"' it is possible, due to
@@ -4597,7 +4598,7 @@ File: gawk.info,  Node: Field Separators,  Next: Constant Size,  Prev: Changing
 * Default Field Splitting::      How fields are normally separated.
 * Regexp Field Splitting::       Using regexps as the field separator.
 * Single Character Fields::      Making each character a separate field.
-* Command Line Field Separator:: Setting `FS' from the command-line.
+* Command Line Field Separator:: Setting `FS' from the command line.
 * Full Line Fields::             Making the full line be a single field.
 * Field Splitting Summary::      Some final points and a summary table.
 
@@ -5761,7 +5762,7 @@ VAR
 Table 4.1: `getline' Variants and What They Set
 
 
-File: gawk.info,  Node: Read Timeout,  Next: Command line directories,  Prev: Getline,  Up: Reading Files
+File: gawk.info,  Node: Read Timeout,  Next: Command-line directories,  Prev: Getline,  Up: Reading Files
 
 4.10 Reading Input With A Timeout
 =================================
@@ -5855,7 +5856,7 @@ writing.
    (1) This assumes that standard input is the keyboard.
 
 
-File: gawk.info,  Node: Command line directories,  Next: Input Summary,  Prev: Read Timeout,  Up: Reading Files
+File: gawk.info,  Node: Command-line directories,  Next: Input Summary,  Prev: Read Timeout,  Up: Reading Files
 
 4.11 Directories On The Command Line
 ====================================
@@ -5878,7 +5879,7 @@ error.
 usable data from an `awk' program.
 
 
-File: gawk.info,  Node: Input Summary,  Next: Input Exercises,  Prev: Command line directories,  Up: Reading Files
+File: gawk.info,  Node: Input Summary,  Next: Input Exercises,  Prev: Command-line directories,  Up: Reading Files
 
 4.12 Summary
 ============
@@ -7362,12 +7363,12 @@ For example:
      }
 
    In this example, the programmer wants to pass a regexp constant to
-the user-defined function `mysub', which in turn passes it on to either
-`sub()' or `gsub()'.  However, what really happens is that the `pat'
-parameter is either one or zero, depending upon whether or not `$0'
-matches `/hi/'.  `gawk' issues a warning when it sees a regexp constant
-used as a parameter to a user-defined function, since passing a truth
-value in this way is probably not what was intended.
+the user-defined function `mysub()', which in turn passes it on to
+either `sub()' or `gsub()'.  However, what really happens is that the
+`pat' parameter is either one or zero, depending upon whether or not
+`$0' matches `/hi/'.  `gawk' issues a warning when it sees a regexp
+constant used as a parameter to a user-defined function, since passing
+a truth value in this way is probably not what was intended.
 
 
 File: gawk.info,  Node: Variables,  Next: Conversion,  Prev: Using Constant Regexps,  Up: Values
@@ -7383,7 +7384,7 @@ on the `awk' command line.
 * Menu:
 
 * Using Variables::             Using variables in your programs.
-* Assignment Options::          Setting variables on the command-line and a
+* Assignment Options::          Setting variables on the command line and a
                                 summary of command-line syntax. This is an
                                 advanced method of input.
 
@@ -12329,9 +12330,13 @@ File: gawk.info,  Node: Gory Details,  Up: String Functions
 9.1.3.1 More About `\' and `&' with `sub()', `gsub()', and `gensub()'
 .....................................................................
 
-When using `sub()', `gsub()', or `gensub()', and trying to get literal
-backslashes and ampersands into the replacement text, you need to
-remember that there are several levels of "escape processing" going on.
+     CAUTION: This section has been known to cause headaches.  You
+     might want to skip it upon first reading.
+
+   When using `sub()', `gsub()', or `gensub()', and trying to get
+literal backslashes and ampersands into the replacement text, you need
+to remember that there are several levels of "escape processing" going
+on.
 
    First, there is the "lexical" level, which is when `awk' reads your
 program and builds an internal copy of it to execute.  Then there is
@@ -12357,13 +12362,13 @@ is illustrated in *note table-sub-escapes::.
 
       You type         `sub()' sees          `sub()' generates
       -------         ---------          --------------
-          `\&'              `&'            the matched text
-         `\\&'             `\&'            a literal `&'
-        `\\\&'             `\&'            a literal `&'
-       `\\\\&'            `\\&'            a literal `\&'
-      `\\\\\&'            `\\&'            a literal `\&'
-     `\\\\\\&'           `\\\&'            a literal `\\&'
-         `\\q'             `\q'            a literal `\q'
+          `\&'              `&'            The matched text
+         `\\&'             `\&'            A literal `&'
+        `\\\&'             `\&'            A literal `&'
+       `\\\\&'            `\\&'            A literal `\&'
+      `\\\\\&'            `\\&'            A literal `\&'
+     `\\\\\\&'           `\\\&'            A literal `\\&'
+         `\\q'             `\q'            A literal `\q'
 
 Table 9.1: Historical Escape Sequence Processing for `sub()' and
 `gsub()'
@@ -12377,50 +12382,25 @@ backslashes entered at the lexical level.)
    The problem with the historical approach is that there is no way to
 get a literal `\' followed by the matched text.
 
-   The 1992 POSIX standard attempted to fix this problem. That standard
-says that `sub()' and `gsub()' look for either a `\' or an `&' after
-the `\'. If either one follows a `\', that character is output
-literally.  The interpretation of `\' and `&' then becomes as shown in
-*note table-sub-posix-92::.
+   Several editions of the POSIX standard attempted to fix this problem
+but weren't successful. The details are irrelevant at this point in
+time.
 
-      You type         `sub()' sees          `sub()' generates
-      -------         ---------          --------------
-           `&'              `&'            the matched text
-         `\\&'             `\&'            a literal `&'
-       `\\\\&'            `\\&'            a literal `\', then the matched text
-     `\\\\\\&'           `\\\&'            a literal `\&'
-
-Table 9.2: 1992 POSIX Rules for `sub()' and `gsub()' Escape Sequence
-Processing
-
-This appears to solve the problem.  Unfortunately, the phrasing of the
-standard is unusual. It says, in effect, that `\' turns off the special
-meaning of any following character, but for anything other than `\' and
-`&', such special meaning is undefined.  This wording leads to two
-problems:
-
-   * Backslashes must now be doubled in the REPLACEMENT string, breaking
-     historical `awk' programs.
-
-   * To make sure that an `awk' program is portable, _every_ character
-     in the REPLACEMENT string must be preceded with a backslash.(1)
-
-   Because of the problems just listed, in 1996, the `gawk' maintainer
-submitted proposed text for a revised standard that reverts to rules
-that correspond more closely to the original existing practice. The
-proposed rules have special cases that make it possible to produce a
-`\' preceding the matched text. This is shown in *note
-table-sub-proposed::.
+   At one point, the `gawk' maintainer submitted proposed text for a
+revised standard that reverts to rules that correspond more closely to
+the original existing practice. The proposed rules have special cases
+that make it possible to produce a `\' preceding the matched text.
+This is shown in *note table-sub-proposed::.
 
       You type         `sub()' sees         `sub()' generates
       -------         ---------         --------------
-     `\\\\\\&'           `\\\&'            a literal `\&'
-       `\\\\&'            `\\&'            a literal `\', followed by the matched text
-         `\\&'             `\&'            a literal `&'
-         `\\q'             `\q'            a literal `\q'
+     `\\\\\\&'           `\\\&'            A literal `\&'
+       `\\\\&'            `\\&'            A literal `\', followed by the matched text
+         `\\&'             `\&'            A literal `&'
+         `\\q'             `\q'            A literal `\q'
         `\\\\'             `\\'            `\\'
 
-Table 9.3: Proposed Rules For `sub()' And Backslash
+Table 9.2: GNU `awk' Rules For `sub()' And Backslash
 
    In a nutshell, at the runtime level, there are now three special
 sequences of characters (`\\\&', `\\&' and `\&') whereas historically
@@ -12428,11 +12408,11 @@ there was only one.  However, as in the historical case, any `\' that
 is not part of one of these three sequences is not special and appears
 in the output literally.
 
-   `gawk' 3.0 and 3.1 follow these proposed POSIX rules for `sub()' and
-`gsub()'.  The POSIX standard took much longer to be revised than was
-expected in 1996.  The 2001 standard does not follow the above rules.
-Instead, the rules there are somewhat simpler.  The results are similar
-except for one case.
+   `gawk' 3.0 and 3.1 follow these rules for `sub()' and `gsub()'.  The
+POSIX standard took much longer to be revised than was expected.  In
+addition, the `gawk' maintainer's proposal was lost during the
+standardization process.  The final rules are somewhat simpler.  The
+results are similar except for one case.
 
    The POSIX rules state that `\&' in the replacement string produces a
 literal `&', `\\' produces a literal `\', and `\' followed by anything
@@ -12441,25 +12421,25 @@ rules are presented in *note table-posix-sub::.
 
       You type         `sub()' sees         `sub()' generates
       -------         ---------         --------------
-     `\\\\\\&'           `\\\&'            a literal `\&'
-       `\\\\&'            `\\&'            a literal `\', followed by the matched text
-         `\\&'             `\&'            a literal `&'
-         `\\q'             `\q'            a literal `\q'
+     `\\\\\\&'           `\\\&'            A literal `\&'
+       `\\\\&'            `\\&'            A literal `\', followed by the matched text
+         `\\&'             `\&'            A literal `&'
+         `\\q'             `\q'            A literal `\q'
         `\\\\'             `\\'            `\'
 
-Table 9.4: POSIX Rules For `sub()' And `gsub()'
+Table 9.3: POSIX Rules For `sub()' And `gsub()'
 
    The only case where the difference is noticeable is the last one:
 `\\\\' is seen as `\\' and produces `\' instead of `\\'.
 
    Starting with version 3.1.4, `gawk' followed the POSIX rules when
 `--posix' is specified (*note Options::). Otherwise, it continued to
-follow the 1996 proposed rules, since that had been its behavior for
-many years.
+follow the proposed rules, since that had been its behavior for many
+years.
 
    When version 4.0.0 was released, the `gawk' maintainer made the
 POSIX rules the default, breaking well over a decade's worth of
-backwards compatibility.(2) Needless to say, this was a bad idea, and
+backwards compatibility.(1) Needless to say, this was a bad idea, and
 as of version 4.0.1, `gawk' resumed its historical behavior, and only
 follows the POSIX rules when `--posix' is given.
 
@@ -12472,14 +12452,14 @@ the `\' does not, as shown in *note table-gensub-escapes::.
 
        You type          `gensub()' sees         `gensub()' generates
        -------          ------------         -----------------
-           `&'                    `&'            the matched text
-         `\\&'                   `\&'            a literal `&'
-        `\\\\'                   `\\'            a literal `\'
-       `\\\\&'                  `\\&'            a literal `\', then the matched text
-     `\\\\\\&'                 `\\\&'            a literal `\&'
-         `\\q'                   `\q'            a literal `q'
+           `&'                    `&'            The matched text
+         `\\&'                   `\&'            A literal `&'
+        `\\\\'                   `\\'            A literal `\'
+       `\\\\&'                  `\\&'            A literal `\', then the matched text
+     `\\\\\\&'                 `\\\&'            A literal `\&'
+         `\\q'                   `\q'            A literal `q'
 
-Table 9.5: Escape Sequence Processing For `gensub()'
+Table 9.4: Escape Sequence Processing For `gensub()'
 
    Because of the complexity of the lexical and runtime level processing
 and the special cases for `sub()' and `gsub()', we recommend the use of
@@ -12498,9 +12478,7 @@ Although this makes a certain amount of sense, it can be surprising.
 
    ---------- Footnotes ----------
 
-   (1) This consequence was certainly unintended.
-
-   (2) This was rather naive of him, despite there being a note in this
+   (1) This was rather naive of him, despite there being a note in this
 section indicating that the next major version would move to the POSIX
 rules.
 
@@ -13031,7 +13009,7 @@ table-bitwise-ops::.
          0     | 0   0 | 0   1 | 0   1
          1     | 0   1 | 1   1 | 1   0
 
-Table 9.6: Bitwise Operations
+Table 9.5: Bitwise Operations
 
    As you can see, the result of an AND operation is 1 only when _both_
 bits are 1.  The result of an OR operation is 1 if _either_ bit is 1.
@@ -13385,22 +13363,22 @@ standard.)
    The following is an example of a recursive function.  It takes a
 string as an input parameter and returns the string in backwards order.
 Recursive functions must always have a test that stops the recursion.
-In this case, the recursion terminates when the starting position is
-zero, i.e., when there are no more characters left in the string.
+In this case, the recursion terminates when the input string is already
+empty.
 
-     function rev(str, start)
+     function rev(str)
      {
-         if (start == 0)
+         if (str == "")
              return ""
 
-         return (substr(str, start, 1) rev(str, start - 1))
+         return (rev(substr(str, 2)) substr(str, 1, 1))
      }
 
    If this function is in a file named `rev.awk', it can be tested this
 way:
 
      $ echo "Don't Panic!" |
-     > gawk --source '{ print rev($0, length($0)) }' -f rev.awk
+     > gawk --source '{ print rev($0) }' -f rev.awk
      -| !cinaP t'noD
 
    The C `ctime()' function takes a timestamp and returns it in a
@@ -13650,8 +13628,8 @@ function _are_ visible outside that function.
                       a[1], a[2], a[3]
           }
 
-     prints `a[1] = 1, a[2] = two, a[3] = 3', because `changeit' stores
-     `"two"' in the second element of `a'.
+     prints `a[1] = 1, a[2] = two, a[3] = 3', because `changeit()'
+     stores `"two"' in the second element of `a'.
 
    Some `awk' implementations allow you to call a function that has not
 been defined. They only report a problem at runtime when the program
@@ -19201,24 +19179,7 @@ File: gawk.info,  Node: Two-way I/O,  Next: TCP/IP Networking,  Prev: Array Sort
 12.3 Two-Way Communications with Another Process
 ================================================
 
-     From: brennan@whidbey.com (Mike Brennan)
-     Newsgroups: comp.lang.awk
-     Subject: Re: Learn the SECRET to Attract Women Easily
-     Date: 4 Aug 1997 17:34:46 GMT
-     Message-ID: <5s53rm$eca@news.whidbey.com>
-
-     On 3 Aug 1997 13:17:43 GMT, Want More Dates???
-     <tracy78@kilgrona.com> wrote:
-     >Learn the SECRET to Attract Women Easily
-     >
-     >The SCENT(tm)  Pheromone Sex Attractant For Men to Attract Women
-
-     The scent of awk programmers is a lot more attractive to women than
-     the scent of perl programmers.
-     --
-     Mike Brennan
-
-   It is often useful to be able to send data to a separate program for
+It is often useful to be able to send data to a separate program for
 processing and then read the result.  This can always be done with
 temporary files:
 
@@ -19237,12 +19198,11 @@ temporary files:
 This works, but not elegantly.  Among other things, it requires that
 the program be run in a directory that cannot be shared among users;
 for example, `/tmp' will not do, as another user might happen to be
-using a temporary file with the same name.
-
-   However, with `gawk', it is possible to open a _two-way_ pipe to
-another process.  The second process is termed a "coprocess", since it
-runs in parallel with `gawk'.  The two-way connection is created using
-the `|&' operator (borrowed from the Korn shell, `ksh'):(1)
+using a temporary file with the same name.(1)  However, with `gawk', it
+is possible to open a _two-way_ pipe to another process.  The second
+process is termed a "coprocess", since it runs in parallel with `gawk'.
+The two-way connection is created using the `|&' operator (borrowed
+from the Korn shell, `ksh'):(2)
 
      do {
          print DATA |& "subprogram"
@@ -19329,7 +19289,11 @@ using regular pipes.
 
    ---------- Footnotes ----------
 
-   (1) This is very different from the same operator in the C shell and
+   (1) Michael Brennan suggests the use of `rand()' to generate unique
+file names. This is a valid point; nevertheless, temporary files remain
+more difficult than two-way pipes.
+
+   (2) This is very different from the same operator in the C shell and
 in Bash.
 
 
@@ -19352,7 +19316,7 @@ network connection.
    You can think of this as just a _very long_ two-way pipeline to a
 coprocess.  The way `gawk' decides that you want to use TCP/IP
 networking is by recognizing special file names that begin with one of
-`/inet/', `/inet4/' or `/inet6'.
+`/inet/', `/inet4/' or `/inet6/'.
 
