Merge branch 'master' into feature/regex-type

38 files changed, 2998 insertions, 718 deletions

diff --git a/ChangeLog b/ChangeLog
index ff18feab..790a47ae 100644
--- a/ChangeLog
+++ b/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,54 @@
+2015-03-31         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
+
+	* awk.h (call_sub): Renamed from call_sub_func.
+	(call_match, call_split_func): Declare.
+	* builtin.c (call_sub): Renamed from call_sub_func.
+	(call_match, call_split_func): New functions.
+	* interpret.h (r_interpret): Call new functions as appropriate.
+	* node.c (r_unref): Revert change to handle Node_regex, not needed.
+
+2015-03-31         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
+
+	* awk.h (r_get_field): Declare.
+	* builtin.c (call_sub_func): Rearrange the stack to be what
+	the buitin function expects.
+	* eval.c (r_get_field): Make extern.
+
+2015-03-27         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
+
+	* io.c (redirect): Change not_string from int to bool.
+	* gawkapi.c (api_get_file): Minor stylistic improvements.
+	* NEWS: Updated for retryable I/O and new API function.
+
+2015-03-24         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
+
+	* awkgram.y (make_regnode): Make extern.
+	* awk.h (make_regnode): Declare.
+	* builtin.c (call_sub_func): Start on reworking the stack to
+	be what do_sub() expects. Still needs work.
+	* interpret.h (r_interpret): Add a cast in comparison with do_sub().
+	* node.c (r_unref): Handle Node_regex nodes.
+
+2015-03-24         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* interpret.h (r_interpret): When Op_K_exit has an argument of
+	Nnull_string, do not update exit_val, since no value was supplied.
+
+2015-03-24         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
+
+	* awk.h, gawkapi.c, io.c: Minor code reformatting.
+
+2015-03-20         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
+
+	Start on fixing indirect calls of builtins.
+
+	* awk.h (call_sub_func): Add declaration.
+	* awkgram.y (lookup_builtin): Handle length, sub functions.
+	(install_builtin): Handle length function.
+	* builtin.c (call_sub_func): New function.
+	* interpret.h (r_interpret): If calling do_sub, do it through
+	call_sub_func().
+
 2015-03-19         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
 
 	* re.c (re_update): Handle hard regex - for sub/gsub/gensub.
@@ -206,6 +257,22 @@
 	* builtin.c (do_length): Update comment.
 	* main.c (init_vars): Just call load_procinfo() and `load_environ()'.
 
+2015-01-08         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	Revert changes to API deferred variable creation -- these variables
+	should be created when lookup is called, not when update is called.
+	* awk.h (variable_create): Remove function declaration.
+	* awkgram.y (variable_create): Remove function.
+	(variable): Restore variable_create functionality inline.
+	* gawkapi.c (api_sym_update): Revert to using install_symbol, since the
+	deferred variable check should be done when lookup is called, not here.
+
+2015-01-07         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* gawkapi.c (api_set_array_element): Remove stray call to
+	make_aname.  I cannot see what purpose this served.  Maybe I am
+	missing something.
+
 2015-01-07         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
 
 	* configure.ac: Update debug flags if developing.
@@ -224,6 +291,59 @@
 	(do_add_scrfile): Set it on -l.
 	(process_deferred): Check it also.
 
+2015-01-06         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* gawkapi.c (api_sym_update): If copying a subarray, must update
+	the parent_array pointer.  Also, call the astore hook if non-NULL.
+	(api_set_array_element): Call the astore hook if non-NULL.
+
+2015-01-06         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* awk.h (variable_create): Now takes a 3rd argument to tell caller
+	whether this is a deferred variable.
+	* awkgram.y (variable_create): Return indicator of whether this is
+	a deferred variable in a newly added 3rd arg.
+	(variable): Pass 3rd arg to variable_create.
+	* gawkapi.c (api_sym_update): If we triggered the creation of a deferred
+	variable, we must merge the extension's array elements into the deffered
+	array, not the other way around.  The ENVIRON array has special funcs
+	to call setenv and unsetenv.
+
+2015-01-06         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* awk.h (variable_create): Declare new function.
+	* awkgram.y (variable_create): New function to create a variable
+	taking the deferred variable list into consideration.
+	(variable): Call new function variable_create if the variable is
+	not found.
+	* gawkapi.c (api_sym_update): If an array is being created, then
+	call new function variable_create instead of install_symbol.  If this
+	is the first reference to a deferred variable, than the new array
+	may contain elements that must be merged into the array provided by
+	the extension.
+
+2015-01-05         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* io.c (wait_any): If the `interesting' argument is non-zero, then we
+	must not return until that child process has exited, since the caller
+	gawk_pclose depends on our returning its exit status.  So in that case,
+	do not pass WNOHANG to waitpid.
+
+2015-01-04         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* gawkapi.h: Fix another comment typo.
+
+2015-01-04         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* gawkapi.h: Fix typo in comment.
+
+2015-01-02         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* gawkapi.h (gawk_api): Modify api_get_file to remove the typelen
+	argument.
+	(get_file): Remove typelen argument from the macro.
+	* gawkapi.c (api_get_file): Remove typelen argument.
+
 2014-12-24         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
 
 	* profile.c (pprint): Be sure to set ip2 in all paths
@@ -366,6 +486,36 @@
 	and a it's a Node_val set to Nnull_string, return AWK_UNDEFINED instead
 	of AWK_NUMBER 0.
 
+2014-11-06         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* awk.h (redirect_string): First argument should be const.  Add a new
+	extfd argument to enable extensions to create files with pre-opened
+	file descriptors.
+	(after_beginfile): Declare function used in both eval.c and gawkapi.c.
+	* eval.c (after_beginfile): Remove extern declaration now in awk.h.
+	* gawkapi.c (api_get_file): Implement API changes to return
+	awk_input_buf_t and/or awk_output_buf_t info, as well as accept an
+	fd for inserting an opened file into the table.
+	* gawkapi.h (gawk_api): Modify the api_get_file declaration to
+	return awk_bool_t and add 3 new arguments -- a file descriptor
+	for inserting an already opened file, and awk_input_buf_t and
+	awk_output_buf_t to return info about both input and output.
+	(get_file): Add new arguments to the macro.
+	* io.c (redirect_string): First arg should be const, and add a new
+	extfd arg so extensions can pass in a file that has already been
+	opened by the extension.  Use the passed-in fd when appropriate,
+	and pass it into two_way_open.
+	(redirect): Pass new fd -1 arg to redirect_string.
+	(two_way_open): Accept new extension fd parameter and open it
+	as a socket.
+
+2014-11-05         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* io.c (retryable): New function to indicate whether I/O can be
+	retried for this file instead of throwing a hard error.
+	(get_a_record) Check whether this file is configured for retryable
+	I/O before returning nonstandard -2.
+
 2014-11-03         Norihiro Tanaka       <noritnk@kcn.ne.jp>
 
 	* re.c (research): Use dfa superset to improve matching speed.
@@ -1534,6 +1684,45 @@
 	* io.c (get_a_record): Change `min' to `MIN' for consistency with
 	other files and general practice.
 
+2013-07-07         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* configure.ac (AC_CHECK_FUNCS): Check for sigprocmask.
+	* io.c (wait_any): If sigprocmask is available, block signals instead
+	of ignoring them temporarily.
+
+2013-07-05         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* gawkapi.h (gawk_api): Document that the api_get_file function will not
+	access the file type and length arguments if the file name is empty.
+
+2013-07-04         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* configure.ac (AC_CHECK_FUNCS): Add a check for waitpid.
+	* io.c (wait_any): Enhance comment to explain why we loop reaping all
+	exited children when the argument is zero.  When available, use waitpid
+	with WNOHANG to avoid blocking.  Remove my previous incorrect patch to
+	exit after reaping the first child.  The function is intended to
+	wait for all children, since we are not careful about reaping children
+	as soon as they die.
+
+2013-07-02         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* gawkapi.h (gawk_api): Remove unused api_lookup_file hook.
+	(lookup_file): Remove associated macro.
+	* gawkapi.c (api_lookup_file): Remove unused function.
+	(api_impl):  Remove unused api_lookup_file hook.
+
+2013-07-02         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* awkgram.y (main_beginfile): Declare new global INSTRUCTION *.
+	(parse_program): Set main_beginfile to point to the BEGINFILE
+	instruction block.
+	* gawkapi.c (api_get_file): After nextfile starts a new file,
+	we need to run the BEGINFILE actions.  We retrieve the
+	instruction pointer from main_beginfile and execute it until
+	we reach the Op_after_beginfile opcode.  We then run after_beginfile
+	manually and restore the value of currule and source.
+
 2013-07-04         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
 
 	* gawkapi.h (awk_element_t): Add comment indicating that the array
@@ -1544,6 +1733,45 @@
 	force_string redundant, since node_to_awk_value does that internally
 	when we request a string.
 
+2013-07-02         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* eval.c (update_ERRNO_string): Set PROCINFO["errno"] to 0.
+	* io.c (inrec): Since get_a_record may now return -2, be sure
+	to throw an error in that case as well.
+	(wait_any): Fix what appears to be a bug.  The old logic repeatedly
+	called wait until it failed.  When a process has multiple children,
+	this causes it to stall until all of them have exited.  Instead,
+	we now exit the function after the first successful wait call.
+	(do_getline_redir, do_getline): Handle case where get_a_record
+	returns -2.
+	(errno_io_retry): New function to decide whether an I/O operation should
+	be retried.
+	(get_a_record): When read returns an error, call errno_io_retry to
+	decide whether the operation should be retried.  If so, return -2
+	instead of setting the IOP_AT_EOF flag.
+
+2013-07-01         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* eval.c (update_ERRNO_int, unset_ERRNO): Update PROCINFO["errno"].
+
+2013-06-30         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* awk.h (redirect_string): Declare new function that provides API access
+	to the redirection mechanism.
+	* gawkapi.h (GAWK_API_MINOR_VERSION): Bump from 0 to 1 since 2 new
+	hooks were added to the api.
+	(gawk_api_t): Add 2 new functions api_lookup_file and api_get_file.
+	(lookup_file, get_file): New macros to wrap the new API functions.
+	* gawkapi.c (curfile): Declare this extern, since it is needed
+	by lookup_file and get_flie.
+	(api_lookup_file): Find an open file using curfile or getredirect().
+	(api_get_file): Find or open a file using curfile or redirect_string().
+	(api_impl): Add api_lookup_file and api_get_file.
+	* io.c (redirect_string): Renamed from redirect and changed arguments
+	to take a string instead of a 'NODE *'.  This allows it to be called
+	through the API's new get_file hook.
+	(redirect): Now implemented by calling redirect_string backend function.
+
 2013-07-04         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
 
 	* builtin.c (format_tree): Fixes for %c with multibyte characters
diff --git a/NEWS b/NEWS
index 1613cd8d..0c27c2c0 100644
--- a/NEWS
+++ b/NEWS
@@ -45,6 +45,12 @@ Changes from 4.1.x to 4.2.0
     system, these files belong in /etc/profile.d, but the appropriate location
     may be different on other platforms.
 
+11. Gawk now supports retryable I/O via PROCINFO[input-file, "RETRY"]; see
+    the manual.
+
+12. The API minor version has been increased to two; the get_file()
+    API provides access to open redirections. Also see the manual.
+
 Changes from 4.1.1 to 4.1.2
 ---------------------------
 
diff --git a/awk.h b/awk.h
index 1461ea3c..6d87aa2c 100644
--- a/awk.h
+++ b/awk.h
@@ -1339,6 +1339,7 @@ extern void install_builtins(void);
 extern bool is_alpha(int c);
 extern bool is_alnum(int c);
 extern bool is_identchar(int c);
+extern NODE *make_regnode(int type, NODE *exp);
 /* builtin.c */
 extern double double_to_int(double d);
 extern NODE *do_exp(int nargs);
@@ -1368,6 +1369,9 @@ extern NODE *do_rand(int nargs);
 extern NODE *do_srand(int nargs);
 extern NODE *do_match(int nargs);
 extern NODE *do_sub(int nargs, unsigned int flags);
+extern NODE *call_sub(const char *name, int nargs);
+extern NODE *call_match(int nargs);
+extern NODE *call_split_func(const char *name, int nargs);
 extern NODE *format_tree(const char *, size_t, NODE **, long);
 extern NODE *do_lshift(int nargs);
 extern NODE *do_rshift(int nargs);
@@ -1416,6 +1420,7 @@ extern NODE **r_get_lhs(NODE *n, bool reference);
 extern STACK_ITEM *grow_stack(void);
 extern void dump_fcall_stack(FILE *fp);
 extern int register_exec_hook(Func_pre_exec preh, Func_post_exec posth);
+extern NODE **r_get_field(NODE *n, Func_ptr *assign, bool reference);
 /* ext.c */
 extern NODE *do_ext(int nargs);
 void load_ext(const char *lib_name);	/* temporary */
@@ -1485,6 +1490,9 @@ extern void set_FNR(void);
 extern void set_NR(void);
 
 extern struct redirect *redirect(NODE *redir_exp, int redirtype, int *errflg, bool failure_fatal);
+extern struct redirect *redirect_string(const char *redir_exp_str,
+		size_t redir_exp_len, bool not_string_flag, int redirtype,
+		int *errflg, int extfd, bool failure_fatal);
 extern NODE *do_close(int nargs);
 extern int flush_io(void);
 extern int close_io(bool *stdio_problem);
@@ -1505,6 +1513,7 @@ extern int is_off_limits_var(const char *var);
 extern char *estrdup(const char *str, size_t len);
 extern void update_global_values();
 extern long getenv_long(const char *name);
+extern void after_beginfile(IOBUF **curfile);
 
 /* mpfr.c */
 extern void set_PREC(void);
diff --git a/awkgram.c b/awkgram.c
index e6eafe6f..0cb3d347 100644
--- a/awkgram.c
+++ b/awkgram.c
@@ -113,7 +113,6 @@ static INSTRUCTION *mk_binary(INSTRUCTION *s1, INSTRUCTION *s2, INSTRUCTION *op)
 static INSTRUCTION *mk_boolean(INSTRUCTION *left, INSTRUCTION *right, INSTRUCTION *op);
 static INSTRUCTION *mk_assignment(INSTRUCTION *lhs, INSTRUCTION *rhs, INSTRUCTION *op);
 static INSTRUCTION *mk_getline(INSTRUCTION *op, INSTRUCTION *opt_var, INSTRUCTION *redir, int redirtype);
-static NODE *make_regnode(int type, NODE *exp);
 static int count_expressions(INSTRUCTION **list, bool isarg);
 static INSTRUCTION *optimize_assignment(INSTRUCTION *exp);
 static void add_lint(INSTRUCTION *list, LINTTYPE linttype);
@@ -184,6 +183,7 @@ static INSTRUCTION *ip_atexit = NULL;
 static INSTRUCTION *ip_end;
 static INSTRUCTION *ip_endfile;
 static INSTRUCTION *ip_beginfile;
+INSTRUCTION *main_beginfile;
 
 static INSTRUCTION *comment = NULL;
 static INSTRUCTION *program_comment = NULL;
@@ -4897,7 +4897,7 @@ parse_program(INSTRUCTION **pcode)
 		ip_newfile = ip_rec = ip_atexit = ip_beginfile = ip_endfile = NULL;
 	else {
 		ip_endfile = instruction(Op_no_op);
-		ip_beginfile = instruction(Op_no_op);
+		main_beginfile = ip_beginfile = instruction(Op_no_op);
 		ip_rec = instruction(Op_get_record); /* target for `next', also ip_newfile */
 		ip_newfile = bcalloc(Op_newfile, 2, 0); /* target for `nextfile' */
 		ip_newfile->target_jmp = ip_end;
@@ -7237,7 +7237,7 @@ variable(int location, char *name, NODETYPE type)
 
 /* make_regnode --- make a regular expression node */
 
-static NODE *
+NODE *
 make_regnode(int type, NODE *exp)
 {
 	NODE *n;
@@ -8395,13 +8395,26 @@ lookup_builtin(const char *name)
 {
 	int mid = check_special(name);
 
-	if (mid == -1 || tokentab[mid].class != LEX_BUILTIN)
+	if (mid == -1)
 		return NULL;
+
+	switch (tokentab[mid].class) {
+	case LEX_BUILTIN:
+	case LEX_LENGTH:
+		break;
+	default:
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
 #ifdef HAVE_MPFR
 	if (do_mpfr)
 		return tokentab[mid].ptr2;
 #endif
 
+	/* And another special case... */
+	if (tokentab[mid].value == Op_sub_builtin)
+		return (builtin_func_t) do_sub;
+
 	return tokentab[mid].ptr;
 }
 
@@ -8414,7 +8427,8 @@ install_builtins(void)
 
 	j = sizeof(tokentab) / sizeof(tokentab[0]);
 	for (i = 0; i < j; i++) {
-		if (    tokentab[i].class == LEX_BUILTIN
+		if (    (tokentab[i].class == LEX_BUILTIN
+		         || tokentab[i].class == LEX_LENGTH)
 		    && (tokentab[i].flags & DEBUG_USE) == 0) {
 			(void) install_symbol(tokentab[i].operator, Node_builtin_func);
 		}
diff --git a/awkgram.y b/awkgram.y
index 503186d8..d1fb4c3e 100644
--- a/awkgram.y
+++ b/awkgram.y
@@ -73,7 +73,6 @@ static INSTRUCTION *mk_binary(INSTRUCTION *s1, INSTRUCTION *s2, INSTRUCTION *op)
 static INSTRUCTION *mk_boolean(INSTRUCTION *left, INSTRUCTION *right, INSTRUCTION *op);
 static INSTRUCTION *mk_assignment(INSTRUCTION *lhs, INSTRUCTION *rhs, INSTRUCTION *op);
 static INSTRUCTION *mk_getline(INSTRUCTION *op, INSTRUCTION *opt_var, INSTRUCTION *redir, int redirtype);
-static NODE *make_regnode(int type, NODE *exp);
 static int count_expressions(INSTRUCTION **list, bool isarg);
 static INSTRUCTION *optimize_assignment(INSTRUCTION *exp);
 static void add_lint(INSTRUCTION *list, LINTTYPE linttype);
@@ -144,6 +143,7 @@ static INSTRUCTION *ip_atexit = NULL;
 static INSTRUCTION *ip_end;
 static INSTRUCTION *ip_endfile;
 static INSTRUCTION *ip_beginfile;
+INSTRUCTION *main_beginfile;
 
 static INSTRUCTION *comment = NULL;
 static INSTRUCTION *program_comment = NULL;
@@ -2485,7 +2485,7 @@ parse_program(INSTRUCTION **pcode)
 		ip_newfile = ip_rec = ip_atexit = ip_beginfile = ip_endfile = NULL;
 	else {
 		ip_endfile = instruction(Op_no_op);
-		ip_beginfile = instruction(Op_no_op);
+		main_beginfile = ip_beginfile = instruction(Op_no_op);
 		ip_rec = instruction(Op_get_record); /* target for `next', also ip_newfile */
 		ip_newfile = bcalloc(Op_newfile, 2, 0); /* target for `nextfile' */
 		ip_newfile->target_jmp = ip_end;
@@ -4825,7 +4825,7 @@ variable(int location, char *name, NODETYPE type)
 