    The full syntax of the special file name is
 `/NET-TYPE/PROTOCOL/LOCAL-PORT/REMOTE-HOST/REMOTE-PORT'.  The
@@ -21389,6 +21353,10 @@ in `gawk'. It continues on to present arbitrary precision integers, and
 concludes with a description of some points where `gawk' and the POSIX
 standard are not quite in agreement.
 
+     NOTE: Most users of `gawk' can safely skip this chapter.  But if
+     you want to do scientific calculations with `gawk', this is the
+     place to be.
+
 * Menu:
 
 * Computer Arithmetic::           A quick intro to computer math.
@@ -21519,9 +21487,18 @@ material here.
      number and infinity produce infinity.
 
 "NaN"
-     "Not A Number." A special value indicating a result that can't
-     happen in real math, but that can happen in floating-point
-     computations.
+     "Not A Number."(1).  A special value that results from attempting a
+     calculation that has no answer as a real number.  In such a case,
+     programs can either receive a floating-point exception, or get
+     `NaN' back as the result. The IEEE 754 standard recommends that
+     systems return `NaN'. Some examples:
+
+    `sqrt(-1)'
+          This makes sense in the range of complex numbers, but not in
+          the range of real numbers, so the result is `NaN'.
+
+    `log(-8)'
+          -8 is out of the domain of `log()', so the result is `NaN'.
 
 "Normalized"
      How the significand (see later in this list) is usually stored. The
@@ -21579,6 +21556,11 @@ Table 15.1: Basic IEEE Format Context Values
      NOTE: The precision numbers include the implied leading one that
      gives them one extra bit of significand.
 
+   ---------- Footnotes ----------
+
+   (1) Thanks to Michael Brennan for this description, which I have
+paraphrased, and for the examples
+
 
 File: gawk.info,  Node: MPFR features,  Next: FP Math Caution,  Prev: Math Definitions,  Up: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic
 
@@ -21906,7 +21888,7 @@ on arithmetic operations:
      of a constant.
 
      If you need to represent a floating-point constant at a higher
-     precision than the default and cannot use a command line
+     precision than the default and cannot use a command-line
      assignment to `PREC', you should either specify the constant as a
      string, or as a rational number, whenever possible. The following
      example illustrates the differences among various ways to print a
@@ -22401,7 +22383,7 @@ Example::) and also the `testext.c' code for testing the APIs.
    Some other bits and pieces:
 
    * The API provides access to `gawk''s `do_XXX' values, reflecting
-     command line options, like `do_lint', `do_profiling' and so on
+     command-line options, like `do_lint', `do_profiling' and so on
      (*note Extension API Variables::).  These are informational: an
      extension cannot affect their values inside `gawk'.  In addition,
      attempting to assign to them produces a compile-time error.
@@ -25995,7 +25977,7 @@ the current version of `gawk'.
         - Indirect function calls (*note Indirect Calls::).
 
         - Directories on the command line produce a warning and are
-          skipped (*note Command line directories::).
+          skipped (*note Command-line directories::).
 
    * New keywords:
 
@@ -26165,7 +26147,7 @@ in POSIX `awk', in the order they were added to `gawk'.
    * The ability to delete all of an array at once with `delete ARRAY'
      (*note Delete::).
 
-   * Command line option changes (*note Options::):
+   * Command-line option changes (*note Options::):
 
         - The ability to use GNU-style long-named options that start
           with `--'.
@@ -26202,7 +26184,7 @@ in POSIX `awk', in the order they were added to `gawk'.
    * The `fflush()' function from Brian Kernighan's `awk' (then at Bell
      Laboratories; *note I/O Functions::).
 
-   * New command line options:
+   * New command-line options:
 
         - The `--lint-old' option to warn about constructs that are not
           available in the original Version 7 Unix version of `awk'
@@ -26395,7 +26377,7 @@ in POSIX `awk', in the order they were added to `gawk'.
    * `switch' / `case' are enabled by default (*note Switch
      Statement::).
 
-   * Command line option changes (*note Options::):
+   * Command-line option changes (*note Options::):
 
         - The `-b' and `--characters-as-bytes' options which prevent
           `gawk' from treating input as a multibyte string.
@@ -26413,7 +26395,7 @@ in POSIX `awk', in the order they were added to `gawk'.
 
    * Directories named on the command line now produce a warning, not a
      fatal error, unless `--posix' or `--traditional' are used (*note
-     Command line directories::).
+     Command-line directories::).
 
    * The `gawk' internals were rewritten, bringing the `dgawk' debugger
      and possibly improved performance (*note Debugger::).
@@ -26462,10 +26444,10 @@ in POSIX `awk', in the order they were added to `gawk'.
      `PROCINFO["identifiers"]' (*note Auto-set::).
 
    * The three executables `gawk', `pgawk', and `dgawk', were merged
-     into one, named just `gawk'.  As a result the command line options
+     into one, named just `gawk'.  As a result the command-line options
      changed.
 
-   * Command line option changes (*note Options::):
+   * Command-line option changes (*note Options::):
 
         - The `-D' option invokes the debugger.
 