 /* make_regnode --- make a regular expression node */
 
-static NODE *
+NODE *
 make_regnode(int type, NODE *exp)
 {
 	NODE *n;
@@ -5983,13 +5983,26 @@ lookup_builtin(const char *name)
 {
 	int mid = check_special(name);
 
-	if (mid == -1 || tokentab[mid].class != LEX_BUILTIN)
+	if (mid == -1)
 		return NULL;
+
+	switch (tokentab[mid].class) {
+	case LEX_BUILTIN:
+	case LEX_LENGTH:
+		break;
+	default:
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
 #ifdef HAVE_MPFR
 	if (do_mpfr)
 		return tokentab[mid].ptr2;
 #endif
 
+	/* And another special case... */
+	if (tokentab[mid].value == Op_sub_builtin)
+		return (builtin_func_t) do_sub;
+
 	return tokentab[mid].ptr;
 }
 
@@ -6002,7 +6015,8 @@ install_builtins(void)
 
 	j = sizeof(tokentab) / sizeof(tokentab[0]);
 	for (i = 0; i < j; i++) {
-		if (    tokentab[i].class == LEX_BUILTIN
+		if (    (tokentab[i].class == LEX_BUILTIN
+		         || tokentab[i].class == LEX_LENGTH)
 		    && (tokentab[i].flags & DEBUG_USE) == 0) {
 			(void) install_symbol(tokentab[i].operator, Node_builtin_func);
 		}
diff --git a/builtin.c b/builtin.c
index 4a99ed6f..44011f12 100644
--- a/builtin.c
+++ b/builtin.c
@@ -3072,6 +3072,146 @@ done:
 	return make_number((AWKNUM) matches);
 }
 
+/* call_sub --- call do_sub indirectly */
+
+NODE *
+call_sub(const char *name, int nargs)
+{
+	unsigned int flags = 0;
+	NODE *regex, *replace, *glob_flag;
+	NODE **lhs, *rhs;
+	NODE *zero = make_number(0.0);
+	NODE *result;
+
+	if (name[0] == 'g') {
+		if (name[1] == 'e')
+			flags = GENSUB;
+		else
+			flags = GSUB;
+	}
+
+	if (flags == 0 || flags == GSUB) {
+		/* sub or gsub */
+		if (nargs != 2)
+			fatal(_("%s: can be called indirectly only with two arguments"), name);
+
+		replace = POP_STRING();
+		regex = POP();	/* the regex */
+		/*
+		 * push regex
+		 * push replace
+		 * push $0
+		 */
+		regex = make_regnode(Node_regex, regex);
+		PUSH(regex);
+		PUSH(replace);
+		lhs = r_get_field(zero, (Func_ptr *) 0, true);
+		nargs++;
+		PUSH_ADDRESS(lhs);
+	} else {
+		/* gensub */
+		if (nargs == 4)
+			rhs = POP();
+		else
+			rhs = NULL;
+		glob_flag = POP_STRING();
+		replace = POP_STRING();
+		regex = POP();	/* the regex */
+		/*
+		 * push regex
+		 * push replace
+		 * push glob_flag
+		 * if (nargs = 3) {
+		 *	 push $0
+		 *	 nargs++
+		 * }
+		 */
+		regex = make_regnode(Node_regex, regex);
+		PUSH(regex);
+		PUSH(replace);
+		PUSH(glob_flag);
+		if (rhs == NULL) {
+			lhs = r_get_field(zero, (Func_ptr *) 0, true);
+			rhs = *lhs;
+			UPREF(rhs);
+			PUSH(rhs);
+			nargs++;
+		}
+		PUSH(rhs);
+	}
+
+
+	unref(zero);
+	result = do_sub(nargs, flags);
+	if (flags != GENSUB)
+		reset_record();
+	return result;
+}
+
+/* call_match --- call do_match indirectly */
+
+NODE *
+call_match(int nargs)
+{
+	NODE *regex, *text, *array;
+	NODE *result;
+
+	regex = text = array = NULL;
+	if (nargs == 3)
+		array = POP();
+	regex = POP();
+
+	/* Don't need to pop the string just to push it back ... */
+
+	regex = make_regnode(Node_regex, regex);
+	PUSH(regex);
+
+	if (array)
+		PUSH(array);
+
+	result = do_match(nargs);
+	return result;
+}
+
+/* call_split_func --- call do_split or do_pat_split indirectly */
+
+NODE *
+call_split_func(const char *name, int nargs)
+{
+	NODE *regex, *seps;
+	NODE *result;
+
+	regex = seps = NULL;
+	if (nargs < 2)
+		fatal(_("indirect call to %s requires at least two arguments"),
+				name);
+
+	if (nargs == 4)
+		seps = POP();
+
+	if (nargs >= 3) {
+		regex = POP_STRING();
+		regex = make_regnode(Node_regex, regex);
+	} else {
+		if (name[0] == 's') {
+			regex = make_regnode(Node_regex, FS_node->var_value);
+			regex->re_flags |= FS_DFLT;
+		} else
+			regex = make_regnode(Node_regex, FPAT_node->var_value);
+		nargs++;
+	}
+
+	/* Don't need to pop the string or the data array */
+
+	PUSH(regex);
+
+	if (seps)
+		PUSH(seps);
+
+	result = (name[0] == 's') ? do_split(nargs) : do_patsplit(nargs);
+
+	return result;
+}
 
 /* make_integer - Convert an integer to a number node.  */
 
diff --git a/configh.in b/configh.in
index a3c411bb..f4309812 100644
--- a/configh.in
+++ b/configh.in
@@ -168,6 +168,9 @@
 /* Define to 1 if you have the `setsid' function. */
 #undef HAVE_SETSID
 
+/* Define to 1 if you have the `sigprocmask' function. */
+#undef HAVE_SIGPROCMASK
+
 /* Define to 1 if you have the `snprintf' function. */
 #undef HAVE_SNPRINTF
 
@@ -293,6 +296,9 @@
 /* Define to 1 if you have the `usleep' function. */
 #undef HAVE_USLEEP
 
+/* Define to 1 if you have the `waitpid' function. */
+#undef HAVE_WAITPID
+
 /* Define to 1 if you have the <wchar.h> header file. */
 #undef HAVE_WCHAR_H
 
diff --git a/configure b/configure
index e425f55a..def8a041 100755
--- a/configure
+++ b/configure
@@ -10323,9 +10323,10 @@ esac
 for ac_func in atexit btowc fmod getgrent getgroups grantpt \
 	isascii iswctype iswlower iswupper mbrlen \
 	memcmp memcpy memcpy_ulong memmove memset \
-	memset_ulong mkstemp posix_openpt setenv setlocale setsid snprintf strchr \
+	memset_ulong mkstemp posix_openpt setenv setlocale setsid sigprocmask \
+	snprintf strchr \
 	strerror strftime strcasecmp strncasecmp strcoll strtod strtoul \
-	system tmpfile towlower towupper tzset usleep wcrtomb \
+	system tmpfile towlower towupper tzset usleep waitpid wcrtomb \
 	wcscoll wctype
 do :
   as_ac_var=`$as_echo "ac_cv_func_$ac_func" | $as_tr_sh`
diff --git a/configure.ac b/configure.ac
index 7c922ccf..a6972ab2 100644
--- a/configure.ac
+++ b/configure.ac
@@ -269,9 +269,10 @@ esac
 AC_CHECK_FUNCS(atexit btowc fmod getgrent getgroups grantpt \
 	isascii iswctype iswlower iswupper mbrlen \
 	memcmp memcpy memcpy_ulong memmove memset \
-	memset_ulong mkstemp posix_openpt setenv setlocale setsid snprintf strchr \
+	memset_ulong mkstemp posix_openpt setenv setlocale setsid sigprocmask \
+	snprintf strchr \
 	strerror strftime strcasecmp strncasecmp strcoll strtod strtoul \
-	system tmpfile towlower towupper tzset usleep wcrtomb \
+	system tmpfile towlower towupper tzset usleep waitpid wcrtomb \
 	wcscoll wctype)
 dnl this check is for both mbrtowc and the mbstate_t type, which is good
 AC_FUNC_MBRTOWC
diff --git a/doc/ChangeLog b/doc/ChangeLog
index 92e95a0b..e41bf158 100644
--- a/doc/ChangeLog
+++ b/doc/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,21 @@
+2015-03-31         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
+
+	* gawktexi.in: Update discussion of calling built-in functions
+	indirectly. Small additional fix relating to rand(). Thanks
+	to Antonio Colombo.
+
+2015-03-27         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
+
+	* gawktexi.in: Minor edits.
+
+2015-03-24         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
+
+	* gawktexi.in: Minor fixes from Antonio Colombo and new exercise
+	in chapter 16.
+	* gawk.1: Minor edits.
+	* gawktexi.in: Edits in material on errno and retryable and get_file
+	API.
+
 2015-03-17         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
 
 	* gawktexi.in: Modify inplace.awk to call inplace_end in BEGINFILE
@@ -138,6 +156,25 @@
 	* gawktexi.in: Add info that nonfatal I/O works with stdout and
 	stderr.  Revise version info and what was added when.
 
+2015-01-05         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* gawktexi.in: Improve get_file documentation.
+
+2015-01-05         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* gawktexi.in: Replace "Retrying I/O" with "Retrying Input", since this
+	feature pertains to input, not output.
+
+2015-01-04         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* gawktexi.in: Document the get_file API function.
+
+2015-01-04         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* gawk.1: Document new features PROCINFO["errno"] and
+	PROCINFO["input", "RETRY"], and new getline return value of -2.
+	* gawktexi.in: Ditto.
+
 2014-12-26         Antonio Giovanni Colombo   <azc100@gmail.com>
 
 	* gawktexi.in (Glossary): Really sort the items.
diff --git a/doc/gawk.1 b/doc/gawk.1
index 3d5d1812..45a4c9f2 100644
--- a/doc/gawk.1
+++ b/doc/gawk.1
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 .		if \w'\(rq' .ds rq "\(rq
 .	\}
 .\}
-.TH GAWK 1 "Aug 03 2014" "Free Software Foundation" "Utility Commands"
+.TH GAWK 1 "Mar 24 2015" "Free Software Foundation" "Utility Commands"
 .SH NAME
 gawk \- pattern scanning and processing language
 .SH SYNOPSIS
@@ -942,6 +942,15 @@ then
 will contain
 a string describing the error.
 The value is subject to translation in non-English locales.
+If the string in
+.B ERRNO
+corresponds to a system error in the
+.IR errno (3)
+variable, then the numeric value can be found in
+.B PROCINFO["errno"].
+For non-system errors,
+.B PROCINFO["errno"]
+will be zero.
 .TP
 .B FIELDWIDTHS
 A whitespace separated list of field widths.  When set,
@@ -1103,6 +1112,13 @@ system call.
 The default time format string for
 .BR strftime() .
 .TP
+\fBPROCINFO["errno"]\fP
+The value of
+.IR errno (3)
+when
+.BR ERRNO
+is set to the associated error message.
+.TP
 \fBPROCINFO["euid"]\fP
 The value of the
 .IR geteuid (2)
@@ -1221,6 +1237,28 @@ where
 is a redirection string or a filename. A value of zero or
 less than zero means no timeout.
 .TP
+\fBPROCINFO["input", "RETRY"]\fP
+If an I/O error that may be retried occurs when reading data from
+.IR input ,
+and this array entry exists, then
+.B getline
+will return \-2 instead of following the default behavior of returning \-1
+and configuring
+.IR input
+to return no further data.
+An I/O error that may be retried is one where
+.IR errno (3)
+has the value
+.IR EAGAIN ,
+.IR EWOULDBLOCK ,
+.IR EINTR ,
+or
+.IR ETIMEDOUT .
+This may be useful in conjunction with
+\fBPROCINFO["input", "READ_TIMEOUT"]\fP
+or situations where a file descriptor has been configured to behave in a
+non-blocking fashion.
+.TP
 \fBPROCINFO["mpfr_version"]\fP
 The version of the GNU MPFR library used for arbitrary precision
 number support in
@@ -2289,6 +2327,13 @@ below.)
 The
 .B getline
 command returns 1 on success, 0 on end of file, and \-1 on an error.
+If the
+.IR errno (3)
+value indicates that the I/O operation may be retried,
+and \fBPROCINFO["input", "RETRY"]\fP
+is set, then \-2 will be returned instead of \-1, and further calls to
+.B getline
+may be attempted.
 Upon an error,
 .B ERRNO
 is set to a string describing the problem.
diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info
index 3e12596d..24a4a638 100644
--- a/doc/gawk.info
+++ b/doc/gawk.info
@@ -217,6 +217,7 @@ entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
                                         `getline'.
 * Getline Summary::                     Summary of `getline' Variants.
 * Read Timeout::                        Reading input with a timeout.
+* Retrying Input::                      Retrying input after certain errors.
 * Command-line directories::            What happens if you put a directory on
                                         the command line.
 * Input Summary::                       Input summary.
@@ -558,6 +559,7 @@ entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
 * Array Functions::                     Functions for working with arrays.
 * Flattening Arrays::                   How to flatten arrays.
 * Creating Arrays::                     How to create and populate arrays.
+* Redirection API::                     How to access and manipulate redirections.
 * Extension API Variables::             Variables provided by the API.
 * Extension Versioning::                API Version information.
 * Extension API Informational Variables:: Variables providing information about
@@ -4178,6 +4180,7 @@ have to be named on the `awk' command line (*note Getline::).
 * Getline::                     Reading files under explicit program control
                                 using the `getline' function.
 * Read Timeout::                Reading input with a timeout.
+* Retrying Input::              Retrying input after certain errors.
 * Command-line directories::    What happens if you put a directory on the
                                 command line.
 * Input Summary::               Input summary.
@@ -5450,6 +5453,11 @@ record, such as a file that cannot be opened, then `getline' returns
 -1.  In this case, `gawk' sets the variable `ERRNO' to a string
 describing the error that occurred.
 
+   If `ERRNO' indicates that the I/O operation may be retried, and
+`PROCINFO["INPUT", "RETRY"]' is set, then `getline' returns -2 instead
+of -1, and further calls to `getline' may be attemped.  *Note Retrying
+Input::, for further information about this feature.
+
    In the following examples, COMMAND stands for a string value that
 represents a shell command.
 
@@ -5886,7 +5894,7 @@ VAR
 Table 4.1: `getline' variants and what they set
 
 
-File: gawk.info,  Node: Read Timeout,  Next: Command-line directories,  Prev: Getline,  Up: Reading Files
+File: gawk.info,  Node: Read Timeout,  Next: Retrying Input,  Prev: Getline,  Up: Reading Files
 
 4.10 Reading Input with a Timeout
 =================================
@@ -5965,7 +5973,8 @@ a per-command or per-connection basis.
    `gawk' considers a timeout event to be an error even though the
 attempt to read from the underlying device may succeed in a later
 attempt. This is a limitation, and it also means that you cannot use
-this to multiplex input from two or more sources.
+this to multiplex input from two or more sources.  *Note Retrying
+Input::, for a way to enable later I/O attempts to succeed.
 
    Assigning a timeout value prevents read operations from blocking
 indefinitely. But bear in mind that there are other ways `gawk' can
@@ -5980,9 +5989,36 @@ writing.
    (1) This assumes that standard input is the keyboard.
 
 
-File: gawk.info,  Node: Command-line directories,  Next: Input Summary,  Prev: Read Timeout,  Up: Reading Files
+File: gawk.info,  Node: Retrying Input,  Next: Command-line directories,  Prev: Read Timeout,  Up: Reading Files
+
+4.11 Retrying Reads After Certain Input Errors
+==============================================
+
+This minor node describes a feature that is specific to `gawk'.
+
+   When `gawk' encounters an error while reading input, by default
+`getline' returns -1, and subsequent attempts to read from that file
+result in an end-of-file indication.  However, you may optionally
+instruct `gawk' to allow I/O to be retried when certain errors are
+encountered by setting a special element in the `PROCINFO' array (*note
+Auto-set::):
+
+     PROCINFO["INPUT_NAME", "RETRY"] = 1
+
+   When this element exists, `gawk' checks the value of the system (C
+language) `errno' variable when an I/O error occurs.  If `errno'
+indicates a subsequent I/O attempt may succeed, `getline' instead
+returns -2 and further calls to `getline' may succeed.  This applies to
+the `errno' values `EAGAIN', `EWOULDBLOCK', `EINTR', or `ETIMEDOUT'.
+
+   This feature is useful in conjunction with `PROCINFO["INPUT_NAME",
+"READ_TIMEOUT"]' or situations where a file descriptor has been
+configured to behave in a non-blocking fashion.
+
+
+File: gawk.info,  Node: Command-line directories,  Next: Input Summary,  Prev: Retrying Input,  Up: Reading Files
 
-4.11 Directories on the Command Line
+4.12 Directories on the Command Line
 ====================================
 
 According to the POSIX standard, files named on the `awk' command line
@@ -6005,7 +6041,7 @@ usable data from an `awk' program.
 
 File: gawk.info,  Node: Input Summary,  Next: Input Exercises,  Prev: Command-line directories,  Up: Reading Files
 
-4.12 Summary
+4.13 Summary
 ============
 
    * Input is split into records based on the value of `RS'.  The
@@ -6079,7 +6115,7 @@ File: gawk.info,  Node: Input Summary,  Next: Input Exercises,  Prev: Command-li
 
 File: gawk.info,  Node: Input Exercises,  Prev: Input Summary,  Up: Reading Files
 
-4.13 Exercises
+4.14 Exercises
 ==============
 
   1. Using the `FIELDWIDTHS' variable (*note Constant Size::), write a
@@ -10440,6 +10476,11 @@ Options::), they are not special:
      `getline' returning -1.  You are, of course, free to clear it
      yourself before doing an I/O operation.
 
+     If the value of `ERRNO' corresponds to a system error in the C
+     `errno' variable, then `PROCINFO["errno"]' will be set to the value
+     of `errno'.  For non-system errors, `PROCINFO["errno"]' will be
+     zero.
+
 `FILENAME'
      The name of the current input file.  When no data files are listed
      on the command line, `awk' reads from the standard input and
@@ -10488,6 +10529,10 @@ Options::), they are not special:
     `PROCINFO["egid"]'
           The value of the `getegid()' system call.
 
+    `PROCINFO["errno"]'
+          The value of the C `errno' variable when `ERRNO' is set to
+          the associated error message.
+
     `PROCINFO["euid"]'
           The value of the `geteuid()' system call.
 
@@ -10598,6 +10643,10 @@ Options::), they are not special:
           open input file, pipe, or coprocess.  *Note Read Timeout::,
           for more information.
 