@@ -30945,7 +30927,7 @@ Index
 * * (asterisk), * operator, as regexp operator: Regexp Operators.
                                                               (line  88)
 * * (asterisk), * operator, null strings, matching: Gory Details.
-                                                              (line 164)
+                                                              (line 143)
 * * (asterisk), ** operator <1>:         Precedence.          (line  49)
 * * (asterisk), ** operator:             Arithmetic Ops.      (line  81)
 * * (asterisk), **= operator <1>:        Precedence.          (line  95)
@@ -31026,7 +31008,7 @@ Index
 * -F option:                             Options.             (line  21)
 * -f option:                             Long.                (line  12)
 * -F option, -Ft sets FS to TAB:         Options.             (line 308)
-* -F option, command line:               Command Line Field Separator.
+* -F option, command-line:               Command Line Field Separator.
                                                               (line   6)
 * -f option, multiple uses:              Options.             (line 313)
 * -g option:                             Options.             (line 147)
@@ -31184,7 +31166,7 @@ Index
 * advanced features, network programming: TCP/IP Networking.  (line   6)
 * advanced features, nondecimal input data: Nondecimal Data.  (line   6)
 * advanced features, processes, communicating with: Two-way I/O.
-                                                              (line  23)
+                                                              (line   6)
 * advanced features, specifying field content: Splitting By Content.
                                                               (line  10)
 * Aho, Alfred <1>:                       Contributors.        (line  11)
@@ -31304,7 +31286,7 @@ Index
 * asterisk (*), * operator, as regexp operator: Regexp Operators.
                                                               (line  88)
 * asterisk (*), * operator, null strings, matching: Gory Details.
-                                                              (line 164)
+                                                              (line 143)
 * asterisk (*), ** operator <1>:         Precedence.          (line  49)
 * asterisk (*), ** operator:             Arithmetic Ops.      (line  81)
 * asterisk (*), **= operator <1>:        Precedence.          (line  95)
@@ -31507,12 +31489,11 @@ Index
 * breakpoint, how to disable or enable:  Breakpoint Control.  (line  69)
 * breakpoint, setting:                   Breakpoint Control.  (line  11)
 * Brennan, Michael <1>:                  Other Versions.      (line   6)
-* Brennan, Michael <2>:                  Two-way I/O.         (line   6)
-* Brennan, Michael <3>:                  Simple Sed.          (line  25)
-* Brennan, Michael <4>:                  Delete.              (line  56)
+* Brennan, Michael <2>:                  Simple Sed.          (line  25)
+* Brennan, Michael <3>:                  Delete.              (line  56)
 * Brennan, Michael:                      Foreword.            (line  83)
 * Brian Kernighan's awk <1>:             I/O Functions.       (line  43)
-* Brian Kernighan's awk <2>:             Gory Details.        (line  15)
+* Brian Kernighan's awk <2>:             Gory Details.        (line  19)
 * Brian Kernighan's awk <3>:             String Functions.    (line 490)
 * Brian Kernighan's awk <4>:             Delete.              (line  48)
 * Brian Kernighan's awk <5>:             Nextfile Statement.  (line  47)
@@ -31539,7 +31520,7 @@ Index
 * Buening, Andreas <1>:                  Bugs.                (line  71)
 * Buening, Andreas <2>:                  Contributors.        (line  92)
 * Buening, Andreas:                      Acknowledgments.     (line  60)
-* buffering, input/output <1>:           Two-way I/O.         (line  70)
+* buffering, input/output <1>:           Two-way I/O.         (line  52)
 * buffering, input/output:               I/O Functions.       (line 140)
 * buffering, interactive vs. noninteractive: I/O Functions.   (line 109)
 * buffers, flushing:                     I/O Functions.       (line  32)
@@ -31607,7 +31588,7 @@ Index
                                                               (line  81)
 * close() function, return value:        Close Files And Pipes.
                                                               (line 131)
-* close() function, two-way pipes and:   Two-way I/O.         (line  77)
+* close() function, two-way pipes and:   Two-way I/O.         (line  59)
 * Close, Diane <1>:                      Contributors.        (line  20)
 * Close, Diane:                          Manual History.      (line  34)
 * Collado, Manuel:                       Acknowledgments.     (line  60)
@@ -31622,7 +31603,7 @@ Index
 * command line, arguments <1>:           ARGC and ARGV.       (line   6)
 * command line, arguments <2>:           Auto-set.            (line  15)
 * command line, arguments:               Other Arguments.     (line   6)
-* command line, directories on:          Command line directories.
+* command line, directories on:          Command-line directories.
                                                               (line   6)
 * command line, formats:                 Running gawk.        (line  12)
 * command line, FS on, setting:          Command Line Field Separator.
@@ -31714,7 +31695,7 @@ Index
 * CONVFMT variable, and array subscripts: Numeric Array Subscripts.
                                                               (line   6)
 * cookie:                                Glossary.            (line 149)
-* coprocesses <1>:                       Two-way I/O.         (line  44)
+* coprocesses <1>:                       Two-way I/O.         (line  25)
 * coprocesses:                           Redirection.         (line 102)
 * coprocesses, closing:                  Close Files And Pipes.
                                                               (line   6)
@@ -31724,7 +31705,7 @@ Index
 * counting:                              Wc Program.          (line   6)
 * csh utility:                           Statements/Lines.    (line  44)
 * csh utility, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 355)
-* csh utility, |& operator, comparison with: Two-way I/O.     (line  44)
+* csh utility, |& operator, comparison with: Two-way I/O.     (line  25)
 * ctime() user-defined function:         Function Example.    (line  73)
 * currency symbols, localization:        Explaining gettext.  (line 104)
 * current system time:                   Time Functions.      (line  66)
@@ -31800,7 +31781,7 @@ Index
 * dcngettext:                            I18N Functions.      (line  28)
 * dcngettext() function (gawk), portability and: I18N Portability.
                                                               (line  33)
-* deadlocks:                             Two-way I/O.         (line  70)
+* deadlocks:                             Two-way I/O.         (line  52)
 * debugger commands, b (break):          Breakpoint Control.  (line  11)
 * debugger commands, backtrace:          Execution Stack.     (line  13)
 * debugger commands, break:              Breakpoint Control.  (line  11)
@@ -31943,7 +31924,7 @@ Index
                                                               (line  15)
 * differences in awk and gawk, close() function: Close Files And Pipes.
                                                               (line  81)
-* differences in awk and gawk, command line directories: Command line directories.
+* differences in awk and gawk, command-line directories: Command-line directories.
                                                               (line   6)
 * differences in awk and gawk, ERRNO variable: Auto-set.      (line  74)
 * differences in awk and gawk, error messages: Special FD.    (line  16)
@@ -31996,7 +31977,7 @@ Index
                                                               (line 152)
 * differences in awk and gawk, trunc-mod operation: Arithmetic Ops.
                                                               (line  66)
-* directories, command line:             Command line directories.
+* directories, command-line:             Command-line directories.
                                                               (line   6)
 * directories, searching:                Programs Exercises.  (line  63)
 * directories, searching for loadable extensions: AWKLIBPATH Variable.
@@ -32464,7 +32445,7 @@ Index
 * gawk, newlines in:                     Statements/Lines.    (line  12)
 * gawk, octal numbers and:               Nondecimal-numbers.  (line  42)
 * gawk, OS/2 version of:                 PC Using.            (line  16)
-* gawk, PROCINFO array in <1>:           Two-way I/O.         (line 117)
+* gawk, PROCINFO array in <1>:           Two-way I/O.         (line  99)
 * gawk, PROCINFO array in <2>:           Time Functions.      (line  47)
 * gawk, PROCINFO array in:               Auto-set.            (line 128)
 * gawk, regexp constants and:            Using Constant Regexps.
@@ -32515,7 +32496,7 @@ Index
                                                               (line   6)
 * getline command, coprocesses, using from: Getline/Coprocess.
                                                               (line   6)
-* getline command, deadlock and:         Two-way I/O.         (line  70)
+* getline command, deadlock and:         Two-way I/O.         (line  52)
 * getline command, explicit input with:  Getline.             (line   6)
 * getline command, FILENAME variable and: Getline Notes.      (line  19)
 * getline command, return values:        Getline.             (line  19)
@@ -32661,7 +32642,7 @@ Index
 * input/output functions:                I/O Functions.       (line   6)
 * input/output, binary:                  User-modified.       (line  15)
 * input/output, from BEGIN and END:      I/O And BEGIN/END.   (line   6)
-* input/output, two-way:                 Two-way I/O.         (line  44)
+* input/output, two-way:                 Two-way I/O.         (line  25)
 * insomnia, cure for:                    Alarm Program.       (line   6)
 * installation, VMS:                     VMS Installation.    (line   6)
 * installing gawk:                       Installation.        (line   6)
@@ -32852,7 +32833,7 @@ Index
 * matching, expressions, See comparison expressions: Typing and Comparison.
                                                               (line   9)
 * matching, leftmost longest:            Multiple Line.       (line  26)
-* matching, null strings:                Gory Details.        (line 164)
+* matching, null strings:                Gory Details.        (line 143)
 * mawk utility <1>:                      Other Versions.      (line  44)
 * mawk utility <2>:                      Nextfile Statement.  (line  47)
 * mawk utility <3>:                      Concatenation.       (line  36)
@@ -32946,7 +32927,7 @@ Index
                                                               (line  43)
 * null strings, converting numbers to strings: Strings And Numbers.
                                                               (line  21)
-* null strings, matching:                Gory Details.        (line 164)
+* null strings, matching:                Gory Details.        (line 143)
 * number as string of bits:              Bitwise Functions.   (line 109)
 * number of array elements:              String Functions.    (line 197)
 * number sign (#), #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts.
@@ -33152,7 +33133,7 @@ Index
 * POSIX awk, field separators and:       Fields.              (line   6)
 * POSIX awk, FS variable and:            User-modified.       (line  60)
 * POSIX awk, function keyword in:        Definition Syntax.   (line  89)
-* POSIX awk, functions and, gsub()/sub(): Gory Details.       (line  54)
+* POSIX awk, functions and, gsub()/sub(): Gory Details.       (line  90)
 * POSIX awk, functions and, length():    String Functions.    (line 176)
 * POSIX awk, GNU long options and:       Options.             (line  15)
 * POSIX awk, interval expressions in:    Regexp Operators.    (line 136)
@@ -33214,12 +33195,12 @@ Index
 * private variables:                     Library Names.       (line  11)
 * process group idIDof gawk process:     Auto-set.            (line 175)
 * process ID of gawk process:            Auto-set.            (line 178)
-* processes, two-way communications with: Two-way I/O.        (line  23)
+* processes, two-way communications with: Two-way I/O.        (line   6)
 * processing data:                       Basic High Level.    (line   6)
 * PROCINFO array <1>:                    Passwd Functions.    (line   6)
 * PROCINFO array <2>:                    Time Functions.      (line  47)
 * PROCINFO array:                        Auto-set.            (line 128)
-* PROCINFO array, and communications via ptys: Two-way I/O.   (line 117)
+* PROCINFO array, and communications via ptys: Two-way I/O.   (line  99)
 * PROCINFO array, and group membership:  Group Functions.     (line   6)
 * PROCINFO array, and user and group ID numbers: Id Program.  (line  15)
 * PROCINFO array, testing the field splitting: Passwd Functions.
@@ -33231,7 +33212,6 @@ Index
 * profiling awk programs, dynamically:   Profiling.           (line 179)
 * program identifiers:                   Auto-set.            (line 146)
 * program, definition of:                Getting Started.     (line  21)
-* programmers, attractiveness of:        Two-way I/O.         (line   6)
 * programming conventions, --non-decimal-data option: Nondecimal Data.
                                                               (line  36)
 * programming conventions, ARGC/ARGV variables: Auto-set.     (line  35)
@@ -33531,7 +33511,7 @@ Index
                                                               (line  64)
 * sidebar, Interactive Versus Noninteractive Buffering: I/O Functions.
                                                               (line 107)
-* sidebar, Matching the Null String:     Gory Details.        (line 162)
+* sidebar, Matching the Null String:     Gory Details.        (line 141)
 * sidebar, Operator Evaluation Order:    Increment Ops.       (line  58)
 * sidebar, Piping into sh:               Redirection.         (line 140)
 * sidebar, Portability Issues with #!:   Executable Scripts.  (line  31)
@@ -33580,7 +33560,7 @@ Index
 * sort function, arrays, sorting:        Array Sorting Functions.
                                                               (line   6)
 * sort utility:                          Word Sorting.        (line  50)
-* sort utility, coprocesses and:         Two-way I/O.         (line  83)
+* sort utility, coprocesses and:         Two-way I/O.         (line  65)
 * sorting characters in different languages: Explaining gettext.
                                                               (line  94)
 * source code, awka:                     Other Versions.      (line  64)
@@ -33872,7 +33852,7 @@ Index
 * vertical bar (|):                      Regexp Operators.    (line  70)
 * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence.         (line  65)
 * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O):    Getline/Pipe.        (line   9)
-* vertical bar (|), |& operator (I/O) <1>: Two-way I/O.       (line  44)
+* vertical bar (|), |& operator (I/O) <1>: Two-way I/O.       (line  25)
 * vertical bar (|), |& operator (I/O) <2>: Precedence.        (line  65)
 * vertical bar (|), |& operator (I/O):   Getline/Coprocess.   (line   6)
 * vertical bar (|), || operator <1>:     Precedence.          (line  89)
@@ -33934,7 +33914,7 @@ Index
 * | (vertical bar), | operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence.         (line  65)
 * | (vertical bar), | operator (I/O) <2>: Redirection.        (line  57)
 * | (vertical bar), | operator (I/O):    Getline/Pipe.        (line   9)
-* | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O) <1>: Two-way I/O.       (line  44)
+* | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O) <1>: Two-way I/O.       (line  25)
 * | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O) <2>: Precedence.        (line  65)
 * | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O) <3>: Redirection.       (line 102)
 * | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O):   Getline/Coprocess.   (line   6)
@@ -33974,532 +33954,531 @@ Node: Getting Started70816
 Node: Running gawk73250
 Node: One-shot74440
 Node: Read Terminal75665
-Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-177315
-Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-277591
-Node: Long77762
-Node: Executable Scripts79138
-Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-180971
-Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-281073
-Node: Comments81620
-Node: Quoting84093
-Node: DOS Quoting89409
-Node: Sample Data Files90084
-Node: Very Simple92599
-Node: Two Rules97372
-Node: More Complex99266
-Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1102198
-Node: Statements/Lines102283
-Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1106739
-Node: Other Features107004
-Node: When107932
-Node: Intro Summary110102
-Node: Invoking Gawk110868
-Node: Command Line112383
-Node: Options113174
-Ref: Options-Footnote-1129003
-Node: Other Arguments129028
-Node: Naming Standard Input131690
-Node: Environment Variables132784
-Node: AWKPATH Variable133342
-Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1136214
-Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2136259
-Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable136519
-Node: Other Environment Variables137278
-Node: Exit Status140933
-Node: Include Files141608
-Node: Loading Shared Libraries145186
-Node: Obsolete146570
-Node: Undocumented147267
-Node: Invoking Summary147534
-Node: Regexp149114
-Node: Regexp Usage150564
-Node: Escape Sequences152597
-Node: Regexp Operators158264
-Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1165744
-Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2165891
-Node: Bracket Expressions165989
-Ref: table-char-classes167879
-Node: GNU Regexp Operators170819
-Node: Case-sensitivity174542
-Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1177434
-Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2177669
-Node: Leftmost Longest177777
-Node: Computed Regexps178978
-Node: Regexp Summary182350
-Node: Reading Files183821
-Node: Records185913
-Node: awk split records186656
-Node: gawk split records191514
-Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1196035
-Node: Fields196072
-Ref: Fields-Footnote-1199036
-Node: Nonconstant Fields199122
-Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1201352
-Node: Changing Fields201554
-Node: Field Separators207508
-Node: Default Field Splitting210210
-Node: Regexp Field Splitting211327
-Node: Single Character Fields214668
-Node: Command Line Field Separator215727
-Node: Full Line Fields219069
-Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1219577
-Node: Field Splitting Summary219623
-Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1222722
-Node: Constant Size222823
-Node: Splitting By Content227430
-Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1231180
-Node: Multiple Line231220
-Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1237076
-Node: Getline237255
-Node: Plain Getline239471
-Node: Getline/Variable241566
-Node: Getline/File242713
-Node: Getline/Variable/File244097
-Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1245696
-Node: Getline/Pipe245783
-Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe248482
-Node: Getline/Coprocess249589
-Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess250841
-Node: Getline Notes251578
-Node: Getline Summary254382
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+Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1609157
+Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2609409
+Node: Join Function609620
+Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1611391
+Node: Getlocaltime Function611591
+Node: Readfile Function615327
+Node: Data File Management617166
+Node: Filetrans Function617798
+Node: Rewind Function621867
+Node: File Checking623425
+Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1624557
+Node: Empty Files624758
+Node: Ignoring Assigns626737
+Node: Getopt Function628291
+Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1639594
+Node: Passwd Functions639797
+Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1648776
+Node: Group Functions648864
+Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1656805
+Node: Walking Arrays657018
+Node: Library Functions Summary658621
+Node: Library exercises660009
+Node: Sample Programs661289
+Node: Running Examples662059
+Node: Clones662787
+Node: Cut Program664011
+Node: Egrep Program673879
+Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1681850
+Node: Id Program681960
+Node: Split Program685624
+Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1689162
+Node: Tee Program689290
+Node: Uniq Program692097
+Node: Wc Program699527
+Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1703792
+Node: Miscellaneous Programs703884
+Node: Dupword Program705097
+Node: Alarm Program707128
+Node: Translate Program711942
+Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1716333
+Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2716603
+Node: Labels Program716737
+Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1720108
+Node: Word Sorting720192
+Node: History Sorting724235
+Node: Extract Program726071
+Node: Simple Sed733607
+Node: Igawk Program736669
+Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1750980
+Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2751181
+Node: Anagram Program751319
+Node: Signature Program754387
+Node: Programs Summary755634
+Node: Programs Exercises756849
+Node: Advanced Features760500
+Node: Nondecimal Data762448
+Node: Array Sorting764025
+Node: Controlling Array Traversal764722
+Node: Array Sorting Functions773002
+Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1776909
+Node: Two-way I/O777103
+Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1782047
+Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2782226
+Node: TCP/IP Networking782308
+Node: Profiling785153
+Node: Advanced Features Summary792695
+Node: Internationalization794559
+Node: I18N and L10N796039
+Node: Explaining gettext796725
+Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1801865
+Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2802049
+Node: Programmer i18n802214
+Node: Translator i18n806439
+Node: String Extraction807233
+Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1808194
+Node: Printf Ordering808280
+Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1811062
+Node: I18N Portability811126
+Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1813575
+Node: I18N Example813638
+Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1816360
+Node: Gawk I18N816432
+Node: I18N Summary817070
+Node: Debugger818409
+Node: Debugging819431
+Node: Debugging Concepts819872
+Node: Debugging Terms821728
+Node: Awk Debugging824325
+Node: Sample Debugging Session825217
+Node: Debugger Invocation825737
+Node: Finding The Bug827070
+Node: List of Debugger Commands833552
+Node: Breakpoint Control834884
+Node: Debugger Execution Control838548
+Node: Viewing And Changing Data841908
+Node: Execution Stack845266
+Node: Debugger Info846779
+Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands850773
+Node: Readline Support855957
+Node: Limitations856849
+Node: Debugging Summary859123
+Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic860287
+Node: Computer Arithmetic861774
+Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1866161
+Node: Math Definitions866218
+Ref: table-ieee-formats869507
+Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1870047
+Node: MPFR features870150
+Node: FP Math Caution871792
+Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1872833
+Node: Inexactness of computations873202
+Node: Inexact representation874150
+Node: Comparing FP Values875505
+Node: Errors accumulate876469
+Node: Getting Accuracy877902
+Node: Try To Round880561
+Node: Setting precision881460
+Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings882142
+Node: Setting the rounding mode883935
+Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes884299
+Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1887753
+Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers887932
+Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1890935
+Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems891084
+Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1894960
+Node: Floating point summary894998
+Node: Dynamic Extensions897215
+Node: Extension Intro898767
+Node: Plugin License900032
+Node: Extension Mechanism Outline900717
+Ref: figure-load-extension901141
+Ref: figure-load-new-function902626
+Ref: figure-call-new-function903628
+Node: Extension API Description905612
+Node: Extension API Functions Introduction907062
+Node: General Data Types911927
+Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1917620
+Node: Requesting Values917919
+Ref: table-value-types-returned918656
+Node: Memory Allocation Functions919614
+Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1922361
+Node: Constructor Functions922457
+Node: Registration Functions924215
+Node: Extension Functions924900
+Node: Exit Callback Functions927202
+Node: Extension Version String928451
+Node: Input Parsers929101
+Node: Output Wrappers938915
+Node: Two-way processors943431
+Node: Printing Messages945635
+Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1946712
+Node: Updating `ERRNO'946864
+Node: Accessing Parameters947603
+Node: Symbol Table Access948833
+Node: Symbol table by name949347
+Node: Symbol table by cookie951323
+Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1955456
+Node: Cached values955519
+Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1959023
+Node: Array Manipulation959114
+Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1960212
+Node: Array Data Types960251
+Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1962954
+Node: Array Functions963046
+Node: Flattening Arrays966920
+Node: Creating Arrays973772
+Node: Extension API Variables978503
+Node: Extension Versioning979139
+Node: Extension API Informational Variables981040
+Node: Extension API Boilerplate982126
+Node: Finding Extensions985930
+Node: Extension Example986490
+Node: Internal File Description987220
+Node: Internal File Ops991311
+Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11002743
+Node: Using Internal File Ops1002883
+Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11005230
+Node: Extension Samples1005498
+Node: Extension Sample File Functions1007022
+Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1014590
+Node: Extension Sample Fork1016072
+Node: Extension Sample Inplace1017285
+Node: Extension Sample Ord1018960
+Node: Extension Sample Readdir1019796
+Ref: table-readdir-file-types1020652
+Node: Extension Sample Revout1021451
+Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1022042
+Node: Extension Sample Read write array1022783
+Node: Extension Sample Readfile1024662
+Node: Extension Sample API Tests1025762
+Node: Extension Sample Time1026287
+Node: gawkextlib1027602
+Node: Extension summary1030415
+Node: Extension Exercises1034108
+Node: Language History1034830
+Node: V7/SVR3.11036473
+Node: SVR41038793
+Node: POSIX1040235
+Node: BTL1041621
+Node: POSIX/GNU1042355
+Node: Feature History1048098
+Node: Common Extensions1061228
+Node: Ranges and Locales1062540
+Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11067157
+Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21067184
+Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31067418
+Node: Contributors1067639
+Node: History summary1073064
+Node: Installation1074433
+Node: Gawk Distribution1075384
+Node: Getting1075868
+Node: Extracting1076692
+Node: Distribution contents1078334
+Node: Unix Installation1084051
+Node: Quick Installation1084668
+Node: Additional Configuration Options1087110
+Node: Configuration Philosophy1088848
+Node: Non-Unix Installation1091199
+Node: PC Installation1091657
+Node: PC Binary Installation1092968
+Node: PC Compiling1094816
+Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11097815
+Node: PC Testing1097920
+Node: PC Using1099096
+Node: Cygwin1103254
+Node: MSYS1104063
+Node: VMS Installation1104577
+Node: VMS Compilation1105373
+Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11106595
+Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1106653
+Node: VMS Installation Details1108026
+Node: VMS Running1110278
+Node: VMS GNV1113112
+Node: VMS Old Gawk1113835
+Node: Bugs1114305
+Node: Other Versions1118309
+Node: Installation summary1124564
+Node: Notes1125620
+Node: Compatibility Mode1126485
+Node: Additions1127267
+Node: Accessing The Source1128192
+Node: Adding Code1129628
+Node: New Ports1135806
+Node: Derived Files1140287
+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11145368
+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21145402
+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31145998
+Node: Future Extensions1146112
+Node: Implementation Limitations1146718
+Node: Extension Design1147966
+Node: Old Extension Problems1149120
+Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11150637
+Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1150694
+Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11154054
+Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1154243
+Node: Extension Future Growth1156349
+Node: Old Extension Mechanism1157185
+Node: Notes summary1158947
+Node: Basic Concepts1160133
+Node: Basic High Level1160814
+Ref: figure-general-flow1161086
+Ref: figure-process-flow1161685
+Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11164914
+Node: Basic Data Typing1165099
+Node: Glossary1168427
+Node: Copying1193579
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License1231135
+Node: Index1256271
 
 End Tag Table
diff --git a/doc/gawk.texi b/doc/gawk.texi
index 89a212c3..2a5565c9 100644
--- a/doc/gawk.texi
+++ b/doc/gawk.texi
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
 @c applies to and all the info about who's publishing this edition
 
 @c These apply across the board.
-@set UPDATE-MONTH June, 2014
+@set UPDATE-MONTH August, 2014
 @set VERSION 4.1
 @set PATCHLEVEL 1
 
@@ -546,7 +546,7 @@ particular records in a file and perform operations upon them.
 * Single Character Fields::             Making each character a separate
                                         field.
 * Command Line Field Separator::        Setting @code{FS} from the
-                                        command-line.
+                                        command line.
 * Full Line Fields::                    Making the full line be a single
                                         field.
 * Field Splitting Summary::             Some final points and a summary table.
@@ -572,7 +572,7 @@ particular records in a file and perform operations upon them.
                                         @code{getline}.
 * Getline Summary::                     Summary of @code{getline} Variants.
 * Read Timeout::                        Reading input with a timeout.
-* Command line directories::            What happens if you put a directory on
+* Command-line directories::            What happens if you put a directory on
                                         the command line.
 * Input Summary::                       Input summary.
 * Input Exercises::                     Exercises.
@@ -611,7 +611,7 @@ particular records in a file and perform operations upon them.
 * Variables::                           Variables give names to values for
                                         later use.
 * Using Variables::                     Using variables in your programs.
-* Assignment Options::                  Setting variables on the command-line
+* Assignment Options::                  Setting variables on the command line
                                         and a summary of command-line syntax.
                                         This is an advanced method of input.
 * Conversion::                          The conversion of strings to numbers
@@ -1404,7 +1404,7 @@ help from me, thoroughly reworked @command{gawk} for compatibility
 with the newer @command{awk}.
 Circa 1994, I became the primary maintainer.
 Current development focuses on bug fixes,
-performance improvements, standards compliance, and occasionally, new features.
+performance improvements, standards compliance and, occasionally, new features.
 
 In May of 1997, J@"urgen Kahrs felt the need for network access
 from @command{awk}, and with a little help from me, set about adding
@@ -1697,7 +1697,7 @@ are slightly different than in other books you may have read.
 This @value{SECTION} briefly documents the typographical conventions used in Texinfo.
 @end ifinfo
 
-Examples you would type at the command-line are preceded by the common
+Examples you would type at the command line are preceded by the common
 shell primary and secondary prompts, @samp{$} and @samp{>}.
 Input that you type is shown @kbd{like this}.
 Output from the command is preceded by the glyph ``@print{}''.
@@ -2335,12 +2335,7 @@ For example, on OS/2, it is @kbd{Ctrl-z}.)
 As an example, the following program prints a friendly piece of advice
 (from Douglas Adams's @cite{The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy}),
 to keep you from worrying about the complexities of computer
-programming@footnote{If you use Bash as your shell, you should execute
-the command @samp{set +H} before running this program interactively,
-to disable the C shell-style command history, which treats
-@samp{!} as a special character. We recommend putting this command into
-your personal startup file.}
-(@code{BEGIN} is a feature we haven't discussed yet):
+programming (@code{BEGIN} is a feature we haven't discussed yet):
 
 @example
 $ @kbd{awk "BEGIN @{ print \"Don't Panic!\" @}"}
@@ -2359,6 +2354,14 @@ double quotes.@footnote{Although we generally recommend the use of single
 quotes around the program text, double quotes are needed here in order to
 put the single quote into the message.}
 
+@quotation NOTE
+As a side note, if you use Bash as your shell, you should execute the
+command @samp{set +H} before running this program interactively, to
+disable the C shell-style command history, which treats @samp{!} as a
+special character. We recommend putting this command into your personal
+startup file.
+@end quotation
+
 This next simple @command{awk} program
 emulates the @command{cat} utility; it copies whatever you type on the
 keyboard to its standard output (why this works is explained shortly).
@@ -2715,7 +2718,7 @@ Note that the single quote is not special within double quotes.
 
 @item
 Null strings are removed when they occur as part of a non-null
-command-line argument, while explicit non-null objects are kept.
+command-line argument, while explicit null objects are kept.
 For example, to specify that the field separator @code{FS} should
 be set to the null string, use:
 
@@ -2862,7 +2865,9 @@ each line is considered to be one @dfn{record}.
 
 In the @value{DF} @file{mail-list}, each record contains the name of a person,
 his/her phone number, his/her email-address, and a code for their relationship
-with the author of the list.  An @samp{A} in the last column
+with the author of the list.
+The columns are aligned using spaces.
+An @samp{A} in the last column
 means that the person is an acquaintance.  An @samp{F} in the last
 column means that the person is a friend.
 An @samp{R} means that the person is a relative:
@@ -3780,7 +3785,7 @@ Second, because this option is intended to be used with code libraries,
 @command{gawk} does not recognize such files as constituting main program
 input.  Thus, after processing an @option{-i} argument, @command{gawk}
 still expects to find the main source code via the @option{-f} option
-or on the command-line.
+or on the command line.
 
 @item @option{-l} @var{ext}
 @itemx @option{--load} @var{ext}
@@ -3804,7 +3809,7 @@ a shared library.  This feature is described in detail in @ref{Dynamic Extension
 @cindex warnings, issuing
 Warn about constructs that are dubious or nonportable to
 other @command{awk} implementations.
-No space is allowed between the @option{-D} and @var{value}, if
+No space is allowed between the @option{-L} and @var{value}, if
 @var{value} is supplied.
 Some warnings are issued when @command{gawk} first reads your program.  Others
 are issued at runtime, as your program executes.
@@ -3925,7 +3930,7 @@ Newlines are not allowed after @samp{?} or @samp{:}
 
 @cindex @code{FS} variable, as TAB character
 @item
-Specifying @samp{-Ft} on the command-line does not set the value
+Specifying @samp{-Ft} on the command line does not set the value
 of @code{FS} to be a single TAB character
 (@pxref{Field Separators}).
 
@@ -4171,7 +4176,7 @@ with @code{getline}.
 Some other versions of @command{awk} also support this, but it
 is not standard.
 (Some operating systems provide a @file{/dev/stdin} file
-in the file system; however, @command{gawk} always processes
+in the filesystem; however, @command{gawk} always processes
 this @value{FN} itself.)
 
 @node Environment Variables
@@ -4197,7 +4202,7 @@ behaves.
 @cindex differences in @command{awk} and @command{gawk}, @code{AWKPATH} environment variable
 @ifinfo
 The previous @value{SECTION} described how @command{awk} program files can be named
-on the command-line with the @option{-f} option.
+on the command line with the @option{-f} option.
 @end ifinfo
 In most @command{awk}
 implementations, you must supply a precise path name for each program
@@ -4292,7 +4297,7 @@ list are meant to be used by regular users.
 
 @table @env
 @item POSIXLY_CORRECT
-Causes @command{gawk} to switch POSIX compatibility
+Causes @command{gawk} to switch to POSIX compatibility
 mode, disabling all traditional and GNU extensions.
 @xref{Options}.
 
@@ -4325,7 +4330,7 @@ file as the size of the memory buffer to allocate for I/O. Otherwise,
 the value should be a number, and @command{gawk} uses that number as
 the size of the buffer to allocate.  (When this variable is not set,
 @command{gawk} uses the smaller of the file's size and the ``default''
-blocksize, which is usually the file systems I/O blocksize.)
+blocksize, which is usually the filesystems I/O blocksize.)
 
 @item AWK_HASH
 If this variable exists with a value of @samp{gst}, @command{gawk}
@@ -4663,9 +4668,9 @@ or
 to run @command{awk}.
 
 @item
-The three standard @command{awk} options are @option{-f}, @option{-F}
-and @option{-v}.  @command{gawk} supplies these and many others, as well
-as corresponding GNU-style long options.
+The three standard options for all versions of @command{awk} are
+@option{-f}, @option{-F} and @option{-v}.  @command{gawk} supplies these
+and many others, as well as corresponding GNU-style long options.
 
 @item
 Non-option command-line arguments are usually treated as @value{FN}s,
@@ -6001,7 +6006,7 @@ In @command{awk}, regular expression constants are written enclosed
 between slashes: @code{/}@dots{}@code{/}.
 
 @item
-Regexp constants may be used by standalone in patterns and
+Regexp constants may be used standalone in patterns and
 in conditional expressions, or as part of matching expressions
 using the @samp{~} and @samp{!~} operators.
 
@@ -6031,7 +6036,7 @@ the match, such as for text substitution and when the record separator
 is a regexp.
 
 @item
-Matching expressions may use dynamic regexps; that is string values
+Matching expressions may use dynamic regexps; that is, string values
 treated as regular expressions.
 
 @end itemize
@@ -6083,7 +6088,7 @@ used with it do not have to be named on the @command{awk} command line
 * Getline::                     Reading files under explicit program control
                                 using the @code{getline} function.
 * Read Timeout::                Reading input with a timeout.
-* Command line directories::    What happens if you put a directory on the
+* Command-line directories::    What happens if you put a directory on the
                                 command line.
 * Input Summary::               Input summary.
 * Input Exercises::             Exercises.
@@ -6314,17 +6319,17 @@ with optional leading and/or trailing whitespace:
 @example
 $ @kbd{echo record 1 AAAA record 2 BBBB record 3 |}
 > @kbd{gawk 'BEGIN @{ RS = "\n|( *[[:upper:]]+ *)" @}}
->             @kbd{@{ print "Record =", $0, "and RT =", RT @}'}
-@print{} Record = record 1 and RT =  AAAA
-@print{} Record = record 2 and RT =  BBBB
-@print{} Record = record 3 and RT =
-@print{}
+>             @kbd{@{ print "Record =", $0,"and RT = [" RT "]" @}'}
+@print{} Record = record 1 and RT = [ AAAA ]
+@print{} Record = record 2 and RT = [ BBBB ]
+@print{} Record = record 3 and RT = [
+@print{} ]
 @end example
 
 @noindent
-The final line of output has an extra blank line. This is because the
-value of @code{RT} is a newline, and the @code{print} statement
-supplies its own terminating newline.
+The square brackets delineate the contents of @code{RT}, letting you
+see the leading and trailing whitespace. The final value of @code{RT}
+@code{RT} is a newline.
 @xref{Simple Sed}, for a more useful example
 of @code{RS} as a regexp and @code{RT}.
 
@@ -6838,7 +6843,7 @@ with a statement such as @samp{$1 = $1}, as described earlier.
 * Default Field Splitting::      How fields are normally separated.
 * Regexp Field Splitting::       Using regexps as the field separator.
 * Single Character Fields::      Making each character a separate field.
-* Command Line Field Separator:: Setting @code{FS} from the command-line.
+* Command Line Field Separator:: Setting @code{FS} from the command line.
 * Full Line Fields::             Making the full line be a single field.
 * Field Splitting Summary::      Some final points and a summary table.
 @end menu
@@ -7094,7 +7099,7 @@ behaves this way.
 
 @node Command Line Field Separator
 @subsection Setting @code{FS} from the Command Line
-@cindex @option{-F} option, command line
+@cindex @option{-F} option, command-line
 @cindex field separator, on command line
 @cindex command line, @code{FS} on@comma{} setting
 @cindex @code{FS} variable, setting from command line
@@ -8529,10 +8534,10 @@ a connection before it can start reading any data,
 or the attempt to open a FIFO special file for reading can block
 indefinitely until some other process opens it for writing.
 
-@node Command line directories
+@node Command-line directories
 @section Directories On The Command Line
-@cindex differences in @command{awk} and @command{gawk}, command line directories
-@cindex directories, command line
+@cindex differences in @command{awk} and @command{gawk}, command-line directories
+@cindex directories, command-line
 @cindex command line, directories on
 
 According to the POSIX standard, files named on the @command{awk}
@@ -10570,7 +10575,7 @@ function mysub(pat, repl, str, global)
 @c @cindex automatic warnings
 @c @cindex warnings, automatic
 In this example, the programmer wants to pass a regexp constant to the
-user-defined function @code{mysub}, which in turn passes it on to
+user-defined function @code{mysub()}, which in turn passes it on to
 either @code{sub()} or @code{gsub()}.  However, what really happens is that
 the @code{pat} parameter is either one or zero, depending upon whether
 or not @code{$0} matches @code{/hi/}.
@@ -10591,7 +10596,7 @@ on the @command{awk} command line.
 
 @menu
 * Using Variables::             Using variables in your programs.
-* Assignment Options::          Setting variables on the command-line and a
+* Assignment Options::          Setting variables on the command line and a
                                 summary of command-line syntax. This is an
                                 advanced method of input.
 @end menu
@@ -17483,6 +17488,12 @@ Nonalphabetic characters are left unchanged.  For example,
 @cindex backslash (@code{\}), @code{gsub()}/@code{gensub()}/@code{sub()} functions and
 @cindex @code{&} (ampersand), @code{gsub()}/@code{gensub()}/@code{sub()} functions and
 @cindex ampersand (@code{&}), @code{gsub()}/@code{gensub()}/@code{sub()} functions and
+
+@quotation CAUTION
+This section has been known to cause headaches.
+You might want to skip it upon first reading.
+@end quotation
+
 When using @code{sub()}, @code{gsub()}, or @code{gensub()}, and trying to get literal
 backslashes and ampersands into the replacement text, you need to remember
 that there are several levels of @dfn{escape processing} going on.
@@ -17525,26 +17536,26 @@ through unchanged.  This is illustrated in @ref{table-sub-escapes}.
 _halign{_hfil#!_qquad_hfil#!_qquad#_hfil_cr
       You type!@code{sub()} sees!@code{sub()} generates_cr
 _hrulefill!_hrulefill!_hrulefill_cr
-     @code{\&}!       @code{&}!the matched text_cr
-    @code{\\&}!      @code{\&}!a literal @samp{&}_cr
-   @code{\\\&}!      @code{\&}!a literal @samp{&}_cr
-  @code{\\\\&}!     @code{\\&}!a literal @samp{\&}_cr
- @code{\\\\\&}!     @code{\\&}!a literal @samp{\&}_cr
-@code{\\\\\\&}!    @code{\\\&}!a literal @samp{\\&}_cr
-    @code{\\q}!      @code{\q}!a literal @samp{\q}_cr
+     @code{\&}!       @code{&}!The matched text_cr
+    @code{\\&}!      @code{\&}!A literal @samp{&}_cr
+   @code{\\\&}!      @code{\&}!A literal @samp{&}_cr
+  @code{\\\\&}!     @code{\\&}!A literal @samp{\&}_cr
+ @code{\\\\\&}!     @code{\\&}!A literal @samp{\&}_cr
+@code{\\\\\\&}!    @code{\\\&}!A literal @samp{\\&}_cr
+    @code{\\q}!      @code{\q}!A literal @samp{\q}_cr
 }
 _bigskip}
 @end tex
 @ifdocbook
 @multitable @columnfractions .20 .20 .60
 @headitem You type @tab @code{sub()} sees @tab @code{sub()} generates
-@item @code{\&}      @tab @code{&}    @tab the matched text
-@item @code{\\&}     @tab @code{\&}   @tab a literal @samp{&}
-@item @code{\\\&}    @tab @code{\&}   @tab a literal @samp{&}
-@item @code{\\\\&}   @tab @code{\\&}  @tab a literal @samp{\&}
-@item @code{\\\\\&}  @tab @code{\\&}  @tab a literal @samp{\&}
-@item @code{\\\\\\&} @tab @code{\\\&} @tab a literal @samp{\\&}
-@item @code{\\q}     @tab @code{\q}   @tab a literal @samp{\q}
+@item @code{\&}      @tab @code{&}    @tab The matched text
+@item @code{\\&}     @tab @code{\&}   @tab A literal @samp{&}
+@item @code{\\\&}    @tab @code{\&}   @tab A literal @samp{&}
+@item @code{\\\\&}   @tab @code{\\&}  @tab A literal @samp{\&}
+@item @code{\\\\\&}  @tab @code{\\&}  @tab A literal @samp{\&}
+@item @code{\\\\\\&} @tab @code{\\\&} @tab A literal @samp{\\&}
+@item @code{\\q}     @tab @code{\q}   @tab A literal @samp{\q}
 @end multitable
 @end ifdocbook
 @ifnottex
@@ -17552,13 +17563,13 @@ _bigskip}
 @display
  You type         @code{sub()} sees          @code{sub()} generates
  --------         ----------          ---------------
-     @code{\&}              @code{&}            the matched text
-    @code{\\&}             @code{\&}            a literal @samp{&}
-   @code{\\\&}             @code{\&}            a literal @samp{&}
-  @code{\\\\&}            @code{\\&}            a literal @samp{\&}
- @code{\\\\\&}            @code{\\&}            a literal @samp{\&}
-@code{\\\\\\&}           @code{\\\&}            a literal @samp{\\&}
-    @code{\\q}             @code{\q}            a literal @samp{\q}
+     @code{\&}              @code{&}            The matched text
+    @code{\\&}             @code{\&}            A literal @samp{&}
+   @code{\\\&}             @code{\&}            A literal @samp{&}
+  @code{\\\\&}            @code{\\&}            A literal @samp{\&}
+ @code{\\\\\&}            @code{\\&}            A literal @samp{\&}
+@code{\\\\\\&}           @code{\\\&}            A literal @samp{\\&}
+    @code{\\q}             @code{\q}            A literal @samp{\q}
 @end display
 @end ifnotdocbook
 @end ifnottex
@@ -17574,86 +17585,19 @@ case of even numbers of backslashes entered at the lexical level.)
 The problem with the historical approach is that there is no way to get
 a literal @samp{\} followed by the matched text.
 