+        * It may be used to indicate that input may be retried when it
+          fails due to certain errors.  *Note Retrying Input::, for
+          more information.
+
         * It may be used to cause coprocesses to communicate over
           pseudo-ttys instead of through two-way pipes; this is
           discussed further in *note Two-way I/O::.
@@ -12026,9 +12075,9 @@ brackets ([ ]):
               return int(n * rand())
           }
 
-     The multiplication produces a random number greater than zero and
-     less than `n'.  Using `int()', this result is made into an integer
-     between zero and `n' - 1, inclusive.
+     The multiplication produces a random number greater than or equal
+     to zero and less than `n'.  Using `int()', this result is made into
+     an integer between zero and `n' - 1, inclusive.
 
      The following example uses a similar function to produce random
      integers between one and N.  This program prints a new random
@@ -14391,9 +14440,17 @@ function call.
 
    Starting with version 4.1.2 of `gawk', indirect function calls may
 also be used with built-in functions and with extension functions
-(*note Dynamic Extensions::).  The only thing you cannot do is pass a
-regular expression constant to a built-in function through an indirect
-function call.(1)
+(*note Dynamic Extensions::). There are some limitations when calling
+built-in functions indirectly, as follows.
+
+   * You cannot pass a regular expression constant to a built-in
+     function through an indirect function call.(1) This applies to the
+     `sub()', `gsub()', `gensub()', `match()', `split()' and
+     `patsplit()' functions.
+
+   * If calling `sub()' or `gsub()', you may only pass two arguments,
+     since those functions are unusual in that they update their third
+     argument.  This means that `$0' will be updated.
 
    `gawk' does its best to make indirect function calls efficient.  For
 example, in the following case:
@@ -22973,6 +23030,7 @@ describes the API in detail.
 * Symbol Table Access::                  Functions for accessing global
                                          variables.
 * Array Manipulation::                   Functions for working with arrays.
+* Redirection API::                      How to access and manipulate redirections.
 * Extension API Variables::              Variables provided by the API.
 * Extension API Boilerplate::            Boilerplate code for using the API.
 
@@ -23033,6 +23091,9 @@ operations:
         - Flattening an array for easy C-style looping over all its
           indices and elements
 
+   * Accessing and manipulating redirections.
+
+
    Some points about using the API:
 
    * The following types, macros, and/or functions are referenced in
@@ -24244,7 +24305,7 @@ using `release_value()'.
 `double' to store.
 
 
-File: gawk.info,  Node: Array Manipulation,  Next: Extension API Variables,  Prev: Symbol Table Access,  Up: Extension API Description
+File: gawk.info,  Node: Array Manipulation,  Next: Redirection API,  Prev: Symbol Table Access,  Up: Extension API Description
 
 16.4.11 Array Manipulation
 --------------------------
@@ -24729,9 +24790,78 @@ array:
 environment variable.)
 
 
-File: gawk.info,  Node: Extension API Variables,  Next: Extension API Boilerplate,  Prev: Array Manipulation,  Up: Extension API Description
+File: gawk.info,  Node: Redirection API,  Next: Extension API Variables,  Prev: Array Manipulation,  Up: Extension API Description
+
+16.4.12 Accessing and Manipulating Redirections
+-----------------------------------------------
+
+The following function allows extensions to access and manipulate
+redirections.
+
+`awk_bool_t get_file(const char *name,'
+`                    size_t name_len,'
+`                    const char *filetype,'
+`                    int fd,'
+`                    const awk_input_buf_t **ibufp,'
+`                    const awk_output_buf_t **obufp);'
+     Look up a file in `gawk''s internal redirection table.  If `name'
+     is `NULL' or `name_len' is zero, return data for the currently
+     open input file corresponding to `FILENAME'.  (This does not
+     access the `filetype' argument, so that may be undefined).  If the
+     file is not already open, attempt to open it.  The `filetype'
+     argument must be zero-terminated and should be one of:
 
-16.4.12 API Variables
+    `">"'
+          A file opened for output.
+
+    `">>"'
+          A file opened for append.
+
+    `"<"'
+          A file opened for input.
+
+    `"|>"'
+          A pipe opened for output.
+
+    `"|<"'
+          A pipe opened for input.
+
+    `"|&"'
+          A two-way coprocess.
+
+     On error, return a `false' value.  Otherwise, return `true', and
+     return additional information about the redirection in the `ibufp'
+     and `obufp' pointers.  For input redirections, the `*ibufp' value
+     should be non-`NULL', and `*obufp' should be `NULL'.  For output
+     redirections, the `*obufp' value should be non-`NULL', and `*ibufp'
+     should be `NULL'.  For two-way coprocesses, both values should be
+     non-`NULL'.
+
+     In the usual case, the extension is interested in `(*ibufp)->fd'
+     and/or `fileno((*obufp)->fp)'.  If the file is not already open,
+     and the `fd' argument is non-negative, `gawk' will use that file
+     descriptor instead of opening the file in the usual way.  If `fd'
+     is non-negative, but the file exists already, `gawk' ignores `fd'
+     and returns the existing file.  It is the caller's responsibility
+     to notice that neither the `fd' in the returned `awk_input_buf_t'
+     nor the `fd' in the returned `awk_output_buf_t' matches the
+     requested value.
+
+     Note that supplying a file descriptor is currently _not_ supported
+     for pipes.  However, supplying a file descriptor should work for
+     input, output, append, and two-way (coprocess) sockets.  If
+     `filetype' is two-way, `gawk' assumes that it is a socket!  Note
+     that in the two-way case, the input and output file descriptors
+     may differ.  To check for success, you must check whether either
+     matches.
+
+   It is anticipated that this API function will be used to implement
+I/O multiplexing and a socket library.
+
+
+File: gawk.info,  Node: Extension API Variables,  Next: Extension API Boilerplate,  Prev: Redirection API,  Up: Extension API Description
+
+16.4.13 API Variables
 ---------------------
 
 The API provides two sets of variables.  The first provides information
@@ -24748,7 +24878,7 @@ information about how `gawk' was invoked.
 
 File: gawk.info,  Node: Extension Versioning,  Next: Extension API Informational Variables,  Up: Extension API Variables
 
-16.4.12.1 API Version Constants and Variables
+16.4.13.1 API Version Constants and Variables
 .............................................
 
 The API provides both a "major" and a "minor" version number.  The API
@@ -24797,7 +24927,7 @@ Boilerplate::).
 
 File: gawk.info,  Node: Extension API Informational Variables,  Prev: Extension Versioning,  Up: Extension API Variables
 
-16.4.12.2 Informational Variables
+16.4.13.2 Informational Variables
 .................................
 
 The API provides access to several variables that describe whether the
@@ -24832,7 +24962,7 @@ not change during execution.
 
 File: gawk.info,  Node: Extension API Boilerplate,  Prev: Extension API Variables,  Up: Extension API Description
 
-16.4.13 Boilerplate Code
+16.4.14 Boilerplate Code
 ------------------------
 
 As mentioned earlier (*note Extension Mechanism Outline::), the function
@@ -26137,15 +26267,17 @@ project.
 
    * GD graphics library extension
 
+   * MPFR library extension (this provides access to a number of MPFR
+     functions that `gawk''s native MPFR support does not)
+
    * PDF extension
 
    * PostgreSQL extension
 
-   * MPFR library extension (this provides access to a number of MPFR
-     functions that `gawk''s native MPFR support does not)
-
    * Redis extension
 
+   * Select extension
+
    * XML parser extension, using the Expat
      (http://expat.sourceforge.net) XML parsing library
 
@@ -26289,12 +26421,26 @@ File: gawk.info,  Node: Extension Exercises,  Prev: Extension summary,  Up: Dyna
      `chmod()', and `umask()' to the file operations extension
      presented in *note Internal File Ops::.
 
-  2. (Hard.)  How would you provide namespaces in `gawk', so that the
+  2. Write an input parser that prints a prompt if the input is a from
+     a "terminal" device.  You can use the `isatty()' function to tell
+     if the input file is a terminal. (Hint: this function is usually
+     expensive to call; try to call it just once.)  The content of the
+     prompt should come from a variable settable by `awk'-level code.
+     You can write the prompt to stanard error. However, for best
+     results, open a new file descriptor (or file pointer) on
+     `/dev/tty' and print the prompt there, in case standard error has
+     been redirected.
+
+     Why is standard error a better choice than standard output for
+     writing the prompt?  Which reading mechanism should you replace,
+     the one to get a record, or the one to read raw bytes?
+
+  3. (Hard.)  How would you provide namespaces in `gawk', so that the
      names of functions in different extensions don't conflict with
      each other?  If you come up with a really good scheme, contact the
      `gawk' maintainer to tell him about it.
 
-  3. Write a wrapper script that provides an interface similar to `sed
+  4. Write a wrapper script that provides an interface similar to `sed
      -i' for the "inplace" extension presented in *note Extension
      Sample Inplace::.
 
@@ -32540,9 +32686,9 @@ Index
                                                               (line 143)
 * dark corner, exit statement:           Exit Statement.      (line  30)
 * dark corner, field separators:         Full Line Fields.    (line  22)
-* dark corner, FILENAME variable <1>:    Auto-set.            (line 104)
+* dark corner, FILENAME variable <1>:    Auto-set.            (line 109)
 * dark corner, FILENAME variable:        Getline Notes.       (line  19)
-* dark corner, FNR/NR variables:         Auto-set.            (line 328)
+* dark corner, FNR/NR variables:         Auto-set.            (line 341)
 * dark corner, format-control characters: Control Letters.    (line  18)
 * dark corner, FS as null string:        Single Character Fields.
                                                               (line  20)
@@ -32736,7 +32882,7 @@ Index
 * differences in awk and gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable: User-modified.
                                                               (line  37)
 * differences in awk and gawk, FPAT variable: User-modified.  (line  43)
-* differences in awk and gawk, FUNCTAB variable: Auto-set.    (line 130)
+* differences in awk and gawk, FUNCTAB variable: Auto-set.    (line 135)
 * differences in awk and gawk, function arguments (gawk): Calling Built-in.
                                                               (line  16)
 * differences in awk and gawk, getline command: Getline.      (line  19)
@@ -32759,7 +32905,7 @@ Index
                                                               (line 263)
 * differences in awk and gawk, print/printf statements: Format Modifiers.
                                                               (line  13)
-* differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array: Auto-set.      (line 144)
+* differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array: Auto-set.      (line 149)
 * differences in awk and gawk, read timeouts: Read Timeout.   (line   6)
 * differences in awk and gawk, record separators: awk split records.
                                                               (line 125)
@@ -32767,9 +32913,11 @@ Index
                                                               (line  43)
 * differences in awk and gawk, regular expressions: Case-sensitivity.
                                                               (line  26)
+* differences in awk and gawk, retrying input: Retrying Input.
+                                                              (line   6)
 * differences in awk and gawk, RS/RT variables: gawk split records.
                                                               (line  58)
-* differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set.         (line 279)
+* differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set.         (line 292)
 * differences in awk and gawk, single-character fields: Single Character Fields.
                                                               (line   6)
 * differences in awk and gawk, split() function: String Functions.
@@ -32777,7 +32925,7 @@ Index
 * differences in awk and gawk, strings:  Scalar Constants.    (line  20)
 * differences in awk and gawk, strings, storing: gawk split records.
                                                               (line  77)
-* differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set.     (line 283)
+* differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set.     (line 296)
 * differences in awk and gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified.
                                                               (line 151)
 * differences in awk and gawk, trunc-mod operation: Arithmetic Ops.
@@ -32818,8 +32966,8 @@ Index
 * dynamically loaded extensions:         Dynamic Extensions.  (line   6)
 * e debugger command (alias for enable): Breakpoint Control.  (line  73)
 * EBCDIC:                                Ordinal Functions.   (line  45)
-* effective group ID of gawk user:       Auto-set.            (line 149)
-* effective user ID of gawk user:        Auto-set.            (line 153)
+* effective group ID of gawk user:       Auto-set.            (line 154)
+* effective user ID of gawk user:        Auto-set.            (line 162)
 * egrep utility <1>:                     Egrep Program.       (line   6)
 * egrep utility:                         Bracket Expressions. (line  26)
 * egrep.awk program:                     Egrep Program.       (line  54)
@@ -32915,7 +33063,7 @@ Index
                                                               (line  99)
 * exp:                                   Numeric Functions.   (line  33)
 * expand utility:                        Very Simple.         (line  73)
-* Expat XML parser library:              gawkextlib.          (line  35)
+* Expat XML parser library:              gawkextlib.          (line  37)
 * exponent:                              Numeric Functions.   (line  33)
 * expressions:                           Expressions.         (line   6)
 * expressions, as patterns:              Expression Patterns. (line   6)
@@ -32934,7 +33082,7 @@ Index
                                                               (line   6)
 * extension API version:                 Extension Versioning.
                                                               (line   6)
-* extension API, version number:         Auto-set.            (line 246)
+* extension API, version number:         Auto-set.            (line 255)
 * extension example:                     Extension Example.   (line   6)
 * extension registration:                Registration Functions.
                                                               (line   6)
@@ -33015,7 +33163,7 @@ Index
 * file names, distinguishing:            Auto-set.            (line  56)
 * file names, in compatibility mode:     Special Caveats.     (line   9)
 * file names, standard streams in gawk:  Special FD.          (line  48)
-* FILENAME variable <1>:                 Auto-set.            (line 104)
+* FILENAME variable <1>:                 Auto-set.            (line 109)
 * FILENAME variable:                     Reading Files.       (line   6)
 * FILENAME variable, getline, setting with: Getline Notes.    (line  19)
 * filenames, assignments as:             Ignoring Assigns.    (line   6)
@@ -33083,9 +33231,9 @@ Index
 * flush buffered output:                 I/O Functions.       (line  28)
 * fnmatch() extension function:          Extension Sample Fnmatch.
                                                               (line  12)
-* FNR variable <1>:                      Auto-set.            (line 114)
+* FNR variable <1>:                      Auto-set.            (line 119)
 * FNR variable:                          Records.             (line   6)
-* FNR variable, changing:                Auto-set.            (line 328)
+* FNR variable, changing:                Auto-set.            (line 341)
 * for statement:                         For Statement.       (line   6)
 * for statement, looping over arrays:    Scanning an Array.   (line  20)
 * fork() extension function:             Extension Sample Fork.
@@ -33135,7 +33283,7 @@ Index
 * FSF (Free Software Foundation):        Manual History.      (line   6)
 * fts() extension function:              Extension Sample File Functions.
                                                               (line  61)
-* FUNCTAB array:                         Auto-set.            (line 130)
+* FUNCTAB array:                         Auto-set.            (line 135)
 * function calls:                        Function Calls.      (line   6)
 * function calls, indirect:              Indirect Calls.      (line   6)
 * function calls, indirect, @-notation for: Indirect Calls.   (line  47)
@@ -33185,7 +33333,7 @@ Index
 * G-d:                                   Acknowledgments.     (line  94)
 * Garfinkle, Scott:                      Contributors.        (line  34)
 * gawk program, dynamic profiling:       Profiling.           (line 178)
-* gawk version:                          Auto-set.            (line 221)
+* gawk version:                          Auto-set.            (line 230)
 * gawk, ARGIND variable in:              Other Arguments.     (line  15)
 * gawk, awk and <1>:                     This Manual.         (line  14)
 * gawk, awk and:                         Preface.             (line  21)
@@ -33220,7 +33368,7 @@ Index
 * gawk, FPAT variable in <1>:            User-modified.       (line  43)
 * gawk, FPAT variable in:                Splitting By Content.
                                                               (line  25)
-* gawk, FUNCTAB array in:                Auto-set.            (line 130)
+* gawk, FUNCTAB array in:                Auto-set.            (line 135)
 * gawk, function arguments and:          Calling Built-in.    (line  16)
 * gawk, hexadecimal numbers and:         Nondecimal-numbers.  (line  42)
 * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <1>:      Array Sorting Functions.
@@ -33252,7 +33400,7 @@ Index
 * gawk, predefined variables and:        Built-in Variables.  (line  14)
 * gawk, PROCINFO array in <1>:           Two-way I/O.         (line  99)
 * gawk, PROCINFO array in <2>:           Time Functions.      (line  47)
-* gawk, PROCINFO array in:               Auto-set.            (line 144)
+* gawk, PROCINFO array in:               Auto-set.            (line 149)
 * gawk, regexp constants and:            Using Constant Regexps.
                                                               (line  28)
 * gawk, regular expressions, case sensitivity: Case-sensitivity.
@@ -33260,14 +33408,14 @@ Index
 * gawk, regular expressions, operators:  GNU Regexp Operators.
                                                               (line   6)
 * gawk, regular expressions, precedence: Regexp Operators.    (line 161)
-* gawk, RT variable in <1>:              Auto-set.            (line 279)
+* gawk, RT variable in <1>:              Auto-set.            (line 292)
 * gawk, RT variable in <2>:              Multiple Line.       (line 129)
 * gawk, RT variable in:                  awk split records.   (line 125)
 * gawk, See Also awk:                    Preface.             (line  34)
 * gawk, source code, obtaining:          Getting.             (line   6)
 * gawk, splitting fields and:            Constant Size.       (line  87)
 * gawk, string-translation functions:    I18N Functions.      (line   6)
-* gawk, SYMTAB array in:                 Auto-set.            (line 283)
+* gawk, SYMTAB array in:                 Auto-set.            (line 296)
 * gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable in:          User-modified.       (line 151)
 * gawk, timestamps:                      Time Functions.      (line   6)
 * gawk, uses for:                        Preface.             (line  34)
@@ -33335,7 +33483,7 @@ Index
 * git utility <2>:                       Accessing The Source.
                                                               (line  10)
 * git utility <3>:                       Other Versions.      (line  29)
-* git utility:                           gawkextlib.          (line  29)
+* git utility:                           gawkextlib.          (line  31)
 * Git, use of for gawk source code:      Derived Files.       (line   6)
 * GNITS mailing list:                    Acknowledgments.     (line  52)
 * GNU awk, See gawk:                     Preface.             (line  51)
@@ -33359,7 +33507,7 @@ Index
 * Grigera, Juan:                         Contributors.        (line  57)
 * group database, reading:               Group Functions.     (line   6)
 * group file:                            Group Functions.     (line   6)
-* group ID of gawk user:                 Auto-set.            (line 194)
+* group ID of gawk user:                 Auto-set.            (line 203)
 * groups, information about:             Group Functions.     (line   6)
 * gsub <1>:                              String Functions.    (line 140)
 * gsub:                                  Using Constant Regexps.
@@ -33654,7 +33802,7 @@ Index
 * mawk utility <3>:                      Concatenation.       (line  36)
 * mawk utility <4>:                      Getline/Pipe.        (line  62)
 * mawk utility:                          Escape Sequences.    (line 120)
-* maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set.      (line 235)
+* maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set.      (line 244)
 * McIlroy, Doug:                         Glossary.            (line 258)
 * McPhee, Patrick:                       Contributors.        (line 100)
 * message object files:                  Explaining gettext.  (line  42)
@@ -33667,7 +33815,7 @@ Index
 * messages from extensions:              Printing Messages.   (line   6)
 * metacharacters in regular expressions: Regexp Operators.    (line   6)
 * metacharacters, escape sequences for:  Escape Sequences.    (line 139)
-* minimum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set.      (line 238)
+* minimum precision required by MPFR library: Auto-set.       (line 247)
 * mktime:                                Time Functions.      (line  25)
 * modifiers, in format specifiers:       Format Modifiers.    (line   6)
 * monetary information, localization:    Explaining gettext.  (line 104)
@@ -33716,7 +33864,7 @@ Index
                                                               (line  47)
 * nexti debugger command:                Debugger Execution Control.
                                                               (line  49)
-* NF variable <1>:                       Auto-set.            (line 119)
+* NF variable <1>:                       Auto-set.            (line 124)
 * NF variable:                           Fields.              (line  33)
 * NF variable, decrementing:             Changing Fields.     (line 107)
 * ni debugger command (alias for nexti): Debugger Execution Control.
@@ -33725,9 +33873,9 @@ Index
 * non-existent array elements:           Reference to Elements.
                                                               (line  23)
 * not Boolean-logic operator:            Boolean Ops.         (line   6)
-* NR variable <1>:                       Auto-set.            (line 139)
+* NR variable <1>:                       Auto-set.            (line 144)
 * NR variable:                           Records.             (line   6)
-* NR variable, changing:                 Auto-set.            (line 328)
+* NR variable, changing:                 Auto-set.            (line 341)
 * null strings <1>:                      Basic Data Typing.   (line  26)
 * null strings <2>:                      Truth Values.        (line   6)
 * null strings <3>:                      Regexp Field Splitting.
@@ -33841,7 +33989,7 @@ Index
 * p debugger command (alias for print):  Viewing And Changing Data.
                                                               (line  36)
 * Papadopoulos, Panos:                   Contributors.        (line 128)
-* parent process ID of gawk process:     Auto-set.            (line 203)
+* parent process ID of gawk process:     Auto-set.            (line 212)
 * parentheses (), in a profile:          Profiling.           (line 146)
 * parentheses (), regexp operator:       Regexp Operators.    (line  81)
 * password file:                         Passwd Functions.    (line  16)
@@ -34007,24 +34155,24 @@ Index
 * printing, unduplicated lines of text:  Uniq Program.        (line   6)
 * printing, user information:            Id Program.          (line   6)
 * private variables:                     Library Names.       (line  11)
-* process group idIDof gawk process:     Auto-set.            (line 197)
-* process ID of gawk process:            Auto-set.            (line 200)
+* process group ID of gawk process:      Auto-set.            (line 206)
+* process ID of gawk process:            Auto-set.            (line 209)
 * processes, two-way communications with: Two-way I/O.        (line   6)
 * processing data:                       Basic High Level.    (line   6)
 * PROCINFO array <1>:                    Passwd Functions.    (line   6)
 * PROCINFO array <2>:                    Time Functions.      (line  47)
-* PROCINFO array:                        Auto-set.            (line 144)
+* PROCINFO array:                        Auto-set.            (line 149)
 * PROCINFO array, and communications via ptys: Two-way I/O.   (line  99)
 * PROCINFO array, and group membership:  Group Functions.     (line   6)
 * PROCINFO array, and user and group ID numbers: Id Program.  (line  15)
 * PROCINFO array, testing the field splitting: Passwd Functions.
                                                               (line 154)
-* PROCINFO array, uses:                  Auto-set.            (line 256)
+* PROCINFO array, uses:                  Auto-set.            (line 265)
 * PROCINFO, values of sorted_in:         Controlling Scanning.
                                                               (line  26)
 * profiling awk programs:                Profiling.           (line   6)
 * profiling awk programs, dynamically:   Profiling.           (line 178)
-* program identifiers:                   Auto-set.            (line 162)
+* program identifiers:                   Auto-set.            (line 171)
 * program, definition of:                Getting Started.     (line  21)
 * programming conventions, --non-decimal-data option: Nondecimal Data.
                                                               (line  35)
@@ -34159,6 +34307,7 @@ Index
 * relational operators, See comparison operators: Typing and Comparison.
                                                               (line   9)
 * replace in string:                     String Functions.    (line 409)
+* retrying input:                        Retrying Input.      (line   6)
 * return debugger command:               Debugger Execution Control.
                                                               (line  54)
 * return statement, user-defined functions: Return Statement. (line   6)
@@ -34182,7 +34331,7 @@ Index
 * right shift:                           Bitwise Functions.   (line  53)
 * right shift, bitwise:                  Bitwise Functions.   (line  32)
 * Ritchie, Dennis:                       Basic Data Typing.   (line  54)
-* RLENGTH variable:                      Auto-set.            (line 266)
+* RLENGTH variable:                      Auto-set.            (line 279)
 * RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions.   (line 228)
 * Robbins, Arnold <1>:                   Future Extensions.   (line   6)
 * Robbins, Arnold <2>:                   Bugs.                (line  71)
@@ -34208,9 +34357,9 @@ Index
 * RS variable:                           awk split records.   (line  12)
 * RS variable, multiline records and:    Multiple Line.       (line  17)
 * rshift:                                Bitwise Functions.   (line  53)
-* RSTART variable:                       Auto-set.            (line 272)
+* RSTART variable:                       Auto-set.            (line 285)
 * RSTART variable, match() function and: String Functions.    (line 228)
-* RT variable <1>:                       Auto-set.            (line 279)
+* RT variable <1>:                       Auto-set.            (line 292)
 * RT variable <2>:                       Multiple Line.       (line 129)
 * RT variable:                           awk split records.   (line 125)
 * Rubin, Paul <1>:                       Contributors.        (line  15)
@@ -34230,7 +34379,7 @@ Index
 * scanning arrays:                       Scanning an Array.   (line   6)
 * scanning multidimensional arrays:      Multiscanning.       (line  11)
 * Schorr, Andrew <1>:                    Contributors.        (line 133)
-* Schorr, Andrew <2>:                    Auto-set.            (line 311)
+* Schorr, Andrew <2>:                    Auto-set.            (line 324)
 * Schorr, Andrew:                        Acknowledgments.     (line  60)
 * Schreiber, Bert:                       Acknowledgments.     (line  38)
 * Schreiber, Rita:                       Acknowledgments.     (line  38)
@@ -34313,7 +34462,7 @@ Index
                                                               (line 106)
 * sidebar, Changing FS Does Not Affect the Fields: Full Line Fields.
                                                               (line  14)
-* sidebar, Changing NR and FNR:          Auto-set.            (line 326)
+* sidebar, Changing NR and FNR:          Auto-set.            (line 339)
 * sidebar, Controlling Output Buffering with system(): I/O Functions.
                                                               (line 139)
 * sidebar, Escape Sequences for Metacharacters: Escape Sequences.
@@ -34475,9 +34624,9 @@ Index
 * substr:                                String Functions.    (line 482)
 * substring:                             String Functions.    (line 482)
 * Sumner, Andrew:                        Other Versions.      (line  68)
-* supplementary groups of gawk process:  Auto-set.            (line 251)
+* supplementary groups of gawk process:  Auto-set.            (line 260)
 * switch statement:                      Switch Statement.    (line   6)
-* SYMTAB array:                          Auto-set.            (line 283)
+* SYMTAB array:                          Auto-set.            (line 296)
 * syntactic ambiguity: /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops.
                                                               (line 148)
 * system:                                I/O Functions.       (line 107)
@@ -34654,10 +34803,10 @@ Index
 * variables, uninitialized, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts.
                                                               (line   6)
 * variables, user-defined:               Variables.           (line   6)
-* version of gawk:                       Auto-set.            (line 221)
-* version of gawk extension API:         Auto-set.            (line 246)
-* version of GNU MP library:             Auto-set.            (line 232)
-* version of GNU MPFR library:           Auto-set.            (line 228)
+* version of gawk:                       Auto-set.            (line 230)
+* version of gawk extension API:         Auto-set.            (line 255)
+* version of GNU MP library:             Auto-set.            (line 241)
+* version of GNU MPFR library:           Auto-set.            (line 237)
 * vertical bar (|):                      Regexp Operators.    (line  70)
 * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence.         (line  65)
 * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O):    Getline/Pipe.        (line   9)
@@ -34747,561 +34896,563 @@ Index
 
 Tag Table:
 Node: Top1204
-Node: Foreword342291
-Node: Foreword446735
-Node: Preface48266
-Ref: Preface-Footnote-151137
-Ref: Preface-Footnote-251244
-Ref: Preface-Footnote-351477
-Node: History51619
-Node: Names53970
-Ref: Names-Footnote-155064
-Node: This Manual55210
-Ref: This Manual-Footnote-161710
-Node: Conventions61810
-Node: Manual History64147
-Ref: Manual History-Footnote-167140
-Ref: Manual History-Footnote-267181
-Node: How To Contribute67255
-Node: Acknowledgments68384
-Node: Getting Started73250
-Node: Running gawk75689
-Node: One-shot76879
-Node: Read Terminal78143
-Node: Long80174
-Node: Executable Scripts81687
-Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-184476
-Node: Comments84579
-Node: Quoting87061
-Node: DOS Quoting92579
-Node: Sample Data Files93254
-Node: Very Simple95849
-Node: Two Rules100748
-Node: More Complex102634
-Node: Statements/Lines105496
-Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1109951
-Node: Other Features110216
-Node: When111152
-Ref: When-Footnote-1112906
-Node: Intro Summary112971
-Node: Invoking Gawk113855
-Node: Command Line115369
-Node: Options116167
-Ref: Options-Footnote-1131962
-Ref: Options-Footnote-2132191
-Node: Other Arguments132216
-Node: Naming Standard Input135164
-Node: Environment Variables136257
-Node: AWKPATH Variable136815
-Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1140222
-Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2140267
-Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable140527
-Node: Other Environment Variables141783
-Node: Exit Status145414
-Node: Include Files146090
-Node: Loading Shared Libraries149679
-Node: Obsolete151106
-Node: Undocumented151798
-Node: Invoking Summary152065
-Node: Regexp153728
-Node: Regexp Usage155182
-Node: Escape Sequences157219
-Node: Regexp Operators163448
-Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1170858
-Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2171005
-Node: Bracket Expressions171103
-Ref: table-char-classes173118
-Node: Leftmost Longest176060
-Node: Computed Regexps177362
-Node: GNU Regexp Operators180791
-Node: Case-sensitivity184463
-Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1187348
-Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2187583
-Node: Regexp Summary187691
-Node: Reading Files189158
-Node: Records191251
-Node: awk split records191984
-Node: gawk split records196913
-Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1201452
-Node: Fields201489
-Ref: Fields-Footnote-1204267
-Node: Nonconstant Fields204353
-Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1206591
-Node: Changing Fields206794
-Node: Field Separators212725
-Node: Default Field Splitting215429
-Node: Regexp Field Splitting216546
-Node: Single Character Fields219896
-Node: Command Line Field Separator220955
-Node: Full Line Fields224172
-Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1225693
-Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2225739
-Node: Field Splitting Summary225840
-Node: Constant Size227914
-Node: Splitting By Content232493
-Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1236458
-Node: Multiple Line236621
-Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1242502
-Node: Getline242681
-Node: Plain Getline244888
-Node: Getline/Variable247528
-Node: Getline/File248677
-Node: Getline/Variable/File250062
-Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1251665
-Node: Getline/Pipe251752
-Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe254430
-Node: Getline/Coprocess255561
-Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess256825
-Node: Getline Notes257564
-Node: Getline Summary260358
-Ref: table-getline-variants260770
-Node: Read Timeout261599
-Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1265436
-Node: Command-line directories265494
-Node: Input Summary266399
-Node: Input Exercises269784
-Node: Printing270512
-Node: Print272347
-Node: Print Examples273804
-Node: Output Separators276583
-Node: OFMT278601
-Node: Printf279956
-Node: Basic Printf280741
-Node: Control Letters282313
-Node: Format Modifiers286298
-Node: Printf Examples292304
-Node: Redirection294790
-Node: Special FD301628
-Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1304794
-Node: Special Files304868
-Node: Other Inherited Files305485
-Node: Special Network306485
-Node: Special Caveats307347
-Node: Close Files And Pipes308296
-Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1315481
-Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2315629
-Node: Nonfatal315779
-Node: Output Summary318104
-Node: Output Exercises319325
-Node: Expressions320005
-Node: Values321194
-Node: Constants321871
-Node: Scalar Constants322562
-Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1323424
-Node: Nondecimal-numbers323674
-Node: Regexp Constants326684
-Node: Using Constant Regexps327210
-Node: Variables330373
-Node: Using Variables331030
-Node: Assignment Options332941
-Node: Conversion334816
-Node: Strings And Numbers335340
-Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1338405
-Node: Locale influences conversions338514
-Ref: table-locale-affects341260
-Node: All Operators341852
-Node: Arithmetic Ops342481
-Node: Concatenation344986
-Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1347805
-Node: Assignment Ops347912
-Ref: table-assign-ops352891
-Node: Increment Ops354201
-Node: Truth Values and Conditions357632
-Node: Truth Values358715
-Node: Typing and Comparison359764
-Node: Variable Typing360580
-Node: Comparison Operators364247
-Ref: table-relational-ops364657
-Node: POSIX String Comparison368152
-Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1369224
-Node: Boolean Ops369363
-Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1373841
-Node: Conditional Exp373932
-Node: Function Calls375670
-Node: Precedence379550
-Node: Locales383210
-Node: Expressions Summary384842
-Node: Patterns and Actions387413
-Node: Pattern Overview388533
-Node: Regexp Patterns390212
-Node: Expression Patterns390755
-Node: Ranges394535
-Node: BEGIN/END397642
-Node: Using BEGIN/END398403
-Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1401139
-Node: I/O And BEGIN/END401245
-Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE403560
-Node: Empty406457
-Node: Using Shell Variables406774
-Node: Action Overview409047
-Node: Statements411373
-Node: If Statement413221
-Node: While Statement414716
-Node: Do Statement416744
-Node: For Statement417892
-Node: Switch Statement421050
-Node: Break Statement423432
-Node: Continue Statement425525
-Node: Next Statement427352
-Node: Nextfile Statement429733
-Node: Exit Statement432361
-Node: Built-in Variables434772
-Node: User-modified435905
-Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1443539
-Node: Auto-set443601
-Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1457310
-Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2457515
-Node: ARGC and ARGV457571
-Node: Pattern Action Summary461789
-Node: Arrays464222
-Node: Array Basics465551
-Node: Array Intro466395
-Ref: figure-array-elements468332
-Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1470955
-Node: Reference to Elements471083
-Node: Assigning Elements473545
-Node: Array Example474036
-Node: Scanning an Array475795
-Node: Controlling Scanning478818
-Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1484212
-Node: Numeric Array Subscripts484528
-Node: Uninitialized Subscripts486713
-Node: Delete488330
-Ref: Delete-Footnote-1491079
-Node: Multidimensional491136
-Node: Multiscanning494233
-Node: Arrays of Arrays495822
-Node: Arrays Summary500576
-Node: Functions502667
-Node: Built-in503706
-Node: Calling Built-in504784
-Node: Numeric Functions506779
-Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1511597
-Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2511954
-Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3512002
-Node: String Functions512274
-Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1535775
-Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2535904
-Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3536152
-Node: Gory Details536239
-Ref: table-sub-escapes538020
-Ref: table-sub-proposed539535
-Ref: table-posix-sub540897
-Ref: table-gensub-escapes542434
-Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1543267
-Node: I/O Functions543418
-Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1550654
-Node: Time Functions550801
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1561310
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2561378
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3561536
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4561647
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5561759
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6561986
-Node: Bitwise Functions562252
-Ref: table-bitwise-ops562814
-Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1567142
-Node: Type Functions567314
-Node: I18N Functions568466
-Node: User-defined570113
-Node: Definition Syntax570918
-Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1576577
-Node: Function Example576648
-Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1579569
-Node: Function Caveats579591
-Node: Calling A Function580109
-Node: Variable Scope581067
-Node: Pass By Value/Reference584060
-Node: Return Statement587557
-Node: Dynamic Typing590536
-Node: Indirect Calls591465
-Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1601330
-Node: Functions Summary601458
-Node: Library Functions604160
-Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1607768
-Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2607911
-Node: Library Names608082
-Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1611540
-Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2611763
-Node: General Functions611849
-Node: Strtonum Function612952
-Node: Assert Function615974
-Node: Round Function619298
-Node: Cliff Random Function620839
-Node: Ordinal Functions621855
-Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1624918
-Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2625170
-Node: Join Function625381
-Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1627151
-Node: Getlocaltime Function627351
-Node: Readfile Function631095
-Node: Shell Quoting633067
-Node: Data File Management634468
-Node: Filetrans Function635100
-Node: Rewind Function639196
-Node: File Checking640582
-Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1641915
-Node: Empty Files642116
-Node: Ignoring Assigns644095
-Node: Getopt Function645645
-Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1657109
-Node: Passwd Functions657309
-Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1666149
-Node: Group Functions666237
-Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1674134
-Node: Walking Arrays674339
-Node: Library Functions Summary677345
-Node: Library Exercises678747
-Node: Sample Programs680027
-Node: Running Examples680797
-Node: Clones681525
-Node: Cut Program682749
-Node: Egrep Program692469
-Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1699972
-Node: Id Program700082
-Node: Split Program703758
-Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1707212
-Node: Tee Program707340
-Node: Uniq Program710129
-Node: Wc Program717548
-Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1721798
-Node: Miscellaneous Programs721892
-Node: Dupword Program723105
-Node: Alarm Program725136
-Node: Translate Program729941
-Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1734504
-Node: Labels Program734774
-Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1738125
-Node: Word Sorting738209
-Node: History Sorting742279
-Node: Extract Program744114
-Node: Simple Sed751638
-Node: Igawk Program754708
-Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1769034
-Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2769235
-Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3769357
-Node: Anagram Program769472
-Node: Signature Program772533
-Node: Programs Summary773780
-Node: Programs Exercises775001
-Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1779132
-Node: Advanced Features779223
-Node: Nondecimal Data781205
-Node: Array Sorting782795
-Node: Controlling Array Traversal783495
-Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1791861
-Node: Array Sorting Functions791979
-Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1795865
-Node: Two-way I/O796061
-Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1801006
-Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2801192
-Node: TCP/IP Networking801274
-Node: Profiling804146
-Node: Advanced Features Summary812417
-Node: Internationalization814350
-Node: I18N and L10N815830
-Node: Explaining gettext816516
-Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1821541
-Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2821725
-Node: Programmer i18n821890
-Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1826766
-Node: Translator i18n826815
-Node: String Extraction827609
-Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1828740
-Node: Printf Ordering828826
-Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1831612
-Node: I18N Portability831676
-Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1834132
-Node: I18N Example834195
-Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1836998
-Node: Gawk I18N837070
-Node: I18N Summary837714
-Node: Debugger839054
-Node: Debugging840076
-Node: Debugging Concepts840517
-Node: Debugging Terms842327
-Node: Awk Debugging844899
-Node: Sample Debugging Session845805
-Node: Debugger Invocation846339
-Node: Finding The Bug847724
-Node: List of Debugger Commands854203
-Node: Breakpoint Control855535
-Node: Debugger Execution Control859212
-Node: Viewing And Changing Data862571
-Node: Execution Stack865947
-Node: Debugger Info867582
-Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands871627
-Node: Readline Support876628
-Node: Limitations877522
-Node: Debugging Summary879637
-Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic880811
-Node: Computer Arithmetic882227
-Ref: table-numeric-ranges885804
-Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1886328
-Node: Math Definitions886385
-Ref: table-ieee-formats889680
-Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1890284
-Node: MPFR features890389
-Node: FP Math Caution892060
-Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1893110
-Node: Inexactness of computations893479
-Node: Inexact representation894438
-Node: Comparing FP Values895796
-Node: Errors accumulate896878
-Node: Getting Accuracy898310
-Node: Try To Round901014
-Node: Setting precision901913
-Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings902597
-Node: Setting the rounding mode904426
-Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes904790
-Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1908242
-Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers908421
-Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1913319
-Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems913468
-Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1917347
-Node: Floating point summary917385
-Node: Dynamic Extensions919572
-Node: Extension Intro921124
-Node: Plugin License922389
-Node: Extension Mechanism Outline923186
-Ref: figure-load-extension923614
-Ref: figure-register-new-function925094
-Ref: figure-call-new-function926098
-Node: Extension API Description928085
-Node: Extension API Functions Introduction929535
-Node: General Data Types934356
-Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1940256
-Node: Memory Allocation Functions940555
-Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1943394
-Node: Constructor Functions943493
-Node: Registration Functions945232
-Node: Extension Functions945917
-Node: Exit Callback Functions948214
-Node: Extension Version String949462
-Node: Input Parsers950125
-Node: Output Wrappers960000
-Node: Two-way processors964513
-Node: Printing Messages966776
-Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1967852
-Node: Updating `ERRNO'968004
-Node: Requesting Values968744
-Ref: table-value-types-returned969471
-Node: Accessing Parameters970428
-Node: Symbol Table Access971662
-Node: Symbol table by name972176
-Node: Symbol table by cookie974196
-Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1978341
-Node: Cached values978404
-Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1981900
-Node: Array Manipulation981991
-Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1983089
-Node: Array Data Types983126
-Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1985781
-Node: Array Functions985873
-Node: Flattening Arrays989732
-Node: Creating Arrays996634
-Node: Extension API Variables1001405
-Node: Extension Versioning1002041
-Node: Extension API Informational Variables1003932
-Node: Extension API Boilerplate1004997
-Node: Finding Extensions1008806
-Node: Extension Example1009366
-Node: Internal File Description1010138
-Node: Internal File Ops1014205
-Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11025956
-Node: Using Internal File Ops1026096
-Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11028479
-Node: Extension Samples1028752
-Node: Extension Sample File Functions1030280
-Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1037961
-Node: Extension Sample Fork1039449
-Node: Extension Sample Inplace1040664
-Node: Extension Sample Ord1042750
-Node: Extension Sample Readdir1043586
-Ref: table-readdir-file-types1044463
-Node: Extension Sample Revout1045274
-Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1045863
-Node: Extension Sample Read write array1046603
-Node: Extension Sample Readfile1048543
-Node: Extension Sample Time1049638
-Node: Extension Sample API Tests1050986
-Node: gawkextlib1051477
-Node: Extension summary1054155
-Node: Extension Exercises1057844
-Node: Language History1058566
-Node: V7/SVR3.11060222
-Node: SVR41062375
-Node: POSIX1063809
-Node: BTL1065190
-Node: POSIX/GNU1065921
-Node: Feature History1071757
-Node: Common Extensions1085551
-Node: Ranges and Locales1086923
-Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11091542
-Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21091569
-Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31091804
-Node: Contributors1092025
-Node: History summary1097565
-Node: Installation1098944
-Node: Gawk Distribution1099890
-Node: Getting1100374
-Node: Extracting1101197
-Node: Distribution contents1102834
-Node: Unix Installation1108936
-Node: Quick Installation1109619
-Node: Shell Startup Files1112030
-Node: Additional Configuration Options1113109
-Node: Configuration Philosophy1114913
-Node: Non-Unix Installation1117282
-Node: PC Installation1117740
-Node: PC Binary Installation1119060
-Node: PC Compiling1120908
-Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11123929
-Node: PC Testing1124038
-Node: PC Using1125214
-Node: Cygwin1129329
-Node: MSYS1130099
-Node: VMS Installation1130600
-Node: VMS Compilation1131392
-Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11132621
-Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1132679
-Node: VMS Installation Details1134363
-Node: VMS Running1136614
-Node: VMS GNV1139454
-Node: VMS Old Gawk1140189
-Node: Bugs1140659
-Node: Other Versions1144548
-Node: Installation summary1150982
-Node: Notes1152041
-Node: Compatibility Mode1152906
-Node: Additions1153688
-Node: Accessing The Source1154613
-Node: Adding Code1156048
-Node: New Ports1162205
-Node: Derived Files1166687
-Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11172162
-Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21172196
-Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31172792
-Node: Future Extensions1172906
-Node: Implementation Limitations1173512
-Node: Extension Design1174760
-Node: Old Extension Problems1175914
-Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11177431
-Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1177488
-Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11180848
-Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1181037
-Node: Extension Future Growth1183145
-Node: Old Extension Mechanism1183981
-Node: Notes summary1185743
-Node: Basic Concepts1186929
-Node: Basic High Level1187610
-Ref: figure-general-flow1187882
-Ref: figure-process-flow1188481
-Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11191710
-Node: Basic Data Typing1191895
-Node: Glossary1195223
-Node: Copying1227152
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License1264708
-Node: Index1289844
+Node: Foreword342451
+Node: Foreword446895
+Node: Preface48426
+Ref: Preface-Footnote-151297
+Ref: Preface-Footnote-251404
+Ref: Preface-Footnote-351637
+Node: History51779
+Node: Names54130
+Ref: Names-Footnote-155224
+Node: This Manual55370
+Ref: This Manual-Footnote-161870
+Node: Conventions61970
+Node: Manual History64307
+Ref: Manual History-Footnote-167300
+Ref: Manual History-Footnote-267341
+Node: How To Contribute67415
+Node: Acknowledgments68544
+Node: Getting Started73410
+Node: Running gawk75849
+Node: One-shot77039
+Node: Read Terminal78303
+Node: Long80334
+Node: Executable Scripts81847
+Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-184636
+Node: Comments84739
+Node: Quoting87221
+Node: DOS Quoting92739
+Node: Sample Data Files93414
+Node: Very Simple96009
+Node: Two Rules100908
+Node: More Complex102794
+Node: Statements/Lines105656
+Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1110111
+Node: Other Features110376
+Node: When111312
+Ref: When-Footnote-1113066
+Node: Intro Summary113131
+Node: Invoking Gawk114015
+Node: Command Line115529
+Node: Options116327
+Ref: Options-Footnote-1132122
+Ref: Options-Footnote-2132351
+Node: Other Arguments132376
+Node: Naming Standard Input135324
+Node: Environment Variables136417
+Node: AWKPATH Variable136975
+Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1140382
+Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2140427
+Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable140687
+Node: Other Environment Variables141943
+Node: Exit Status145574
+Node: Include Files146250
+Node: Loading Shared Libraries149839
+Node: Obsolete151266
+Node: Undocumented151958
+Node: Invoking Summary152225
+Node: Regexp153888
+Node: Regexp Usage155342
+Node: Escape Sequences157379
+Node: Regexp Operators163608
+Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1171018
+Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2171165
+Node: Bracket Expressions171263
+Ref: table-char-classes173278
+Node: Leftmost Longest176220
+Node: Computed Regexps177522
+Node: GNU Regexp Operators180951
+Node: Case-sensitivity184623
+Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1187508
+Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2187743
+Node: Regexp Summary187851
+Node: Reading Files189318
+Node: Records191480
+Node: awk split records192213
+Node: gawk split records197142
+Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1201681
+Node: Fields201718
+Ref: Fields-Footnote-1204496
+Node: Nonconstant Fields204582
+Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1206820
+Node: Changing Fields207023
+Node: Field Separators212954
+Node: Default Field Splitting215658
+Node: Regexp Field Splitting216775
+Node: Single Character Fields220125
+Node: Command Line Field Separator221184
+Node: Full Line Fields224401
+Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1225922
+Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2225968
+Node: Field Splitting Summary226069
+Node: Constant Size228143
+Node: Splitting By Content232722
+Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1236687
+Node: Multiple Line236850
+Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1242731
+Node: Getline242910
+Node: Plain Getline245380
+Node: Getline/Variable248020
+Node: Getline/File249169
+Node: Getline/Variable/File250554
+Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1252157
+Node: Getline/Pipe252244
+Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe254922
+Node: Getline/Coprocess256053
+Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess257317
+Node: Getline Notes258056
+Node: Getline Summary260850
+Ref: table-getline-variants261262
+Node: Read Timeout262091
+Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1265994
+Node: Retrying Input266052
+Node: Command-line directories267251
+Node: Input Summary268158
+Node: Input Exercises271543
+Node: Printing272271
+Node: Print274106
+Node: Print Examples275563
+Node: Output Separators278342
+Node: OFMT280360
+Node: Printf281715
+Node: Basic Printf282500
+Node: Control Letters284072
+Node: Format Modifiers288057
+Node: Printf Examples294063
+Node: Redirection296549
+Node: Special FD303387
+Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1306553
+Node: Special Files306627
+Node: Other Inherited Files307244
+Node: Special Network308244
+Node: Special Caveats309106
+Node: Close Files And Pipes310055
+Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1317240
+Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2317388
+Node: Nonfatal317538
+Node: Output Summary319863
+Node: Output Exercises321084
+Node: Expressions321764
+Node: Values322953
+Node: Constants323630
+Node: Scalar Constants324321
+Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1325183
+Node: Nondecimal-numbers325433
+Node: Regexp Constants328443
+Node: Using Constant Regexps328969
+Node: Variables332132
+Node: Using Variables332789
+Node: Assignment Options334700
+Node: Conversion336575
+Node: Strings And Numbers337099
+Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1340164
+Node: Locale influences conversions340273
+Ref: table-locale-affects343019
+Node: All Operators343611
+Node: Arithmetic Ops344240
+Node: Concatenation346745
+Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1349564
+Node: Assignment Ops349671
+Ref: table-assign-ops354650
+Node: Increment Ops355960
+Node: Truth Values and Conditions359391
+Node: Truth Values360474
+Node: Typing and Comparison361523
+Node: Variable Typing362339
+Node: Comparison Operators366006
+Ref: table-relational-ops366416
+Node: POSIX String Comparison369911
+Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1370983
+Node: Boolean Ops371122
+Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1375600
+Node: Conditional Exp375691
+Node: Function Calls377429
+Node: Precedence381309
+Node: Locales384969
+Node: Expressions Summary386601
+Node: Patterns and Actions389172
+Node: Pattern Overview390292
+Node: Regexp Patterns391971
+Node: Expression Patterns392514
+Node: Ranges396294
+Node: BEGIN/END399401
+Node: Using BEGIN/END400162
+Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1402898
+Node: I/O And BEGIN/END403004
+Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE405319
+Node: Empty408216
+Node: Using Shell Variables408533
+Node: Action Overview410806
+Node: Statements413132
+Node: If Statement414980
+Node: While Statement416475
+Node: Do Statement418503
+Node: For Statement419651
+Node: Switch Statement422809
+Node: Break Statement425191
+Node: Continue Statement427284
+Node: Next Statement429111
+Node: Nextfile Statement431492
+Node: Exit Statement434120
+Node: Built-in Variables436531
+Node: User-modified437664
+Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1445298
+Node: Auto-set445360
+Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1459593
+Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2459798
+Node: ARGC and ARGV459854
+Node: Pattern Action Summary464072
+Node: Arrays466505
+Node: Array Basics467834
+Node: Array Intro468678
+Ref: figure-array-elements470615
+Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1473238
+Node: Reference to Elements473366
+Node: Assigning Elements475828
+Node: Array Example476319
+Node: Scanning an Array478078
+Node: Controlling Scanning481101
+Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1486495
+Node: Numeric Array Subscripts486811
+Node: Uninitialized Subscripts488996
+Node: Delete490613
+Ref: Delete-Footnote-1493362
+Node: Multidimensional493419
+Node: Multiscanning496516
+Node: Arrays of Arrays498105
+Node: Arrays Summary502859
+Node: Functions504950
+Node: Built-in505989
+Node: Calling Built-in507067
+Node: Numeric Functions509062
+Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1513892
+Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2514249
+Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3514297
+Node: String Functions514569
+Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1538070
+Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2538199
+Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3538447
+Node: Gory Details538534
+Ref: table-sub-escapes540315
+Ref: table-sub-proposed541830
+Ref: table-posix-sub543192
+Ref: table-gensub-escapes544729
+Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1545562
+Node: I/O Functions545713
+Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1552949
+Node: Time Functions553096
+Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1563605
+Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2563673
+Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3563831
+Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4563942
+Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5564054
+Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6564281
+Node: Bitwise Functions564547
+Ref: table-bitwise-ops565109
+Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1569437
+Node: Type Functions569609
+Node: I18N Functions570761
+Node: User-defined572408
+Node: Definition Syntax573213
+Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1578872
+Node: Function Example578943
+Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1581864
+Node: Function Caveats581886
+Node: Calling A Function582404
+Node: Variable Scope583362
+Node: Pass By Value/Reference586355
+Node: Return Statement589852
+Node: Dynamic Typing592831
+Node: Indirect Calls593760
+Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1604003
+Node: Functions Summary604131
+Node: Library Functions606833
+Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1610441
+Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2610584
+Node: Library Names610755
+Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1614213
+Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2614436
+Node: General Functions614522
+Node: Strtonum Function615625
+Node: Assert Function618647
+Node: Round Function621971
+Node: Cliff Random Function623512
+Node: Ordinal Functions624528
+Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1627591
+Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2627843
+Node: Join Function628054
+Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1629824
+Node: Getlocaltime Function630024
+Node: Readfile Function633768
+Node: Shell Quoting635740
+Node: Data File Management637141
+Node: Filetrans Function637773
+Node: Rewind Function641869
+Node: File Checking643255
+Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1644588
+Node: Empty Files644789
+Node: Ignoring Assigns646768
+Node: Getopt Function648318
+Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1659782
+Node: Passwd Functions659982
+Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1668822
+Node: Group Functions668910
+Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1676807
+Node: Walking Arrays677012
+Node: Library Functions Summary680018
+Node: Library Exercises681420
+Node: Sample Programs682700
+Node: Running Examples683470
+Node: Clones684198
+Node: Cut Program685422
+Node: Egrep Program695142
+Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1702645
+Node: Id Program702755
+Node: Split Program706431
+Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1709885
+Node: Tee Program710013
+Node: Uniq Program712802
+Node: Wc Program720221
+Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1724471
+Node: Miscellaneous Programs724565
+Node: Dupword Program725778
+Node: Alarm Program727809
+Node: Translate Program732614
+Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1737177
+Node: Labels Program737447
+Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1740798
+Node: Word Sorting740882
+Node: History Sorting744952
+Node: Extract Program746787
+Node: Simple Sed754311
+Node: Igawk Program757381
+Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1771707
+Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2771908
+Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3772030
+Node: Anagram Program772145
+Node: Signature Program775206
+Node: Programs Summary776453
+Node: Programs Exercises777674
+Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1781805
+Node: Advanced Features781896
+Node: Nondecimal Data783878
+Node: Array Sorting785468
+Node: Controlling Array Traversal786168
+Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1794534
+Node: Array Sorting Functions794652
+Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1798538
+Node: Two-way I/O798734
+Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1803679
+Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2803865
+Node: TCP/IP Networking803947
+Node: Profiling806819
+Node: Advanced Features Summary815090
+Node: Internationalization817023
+Node: I18N and L10N818503
+Node: Explaining gettext819189
+Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1824214
+Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2824398
+Node: Programmer i18n824563
+Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1829439
+Node: Translator i18n829488
+Node: String Extraction830282
+Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1831413
+Node: Printf Ordering831499
+Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1834285
+Node: I18N Portability834349
+Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1836805
+Node: I18N Example836868
+Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1839671
+Node: Gawk I18N839743
+Node: I18N Summary840387
+Node: Debugger841727
+Node: Debugging842749
+Node: Debugging Concepts843190
+Node: Debugging Terms845000
+Node: Awk Debugging847572
+Node: Sample Debugging Session848478
+Node: Debugger Invocation849012
+Node: Finding The Bug850397
+Node: List of Debugger Commands856876
+Node: Breakpoint Control858208
+Node: Debugger Execution Control861885
+Node: Viewing And Changing Data865244
+Node: Execution Stack868620
+Node: Debugger Info870255
+Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands874300
+Node: Readline Support879301
+Node: Limitations880195
+Node: Debugging Summary882310
+Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic883484
+Node: Computer Arithmetic884900
+Ref: table-numeric-ranges888477
+Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1889001
+Node: Math Definitions889058
+Ref: table-ieee-formats892353
+Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1892957
+Node: MPFR features893062
+Node: FP Math Caution894733
+Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1895783
+Node: Inexactness of computations896152
+Node: Inexact representation897111
+Node: Comparing FP Values898469
+Node: Errors accumulate899551
+Node: Getting Accuracy900983
+Node: Try To Round903687
+Node: Setting precision904586
+Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings905270
+Node: Setting the rounding mode907099
+Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes907463
+Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1910915
+Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers911094
+Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1915992
+Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems916141
+Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1920020
+Node: Floating point summary920058
+Node: Dynamic Extensions922245
+Node: Extension Intro923797
+Node: Plugin License925062
+Node: Extension Mechanism Outline925859
+Ref: figure-load-extension926287
+Ref: figure-register-new-function927767
+Ref: figure-call-new-function928771
+Node: Extension API Description930758
+Node: Extension API Functions Introduction932292
+Node: General Data Types937161
+Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1943061
+Node: Memory Allocation Functions943360
+Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1946199
+Node: Constructor Functions946298
+Node: Registration Functions948037
+Node: Extension Functions948722
+Node: Exit Callback Functions951019
+Node: Extension Version String952267
+Node: Input Parsers952930
+Node: Output Wrappers962805
+Node: Two-way processors967318
+Node: Printing Messages969581
+Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1970657
+Node: Updating `ERRNO'970809
+Node: Requesting Values971549
+Ref: table-value-types-returned972276
+Node: Accessing Parameters973233
+Node: Symbol Table Access974467
+Node: Symbol table by name974981
+Node: Symbol table by cookie977001
+Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1981146
+Node: Cached values981209
+Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1984705
+Node: Array Manipulation984796
+Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1985886
+Node: Array Data Types985923
+Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1988578
+Node: Array Functions988670
+Node: Flattening Arrays992529
+Node: Creating Arrays999431
+Node: Redirection API1004202
+Node: Extension API Variables1007027
+Node: Extension Versioning1007660
+Node: Extension API Informational Variables1009551
+Node: Extension API Boilerplate1010616
+Node: Finding Extensions1014425
+Node: Extension Example1014985
+Node: Internal File Description1015757
+Node: Internal File Ops1019824
+Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11031575
+Node: Using Internal File Ops1031715
+Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11034098
+Node: Extension Samples1034371
+Node: Extension Sample File Functions1035899
+Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1043580
+Node: Extension Sample Fork1045068
+Node: Extension Sample Inplace1046283
+Node: Extension Sample Ord1048369
+Node: Extension Sample Readdir1049205
+Ref: table-readdir-file-types1050082
+Node: Extension Sample Revout1050893
+Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1051482
+Node: Extension Sample Read write array1052222
+Node: Extension Sample Readfile1054162
+Node: Extension Sample Time1055257
+Node: Extension Sample API Tests1056605
+Node: gawkextlib1057096
+Node: Extension summary1059797
+Node: Extension Exercises1063486
+Node: Language History1064982
+Node: V7/SVR3.11066638
+Node: SVR41068791
+Node: POSIX1070225
+Node: BTL1071606
+Node: POSIX/GNU1072337
+Node: Feature History1078173
+Node: Common Extensions1091967
+Node: Ranges and Locales1093339
+Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11097958
+Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21097985
+Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31098220
+Node: Contributors1098441
+Node: History summary1103981
+Node: Installation1105360
+Node: Gawk Distribution1106306
+Node: Getting1106790
+Node: Extracting1107613
+Node: Distribution contents1109250
+Node: Unix Installation1115352
+Node: Quick Installation1116035
+Node: Shell Startup Files1118446
+Node: Additional Configuration Options1119525
+Node: Configuration Philosophy1121329
+Node: Non-Unix Installation1123698
+Node: PC Installation1124156
+Node: PC Binary Installation1125476
+Node: PC Compiling1127324
+Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11130345
+Node: PC Testing1130454
+Node: PC Using1131630
+Node: Cygwin1135745
+Node: MSYS1136515
+Node: VMS Installation1137016
+Node: VMS Compilation1137808
+Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11139037
+Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1139095
+Node: VMS Installation Details1140779
+Node: VMS Running1143030
+Node: VMS GNV1145870
+Node: VMS Old Gawk1146605
+Node: Bugs1147075
+Node: Other Versions1150964
+Node: Installation summary1157398
+Node: Notes1158457
+Node: Compatibility Mode1159322
+Node: Additions1160104
+Node: Accessing The Source1161029
+Node: Adding Code1162464
+Node: New Ports1168621
+Node: Derived Files1173103
+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11178578
+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21178612
+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31179208
+Node: Future Extensions1179322
+Node: Implementation Limitations1179928
+Node: Extension Design1181176
+Node: Old Extension Problems1182330
+Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11183847
+Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1183904
+Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11187264
+Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1187453
+Node: Extension Future Growth1189561
+Node: Old Extension Mechanism1190397
+Node: Notes summary1192159
+Node: Basic Concepts1193345
+Node: Basic High Level1194026
+Ref: figure-general-flow1194298
+Ref: figure-process-flow1194897
+Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11198126
+Node: Basic Data Typing1198311
+Node: Glossary1201639
+Node: Copying1233568
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License1271124
+Node: Index1296260
 