-@c @cindex @command{awk} language, POSIX version
-@cindex POSIX @command{awk}, functions and, @code{gsub()}/@code{sub()}
-The 1992 POSIX standard attempted to fix this problem. That standard
-says that @code{sub()} and @code{gsub()} look for either a @samp{\} or an @samp{&}
-after the @samp{\}. If either one follows a @samp{\}, that character is
-output literally.  The interpretation of @samp{\} and @samp{&} then becomes
-as shown in @ref{table-sub-posix-92}.
-
-@float Table,table-sub-posix-92
-@caption{1992 POSIX Rules for @code{sub()} and @code{gsub()} Escape Sequence Processing}
-@c thanks to Karl Berry for formatting this table
-@tex
-\vbox{\bigskip
-% We need more characters for escape and tab ...
-\catcode`_ = 0
-\catcode`! = 4
-% ... since this table has lots of &'s and \'s, so we unspecialize them.
-\catcode`\& = \other \catcode`\\ = \other
-_halign{_hfil#!_qquad_hfil#!_qquad#_hfil_cr
-    You type!@code{sub()} sees!@code{sub()} generates_cr
-_hrulefill!_hrulefill!_hrulefill_cr
-    @code{&}!       @code{&}!the matched text_cr
-  @code{\\&}!      @code{\&}!a literal @samp{&}_cr
-@code{\\\\&}!     @code{\\&}!a literal @samp{\}, then the matched text_cr
-@code{\\\\\\&}!  @code{\\\&}!a literal @samp{\&}_cr
-}
-_bigskip}
-@end tex
-@ifdocbook
-@multitable @columnfractions .20 .20 .60
-@headitem You type @tab @code{sub()} sees @tab @code{sub()} generates
-@item @code{&}       @tab @code{&}     @tab the matched text
-@item @code{\\&}     @tab @code{\&}    @tab a literal @samp{&}
-@item @code{\\\\&}   @tab @code{\\&}   @tab a literal @samp{\}, then the matched text
-@item @code{\\\\\\&} @tab  @code{\\\&} @tab a literal @samp{\&}
-@end multitable
-@end ifdocbook
-@ifnottex
-@ifnotdocbook
-@display
- You type         @code{sub()} sees          @code{sub()} generates
- --------         ----------          ---------------
-      @code{&}              @code{&}            the matched text
-    @code{\\&}             @code{\&}            a literal @samp{&}
-  @code{\\\\&}            @code{\\&}            a literal @samp{\}, then the matched text
-@code{\\\\\\&}           @code{\\\&}            a literal @samp{\&}
-@end display
-@end ifnotdocbook
-@end ifnottex
-@end float
-
-@noindent
-This appears to solve the problem.
-Unfortunately, the phrasing of the standard is unusual. It
-says, in effect, that @samp{\} turns off the special meaning of any
-following character, but for anything other than @samp{\} and @samp{&},
-such special meaning is undefined.  This wording leads to two problems:
-
-@itemize @value{BULLET}
-@item
-Backslashes must now be doubled in the @var{replacement} string, breaking
-historical @command{awk} programs.
-
-@item
-To make sure that an @command{awk} program is portable, @emph{every} character
-in the @var{replacement} string must be preceded with a
-backslash.@footnote{This consequence was certainly unintended.}
-@c I can say that, 'cause I was involved in making this change
-@end itemize
+Several editions of the POSIX standard attempted to fix this problem
+but weren't successful. The details are irrelevant at this point in time.
 
-Because of the problems just listed,
-in 1996, the @command{gawk} maintainer submitted
+At one point, the @command{gawk} maintainer submitted
 proposed text for a revised standard that
 reverts to rules that correspond more closely to the original existing
 practice. The proposed rules have special cases that make it possible
-to produce a @samp{\} preceding the matched text. This is shown in
+to produce a @samp{\} preceding the matched text.
+This is shown in
 @ref{table-sub-proposed}.
 
 @float Table,table-sub-proposed
-@caption{Proposed Rules For @code{sub()} And Backslash}
+@caption{GNU @command{awk} Rules For @code{sub()} And Backslash}
 @tex
 \vbox{\bigskip
 % We need more characters for escape and tab ...
@@ -17664,10 +17608,10 @@ to produce a @samp{\} preceding the matched text. This is shown in
 _halign{_hfil#!_qquad_hfil#!_qquad#_hfil_cr
     You type!@code{sub()} sees!@code{sub()} generates_cr
 _hrulefill!_hrulefill!_hrulefill_cr
-@code{\\\\\\&}!     @code{\\\&}!a literal @samp{\&}_cr
-@code{\\\\&}!     @code{\\&}!a literal @samp{\}, followed by the matched text_cr
-  @code{\\&}!      @code{\&}!a literal @samp{&}_cr
-  @code{\\q}!      @code{\q}!a literal @samp{\q}_cr
+@code{\\\\\\&}!     @code{\\\&}!A literal @samp{\&}_cr
+@code{\\\\&}!     @code{\\&}!A literal @samp{\}, followed by the matched text_cr
+  @code{\\&}!      @code{\&}!A literal @samp{&}_cr
+  @code{\\q}!      @code{\q}!A literal @samp{\q}_cr
  @code{\\\\}!      @code{\\}!@code{\\}_cr
 }
 _bigskip}
@@ -17675,10 +17619,10 @@ _bigskip}
 @ifdocbook
 @multitable @columnfractions .20 .20 .60
 @headitem You type @tab @code{sub()} sees @tab @code{sub()} generates
-@item @code{\\\\\\&} @tab @code{\\\&} @tab a literal @samp{\&}
-@item @code{\\\\&}   @tab @code{\\&}  @tab a literal @samp{\}, followed by the matched text
-@item @code{\\&}     @tab @code{\&}   @tab a literal @samp{&}
-@item @code{\\q}     @tab @code{\q}   @tab a literal @samp{\q}
+@item @code{\\\\\\&} @tab @code{\\\&} @tab A literal @samp{\&}
+@item @code{\\\\&}   @tab @code{\\&}  @tab A literal @samp{\}, followed by the matched text
+@item @code{\\&}     @tab @code{\&}   @tab A literal @samp{&}
+@item @code{\\q}     @tab @code{\q}   @tab A literal @samp{\q}
 @item @code{\\\\}    @tab @code{\\}   @tab @code{\\}
 @end multitable
 @end ifdocbook
@@ -17687,10 +17631,10 @@ _bigskip}
 @display
  You type         @code{sub()} sees         @code{sub()} generates
  --------         ----------         ---------------
-@code{\\\\\\&}           @code{\\\&}            a literal @samp{\&}
-  @code{\\\\&}            @code{\\&}            a literal @samp{\}, followed by the matched text
-    @code{\\&}             @code{\&}            a literal @samp{&}
-    @code{\\q}             @code{\q}            a literal @samp{\q}
+@code{\\\\\\&}           @code{\\\&}            A literal @samp{\&}
+  @code{\\\\&}            @code{\\&}            A literal @samp{\}, followed by the matched text
+    @code{\\&}             @code{\&}            A literal @samp{&}
+    @code{\\q}             @code{\q}            A literal @samp{\q}
    @code{\\\\}             @code{\\}            @code{\\}
 @end display
 @end ifnotdocbook
@@ -17703,13 +17647,13 @@ there was only one.  However, as in the historical case, any @samp{\} that
 is not part of one of these three sequences is not special and appears
 in the output literally.
 
-@command{gawk} 3.0 and 3.1 follow these proposed POSIX rules for @code{sub()} and
-@code{gsub()}.
-@c As much as we think it's a lousy idea. You win some, you lose some. Sigh.
-The POSIX standard took much longer to be revised than was expected in 1996.
-The 2001 standard does not follow the above rules.  Instead, the rules
-there are somewhat simpler.  The results are similar except for one case.
+@command{gawk} 3.0 and 3.1 follow these rules for @code{sub()} and
+@code{gsub()}.  The POSIX standard took much longer to be revised than
+was expected.  In addition, the @command{gawk} maintainer's proposal was
+lost during the standardization process.  The final rules are
+somewhat simpler.  The results are similar except for one case.
 
+@cindex POSIX @command{awk}, functions and, @code{gsub()}/@code{sub()}
 The POSIX rules state that @samp{\&} in the replacement string produces
 a literal @samp{&}, @samp{\\} produces a literal @samp{\}, and @samp{\} followed
 by anything else is not special; the @samp{\} is placed straight into the output.
@@ -17727,10 +17671,10 @@ These rules are presented in @ref{table-posix-sub}.
 _halign{_hfil#!_qquad_hfil#!_qquad#_hfil_cr
     You type!@code{sub()} sees!@code{sub()} generates_cr
 _hrulefill!_hrulefill!_hrulefill_cr
-@code{\\\\\\&}!     @code{\\\&}!a literal @samp{\&}_cr
-@code{\\\\&}!     @code{\\&}!a literal @samp{\}, followed by the matched text_cr
-  @code{\\&}!      @code{\&}!a literal @samp{&}_cr
-  @code{\\q}!      @code{\q}!a literal @samp{\q}_cr
+@code{\\\\\\&}!     @code{\\\&}!A literal @samp{\&}_cr
+@code{\\\\&}!     @code{\\&}!A literal @samp{\}, followed by the matched text_cr
+  @code{\\&}!      @code{\&}!A literal @samp{&}_cr
+  @code{\\q}!      @code{\q}!A literal @samp{\q}_cr
  @code{\\\\}!      @code{\\}!@code{\}_cr
 }
 _bigskip}
@@ -17738,10 +17682,10 @@ _bigskip}
 @ifdocbook
 @multitable @columnfractions .20 .20 .60
 @headitem You type @tab @code{sub()} sees @tab @code{sub()} generates
-@item @code{\\\\\\&} @tab @code{\\\&} @tab a literal @samp{\&}
-@item @code{\\\\&}   @tab @code{\\&}  @tab a literal @samp{\}, followed by the matched text
-@item @code{\\&}     @tab @code{\&}   @tab a literal @samp{&}
-@item @code{\\q}     @tab @code{\q}   @tab a literal @samp{\q}
+@item @code{\\\\\\&} @tab @code{\\\&} @tab A literal @samp{\&}
+@item @code{\\\\&}   @tab @code{\\&}  @tab A literal @samp{\}, followed by the matched text
+@item @code{\\&}     @tab @code{\&}   @tab A literal @samp{&}
+@item @code{\\q}     @tab @code{\q}   @tab A literal @samp{\q}
 @item @code{\\\\}    @tab @code{\\}   @tab @code{\}
 @end multitable
 @end ifdocbook
@@ -17750,10 +17694,10 @@ _bigskip}
 @display
  You type         @code{sub()} sees         @code{sub()} generates
  --------         ----------         ---------------
-@code{\\\\\\&}           @code{\\\&}            a literal @samp{\&}
-  @code{\\\\&}            @code{\\&}            a literal @samp{\}, followed by the matched text
-    @code{\\&}             @code{\&}            a literal @samp{&}
-    @code{\\q}             @code{\q}            a literal @samp{\q}
+@code{\\\\\\&}           @code{\\\&}            A literal @samp{\&}
+  @code{\\\\&}            @code{\\&}            A literal @samp{\}, followed by the matched text
+    @code{\\&}             @code{\&}            A literal @samp{&}
+    @code{\\q}             @code{\q}            A literal @samp{\q}
    @code{\\\\}             @code{\\}            @code{\}
 @end display
 @end ifnotdocbook
@@ -17765,7 +17709,7 @@ is seen as @samp{\\} and produces @samp{\} instead of @samp{\\}.
 
 Starting with @value{PVERSION} 3.1.4, @command{gawk} followed the POSIX rules
 when @option{--posix} is specified (@pxref{Options}). Otherwise,
-it continued to follow the 1996 proposed rules, since
+it continued to follow the proposed rules, since
 that had been its behavior for many years.
 
 When @value{PVERSION} 4.0.0 was released, the @command{gawk} maintainer
@@ -17796,24 +17740,24 @@ as shown in @ref{table-gensub-escapes}.
 _halign{_hfil#!_qquad_hfil#!_qquad#_hfil_cr
     You type!@code{gensub()} sees!@code{gensub()} generates_cr
 _hrulefill!_hrulefill!_hrulefill_cr
-      @code{&}!           @code{&}!the matched text_cr
-    @code{\\&}!          @code{\&}!a literal @samp{&}_cr
-   @code{\\\\}!          @code{\\}!a literal @samp{\}_cr
-  @code{\\\\&}!         @code{\\&}!a literal @samp{\}, then the matched text_cr
-@code{\\\\\\&}!        @code{\\\&}!a literal @samp{\&}_cr
-    @code{\\q}!          @code{\q}!a literal @samp{q}_cr
+      @code{&}!           @code{&}!The matched text_cr
+    @code{\\&}!          @code{\&}!A literal @samp{&}_cr
+   @code{\\\\}!          @code{\\}!A literal @samp{\}_cr
+  @code{\\\\&}!         @code{\\&}!A literal @samp{\}, then the matched text_cr
+@code{\\\\\\&}!        @code{\\\&}!A literal @samp{\&}_cr
+    @code{\\q}!          @code{\q}!A literal @samp{q}_cr
 }
 _bigskip}
 @end tex
 @ifdocbook
 @multitable @columnfractions .20 .20 .60
 @headitem You type @tab @code{gensub()} sees @tab @code{gensub()} generates
-@item @code{&}       @tab @code{&}    @tab the matched text
-@item @code{\\&}     @tab @code{\&}   @tab a literal @samp{&}
-@item @code{\\\\}    @tab @code{\\}   @tab a literal @samp{\}
-@item @code{\\\\&}   @tab @code{\\&}  @tab a literal @samp{\}, then the matched text
-@item @code{\\\\\\&} @tab @code{\\\&} @tab a literal @samp{\&}
-@item @code{\\q}     @tab  @code{\q}  @tab a literal @samp{q}
+@item @code{&}       @tab @code{&}    @tab The matched text
+@item @code{\\&}     @tab @code{\&}   @tab A literal @samp{&}
+@item @code{\\\\}    @tab @code{\\}   @tab A literal @samp{\}
+@item @code{\\\\&}   @tab @code{\\&}  @tab A literal @samp{\}, then the matched text
+@item @code{\\\\\\&} @tab @code{\\\&} @tab A literal @samp{\&}
+@item @code{\\q}     @tab  @code{\q}  @tab A literal @samp{q}
 @end multitable
 @end ifdocbook
 @ifnottex
@@ -17821,12 +17765,12 @@ _bigskip}
 @display
   You type          @code{gensub()} sees         @code{gensub()} generates
   --------          -------------         ------------------
-      @code{&}                    @code{&}            the matched text
-    @code{\\&}                   @code{\&}            a literal @samp{&}
-   @code{\\\\}                   @code{\\}            a literal @samp{\}
-  @code{\\\\&}                  @code{\\&}            a literal @samp{\}, then the matched text
-@code{\\\\\\&}                 @code{\\\&}            a literal @samp{\&}
-    @code{\\q}                   @code{\q}            a literal @samp{q}
+      @code{&}                    @code{&}            The matched text
+    @code{\\&}                   @code{\&}            A literal @samp{&}
+   @code{\\\\}                   @code{\\}            A literal @samp{\}
+  @code{\\\\&}                  @code{\\&}            A literal @samp{\}, then the matched text
+@code{\\\\\\&}                 @code{\\\&}            A literal @samp{\&}
+    @code{\\q}                   @code{\q}            A literal @samp{q}
 @end display
 @end ifnotdocbook
 @end ifnottex
@@ -19250,17 +19194,18 @@ addition to the POSIX standard.)
 The following is an example of a recursive function.  It takes a string
 as an input parameter and returns the string in backwards order.
 Recursive functions must always have a test that stops the recursion.
-In this case, the recursion terminates when the starting position
-is zero, i.e., when there are no more characters left in the string.
+In this case, the recursion terminates when the input string is
+already empty.
 
+@c 8/2014: Thanks to Mike Brennan for the improved formulation
 @cindex @code{rev()} user-defined function
 @example
-function rev(str, start)
+function rev(str)
 @{
-    if (start == 0)
+    if (str == "")
         return ""
 
-    return (substr(str, start, 1) rev(str, start - 1))
+    return (rev(substr(str, 2)) substr(str, 1, 1))
 @}
 @end example
 
@@ -19269,7 +19214,7 @@ this way:
 
 @example
 $ @kbd{echo "Don't Panic!" |}
-> @kbd{gawk --source '@{ print rev($0, length($0)) @}' -f rev.awk}
+> @kbd{gawk --source '@{ print rev($0) @}' -f rev.awk}
 @print{} !cinaP t'noD
 @end example
 
@@ -19554,7 +19499,7 @@ BEGIN @{
 
 @noindent
 prints @samp{a[1] = 1, a[2] = two, a[3] = 3}, because
-@code{changeit} stores @code{"two"} in the second element of @code{a}.
+@code{changeit()} stores @code{"two"} in the second element of @code{a}.
 @end quotation
 
 @cindex undefined functions
@@ -25909,7 +25854,7 @@ The program should exit without reading any @value{DF}s.
 However, suppose that an included library file defines an @code{END}
 rule of its own. In this case, @command{gawk} will hang, reading standard
 input. In order to avoid this, @file{/dev/null} is explicitly added to the
-command-line. Reading from @file{/dev/null} always returns an immediate
+command line. Reading from @file{/dev/null} always returns an immediate
 end of file indication.
 
 @c Hmm. Add /dev/null if $# is 0?  Still messes up ARGV. Sigh.
@@ -26931,6 +26876,9 @@ Caveat Emptor.
 
 @node Two-way I/O
 @section Two-Way Communications with Another Process
+
+@c 8/2014. Neither Mike nor BWK saw this as relevant. Commenting it out.
+@ignore
 @cindex Brennan, Michael
 @cindex programmers, attractiveness of
 @smallexample
@@ -26960,6 +26908,7 @@ the scent of perl programmers.
 Mike Brennan
 @c brennan@@whidbey.com
 @end smallexample
+@end ignore
 
 @cindex advanced features, processes@comma{} communicating with
 @cindex processes, two-way communications with
@@ -26986,7 +26935,10 @@ system("rm " tempfile)
 This works, but not elegantly.  Among other things, it requires that
 the program be run in a directory that cannot be shared among users;
 for example, @file{/tmp} will not do, as another user might happen
-to be using a temporary file with the same name.
+to be using a temporary file with the same name.@footnote{Michael
+Brennan suggests the use of @command{rand()} to generate unique
+@value{FN}s. This is a valid point; nevertheless, temporary files
+remain more difficult than two-way pipes.} @c 8/2014
 
 @cindex coprocesses
 @cindex input/output, two-way
@@ -27141,7 +27093,7 @@ You can think of this as just a @emph{very long} two-way pipeline to
 a coprocess.
 The way @command{gawk} decides that you want to use TCP/IP networking is
 by recognizing special @value{FN}s that begin with one of @samp{/inet/},
-@samp{/inet4/} or @samp{/inet6}.
+@samp{/inet4/} or @samp{/inet6/}.
 
 The full syntax of the special @value{FN} is
 @file{/@var{net-type}/@var{protocol}/@var{local-port}/@var{remote-host}/@var{remote-port}}.
@@ -29774,6 +29726,12 @@ arbitrary precision integers, and concludes with a description of some
 points where @command{gawk} and the POSIX standard are not quite in
 agreement.
 
+@quotation NOTE
+Most users of @command{gawk} can safely skip this chapter.
+But if you want to do scientific calculations with @command{gawk},
+this is the place to be.
+@end quotation
+
 @menu
 * Computer Arithmetic::           A quick intro to computer math.
 * Math Definitions::              Defining terms used.
@@ -29893,8 +29851,23 @@ A special value representing infinity. Operations involving another
 number and infinity produce infinity.
 
 @item NaN
-``Not A Number.'' A special value indicating a result that can't
-happen in real math, but that can happen in floating-point computations.
+``Not A Number.''@footnote{Thanks
+to Michael Brennan for this description, which I have paraphrased, and
+for the examples}.
+A special value that results from attempting a
+calculation that has no answer as a real number.  In such a case,
+programs can either receive a floating-point exception, or get @code{NaN}
+back as the result. The IEEE 754 standard recommends that systems return
+@code{NaN}. Some examples:
+
+@table @code
+@item sqrt(-1)
+This makes sense in the range of complex numbers, but not in the
+range of real numbers, so the result is @code{NaN}.
+
+@item log(-8)
+@minus{}8 is out of the domain of @code{log()}, so the result is @code{NaN}.
+@end table
 
 @item Normalized
 How the significand (see later in this list) is usually stored. The
@@ -30312,7 +30285,7 @@ internally as a MPFR number.  Changing the precision using @code{PREC}
 in the program text does @emph{not} change the precision of a constant.
 
 If you need to represent a floating-point constant at a higher precision
-than the default and cannot use a command line assignment to @code{PREC},
+than the default and cannot use a command-line assignment to @code{PREC},
 you should either specify the constant as a string, or as a rational
 number, whenever possible. The following example illustrates the
 differences among various ways to print a floating-point constant:
@@ -30907,7 +30880,7 @@ Some other bits and pieces:
 @itemize @value{BULLET}
 @item
 The API provides access to @command{gawk}'s @code{do_@var{xxx}} values,
-reflecting command line options, like @code{do_lint}, @code{do_profiling}
+reflecting command-line options, like @code{do_lint}, @code{do_profiling}
 and so on (@pxref{Extension API Variables}).
 These are informational: an extension cannot affect their values
 inside @command{gawk}.  In addition, attempting to assign to them
@@ -35123,7 +35096,7 @@ Indirect function calls
 
 @item
 Directories on the command line produce a warning and are skipped
-(@pxref{Command line directories}).
+(@pxref{Command-line directories}).
 @end itemize
 
 @item
@@ -35470,7 +35443,7 @@ The ability to delete all of an array at once with @samp{delete @var{array}}
 (@pxref{Delete}).
 
 @item
-Command line option changes
+Command-line option changes
 (@pxref{Options}):
 
 @itemize @value{MINUS}
@@ -35533,7 +35506,7 @@ Brian Kernighan's @command{awk}
 @pxref{I/O Functions}).
 
 @item
-New command line options:
+New command-line options:
 
 @itemize @value{MINUS}
 @item
@@ -35823,7 +35796,7 @@ Indirect function calls
 (@pxref{Switch Statement}).
 
 @item
-Command line option changes
+Command-line option changes
 (@pxref{Options}):
 
 @itemize @value{MINUS}
@@ -35848,7 +35821,7 @@ All long options acquired corresponding short options, for use in @samp{#!} scri
 @item
 Directories named on the command line now produce a warning, not a fatal
 error, unless @option{--posix} or @option{--traditional} are used
-(@pxref{Command line directories}).
+(@pxref{Command-line directories}).
 
 @item
 The @command{gawk} internals were rewritten, bringing the @command{dgawk}
@@ -35924,10 +35897,10 @@ Three new arrays:
 
 @item
 The three executables @command{gawk}, @command{pgawk}, and @command{dgawk}, were merged into
-one, named just @command{gawk}.  As a result the command line options changed.
+one, named just @command{gawk}.  As a result the command-line options changed.
 
 @item
-Command line option changes
+Command-line option changes
 (@pxref{Options}):
 
 @itemize @value{MINUS}
@@ -41303,13 +41276,14 @@ Consistency issues:
 	Use "zeros" instead of "zeroes".
 	Use "nonzero" not "non-zero".
 	Use "runtime" not "run time" or "run-time".
-	Use "command-line" not "command line".
+	Use "command-line" as an adjective and "command line" as a noun.
 	Use "online" not "on-line".
 	Use "whitespace" not "white space".
 	Use "Input/Output", not "input/output". Also "I/O", not "i/o".
 	Use "lefthand"/"righthand", not "left-hand"/"right-hand".
 	Use "workaround", not "work-around".
 	Use "startup"/"cleanup", not "start-up"/"clean-up"
+	Use "filesystem", not "file system"
 	Use @code{do}, and not @code{do}-@code{while}, except where
 		actually discussing the do-while.
 	Use "versus" in text and "vs." in index entries
@@ -41324,8 +41298,6 @@ Consistency issues:
 	The numbers zero through ten should be spelled out, except when
 		talking about file descriptor numbers. > 10 and < 0, it's
 		ok to use numbers.
-	In tables, put command-line options in @code, while in the text,
-		put them in @option.
 	For most cases, do NOT put a comma before "and", "or" or "but".
 		But exercise taste with this rule.
 	Don't show the awk command with a program in quotes when it's
diff --git a/doc/gawktexi.in b/doc/gawktexi.in
index 56f119a8..22f9d410 100644
--- a/doc/gawktexi.in
+++ b/doc/gawktexi.in
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
 @c applies to and all the info about who's publishing this edition
 
 @c These apply across the board.
-@set UPDATE-MONTH June, 2014
+@set UPDATE-MONTH August, 2014
 @set VERSION 4.1
 @set PATCHLEVEL 1
 
@@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ particular records in a file and perform operations upon them.
 * Single Character Fields::             Making each character a separate
                                         field.
 * Command Line Field Separator::        Setting @code{FS} from the
-                                        command-line.
+                                        command line.
 * Full Line Fields::                    Making the full line be a single
                                         field.
 * Field Splitting Summary::             Some final points and a summary table.
@@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ particular records in a file and perform operations upon them.
                                         @code{getline}.
 * Getline Summary::                     Summary of @code{getline} Variants.
 * Read Timeout::                        Reading input with a timeout.
-* Command line directories::            What happens if you put a directory on
+* Command-line directories::            What happens if you put a directory on
                                         the command line.
 * Input Summary::                       Input summary.
 * Input Exercises::                     Exercises.
@@ -606,7 +606,7 @@ particular records in a file and perform operations upon them.
 * Variables::                           Variables give names to values for
                                         later use.
 * Using Variables::                     Using variables in your programs.
-* Assignment Options::                  Setting variables on the command-line
+* Assignment Options::                  Setting variables on the command line
                                         and a summary of command-line syntax.
                                         This is an advanced method of input.
 * Conversion::                          The conversion of strings to numbers
@@ -1371,7 +1371,7 @@ help from me, thoroughly reworked @command{gawk} for compatibility
 with the newer @command{awk}.
 Circa 1994, I became the primary maintainer.
 Current development focuses on bug fixes,
-performance improvements, standards compliance, and occasionally, new features.
+performance improvements, standards compliance and, occasionally, new features.
 
 In May of 1997, J@"urgen Kahrs felt the need for network access
 from @command{awk}, and with a little help from me, set about adding
@@ -1664,7 +1664,7 @@ are slightly different than in other books you may have read.
 This @value{SECTION} briefly documents the typographical conventions used in Texinfo.
 @end ifinfo
 
-Examples you would type at the command-line are preceded by the common
+Examples you would type at the command line are preceded by the common
 shell primary and secondary prompts, @samp{$} and @samp{>}.
 Input that you type is shown @kbd{like this}.
 Output from the command is preceded by the glyph ``@print{}''.
@@ -2302,12 +2302,7 @@ For example, on OS/2, it is @kbd{Ctrl-z}.)
 As an example, the following program prints a friendly piece of advice
 (from Douglas Adams's @cite{The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy}),
 to keep you from worrying about the complexities of computer
-programming@footnote{If you use Bash as your shell, you should execute
-the command @samp{set +H} before running this program interactively,
-to disable the C shell-style command history, which treats
-@samp{!} as a special character. We recommend putting this command into
-your personal startup file.}
-(@code{BEGIN} is a feature we haven't discussed yet):
+programming (@code{BEGIN} is a feature we haven't discussed yet):
 
 @example
 $ @kbd{awk "BEGIN @{ print \"Don't Panic!\" @}"}
@@ -2326,6 +2321,14 @@ double quotes.@footnote{Although we generally recommend the use of single
 quotes around the program text, double quotes are needed here in order to
 put the single quote into the message.}
 
+@quotation NOTE
+As a side note, if you use Bash as your shell, you should execute the
+command @samp{set +H} before running this program interactively, to
+disable the C shell-style command history, which treats @samp{!} as a
+special character. We recommend putting this command into your personal
+startup file.
+@end quotation
+
 This next simple @command{awk} program
 emulates the @command{cat} utility; it copies whatever you type on the
 keyboard to its standard output (why this works is explained shortly).
@@ -2643,7 +2646,7 @@ Note that the single quote is not special within double quotes.
 
 @item
 Null strings are removed when they occur as part of a non-null
-command-line argument, while explicit non-null objects are kept.
+command-line argument, while explicit null objects are kept.
 For example, to specify that the field separator @code{FS} should
 be set to the null string, use:
 
@@ -2790,7 +2793,9 @@ each line is considered to be one @dfn{record}.
 
 In the @value{DF} @file{mail-list}, each record contains the name of a person,
 his/her phone number, his/her email-address, and a code for their relationship
-with the author of the list.  An @samp{A} in the last column
+with the author of the list.
+The columns are aligned using spaces.
+An @samp{A} in the last column
 means that the person is an acquaintance.  An @samp{F} in the last
 column means that the person is a friend.
 An @samp{R} means that the person is a relative:
@@ -3708,7 +3713,7 @@ Second, because this option is intended to be used with code libraries,
 @command{gawk} does not recognize such files as constituting main program
 input.  Thus, after processing an @option{-i} argument, @command{gawk}
 still expects to find the main source code via the @option{-f} option
-or on the command-line.
+or on the command line.
 
 @item @option{-l} @var{ext}
 @itemx @option{--load} @var{ext}
@@ -3732,7 +3737,7 @@ a shared library.  This feature is described in detail in @ref{Dynamic Extension
 @cindex warnings, issuing
 Warn about constructs that are dubious or nonportable to
 other @command{awk} implementations.
-No space is allowed between the @option{-D} and @var{value}, if
+No space is allowed between the @option{-L} and @var{value}, if
 @var{value} is supplied.
 Some warnings are issued when @command{gawk} first reads your program.  Others
 are issued at runtime, as your program executes.
@@ -3853,7 +3858,7 @@ Newlines are not allowed after @samp{?} or @samp{:}
 
 @cindex @code{FS} variable, as TAB character
 @item
-Specifying @samp{-Ft} on the command-line does not set the value
+Specifying @samp{-Ft} on the command line does not set the value
 of @code{FS} to be a single TAB character
 (@pxref{Field Separators}).
 
@@ -4099,7 +4104,7 @@ with @code{getline}.
 Some other versions of @command{awk} also support this, but it
 is not standard.
 (Some operating systems provide a @file{/dev/stdin} file
-in the file system; however, @command{gawk} always processes
+in the filesystem; however, @command{gawk} always processes
 this @value{FN} itself.)
 
 @node Environment Variables
@@ -4125,7 +4130,7 @@ behaves.
 @cindex differences in @command{awk} and @command{gawk}, @code{AWKPATH} environment variable
 @ifinfo
 The previous @value{SECTION} described how @command{awk} program files can be named
-on the command-line with the @option{-f} option.
+on the command line with the @option{-f} option.
 @end ifinfo
 In most @command{awk}
 implementations, you must supply a precise path name for each program
@@ -4220,7 +4225,7 @@ list are meant to be used by regular users.
 
 @table @env
 @item POSIXLY_CORRECT
-Causes @command{gawk} to switch POSIX compatibility
+Causes @command{gawk} to switch to POSIX compatibility
 mode, disabling all traditional and GNU extensions.
 @xref{Options}.
 
@@ -4253,7 +4258,7 @@ file as the size of the memory buffer to allocate for I/O. Otherwise,
 the value should be a number, and @command{gawk} uses that number as
 the size of the buffer to allocate.  (When this variable is not set,
 @command{gawk} uses the smaller of the file's size and the ``default''
-blocksize, which is usually the file systems I/O blocksize.)
+blocksize, which is usually the filesystems I/O blocksize.)
 
 @item AWK_HASH
 If this variable exists with a value of @samp{gst}, @command{gawk}
@@ -4591,9 +4596,9 @@ or
 to run @command{awk}.
 
 @item
-The three standard @command{awk} options are @option{-f}, @option{-F}
-and @option{-v}.  @command{gawk} supplies these and many others, as well
-as corresponding GNU-style long options.
+The three standard options for all versions of @command{awk} are
+@option{-f}, @option{-F} and @option{-v}.  @command{gawk} supplies these
+and many others, as well as corresponding GNU-style long options.
 
 @item
 Non-option command-line arguments are usually treated as @value{FN}s,
@@ -5802,7 +5807,7 @@ In @command{awk}, regular expression constants are written enclosed
 between slashes: @code{/}@dots{}@code{/}.
 
 @item
-Regexp constants may be used by standalone in patterns and
+Regexp constants may be used standalone in patterns and
 in conditional expressions, or as part of matching expressions
 using the @samp{~} and @samp{!~} operators.
 
@@ -5832,7 +5837,7 @@ the match, such as for text substitution and when the record separator
 is a regexp.
 
 @item
-Matching expressions may use dynamic regexps; that is string values
+Matching expressions may use dynamic regexps; that is, string values
 treated as regular expressions.
 
 @end itemize
@@ -5884,7 +5889,7 @@ used with it do not have to be named on the @command{awk} command line
 * Getline::                     Reading files under explicit program control
                                 using the @code{getline} function.
 * Read Timeout::                Reading input with a timeout.
-* Command line directories::    What happens if you put a directory on the
+* Command-line directories::    What happens if you put a directory on the
                                 command line.
 * Input Summary::               Input summary.
 * Input Exercises::             Exercises.
@@ -6115,17 +6120,17 @@ with optional leading and/or trailing whitespace:
 @example
 $ @kbd{echo record 1 AAAA record 2 BBBB record 3 |}
 > @kbd{gawk 'BEGIN @{ RS = "\n|( *[[:upper:]]+ *)" @}}
->             @kbd{@{ print "Record =", $0, "and RT =", RT @}'}
-@print{} Record = record 1 and RT =  AAAA
-@print{} Record = record 2 and RT =  BBBB
-@print{} Record = record 3 and RT =
-@print{}
+>             @kbd{@{ print "Record =", $0,"and RT = [" RT "]" @}'}
+@print{} Record = record 1 and RT = [ AAAA ]
+@print{} Record = record 2 and RT = [ BBBB ]
+@print{} Record = record 3 and RT = [
+@print{} ]
 @end example
 
 @noindent
-The final line of output has an extra blank line. This is because the
-value of @code{RT} is a newline, and the @code{print} statement
-supplies its own terminating newline.
+The square brackets delineate the contents of @code{RT}, letting you
+see the leading and trailing whitespace. The final value of @code{RT}
+@code{RT} is a newline.
 @xref{Simple Sed}, for a more useful example
 of @code{RS} as a regexp and @code{RT}.
 