 End Tag Table
diff --git a/doc/gawk.texi b/doc/gawk.texi
index 8005fe3f..f710d725 100644
--- a/doc/gawk.texi
+++ b/doc/gawk.texi
@@ -604,6 +604,7 @@ particular records in a file and perform operations upon them.
                                         @code{getline}.
 * Getline Summary::                     Summary of @code{getline} Variants.
 * Read Timeout::                        Reading input with a timeout.
+* Retrying Input::                      Retrying input after certain errors.
 * Command-line directories::            What happens if you put a directory on
                                         the command line.
 * Input Summary::                       Input summary.
@@ -945,6 +946,7 @@ particular records in a file and perform operations upon them.
 * Array Functions::                     Functions for working with arrays.
 * Flattening Arrays::                   How to flatten arrays.
 * Creating Arrays::                     How to create and populate arrays.
+* Redirection API::                     How to access and manipulate redirections.
 * Extension API Variables::             Variables provided by the API.
 * Extension Versioning::                API Version information.
 * Extension API Informational Variables:: Variables providing information about
@@ -6327,6 +6329,7 @@ used with it do not have to be named on the @command{awk} command line
 * Getline::                     Reading files under explicit program control
                                 using the @code{getline} function.
 * Read Timeout::                Reading input with a timeout.
+* Retrying Input::              Retrying input after certain errors.
 * Command-line directories::    What happens if you put a directory on the
                                 command line.
 * Input Summary::               Input summary.
@@ -8113,6 +8116,13 @@ a record, such as a file that cannot be opened, then @code{getline}
 returns @minus{}1.  In this case, @command{gawk} sets the variable
 @code{ERRNO} to a string describing the error that occurred.
 