@@ -6552,7 +6557,7 @@ with a statement such as @samp{$1 = $1}, as described earlier.
 * Default Field Splitting::      How fields are normally separated.
 * Regexp Field Splitting::       Using regexps as the field separator.
 * Single Character Fields::      Making each character a separate field.
-* Command Line Field Separator:: Setting @code{FS} from the command-line.
+* Command Line Field Separator:: Setting @code{FS} from the command line.
 * Full Line Fields::             Making the full line be a single field.
 * Field Splitting Summary::      Some final points and a summary table.
 @end menu
@@ -6808,7 +6813,7 @@ behaves this way.
 
 @node Command Line Field Separator
 @subsection Setting @code{FS} from the Command Line
-@cindex @option{-F} option, command line
+@cindex @option{-F} option, command-line
 @cindex field separator, on command line
 @cindex command line, @code{FS} on@comma{} setting
 @cindex @code{FS} variable, setting from command line
@@ -8148,10 +8153,10 @@ a connection before it can start reading any data,
 or the attempt to open a FIFO special file for reading can block
 indefinitely until some other process opens it for writing.
 
-@node Command line directories
+@node Command-line directories
 @section Directories On The Command Line
-@cindex differences in @command{awk} and @command{gawk}, command line directories
-@cindex directories, command line
+@cindex differences in @command{awk} and @command{gawk}, command-line directories
+@cindex directories, command-line
 @cindex command line, directories on
 
 According to the POSIX standard, files named on the @command{awk}
@@ -10060,7 +10065,7 @@ function mysub(pat, repl, str, global)
 @c @cindex automatic warnings
 @c @cindex warnings, automatic
 In this example, the programmer wants to pass a regexp constant to the
-user-defined function @code{mysub}, which in turn passes it on to
+user-defined function @code{mysub()}, which in turn passes it on to
 either @code{sub()} or @code{gsub()}.  However, what really happens is that
 the @code{pat} parameter is either one or zero, depending upon whether
 or not @code{$0} matches @code{/hi/}.
@@ -10081,7 +10086,7 @@ on the @command{awk} command line.
 
 @menu
 * Using Variables::             Using variables in your programs.
-* Assignment Options::          Setting variables on the command-line and a
+* Assignment Options::          Setting variables on the command line and a
                                 summary of command-line syntax. This is an
                                 advanced method of input.
 @end menu
@@ -16788,6 +16793,12 @@ Nonalphabetic characters are left unchanged.  For example,
 @cindex backslash (@code{\}), @code{gsub()}/@code{gensub()}/@code{sub()} functions and
 @cindex @code{&} (ampersand), @code{gsub()}/@code{gensub()}/@code{sub()} functions and
 @cindex ampersand (@code{&}), @code{gsub()}/@code{gensub()}/@code{sub()} functions and
+
+@quotation CAUTION
+This section has been known to cause headaches.
+You might want to skip it upon first reading.
+@end quotation
+
 When using @code{sub()}, @code{gsub()}, or @code{gensub()}, and trying to get literal
 backslashes and ampersands into the replacement text, you need to remember
 that there are several levels of @dfn{escape processing} going on.
@@ -16830,26 +16841,26 @@ through unchanged.  This is illustrated in @ref{table-sub-escapes}.
 _halign{_hfil#!_qquad_hfil#!_qquad#_hfil_cr
       You type!@code{sub()} sees!@code{sub()} generates_cr
 _hrulefill!_hrulefill!_hrulefill_cr
-     @code{\&}!       @code{&}!the matched text_cr
-    @code{\\&}!      @code{\&}!a literal @samp{&}_cr
-   @code{\\\&}!      @code{\&}!a literal @samp{&}_cr
-  @code{\\\\&}!     @code{\\&}!a literal @samp{\&}_cr
- @code{\\\\\&}!     @code{\\&}!a literal @samp{\&}_cr
-@code{\\\\\\&}!    @code{\\\&}!a literal @samp{\\&}_cr
-    @code{\\q}!      @code{\q}!a literal @samp{\q}_cr
+     @code{\&}!       @code{&}!The matched text_cr
+    @code{\\&}!      @code{\&}!A literal @samp{&}_cr
+   @code{\\\&}!      @code{\&}!A literal @samp{&}_cr
+  @code{\\\\&}!     @code{\\&}!A literal @samp{\&}_cr
+ @code{\\\\\&}!     @code{\\&}!A literal @samp{\&}_cr
+@code{\\\\\\&}!    @code{\\\&}!A literal @samp{\\&}_cr
+    @code{\\q}!      @code{\q}!A literal @samp{\q}_cr
 }
 _bigskip}
 @end tex
 @ifdocbook
 @multitable @columnfractions .20 .20 .60
 @headitem You type @tab @code{sub()} sees @tab @code{sub()} generates
-@item @code{\&}      @tab @code{&}    @tab the matched text
-@item @code{\\&}     @tab @code{\&}   @tab a literal @samp{&}
-@item @code{\\\&}    @tab @code{\&}   @tab a literal @samp{&}
-@item @code{\\\\&}   @tab @code{\\&}  @tab a literal @samp{\&}
-@item @code{\\\\\&}  @tab @code{\\&}  @tab a literal @samp{\&}
-@item @code{\\\\\\&} @tab @code{\\\&} @tab a literal @samp{\\&}
-@item @code{\\q}     @tab @code{\q}   @tab a literal @samp{\q}
+@item @code{\&}      @tab @code{&}    @tab The matched text
+@item @code{\\&}     @tab @code{\&}   @tab A literal @samp{&}
+@item @code{\\\&}    @tab @code{\&}   @tab A literal @samp{&}
+@item @code{\\\\&}   @tab @code{\\&}  @tab A literal @samp{\&}
+@item @code{\\\\\&}  @tab @code{\\&}  @tab A literal @samp{\&}
+@item @code{\\\\\\&} @tab @code{\\\&} @tab A literal @samp{\\&}
+@item @code{\\q}     @tab @code{\q}   @tab A literal @samp{\q}
 @end multitable
 @end ifdocbook
 @ifnottex
@@ -16857,13 +16868,13 @@ _bigskip}
 @display
  You type         @code{sub()} sees          @code{sub()} generates
  --------         ----------          ---------------
-     @code{\&}              @code{&}            the matched text
-    @code{\\&}             @code{\&}            a literal @samp{&}
-   @code{\\\&}             @code{\&}            a literal @samp{&}
-  @code{\\\\&}            @code{\\&}            a literal @samp{\&}
- @code{\\\\\&}            @code{\\&}            a literal @samp{\&}
-@code{\\\\\\&}           @code{\\\&}            a literal @samp{\\&}
-    @code{\\q}             @code{\q}            a literal @samp{\q}
+     @code{\&}              @code{&}            The matched text
+    @code{\\&}             @code{\&}            A literal @samp{&}
+   @code{\\\&}             @code{\&}            A literal @samp{&}
+  @code{\\\\&}            @code{\\&}            A literal @samp{\&}
+ @code{\\\\\&}            @code{\\&}            A literal @samp{\&}
+@code{\\\\\\&}           @code{\\\&}            A literal @samp{\\&}
+    @code{\\q}             @code{\q}            A literal @samp{\q}
 @end display
 @end ifnotdocbook
 @end ifnottex
@@ -16879,86 +16890,19 @@ case of even numbers of backslashes entered at the lexical level.)
 The problem with the historical approach is that there is no way to get
 a literal @samp{\} followed by the matched text.
 
-@c @cindex @command{awk} language, POSIX version
-@cindex POSIX @command{awk}, functions and, @code{gsub()}/@code{sub()}
-The 1992 POSIX standard attempted to fix this problem. That standard
-says that @code{sub()} and @code{gsub()} look for either a @samp{\} or an @samp{&}
-after the @samp{\}. If either one follows a @samp{\}, that character is
-output literally.  The interpretation of @samp{\} and @samp{&} then becomes
-as shown in @ref{table-sub-posix-92}.
-
-@float Table,table-sub-posix-92
-@caption{1992 POSIX Rules for @code{sub()} and @code{gsub()} Escape Sequence Processing}
-@c thanks to Karl Berry for formatting this table
-@tex
-\vbox{\bigskip
-% We need more characters for escape and tab ...
-\catcode`_ = 0
-\catcode`! = 4
-% ... since this table has lots of &'s and \'s, so we unspecialize them.
-\catcode`\& = \other \catcode`\\ = \other
-_halign{_hfil#!_qquad_hfil#!_qquad#_hfil_cr
-    You type!@code{sub()} sees!@code{sub()} generates_cr
-_hrulefill!_hrulefill!_hrulefill_cr
-    @code{&}!       @code{&}!the matched text_cr
-  @code{\\&}!      @code{\&}!a literal @samp{&}_cr
-@code{\\\\&}!     @code{\\&}!a literal @samp{\}, then the matched text_cr
-@code{\\\\\\&}!  @code{\\\&}!a literal @samp{\&}_cr
-}
-_bigskip}
-@end tex
-@ifdocbook
-@multitable @columnfractions .20 .20 .60
-@headitem You type @tab @code{sub()} sees @tab @code{sub()} generates
-@item @code{&}       @tab @code{&}     @tab the matched text
-@item @code{\\&}     @tab @code{\&}    @tab a literal @samp{&}
-@item @code{\\\\&}   @tab @code{\\&}   @tab a literal @samp{\}, then the matched text
-@item @code{\\\\\\&} @tab  @code{\\\&} @tab a literal @samp{\&}
-@end multitable
-@end ifdocbook
-@ifnottex
-@ifnotdocbook
-@display
- You type         @code{sub()} sees          @code{sub()} generates
- --------         ----------          ---------------
-      @code{&}              @code{&}            the matched text
-    @code{\\&}             @code{\&}            a literal @samp{&}
-  @code{\\\\&}            @code{\\&}            a literal @samp{\}, then the matched text
-@code{\\\\\\&}           @code{\\\&}            a literal @samp{\&}
-@end display
-@end ifnotdocbook
-@end ifnottex
-@end float
-
-@noindent
-This appears to solve the problem.
-Unfortunately, the phrasing of the standard is unusual. It
-says, in effect, that @samp{\} turns off the special meaning of any
-following character, but for anything other than @samp{\} and @samp{&},
-such special meaning is undefined.  This wording leads to two problems:
-
-@itemize @value{BULLET}
-@item
-Backslashes must now be doubled in the @var{replacement} string, breaking
-historical @command{awk} programs.
-
-@item
-To make sure that an @command{awk} program is portable, @emph{every} character
-in the @var{replacement} string must be preceded with a
-backslash.@footnote{This consequence was certainly unintended.}
-@c I can say that, 'cause I was involved in making this change
-@end itemize
+Several editions of the POSIX standard attempted to fix this problem
+but weren't successful. The details are irrelevant at this point in time.
 
-Because of the problems just listed,
-in 1996, the @command{gawk} maintainer submitted
+At one point, the @command{gawk} maintainer submitted
 proposed text for a revised standard that
 reverts to rules that correspond more closely to the original existing
 practice. The proposed rules have special cases that make it possible
-to produce a @samp{\} preceding the matched text. This is shown in
+to produce a @samp{\} preceding the matched text.
+This is shown in
 @ref{table-sub-proposed}.
 
 @float Table,table-sub-proposed
-@caption{Proposed Rules For @code{sub()} And Backslash}
+@caption{GNU @command{awk} Rules For @code{sub()} And Backslash}
 @tex
 \vbox{\bigskip
 % We need more characters for escape and tab ...
@@ -16969,10 +16913,10 @@ to produce a @samp{\} preceding the matched text. This is shown in
 _halign{_hfil#!_qquad_hfil#!_qquad#_hfil_cr
     You type!@code{sub()} sees!@code{sub()} generates_cr
 _hrulefill!_hrulefill!_hrulefill_cr
-@code{\\\\\\&}!     @code{\\\&}!a literal @samp{\&}_cr
-@code{\\\\&}!     @code{\\&}!a literal @samp{\}, followed by the matched text_cr
-  @code{\\&}!      @code{\&}!a literal @samp{&}_cr
-  @code{\\q}!      @code{\q}!a literal @samp{\q}_cr
+@code{\\\\\\&}!     @code{\\\&}!A literal @samp{\&}_cr
+@code{\\\\&}!     @code{\\&}!A literal @samp{\}, followed by the matched text_cr
+  @code{\\&}!      @code{\&}!A literal @samp{&}_cr
+  @code{\\q}!      @code{\q}!A literal @samp{\q}_cr
  @code{\\\\}!      @code{\\}!@code{\\}_cr
 }
 _bigskip}
@@ -16980,10 +16924,10 @@ _bigskip}
 @ifdocbook
 @multitable @columnfractions .20 .20 .60
 @headitem You type @tab @code{sub()} sees @tab @code{sub()} generates
-@item @code{\\\\\\&} @tab @code{\\\&} @tab a literal @samp{\&}
-@item @code{\\\\&}   @tab @code{\\&}  @tab a literal @samp{\}, followed by the matched text
-@item @code{\\&}     @tab @code{\&}   @tab a literal @samp{&}
-@item @code{\\q}     @tab @code{\q}   @tab a literal @samp{\q}
+@item @code{\\\\\\&} @tab @code{\\\&} @tab A literal @samp{\&}
+@item @code{\\\\&}   @tab @code{\\&}  @tab A literal @samp{\}, followed by the matched text
+@item @code{\\&}     @tab @code{\&}   @tab A literal @samp{&}
+@item @code{\\q}     @tab @code{\q}   @tab A literal @samp{\q}
 @item @code{\\\\}    @tab @code{\\}   @tab @code{\\}
 @end multitable
 @end ifdocbook
@@ -16992,10 +16936,10 @@ _bigskip}
 @display
  You type         @code{sub()} sees         @code{sub()} generates
  --------         ----------         ---------------
-@code{\\\\\\&}           @code{\\\&}            a literal @samp{\&}
-  @code{\\\\&}            @code{\\&}            a literal @samp{\}, followed by the matched text
-    @code{\\&}             @code{\&}            a literal @samp{&}
-    @code{\\q}             @code{\q}            a literal @samp{\q}
+@code{\\\\\\&}           @code{\\\&}            A literal @samp{\&}
+  @code{\\\\&}            @code{\\&}            A literal @samp{\}, followed by the matched text
+    @code{\\&}             @code{\&}            A literal @samp{&}
+    @code{\\q}             @code{\q}            A literal @samp{\q}
    @code{\\\\}             @code{\\}            @code{\\}
 @end display
 @end ifnotdocbook
@@ -17008,13 +16952,13 @@ there was only one.  However, as in the historical case, any @samp{\} that
 is not part of one of these three sequences is not special and appears
 in the output literally.
 
-@command{gawk} 3.0 and 3.1 follow these proposed POSIX rules for @code{sub()} and
-@code{gsub()}.
-@c As much as we think it's a lousy idea. You win some, you lose some. Sigh.
-The POSIX standard took much longer to be revised than was expected in 1996.
-The 2001 standard does not follow the above rules.  Instead, the rules
-there are somewhat simpler.  The results are similar except for one case.
+@command{gawk} 3.0 and 3.1 follow these rules for @code{sub()} and
+@code{gsub()}.  The POSIX standard took much longer to be revised than
+was expected.  In addition, the @command{gawk} maintainer's proposal was
+lost during the standardization process.  The final rules are
+somewhat simpler.  The results are similar except for one case.
 