+If @code{ERRNO} indicates that the I/O operation may be
+retried, and @code{PROCINFO["@var{input}", "RETRY"]} is set,
+then @code{getline} returns @minus{}2
+instead of @minus{}1, and further calls to @code{getline}
+may be attemped.  @DBXREF{Retrying Input} for further information about
+this feature.
+
 In the following examples, @var{command} stands for a string value that
 represents a shell command.
 
@@ -8767,7 +8777,8 @@ on a per-command or per-connection basis.
 the attempt to read from the underlying device may
 succeed in a later attempt. This is a limitation, and it also
 means that you cannot use this to multiplex input from
-two or more sources.
+two or more sources.  @DBXREF{Retrying Input} for a way to enable 
+later I/O attempts to succeed.
 
 Assigning a timeout value prevents read operations from
 blocking indefinitely. But bear in mind that there are other ways
@@ -8777,6 +8788,36 @@ a connection before it can start reading any data,
 or the attempt to open a FIFO special file for reading can block
 indefinitely until some other process opens it for writing.
 
+@node Retrying Input
+@section Retrying Reads After Certain Input Errors
+@cindex retrying input
+
+@cindex differences in @command{awk} and @command{gawk}, retrying input
+This @value{SECTION} describes a feature that is specific to @command{gawk}.
+
+When @command{gawk} encounters an error while reading input, by
+default @code{getline} returns @minus{}1, and subsequent attempts to
+read from that file result in an end-of-file indication.  However, you
+may optionally instruct @command{gawk} to allow I/O to be retried when
+certain errors are encountered by setting a special element in
+the @code{PROCINFO} array (@pxref{Auto-set}):
+
+@example
+PROCINFO["@var{input_name}", "RETRY"] = 1
+@end example
+
+When this element exists, @command{gawk} checks the value of the system
+(C language)
+@code{errno} variable when an I/O error occurs.  If @code{errno} indicates
+a subsequent I/O attempt may succeed, @code{getline} instead returns
+@minus{}2 and
+further calls to @code{getline} may succeed.  This applies to the @code{errno}
+values @code{EAGAIN}, @code{EWOULDBLOCK}, @code{EINTR}, or @code{ETIMEDOUT}.
+
+This feature is useful in conjunction with
+@code{PROCINFO["@var{input_name}", "READ_TIMEOUT"]} or situations where a file
+descriptor has been configured to behave in a non-blocking fashion.
+
 @node Command-line directories
 @section Directories on the Command Line
 @cindex differences in @command{awk} and @command{gawk}, command-line directories
@@ -14928,6 +14969,11 @@ value to be meaningful when an I/O operation returns a failure value,
 such as @code{getline} returning @minus{}1.  You are, of course, free
 to clear it yourself before doing an I/O operation.
 
+If the value of @code{ERRNO} corresponds to a system error in the C
+@code{errno} variable, then @code{PROCINFO["errno"]} will be set to the value
+of @code{errno}.  For non-system errors, @code{PROCINFO["errno"]} will
+be zero.
+
 @cindex @code{FILENAME} variable
 @cindex dark corner, @code{FILENAME} variable
 @item @code{FILENAME}
@@ -14996,6 +15042,10 @@ are guaranteed to be available:
 @item PROCINFO["egid"]
 The value of the @code{getegid()} system call.
 
+@item PROCINFO["errno"]
+The value of the C @code{errno} variable when @code{ERRNO} is set to
+the associated error message.
+
 @item PROCINFO["euid"]
 @cindex effective user ID of @command{gawk} user
 The value of the @code{geteuid()} system call.
@@ -15046,7 +15096,7 @@ while the program runs.
 The value of the @code{getgid()} system call.
 
 @item PROCINFO["pgrpid"]
-@cindex process group idIDof @command{gawk} process
+@cindex process group ID of @command{gawk} process
 The process group ID of the current process.
 
 @item PROCINFO["pid"]
@@ -15098,7 +15148,7 @@ The version of the GNU MP library.
 The maximum precision supported by MPFR.
 
 @item PROCINFO["prec_min"]
-@cindex minimum precision supported by MPFR library
+@cindex minimum precision required by MPFR library
 The minimum precision required by MPFR.
 @end table
 
@@ -15135,6 +15185,11 @@ open input file, pipe, or coprocess.
 @DBXREF{Read Timeout} for more information.
 
 @item
+It may be used to indicate that input may be retried when it fails due to
+certain errors.
+@DBXREF{Retrying Input} for more information.
+
+@item
 It may be used to cause coprocesses to communicate over pseudo-ttys
 instead of through two-way pipes; this is discussed further in
 @ref{Two-way I/O}.
@@ -17098,8 +17153,8 @@ function randint(n)
 @end example
 
 @noindent
-The multiplication produces a random number greater than zero and less
-than @code{n}.  Using @code{int()}, this result is made into
+The multiplication produces a random number greater than or equal to
+zero and less than @code{n}.  Using @code{int()}, this result is made into
 an integer between zero and @code{n} @minus{} 1, inclusive.
 
 The following example uses a similar function to produce random integers
@@ -20451,10 +20506,23 @@ Remember that you must supply a leading @samp{@@} in front of an indirect functi
 
 Starting with @value{PVERSION} 4.1.2 of @command{gawk}, indirect function
 calls may also be used with built-in functions and with extension functions
-(@pxref{Dynamic Extensions}).  The only thing you cannot do is pass a regular
-expression constant to a built-in function through an indirect function
-call.@footnote{This may change in a future version; recheck the documentation that
-comes with your version of @command{gawk} to see if it has.}
+(@pxref{Dynamic Extensions}). There are some limitations when calling
+built-in functions indirectly, as follows.
+
+@itemize @value{BULLET}
+@item
+You cannot pass a regular expression constant to a built-in function
+through an indirect function call.@footnote{This may change in a future
+version; recheck the documentation that comes with your version of
+@command{gawk} to see if it has.} This applies to the @code{sub()},
+@code{gsub()}, @code{gensub()}, @code{match()}, @code{split()} and
+@code{patsplit()} functions.
+
+@item
+If calling @code{sub()} or @code{gsub()}, you may only pass two arguments,
+since those functions are unusual in that they update their third argument.
+This means that @code{$0} will be updated.
+@end itemize
 
 @command{gawk} does its best to make indirect function calls efficient.
 For example, in the following case:
@@ -31571,6 +31639,7 @@ This (rather large) @value{SECTION} describes the API in detail.
 * Symbol Table Access::                  Functions for accessing global
                                          variables.
 * Array Manipulation::                   Functions for working with arrays.
+* Redirection API::                      How to access and manipulate redirections.
 * Extension API Variables::              Variables provided by the API.
 * Extension API Boilerplate::            Boilerplate code for using the API.
 @end menu
@@ -31646,6 +31715,10 @@ Clearing an array
 @item
 Flattening an array for easy C-style looping over all its indices and elements
 @end itemize
+
+@item
+Accessing and manipulating redirections.
+
 @end itemize
 
 Some points about using the API:
@@ -33616,6 +33689,75 @@ $ @kbd{AWKLIBPATH=$PWD ./gawk -f subarray.awk}
 (@DBXREF{Finding Extensions} for more information on the
 @env{AWKLIBPATH} environment variable.)
 
+@node Redirection API
+@subsection Accessing and Manipulating Redirections
+
+The following function allows extensions to access and manipulate redirections.
+
+@table @code
+@item awk_bool_t get_file(const char *name,
+@itemx @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ size_t name_len,
+@itemx @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ const char *filetype,
+@itemx @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ int fd,
+@itemx @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ const awk_input_buf_t **ibufp,
+@itemx @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ const awk_output_buf_t **obufp);
+Look up a file in @command{gawk}'s internal redirection table.
+If @code{name} is @code{NULL} or @code{name_len} is zero, return
+data for the currently open input file corresponding to @code{FILENAME}.
+(This does not access the @code{filetype} argument, so that may be undefined).  
+If the file is not already open, attempt to open it.
+The @code{filetype} argument must be zero-terminated and should be one of:
+
+@table @code
+@item ">"
+A file opened for output.
+
+@item ">>"
+A file opened for append.
+
+@item "<"
+A file opened for input.
+
+@item "|>"
+A pipe opened for output.
+
+@item "|<"
+A pipe opened for input.
+
+@item "|&"
+A two-way coprocess.
+@end table
+
+On error, return a @code{false} value.  Otherwise, return
+@code{true}, and return additional information about the redirection
+in the @code{ibufp} and @code{obufp} pointers.  For input
+redirections, the @code{*ibufp} value should be non-@code{NULL},
+and @code{*obufp} should be @code{NULL}.  For output redirections,
+the @code{*obufp} value should be non-@code{NULL}, and @code{*ibufp}
+should be @code{NULL}.  For two-way coprocesses, both values should
+be non-@code{NULL}.
+
+In the usual case, the extension is interested in @code{(*ibufp)->fd}
+and/or @code{fileno((*obufp)->fp)}.  If the file is not already
+open, and the @code{fd} argument is non-negative, @command{gawk}
+will use that file descriptor instead of opening the file in the
+usual way.  If @code{fd} is non-negative, but the file exists already,
+@command{gawk} ignores @code{fd} and returns the existing file.  It is
+the caller's responsibility to notice that neither the @code{fd} in
+the returned @code{awk_input_buf_t} nor the @code{fd} in the returned
+@code{awk_output_buf_t} matches the requested value.
+
+Note that supplying a file descriptor is currently @emph{not} supported
+for pipes.  However, supplying a file descriptor should work for input,
+output, append, and two-way (coprocess) sockets.  If @code{filetype}
+is two-way, @command{gawk} assumes that it is a socket!  Note that in
+the two-way case, the input and output file descriptors may differ.
+To check for success, you must check whether either matches.
+@end table
+
+It is anticipated that this API function will be used to implement I/O
+multiplexing and a socket library.
+
 @node Extension API Variables
 @subsection API Variables
 
@@ -35157,18 +35299,21 @@ As of this writing, there are seven extensions:
 GD graphics library extension
 
 @item
+MPFR library extension
+(this provides access to a number of MPFR functions that @command{gawk}'s
+native MPFR support does not)
+
+@item
 PDF extension
 
 @item
 PostgreSQL extension
 
 @item
-MPFR library extension
-(this provides access to a number of MPFR functions that @command{gawk}'s
-native MPFR support does not)
+Redis extension
 
 @item
-Redis extension
+Select extension
 
 @item
 XML parser extension, using the @uref{http://expat.sourceforge.net, Expat}
@@ -35352,6 +35497,24 @@ Add functions to implement system calls such as @code{chown()},
 @code{chmod()}, and @code{umask()} to the file operations extension
 presented in @ref{Internal File Ops}.
 
+@c Idea from comp.lang.awk, February 2015
+@item
+Write an input parser that prints a prompt if the input is
+a from a ``terminal'' device.  You can use the @code{isatty()}
+function to tell if the input file is a terminal. (Hint: this function
+is usually expensive to call; try to call it just once.)
+The content of the prompt should come from a variable settable
+by @command{awk}-level code.
+You can write the prompt to stanard error. However,
+for best results, open a new file descriptor (or file pointer)
+on @file{/dev/tty} and print the prompt there, in case standard
+error has been redirected.
+
+Why is standard error a better
+choice than standard output for writing the prompt?
+Which reading mechanism should you replace, the one to get
+a record, or the one to read raw bytes?
+
 @item
 (Hard.)
 How would you provide namespaces in @command{gawk}, so that the
diff --git a/doc/gawktexi.in b/doc/gawktexi.in
index 88e854a5..4e2b67d7 100644
--- a/doc/gawktexi.in
+++ b/doc/gawktexi.in
@@ -599,6 +599,7 @@ particular records in a file and perform operations upon them.
                                         @code{getline}.
 * Getline Summary::                     Summary of @code{getline} Variants.
 * Read Timeout::                        Reading input with a timeout.
+* Retrying Input::                      Retrying input after certain errors.
 * Command-line directories::            What happens if you put a directory on
                                         the command line.
 * Input Summary::                       Input summary.
@@ -940,6 +941,7 @@ particular records in a file and perform operations upon them.
 * Array Functions::                     Functions for working with arrays.
 * Flattening Arrays::                   How to flatten arrays.
 * Creating Arrays::                     How to create and populate arrays.
+* Redirection API::                     How to access and manipulate redirections.
 * Extension API Variables::             Variables provided by the API.
 * Extension Versioning::                API Version information.
 * Extension API Informational Variables:: Variables providing information about
@@ -6111,6 +6113,7 @@ used with it do not have to be named on the @command{awk} command line
 * Getline::                     Reading files under explicit program control
                                 using the @code{getline} function.
 * Read Timeout::                Reading input with a timeout.
+* Retrying Input::              Retrying input after certain errors.
 * Command-line directories::    What happens if you put a directory on the
                                 command line.
 * Input Summary::               Input summary.
@@ -7713,6 +7716,13 @@ a record, such as a file that cannot be opened, then @code{getline}
 returns @minus{}1.  In this case, @command{gawk} sets the variable
 @code{ERRNO} to a string describing the error that occurred.
 
+If @code{ERRNO} indicates that the I/O operation may be
+retried, and @code{PROCINFO["@var{input}", "RETRY"]} is set,
+then @code{getline} returns @minus{}2
+instead of @minus{}1, and further calls to @code{getline}
+may be attemped.  @DBXREF{Retrying Input} for further information about
+this feature.
+
 In the following examples, @var{command} stands for a string value that
 represents a shell command.
 
@@ -8367,7 +8377,8 @@ on a per-command or per-connection basis.
 the attempt to read from the underlying device may
 succeed in a later attempt. This is a limitation, and it also
 means that you cannot use this to multiplex input from
-two or more sources.
+two or more sources.  @DBXREF{Retrying Input} for a way to enable 
+later I/O attempts to succeed.
 
 Assigning a timeout value prevents read operations from
 blocking indefinitely. But bear in mind that there are other ways
@@ -8377,6 +8388,36 @@ a connection before it can start reading any data,
 or the attempt to open a FIFO special file for reading can block
 indefinitely until some other process opens it for writing.
 
+@node Retrying Input
+@section Retrying Reads After Certain Input Errors
+@cindex retrying input
+
+@cindex differences in @command{awk} and @command{gawk}, retrying input
+This @value{SECTION} describes a feature that is specific to @command{gawk}.
+
+When @command{gawk} encounters an error while reading input, by
+default @code{getline} returns @minus{}1, and subsequent attempts to
+read from that file result in an end-of-file indication.  However, you
+may optionally instruct @command{gawk} to allow I/O to be retried when
+certain errors are encountered by setting a special element in
+the @code{PROCINFO} array (@pxref{Auto-set}):
+
+@example
+PROCINFO["@var{input_name}", "RETRY"] = 1
+@end example
+
+When this element exists, @command{gawk} checks the value of the system
+(C language)
+@code{errno} variable when an I/O error occurs.  If @code{errno} indicates
+a subsequent I/O attempt may succeed, @code{getline} instead returns
+@minus{}2 and
+further calls to @code{getline} may succeed.  This applies to the @code{errno}
+values @code{EAGAIN}, @code{EWOULDBLOCK}, @code{EINTR}, or @code{ETIMEDOUT}.
+
+This feature is useful in conjunction with
+@code{PROCINFO["@var{input_name}", "READ_TIMEOUT"]} or situations where a file
+descriptor has been configured to behave in a non-blocking fashion.
+
 @node Command-line directories
 @section Directories on the Command Line
 @cindex differences in @command{awk} and @command{gawk}, command-line directories
@@ -14256,6 +14297,11 @@ value to be meaningful when an I/O operation returns a failure value,
 such as @code{getline} returning @minus{}1.  You are, of course, free
 to clear it yourself before doing an I/O operation.
 
+If the value of @code{ERRNO} corresponds to a system error in the C
+@code{errno} variable, then @code{PROCINFO["errno"]} will be set to the value
+of @code{errno}.  For non-system errors, @code{PROCINFO["errno"]} will
+be zero.
+
 @cindex @code{FILENAME} variable
 @cindex dark corner, @code{FILENAME} variable
 @item @code{FILENAME}
@@ -14324,6 +14370,10 @@ are guaranteed to be available:
 @item PROCINFO["egid"]
 The value of the @code{getegid()} system call.
 
+@item PROCINFO["errno"]
+The value of the C @code{errno} variable when @code{ERRNO} is set to
+the associated error message.
+
 @item PROCINFO["euid"]
 @cindex effective user ID of @command{gawk} user
 The value of the @code{geteuid()} system call.
@@ -14374,7 +14424,7 @@ while the program runs.
 The value of the @code{getgid()} system call.
 
 @item PROCINFO["pgrpid"]
-@cindex process group idIDof @command{gawk} process
+@cindex process group ID of @command{gawk} process
 The process group ID of the current process.
 
 @item PROCINFO["pid"]
@@ -14426,7 +14476,7 @@ The version of the GNU MP library.
 The maximum precision supported by MPFR.
 
 @item PROCINFO["prec_min"]
-@cindex minimum precision supported by MPFR library
+@cindex minimum precision required by MPFR library
 The minimum precision required by MPFR.
 @end table
 
@@ -14463,6 +14513,11 @@ open input file, pipe, or coprocess.
 @DBXREF{Read Timeout} for more information.
 
 @item
+It may be used to indicate that input may be retried when it fails due to
+certain errors.
+@DBXREF{Retrying Input} for more information.
+
+@item
 It may be used to cause coprocesses to communicate over pseudo-ttys
 instead of through two-way pipes; this is discussed further in
 @ref{Two-way I/O}.
@@ -16380,8 +16435,8 @@ function randint(n)
 @end example
 
 @noindent
-The multiplication produces a random number greater than zero and less
-than @code{n}.  Using @code{int()}, this result is made into
+The multiplication produces a random number greater than or equal to
+zero and less than @code{n}.  Using @code{int()}, this result is made into
 an integer between zero and @code{n} @minus{} 1, inclusive.
 
 The following example uses a similar function to produce random integers
@@ -19572,10 +19627,23 @@ Remember that you must supply a leading @samp{@@} in front of an indirect functi
 
 Starting with @value{PVERSION} 4.1.2 of @command{gawk}, indirect function
 calls may also be used with built-in functions and with extension functions
-(@pxref{Dynamic Extensions}).  The only thing you cannot do is pass a regular
-expression constant to a built-in function through an indirect function
-call.@footnote{This may change in a future version; recheck the documentation that
-comes with your version of @command{gawk} to see if it has.}
+(@pxref{Dynamic Extensions}). There are some limitations when calling
+built-in functions indirectly, as follows.
+
+@itemize @value{BULLET}
+@item
+You cannot pass a regular expression constant to a built-in function
+through an indirect function call.@footnote{This may change in a future
+version; recheck the documentation that comes with your version of
+@command{gawk} to see if it has.} This applies to the @code{sub()},
+@code{gsub()}, @code{gensub()}, @code{match()}, @code{split()} and
+@code{patsplit()} functions.
+
+@item
+If calling @code{sub()} or @code{gsub()}, you may only pass two arguments,
+since those functions are unusual in that they update their third argument.
+This means that @code{$0} will be updated.
+@end itemize
 
 @command{gawk} does its best to make indirect function calls efficient.
 For example, in the following case:
@@ -30662,6 +30730,7 @@ This (rather large) @value{SECTION} describes the API in detail.
 * Symbol Table Access::                  Functions for accessing global
                                          variables.
 * Array Manipulation::                   Functions for working with arrays.
+* Redirection API::                      How to access and manipulate redirections.
 * Extension API Variables::              Variables provided by the API.
 * Extension API Boilerplate::            Boilerplate code for using the API.
 @end menu
@@ -30737,6 +30806,10 @@ Clearing an array
 @item
 Flattening an array for easy C-style looping over all its indices and elements
 @end itemize
+
+@item
+Accessing and manipulating redirections.
+
 @end itemize
 
 Some points about using the API:
@@ -32707,6 +32780,75 @@ $ @kbd{AWKLIBPATH=$PWD ./gawk -f subarray.awk}
 (@DBXREF{Finding Extensions} for more information on the
 @env{AWKLIBPATH} environment variable.)
 
+@node Redirection API
+@subsection Accessing and Manipulating Redirections
+
+The following function allows extensions to access and manipulate redirections.
+
+@table @code
+@item awk_bool_t get_file(const char *name,
+@itemx @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ size_t name_len,
+@itemx @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ const char *filetype,
+@itemx @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ int fd,
+@itemx @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ const awk_input_buf_t **ibufp,
+@itemx @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ const awk_output_buf_t **obufp);
+Look up a file in @command{gawk}'s internal redirection table.
+If @code{name} is @code{NULL} or @code{name_len} is zero, return
+data for the currently open input file corresponding to @code{FILENAME}.
+(This does not access the @code{filetype} argument, so that may be undefined).  
+If the file is not already open, attempt to open it.
+The @code{filetype} argument must be zero-terminated and should be one of:
+
+@table @code
+@item ">"
+A file opened for output.
+
+@item ">>"
+A file opened for append.
+
+@item "<"
+A file opened for input.
+
+@item "|>"
+A pipe opened for output.
+
+@item "|<"
+A pipe opened for input.
+
+@item "|&"
+A two-way coprocess.
+@end table
+
+On error, return a @code{false} value.  Otherwise, return
+@code{true}, and return additional information about the redirection
+in the @code{ibufp} and @code{obufp} pointers.  For input
+redirections, the @code{*ibufp} value should be non-@code{NULL},
+and @code{*obufp} should be @code{NULL}.  For output redirections,
+the @code{*obufp} value should be non-@code{NULL}, and @code{*ibufp}
+should be @code{NULL}.  For two-way coprocesses, both values should
+be non-@code{NULL}.
+
+In the usual case, the extension is interested in @code{(*ibufp)->fd}
+and/or @code{fileno((*obufp)->fp)}.  If the file is not already
+open, and the @code{fd} argument is non-negative, @command{gawk}
+will use that file descriptor instead of opening the file in the
+usual way.  If @code{fd} is non-negative, but the file exists already,
+@command{gawk} ignores @code{fd} and returns the existing file.  It is
+the caller's responsibility to notice that neither the @code{fd} in
+the returned @code{awk_input_buf_t} nor the @code{fd} in the returned
+@code{awk_output_buf_t} matches the requested value.
+
+Note that supplying a file descriptor is currently @emph{not} supported
+for pipes.  However, supplying a file descriptor should work for input,
+output, append, and two-way (coprocess) sockets.  If @code{filetype}
+is two-way, @command{gawk} assumes that it is a socket!  Note that in
+the two-way case, the input and output file descriptors may differ.
+To check for success, you must check whether either matches.
+@end table
+
+It is anticipated that this API function will be used to implement I/O
+multiplexing and a socket library.
+
 @node Extension API Variables
 @subsection API Variables
 
@@ -34248,18 +34390,21 @@ As of this writing, there are seven extensions:
 GD graphics library extension
 
 @item
+MPFR library extension
+(this provides access to a number of MPFR functions that @command{gawk}'s
+native MPFR support does not)
+
+@item
 PDF extension
 
 @item
 PostgreSQL extension
 
 @item
-MPFR library extension
-(this provides access to a number of MPFR functions that @command{gawk}'s
-native MPFR support does not)
+Redis extension
 
 @item
-Redis extension
+Select extension
 
 @item
 XML parser extension, using the @uref{http://expat.sourceforge.net, Expat}
@@ -34443,6 +34588,24 @@ Add functions to implement system calls such as @code{chown()},
 @code{chmod()}, and @code{umask()} to the file operations extension
 presented in @ref{Internal File Ops}.
 
+@c Idea from comp.lang.awk, February 2015
+@item
+Write an input parser that prints a prompt if the input is
+a from a ``terminal'' device.  You can use the @code{isatty()}
+function to tell if the input file is a terminal. (Hint: this function
+is usually expensive to call; try to call it just once.)
+The content of the prompt should come from a variable settable
+by @command{awk}-level code.
+You can write the prompt to stanard error. However,
+for best results, open a new file descriptor (or file pointer)
+on @file{/dev/tty} and print the prompt there, in case standard
+error has been redirected.
+
+Why is standard error a better
+choice than standard output for writing the prompt?
+Which reading mechanism should you replace, the one to get
+a record, or the one to read raw bytes?
+
 @item
 (Hard.)
 How would you provide namespaces in @command{gawk}, so that the
diff --git a/eval.c b/eval.c
index bdf3d61c..7dd6a12b 100644
--- a/eval.c
+++ b/eval.c
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 
 #include "awk.h"
 
-extern void after_beginfile(IOBUF **curfile);
 extern double pow(double x, double y);
 extern double modf(double x, double *yp);
 extern double fmod(double x, double y);
@@ -1027,6 +1026,7 @@ update_ERRNO_int(int errcode)
 {
 	char *cp;
 
+	update_PROCINFO_num("errno", errcode);
 	if (errcode) {
 		cp = strerror(errcode);
 		cp = gettext(cp);
@@ -1041,6 +1041,7 @@ update_ERRNO_int(int errcode)
 void
 update_ERRNO_string(const char *string)
 {
+	update_PROCINFO_num("errno", 0);
 	unref(ERRNO_node->var_value);
 	ERRNO_node->var_value = make_string(string, strlen(string));
 }
@@ -1050,6 +1051,7 @@ update_ERRNO_string(const char *string)
 void
 unset_ERRNO(void)
 {
+	update_PROCINFO_num("errno", 0);
 	unref(ERRNO_node->var_value);
 	ERRNO_node->var_value = dupnode(Nnull_string);
 }
@@ -1182,7 +1184,7 @@ r_get_lhs(NODE *n, bool reference)
 
 /* r_get_field --- get the address of a field node */
  
-static inline NODE **
+NODE **
 r_get_field(NODE *n, Func_ptr *assign, bool reference)
 {
 	long field_num;
diff --git a/extension/ChangeLog b/extension/ChangeLog
index 5d8c7b8a..5d1651fd 100644
--- a/extension/ChangeLog
+++ b/extension/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+2015-03-27         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
+
+	* testext.c: Move test for deferred variables here.
+
 2015-03-18         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
 
 	* configure: Updated to libtool 2.4.6.
@@ -34,11 +38,79 @@
 
 	* testext.c (var_test): Adjust for PROCINFO now being there.
 
+2015-01-06         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* testext.c (test_deferred): New function to help with testing
+	of deferred variable instantiation.
+	(do_get_file): Remove unused variable array.
+	(func_table): Add test_deferred.
+
+2015-01-05         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* testext.c (test_get_file): Fix error message.
+	(do_get_file): Implement new function providing low-level access
+	to the get_file API.
+	(func_table): Add "get_file" -> do_get_file.
+	(init_testext): If TESTEXT_QUIET has been set to a numeric value,
+	return quietly.
+
+2015-01-02         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* testext.c (test_get_file): The get_file hook no longer takes a
+	typelen argument.
+
+2015-01-02         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	Remove the select extension, since it will be part of gawkextlib.
+	* select.c, siglist.h: Deleted.
+	* Makefile.am (pkgextension_LTLIBRARIES): Remove select.la.
+	(select_la_SOURCES, select_la_LDFLAGS, select_la_LIBADD): Remove.
+	(EXTRA_DIST): Remove siglist.h.
+	* configure.ac (AC_CHECK_HEADERS): Remove signal.h.
+	(AC_CHECK_FUNCS): Remove fcntl, kill, sigaction, and sigprocmask.
+
+2014-12-14         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	Remove the errno extension, since it is now part of gawkextlib.
+	* errno.c, errlist.h: Deleted.
+	* Makefile.am (pkgextension_LTLIBRARIES): Remove errno.la.
+	(errno_la_SOURCES, errno_la_LDFLAGS, errno_la_LIBADD): Remove.
+	(EXTRA_DIST): Remove errlist.h.
+
 2014-11-23         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
 
 	* inplace.c (do_inplace_begin): Jump through hoops to silence
 	GCC warnings about return value of chown.
 
+2014-11-09         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* select.c (do_input_fd): New function to return the input file
+	descriptor associated with a file/command.
+	(do_output_fd): New function to return the output file descriptor
+	associated with a file/command.
+	(func_table): Add new functions "input_fd" and "output_fd".
+	* testext.c (test_get_file): Do not use __func__, since it is a C99
+	feature, and gawk does not assume C99.
+
+2014-11-06         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* errno.c (do_errno2name, do_name2errno): Remove unused variable 'str'.
+	* select.c (do_signal): Remove unused variable 'override'.
+	(grabfd): New helper function to map a gawk file to the appropriate
+	fd for use in the arguments to selectd.
+	(do_select): get_file has 3 new arguments and returns info about both
+	the input and output buf.
+	(do_set_non_blocking): Support changes to get_file API.
+	* testext.c (test_get_file): New test function to check that extension
+	file creation via the get_file API is working.
+
+2014-11-05         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* select.c (set_retry): New function to set PROCINFO[<name>, "RETRY"].
+	(do_set_non_blocking): If called with a file name as opposed to a file
+	descriptor, call the set_retry function to configure PROCINFO to tell
+	io.c to retry I/O for temporary failures.
+
 2014-10-12         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
 
 	* Makefile.am (uninstall-so): Remove *.lib too, per suggestion
@@ -210,6 +282,108 @@
 	* gawkdirfd.h (FAKE_FD_VALUE): Move definition up in the file to give
 	clean compile on MinGW.
 
+2013-07-07         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* configure.ac (AC_CHECK_FUNCS): Check for fcntl.
+	* select.c (set_non_blocking): Check that fcntl and O_NONBLOCK are
+	available.
+
+2013-07-07         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* select.c (signal_handler): On platforms lacking sigaction, reset
+	the signal handler each time a signal is trapped to protect in case
+	the system resets it to default.
+
+2013-07-05         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* select.c (signal_result): New function to set result string from
+	signal function and detect when we need to roll back.
+	(do_signal): Now takes an optional 3rd override argument.  Instead
+	of returning -1 or 0, we now return information about the previously
+	installed signal handler: default, ignore, trap, or unknown.  An
+	empty string is returned on error.  If it is an unknown handler,
+	and override is not non-zero, we roll back the handler and return "".
+
+2013-07-05         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* select.c (set_non_blocking): Do not attempt F_SETFL if F_GETFL fails.
+	(do_set_non_blocking): Add support for case when called with a single
+	"" argument.
+
+2013-07-05         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* select.c (do_signal): If sigaction is unavailable, fall back to
+	signal and hope that it does the right thing.
+
+2013-07-05         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* configure.ac (AC_CHECK_FUNCS): Add kill and sigprocmask.
+	* select.c (get_signal_number): Change error messages since now may
+	be called by "kill" as well as "select_signal".
+	(do_signal): Add a lint warning if there are more than 2 args.
+	(do_kill): Add new function to send a signal.
+	(do_select): Support platforms where sigprocmask is not available.
+	There will be a race condition on such platforms, but that is not
+	easily avoided.
+
+2013-07-02         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* select.c (do_select): Now that the API flatten_array call has been
+	patched to ensure that the index values are strings, we can remove
+	the code to check for the AWK_NUMBER case.
+
+2013-07-02         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* select.c (do_select): Do not treat a numeric command value as a
+	file descriptor unless the command type is empty.
+
+2013-07-02         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add errlist.h and siglist.h.
+
+2013-07-02         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* select.c (set_non_blocking): New helper function to call fcntl.
+	(do_set_non_blocking): Add support for the case where there's a single
+	integer fd argument.
+
+2013-07-01         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* select.c (do_set_non_blocking): Implement new set_non_blocking
+	function.
+	(func_table): Add set_non_blocking.
+
+2013-07-01         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* errlist.h: New file containing a list of all the errno values I could
+	find.
+	* errno.c: Implement a new errno extension providing strerror,
+	errno2name, and name2errno.
+	* Makefile.am (pkgextension_LTLIBRARIES): Add errno.la.
+	(errno_la_SOURCES, errno_la_LDFLAGS, errno_la_LIBADD): Build new errno
+	extension.
+	* select.c (ext_version): Fix version string.
+	* siglist.h: Update to newest glibc version.
+
+2013-07-01         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* siglist.h: New file copied from glibc to provide a mapping between
+	signal number and name.
+	* select.c: Add a new "select_signal" function and provide support
+	for trapping signals.
+	(do_select): Add support for a 5th argument to contain an array
+	of returned signals.  Improve the argument processing, and add
+	better warning messages.
+
+2013-06-30         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* Makefile.am (pkgextension_LTLIBRARIES): Add select.la.
+	(select_la_SOURCES, select_la_LDFLAGS, select_la_LIBADD): Build new
+	select extension.
+	* configure.ac (AC_CHECK_HEADERS): Add signal.h.
+	(AC_CHECK_FUNCS): Add sigaction.
+	* select.c: Implement the new select extension.
+
 2013-06-10         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
 
 	* configure.ac (AC_HEADER_MAJOR): New macro added.
diff --git a/extension/testext.c b/extension/testext.c
index 4a1e7032..e2ddbe87 100644
--- a/extension/testext.c
+++ b/extension/testext.c
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
 