+@cindex POSIX @command{awk}, functions and, @code{gsub()}/@code{sub()}
 The POSIX rules state that @samp{\&} in the replacement string produces
 a literal @samp{&}, @samp{\\} produces a literal @samp{\}, and @samp{\} followed
 by anything else is not special; the @samp{\} is placed straight into the output.
@@ -17032,10 +16976,10 @@ These rules are presented in @ref{table-posix-sub}.
 _halign{_hfil#!_qquad_hfil#!_qquad#_hfil_cr
     You type!@code{sub()} sees!@code{sub()} generates_cr
 _hrulefill!_hrulefill!_hrulefill_cr
-@code{\\\\\\&}!     @code{\\\&}!a literal @samp{\&}_cr
-@code{\\\\&}!     @code{\\&}!a literal @samp{\}, followed by the matched text_cr
-  @code{\\&}!      @code{\&}!a literal @samp{&}_cr
-  @code{\\q}!      @code{\q}!a literal @samp{\q}_cr
+@code{\\\\\\&}!     @code{\\\&}!A literal @samp{\&}_cr
+@code{\\\\&}!     @code{\\&}!A literal @samp{\}, followed by the matched text_cr
+  @code{\\&}!      @code{\&}!A literal @samp{&}_cr
+  @code{\\q}!      @code{\q}!A literal @samp{\q}_cr
  @code{\\\\}!      @code{\\}!@code{\}_cr
 }
 _bigskip}
@@ -17043,10 +16987,10 @@ _bigskip}
 @ifdocbook
 @multitable @columnfractions .20 .20 .60
 @headitem You type @tab @code{sub()} sees @tab @code{sub()} generates
-@item @code{\\\\\\&} @tab @code{\\\&} @tab a literal @samp{\&}
-@item @code{\\\\&}   @tab @code{\\&}  @tab a literal @samp{\}, followed by the matched text
-@item @code{\\&}     @tab @code{\&}   @tab a literal @samp{&}
-@item @code{\\q}     @tab @code{\q}   @tab a literal @samp{\q}
+@item @code{\\\\\\&} @tab @code{\\\&} @tab A literal @samp{\&}
+@item @code{\\\\&}   @tab @code{\\&}  @tab A literal @samp{\}, followed by the matched text
+@item @code{\\&}     @tab @code{\&}   @tab A literal @samp{&}
+@item @code{\\q}     @tab @code{\q}   @tab A literal @samp{\q}
 @item @code{\\\\}    @tab @code{\\}   @tab @code{\}
 @end multitable
 @end ifdocbook
@@ -17055,10 +16999,10 @@ _bigskip}
 @display
  You type         @code{sub()} sees         @code{sub()} generates
  --------         ----------         ---------------
-@code{\\\\\\&}           @code{\\\&}            a literal @samp{\&}
-  @code{\\\\&}            @code{\\&}            a literal @samp{\}, followed by the matched text
-    @code{\\&}             @code{\&}            a literal @samp{&}
-    @code{\\q}             @code{\q}            a literal @samp{\q}
+@code{\\\\\\&}           @code{\\\&}            A literal @samp{\&}
+  @code{\\\\&}            @code{\\&}            A literal @samp{\}, followed by the matched text
+    @code{\\&}             @code{\&}            A literal @samp{&}
+    @code{\\q}             @code{\q}            A literal @samp{\q}
    @code{\\\\}             @code{\\}            @code{\}
 @end display
 @end ifnotdocbook
@@ -17070,7 +17014,7 @@ is seen as @samp{\\} and produces @samp{\} instead of @samp{\\}.
 
 Starting with @value{PVERSION} 3.1.4, @command{gawk} followed the POSIX rules
 when @option{--posix} is specified (@pxref{Options}). Otherwise,
-it continued to follow the 1996 proposed rules, since
+it continued to follow the proposed rules, since
 that had been its behavior for many years.
 
 When @value{PVERSION} 4.0.0 was released, the @command{gawk} maintainer
@@ -17101,24 +17045,24 @@ as shown in @ref{table-gensub-escapes}.
 _halign{_hfil#!_qquad_hfil#!_qquad#_hfil_cr
     You type!@code{gensub()} sees!@code{gensub()} generates_cr
 _hrulefill!_hrulefill!_hrulefill_cr
-      @code{&}!           @code{&}!the matched text_cr
-    @code{\\&}!          @code{\&}!a literal @samp{&}_cr
-   @code{\\\\}!          @code{\\}!a literal @samp{\}_cr
-  @code{\\\\&}!         @code{\\&}!a literal @samp{\}, then the matched text_cr
-@code{\\\\\\&}!        @code{\\\&}!a literal @samp{\&}_cr
-    @code{\\q}!          @code{\q}!a literal @samp{q}_cr
+      @code{&}!           @code{&}!The matched text_cr
+    @code{\\&}!          @code{\&}!A literal @samp{&}_cr
+   @code{\\\\}!          @code{\\}!A literal @samp{\}_cr
+  @code{\\\\&}!         @code{\\&}!A literal @samp{\}, then the matched text_cr
+@code{\\\\\\&}!        @code{\\\&}!A literal @samp{\&}_cr
+    @code{\\q}!          @code{\q}!A literal @samp{q}_cr
 }
 _bigskip}
 @end tex
 @ifdocbook
 @multitable @columnfractions .20 .20 .60
 @headitem You type @tab @code{gensub()} sees @tab @code{gensub()} generates
-@item @code{&}       @tab @code{&}    @tab the matched text
-@item @code{\\&}     @tab @code{\&}   @tab a literal @samp{&}
-@item @code{\\\\}    @tab @code{\\}   @tab a literal @samp{\}
-@item @code{\\\\&}   @tab @code{\\&}  @tab a literal @samp{\}, then the matched text
-@item @code{\\\\\\&} @tab @code{\\\&} @tab a literal @samp{\&}
-@item @code{\\q}     @tab  @code{\q}  @tab a literal @samp{q}
+@item @code{&}       @tab @code{&}    @tab The matched text
+@item @code{\\&}     @tab @code{\&}   @tab A literal @samp{&}
+@item @code{\\\\}    @tab @code{\\}   @tab A literal @samp{\}
+@item @code{\\\\&}   @tab @code{\\&}  @tab A literal @samp{\}, then the matched text
+@item @code{\\\\\\&} @tab @code{\\\&} @tab A literal @samp{\&}
+@item @code{\\q}     @tab  @code{\q}  @tab A literal @samp{q}
 @end multitable
 @end ifdocbook
 @ifnottex
@@ -17126,12 +17070,12 @@ _bigskip}
 @display
   You type          @code{gensub()} sees         @code{gensub()} generates
   --------          -------------         ------------------
-      @code{&}                    @code{&}            the matched text
-    @code{\\&}                   @code{\&}            a literal @samp{&}
-   @code{\\\\}                   @code{\\}            a literal @samp{\}
-  @code{\\\\&}                  @code{\\&}            a literal @samp{\}, then the matched text
-@code{\\\\\\&}                 @code{\\\&}            a literal @samp{\&}
-    @code{\\q}                   @code{\q}            a literal @samp{q}
+      @code{&}                    @code{&}            The matched text
+    @code{\\&}                   @code{\&}            A literal @samp{&}
+   @code{\\\\}                   @code{\\}            A literal @samp{\}
+  @code{\\\\&}                  @code{\\&}            A literal @samp{\}, then the matched text
+@code{\\\\\\&}                 @code{\\\&}            A literal @samp{\&}
+    @code{\\q}                   @code{\q}            A literal @samp{q}
 @end display
 @end ifnotdocbook
 @end ifnottex
@@ -18394,17 +18338,18 @@ addition to the POSIX standard.)
 The following is an example of a recursive function.  It takes a string
 as an input parameter and returns the string in backwards order.
 Recursive functions must always have a test that stops the recursion.
-In this case, the recursion terminates when the starting position
-is zero, i.e., when there are no more characters left in the string.
+In this case, the recursion terminates when the input string is
+already empty.
 
+@c 8/2014: Thanks to Mike Brennan for the improved formulation
 @cindex @code{rev()} user-defined function
 @example
-function rev(str, start)
+function rev(str)
 @{
-    if (start == 0)
+    if (str == "")
         return ""
 
-    return (substr(str, start, 1) rev(str, start - 1))
+    return (rev(substr(str, 2)) substr(str, 1, 1))
 @}
 @end example
 
@@ -18413,7 +18358,7 @@ this way:
 
 @example
 $ @kbd{echo "Don't Panic!" |}
-> @kbd{gawk --source '@{ print rev($0, length($0)) @}' -f rev.awk}
+> @kbd{gawk --source '@{ print rev($0) @}' -f rev.awk}
 @print{} !cinaP t'noD
 @end example
 
@@ -18698,7 +18643,7 @@ BEGIN @{
 
 @noindent
 prints @samp{a[1] = 1, a[2] = two, a[3] = 3}, because
-@code{changeit} stores @code{"two"} in the second element of @code{a}.
+@code{changeit()} stores @code{"two"} in the second element of @code{a}.
 @end quotation
 
 @cindex undefined functions
@@ -25024,7 +24969,7 @@ The program should exit without reading any @value{DF}s.
 However, suppose that an included library file defines an @code{END}
 rule of its own. In this case, @command{gawk} will hang, reading standard
 input. In order to avoid this, @file{/dev/null} is explicitly added to the
-command-line. Reading from @file{/dev/null} always returns an immediate
+command line. Reading from @file{/dev/null} always returns an immediate
 end of file indication.
 
 @c Hmm. Add /dev/null if $# is 0?  Still messes up ARGV. Sigh.
@@ -26046,6 +25991,9 @@ Caveat Emptor.
 
 @node Two-way I/O
 @section Two-Way Communications with Another Process
+
+@c 8/2014. Neither Mike nor BWK saw this as relevant. Commenting it out.
+@ignore
 @cindex Brennan, Michael
 @cindex programmers, attractiveness of
 @smallexample
@@ -26075,6 +26023,7 @@ the scent of perl programmers.
 Mike Brennan
 @c brennan@@whidbey.com
 @end smallexample
+@end ignore
 
 @cindex advanced features, processes@comma{} communicating with
 @cindex processes, two-way communications with
@@ -26101,7 +26050,10 @@ system("rm " tempfile)
 This works, but not elegantly.  Among other things, it requires that
 the program be run in a directory that cannot be shared among users;
 for example, @file{/tmp} will not do, as another user might happen
-to be using a temporary file with the same name.
+to be using a temporary file with the same name.@footnote{Michael
+Brennan suggests the use of @command{rand()} to generate unique
+@value{FN}s. This is a valid point; nevertheless, temporary files
+remain more difficult than two-way pipes.} @c 8/2014
 
 @cindex coprocesses
 @cindex input/output, two-way
@@ -26256,7 +26208,7 @@ You can think of this as just a @emph{very long} two-way pipeline to
 a coprocess.
 The way @command{gawk} decides that you want to use TCP/IP networking is
 by recognizing special @value{FN}s that begin with one of @samp{/inet/},
-@samp{/inet4/} or @samp{/inet6}.
+@samp{/inet4/} or @samp{/inet6/}.
 
 The full syntax of the special @value{FN} is
 @file{/@var{net-type}/@var{protocol}/@var{local-port}/@var{remote-host}/@var{remote-port}}.
@@ -28889,6 +28841,12 @@ arbitrary precision integers, and concludes with a description of some
 points where @command{gawk} and the POSIX standard are not quite in
 agreement.
 
+@quotation NOTE
+Most users of @command{gawk} can safely skip this chapter.
+But if you want to do scientific calculations with @command{gawk},
+this is the place to be.
+@end quotation
+
 @menu
 * Computer Arithmetic::           A quick intro to computer math.
 * Math Definitions::              Defining terms used.
@@ -29008,8 +28966,23 @@ A special value representing infinity. Operations involving another
 number and infinity produce infinity.
 
 @item NaN
-``Not A Number.'' A special value indicating a result that can't
-happen in real math, but that can happen in floating-point computations.
+``Not A Number.''@footnote{Thanks
+to Michael Brennan for this description, which I have paraphrased, and
+for the examples}.
+A special value that results from attempting a
+calculation that has no answer as a real number.  In such a case,
+programs can either receive a floating-point exception, or get @code{NaN}
+back as the result. The IEEE 754 standard recommends that systems return
+@code{NaN}. Some examples:
+
+@table @code
+@item sqrt(-1)
+This makes sense in the range of complex numbers, but not in the
+range of real numbers, so the result is @code{NaN}.
+
+@item log(-8)
+@minus{}8 is out of the domain of @code{log()}, so the result is @code{NaN}.
+@end table
 
 @item Normalized
 How the significand (see later in this list) is usually stored. The
@@ -29427,7 +29400,7 @@ internally as a MPFR number.  Changing the precision using @code{PREC}
 in the program text does @emph{not} change the precision of a constant.
 
 If you need to represent a floating-point constant at a higher precision
-than the default and cannot use a command line assignment to @code{PREC},
+than the default and cannot use a command-line assignment to @code{PREC},
 you should either specify the constant as a string, or as a rational
 number, whenever possible. The following example illustrates the
 differences among various ways to print a floating-point constant:
@@ -30022,7 +29995,7 @@ Some other bits and pieces:
 @itemize @value{BULLET}
 @item
 The API provides access to @command{gawk}'s @code{do_@var{xxx}} values,
-reflecting command line options, like @code{do_lint}, @code{do_profiling}
+reflecting command-line options, like @code{do_lint}, @code{do_profiling}
 and so on (@pxref{Extension API Variables}).
 These are informational: an extension cannot affect their values
 inside @command{gawk}.  In addition, attempting to assign to them
@@ -34238,7 +34211,7 @@ Indirect function calls
 
 @item
 Directories on the command line produce a warning and are skipped
-(@pxref{Command line directories}).
+(@pxref{Command-line directories}).
 @end itemize
 
 @item
@@ -34585,7 +34558,7 @@ The ability to delete all of an array at once with @samp{delete @var{array}}
 (@pxref{Delete}).
 
 @item
-Command line option changes
+Command-line option changes
 (@pxref{Options}):
 
 @itemize @value{MINUS}
@@ -34648,7 +34621,7 @@ Brian Kernighan's @command{awk}
 @pxref{I/O Functions}).
 
 @item
-New command line options:
+New command-line options:
 
 @itemize @value{MINUS}
 @item
@@ -34938,7 +34911,7 @@ Indirect function calls
 (@pxref{Switch Statement}).
 
 @item
-Command line option changes
+Command-line option changes
 (@pxref{Options}):
 
 @itemize @value{MINUS}
@@ -34963,7 +34936,7 @@ All long options acquired corresponding short options, for use in @samp{#!} scri
 @item
 Directories named on the command line now produce a warning, not a fatal
 error, unless @option{--posix} or @option{--traditional} are used
-(@pxref{Command line directories}).
+(@pxref{Command-line directories}).
 
 @item
 The @command{gawk} internals were rewritten, bringing the @command{dgawk}
@@ -35039,10 +35012,10 @@ Three new arrays:
 
 @item
 The three executables @command{gawk}, @command{pgawk}, and @command{dgawk}, were merged into
-one, named just @command{gawk}.  As a result the command line options changed.
+one, named just @command{gawk}.  As a result the command-line options changed.
 
 @item
-Command line option changes
+Command-line option changes
 (@pxref{Options}):
 
 @itemize @value{MINUS}
@@ -40418,13 +40391,14 @@ Consistency issues:
 	Use "zeros" instead of "zeroes".
 	Use "nonzero" not "non-zero".
 	Use "runtime" not "run time" or "run-time".
-	Use "command-line" not "command line".
+	Use "command-line" as an adjective and "command line" as a noun.
 	Use "online" not "on-line".
 	Use "whitespace" not "white space".
 	Use "Input/Output", not "input/output". Also "I/O", not "i/o".
 	Use "lefthand"/"righthand", not "left-hand"/"right-hand".
 	Use "workaround", not "work-around".
 	Use "startup"/"cleanup", not "start-up"/"clean-up"
+	Use "filesystem", not "file system"
 	Use @code{do}, and not @code{do}-@code{while}, except where
 		actually discussing the do-while.
 	Use "versus" in text and "vs." in index entries
@@ -40439,8 +40413,6 @@ Consistency issues:
 	The numbers zero through ten should be spelled out, except when
 		talking about file descriptor numbers. > 10 and < 0, it's
 		ok to use numbers.
-	In tables, put command-line options in @code, while in the text,
-		put them in @option.
 	For most cases, do NOT put a comma before "and", "or" or "but".
 		But exercise taste with this rule.
 	Don't show the awk command with a program in quotes when it's