 #include "gawkapi.h"
 
@@ -374,6 +375,84 @@ out:
 }
 
 /*
+ * 3/2015: This test is no longer strictly necessary,
+ * since PROCINFO is no longer a deferred variable.
+ * But we leave it in for safety, anyway.
+ */
+/*
+BEGIN {
+	print "test_deferred returns", test_deferred()
+	print ""
+}
+*/
+static awk_value_t *
+test_deferred(int nargs, awk_value_t *result)
+{
+	awk_value_t arr;
+	awk_value_t index, value;
+	const struct nval {
+		const char *name;
+		double val;
+	} seed[] = {
+		{ "fubar", 9.0, },
+		{ "rumpus", -5.0, },
+	};
+	struct nval sysval[] = {
+		{ "uid", getuid(), },
+		{ "api_major", GAWK_API_MAJOR_VERSION, },
+	};
+	size_t i;
+
+	assert(result != NULL);
+	make_number(0.0, result);
+
+	if (nargs != 0) {
+		printf("test_deferred: nargs not right (%d should be 0)\n", nargs);
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	if (! sym_lookup("PROCINFO", AWK_ARRAY, & arr)) {
+		printf("test_deferred: %d: sym_lookup failed\n", __LINE__);
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	for (i = 0; i < sizeof(seed)/sizeof(seed[0]); i++) {
+		make_const_string(seed[i].name, strlen(seed[i].name), & index);
+		make_number(seed[i].val, & value);
+		if (! set_array_element(arr.array_cookie, & index, & value)) {
+			printf("test_deferred: %d: set_array_element(%s) failed\n", __LINE__, seed[i].name);
+			goto out;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* test that it still contains the values we loaded */
+	for (i = 0; i < sizeof(seed)/sizeof(seed[0]); i++) {
+		make_const_string(seed[i].name, strlen(seed[i].name), & index);
+		make_null_string(& value);
+		if (! get_array_element(arr.array_cookie, &index, AWK_NUMBER, & value)) {
+			printf("test_deferred: %d: get_array_element(%s) failed\n", __LINE__, seed[i].name);
+			goto out;
+		}
+		printf("%s = %g\n", seed[i].name, value.num_value);
+	}
+
+	/* check a few automatically-supplied values */
+	for (i = 0; i < sizeof(sysval)/sizeof(sysval[0]); i++) {
+		make_const_string(sysval[i].name, strlen(sysval[i].name), & index);
+		make_null_string(& value);
+		if (! get_array_element(arr.array_cookie, &index, AWK_NUMBER, & value)) {
+			printf("test_deferred: %d: get_array_element(%s) failed\n", __LINE__, sysval[i].name);
+			goto out;
+		}
+		printf("%s matches %d\n", sysval[i].name, (value.num_value == sysval[i].val));
+	}
+
+	make_number(1.0, result);
+out:
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
 BEGIN {
 	for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
 		test_array[i] = i + 2
@@ -710,6 +789,7 @@ BEGIN {
 	ret = test_indirect_vars()	# should get correct value of NR
 	printf("test_indirect_var() return %d\n", ret)
 	delete ARGV[1]
+	print ""
 }
 */
 
@@ -742,6 +822,124 @@ out:
 	return result;
 }
 
+/*
+BEGIN {
+	outfile = "testexttmp.txt"
+	alias = ".test.alias"
+	print "line 1" > outfile
+	print "line 2" > outfile
+	print "line 3" > outfile
+	close(outfile)
+	ret = test_get_file(outfile, alias)
+	printf "test_get_file returned %d\n", ret
+	nr = 0
+	while ((getline < alias) > 0)
+		printf "File [%s] nr [%s]: %s\n", alias, ++nr, $0
+	close(alias)
+	system("rm " outfile)
+	print ""
+}
+*/
+
+/* test_get_file --- test that we can create a file */
+
+static awk_value_t *
+test_get_file(int nargs, awk_value_t *result)
+{
+	awk_value_t filename, alias;
+	int fd;
+	const awk_input_buf_t *ibuf;
+	const awk_output_buf_t *obuf;
+
+	if (nargs != 2) {
+		printf("%s: nargs not right (%d should be 2)\n", "test_get_file", nargs);
+		return make_number(-1.0, result);
+	}
+
+	if (! get_argument(0, AWK_STRING, & filename)) {
+		printf("%s: cannot get first arg\n", "test_get_file");
+		return make_number(-1.0, result);
+	}
+	if (! get_argument(1, AWK_STRING, & alias)) {
+		printf("%s: cannot get second arg\n", "test_get_file");
+		return make_number(-1.0, result);
+	}
+	if ((fd = open(filename.str_value.str, O_RDONLY)) < 0) {
+		printf("%s: open(%s) failed\n", "test_get_file", filename.str_value.str);
+		return make_number(-1.0, result);
+	}
+	if (! get_file(alias.str_value.str, strlen(alias.str_value.str), "<", fd, &ibuf, &obuf)) {
+		printf("%s: get_file(%s) failed\n", "test_get_file", alias.str_value.str);
+		return make_number(-1.0, result);
+	}
+	if (! ibuf || ibuf->fd != fd) {
+		printf("%s: get_file(%s) returned fd %d instead of %d\n", "test_get_file", alias.str_value.str, ibuf ? ibuf->fd : -1, fd);
+		return make_number(-1.0, result);
+	}
+	return make_number(0.0, result);
+}
+
+/* do_get_file --- provide access to get_file API */
+
+static awk_value_t *
+do_get_file(int nargs, awk_value_t *result)
+{
+	awk_value_t filename, filetype, fd, res;
+	const awk_input_buf_t *ibuf;
+	const awk_output_buf_t *obuf;
+
+	if (nargs != 4) {
+		printf("%s: nargs not right (%d should be 4)\n", "get_file", nargs);
+		return make_number(-1.0, result);
+	}
+
+	if (! get_argument(0, AWK_STRING, & filename)) {
+		printf("%s: cannot get first arg\n", "get_file");
+		return make_number(-1.0, result);
+	}
+	if (! get_argument(1, AWK_STRING, & filetype)) {
+		printf("%s: cannot get second arg\n", "get_file");
+		return make_number(-1.0, result);
+	}
+	if (! get_argument(2, AWK_NUMBER, & fd)) {
+		printf("%s: cannot get third arg\n", "get_file");
+		return make_number(-1.0, result);
+	}
+	if (! get_argument(3, AWK_ARRAY, & res)) {
+		printf("%s: cannot get fourth arg\n", "get_file");
+		return make_number(-1.0, result);
+	}
+	clear_array(res.array_cookie);
+
+	if (! get_file(filename.str_value.str, strlen(filename.str_value.str), filetype.str_value.str, fd.num_value, &ibuf, &obuf)) {
+		printf("%s: get_file(%s, %s, %d) failed\n", "get_file", filename.str_value.str, filetype.str_value.str, (int)(fd.num_value));
+		return make_number(0.0, result);
+	}
+
+	if (ibuf) {
+		awk_value_t idx, val;
+		set_array_element(res.array_cookie, 
+				  make_const_string("input", 5, & idx),
+				  make_number(ibuf->fd, & val));
+		if (ibuf->name)
+			set_array_element(res.array_cookie, 
+					  make_const_string("input_name", 10, & idx),
+					  make_const_string(ibuf->name, strlen(ibuf->name), & val));
+	}
+	if (obuf) {
+		awk_value_t idx, val;
+		set_array_element(res.array_cookie, 
+				  make_const_string("output", 6, & idx),
+				  make_number(obuf->fp ? fileno(obuf->fp) : -1,
+				  	      & val));
+		if (obuf->name)
+			set_array_element(res.array_cookie, 
+					  make_const_string("output_name", 11, & idx),
+					  make_const_string(obuf->name, strlen(obuf->name), & val));
+	}
+	return make_number(1.0, result);
+}
+
 /* fill_in_array --- fill in a new array */
 
 static void
@@ -829,6 +1027,7 @@ static awk_ext_func_t func_table[] = {
 	{ "dump_array_and_delete", dump_array_and_delete, 2 },
 	{ "try_modify_environ", try_modify_environ, 0 },
 	{ "var_test", var_test, 1 },
+	{ "test_deferred", test_deferred, 0 },
 	{ "test_errno", test_errno, 0 },
 	{ "test_array_size", test_array_size, 1 },
 	{ "test_array_elem", test_array_elem, 2 },
@@ -837,6 +1036,8 @@ static awk_ext_func_t func_table[] = {
 	{ "test_scalar", test_scalar, 1 },
 	{ "test_scalar_reserved", test_scalar_reserved, 0 },
 	{ "test_indirect_vars", test_indirect_vars, 0 },
+	{ "test_get_file", test_get_file, 2 },
+	{ "get_file", do_get_file, 4 },
 };
 
 /* init_testext --- additional initialization function */
@@ -847,6 +1048,10 @@ static awk_bool_t init_testext(void)
 	static const char message[] = "hello, world";	/* of course */
 	static const char message2[] = "i am a scalar";
 
+	/* This is used by the getfile test */
+	if (sym_lookup("TESTEXT_QUIET", AWK_NUMBER, & value))
+		return awk_true;
+
 	/* add at_exit functions */
 	awk_atexit(at_exit0, NULL);
 	awk_atexit(at_exit1, & data_for_1);
diff --git a/gawkapi.c b/gawkapi.c
index 3b495452..9d8c6f36 100644
--- a/gawkapi.c
+++ b/gawkapi.c
@@ -25,6 +25,11 @@
 
 #include "awk.h"
 
+/* Declare some globals used by api_get_file: */
+extern IOBUF *curfile;
+extern INSTRUCTION *main_beginfile;
+extern int currule;
+
 static awk_bool_t node_to_awk_value(NODE *node, awk_value_t *result, awk_valtype_t wanted);
 
 /*
@@ -783,7 +788,6 @@ api_set_array_element(awk_ext_id_t id, awk_array_t a_cookie,
 
 	tmp = awk_value_to_node(index);
 	aptr = assoc_lookup(array, tmp);
-	unref(tmp);
 	unref(*aptr);
 	elem = *aptr = awk_value_to_node(value);
 	if (elem->type == Node_var_array) {
@@ -791,6 +795,9 @@ api_set_array_element(awk_ext_id_t id, awk_array_t a_cookie,
 		elem->vname = estrdup(index->str_value.str,
 					index->str_value.len);
 	}
+	if (array->astore != NULL)
+		(*array->astore)(array, tmp);
+	unref(tmp);
 
 	return awk_true;
 }
@@ -1034,6 +1041,99 @@ api_release_value(awk_ext_id_t id, awk_value_cookie_t value)
 	return awk_true;
 }
 
+/* api_get_file --- return a handle to an existing or newly opened file */
+
+static awk_bool_t
+api_get_file(awk_ext_id_t id, const char *name, size_t namelen, const char *filetype,
+		int fd, const awk_input_buf_t **ibufp, const awk_output_buf_t **obufp)
+{
+	const struct redirect *f;
+	int flag;	/* not used, sigh */
+	enum redirval redirtype;
+
+	if (name == NULL || namelen == 0) {
+		if (curfile == NULL) {
+			INSTRUCTION *pc;
+			int save_rule;
+			char *save_source;
+
+			if (nextfile(& curfile, false) <= 0)
+				return awk_false;
+
+			pc = main_beginfile;
+			/* save execution state */
+			save_rule = currule;
+			save_source = source;
+
+			for (;;) {
+				if (pc == NULL)
+					fatal(_("cannot find end of BEGINFILE rule"));
+				if (pc->opcode == Op_after_beginfile)
+					break;
+				pc = pc->nexti;
+			}
+			pc->opcode = Op_stop;
+		        (void) (*interpret)(main_beginfile);
+			pc->opcode = Op_after_beginfile;
+			after_beginfile(& curfile);
+			/* restore execution state */
+			currule = save_rule;
+			source = save_source;
+		}
+		*ibufp = &curfile->public;
+		*obufp = NULL;
+
+		return awk_true;
+	}
+
+	redirtype = redirect_none;
+	switch (filetype[0]) {
+	case '<':
+		if (filetype[1] == '\0')
+			redirtype = redirect_input;
+		break;
+	case '>':
+		switch (filetype[1]) {
+		case '\0':
+			redirtype = redirect_output;
+			break;
+		case '>':
+			if (filetype[2] == '\0')
+				redirtype = redirect_append;
+			break;
+		}
+		break;
+	case '|':
+		if (filetype[2] == '\0') {
+			switch (filetype[1]) {
+			case '>':
+				redirtype = redirect_pipe;
+				break;
+			case '<':
+				redirtype = redirect_pipein;
+				break;
+			case '&':
+				redirtype = redirect_twoway;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		break;
+	}
+
+	if (redirtype == redirect_none) {
+		warning(_("cannot open unrecognized file type `%s' for `%s'"),
+			filetype, name);
+		return awk_false;
+	}
+
+	if ((f = redirect_string(name, namelen, 0, redirtype, &flag, fd, false)) == NULL)
+		return awk_false;
+
+	*ibufp = f->iop ? & f->iop->public : NULL;
+	*obufp = f->output.fp ? & f->output : NULL;
+	return awk_true;
+}
+
 /*
  * Register a version string for this extension with gawk.
  */
@@ -1119,6 +1219,9 @@ gawk_api_t api_impl = {
 	calloc,
 	realloc,
 	free,
+
+	/* Find/open a file */
+	api_get_file,
 };
 
 /* init_ext_api --- init the extension API */
diff --git a/gawkapi.h b/gawkapi.h
index 7a58bd4a..3604e906 100644
--- a/gawkapi.h
+++ b/gawkapi.h
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ typedef struct awk_two_way_processor {
 /* Current version of the API. */
 enum {
 	GAWK_API_MAJOR_VERSION = 1,
-	GAWK_API_MINOR_VERSION = 1
+	GAWK_API_MINOR_VERSION = 2
 };
 
 /* A number of typedefs related to different types of values. */
@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ typedef struct gawk_api {
 					  awk_value_t *result);
 
 	/*
-	 * Convert a paramter that was undefined into an array
+	 * Convert a parameter that was undefined into an array
 	 * (provide call-by-reference for arrays).  Returns false
 	 * if count is too big, or if the argument's type is
 	 * not undefined.
@@ -674,6 +674,39 @@ typedef struct gawk_api {
 	void *(*api_calloc)(size_t nmemb, size_t size);
 	void *(*api_realloc)(void *ptr, size_t size);
 	void (*api_free)(void *ptr);
+
+        /*
+	 * Look up a file.  If the name is NULL or name_len is 0, it returns
+	 * data for the currently open input file corresponding to FILENAME
+	 * (and it will not access the filetype argument, so that may be
+	 * undefined).  
+	 * If the file is not already open, it tries to open it.
+	 * The "filetype" argument should be one of:
+	 *    ">", ">>", "<", "|>", "|<", and "|&"
+	 * If the file is not already open, and the fd argument is non-negative,
+	 * gawk will use that file descriptor instead of opening the file
+	 * in the usual way.  If the fd is non-negative, but the file exists
+	 * already, gawk ignores the fd and returns the existing file.  It is
+	 * the caller's responsibility to notice that the fd in the returned
+	 * awk_input_buf_t does not match the requested value.  Note that
+	 * supplying a file descriptor is currently NOT supported for pipes.
+	 * It should work for input, output, append, and two-way (coprocess)
+	 * sockets.  If the filetype is two-way, we assume that it is a socket!
+	 * Note that in the two-way case, the input and output file descriptors
+	 * may differ.  To check for success, one must check that either of
+	 * them matches.
+	 */
+	awk_bool_t (*api_get_file)(awk_ext_id_t id,
+			const char *name,
+			size_t name_len,
+			const char *filetype,
+			int fd,
+			/*
+			 * Return values (on success, one or both should
+			 * be non-NULL):
+			 */
+			const awk_input_buf_t **ibufp,
+			const awk_output_buf_t **obufp);
 } gawk_api_t;
 
 #ifndef GAWK	/* these are not for the gawk code itself! */
@@ -756,6 +789,9 @@ typedef struct gawk_api {
 #define release_value(value) \
 	(api->api_release_value(ext_id, value))
 
+#define get_file(name, namelen, filetype, fd, ibuf, obuf) \
+	(api->api_get_file(ext_id, name, namelen, filetype, fd, ibuf, obuf))
+
 #define register_ext_version(version) \
 	(api->api_register_ext_version(ext_id, version))
 
diff --git a/interpret.h b/interpret.h
index 3a9cab37..a11268de 100644
--- a/interpret.h
+++ b/interpret.h
@@ -1066,7 +1066,15 @@ match_re:
 				assert(the_func != NULL);
 
 				/* call it */
-				r = the_func(arg_count);
+				if (the_func == (builtin_func_t) do_sub)
+					r = call_sub(t1->stptr, arg_count);
+				else if (the_func == do_match)
+					r = call_match(arg_count);
+				else if (the_func == do_split || the_func == do_patsplit)
+					r = call_split_func(t1->stptr, arg_count);
+				else
+					r = the_func(arg_count);
+
 				PUSH(r);
 				break;
 			} else if (f->type != Node_func) {
@@ -1313,17 +1321,18 @@ match_re:
 				fatal(_("`exit' cannot be called in the current context"));
 
 			exiting = true;
-			t1 = POP_NUMBER();
-			exit_val = (int) get_number_si(t1);
-			DEREF(t1);
+			if ((t1 = POP_NUMBER()) != Nnull_string) {
+				exit_val = (int) get_number_si(t1);
 #ifdef VMS
-			if (exit_val == 0)
-				exit_val = EXIT_SUCCESS;
-			else if (exit_val == 1)
-				exit_val = EXIT_FAILURE;
-			/* else
-				just pass anything else on through */
+				if (exit_val == 0)
+					exit_val = EXIT_SUCCESS;
+				else if (exit_val == 1)
+					exit_val = EXIT_FAILURE;
+				/* else
+					just pass anything else on through */
 #endif
+			}
+			DEREF(t1);
 
 			if (currule == BEGINFILE || currule == ENDFILE) {
 
diff --git a/io.c b/io.c
index 55c5d3a5..cf9dd943 100644
--- a/io.c
+++ b/io.c
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ static IOBUF *iop_alloc(int fd, const char *name, int errno_val);
 static IOBUF *iop_finish(IOBUF *iop);
 static int gawk_pclose(struct redirect *rp);
 static int str2mode(const char *mode);
-static int two_way_open(const char *str, struct redirect *rp);
+static int two_way_open(const char *str, struct redirect *rp, int extfd);
 static int pty_vs_pipe(const char *command);
 static void find_input_parser(IOBUF *iop);
 static bool find_output_wrapper(awk_output_buf_t *outbuf);
@@ -595,7 +595,8 @@ inrec(IOBUF *iop, int *errcode)
 	else 
 		cnt = get_a_record(& begin, iop, errcode);
 
-	if (cnt == EOF) {
+	/* Note that get_a_record may return -2 when I/O would block */
+	if (cnt < 0) {
 		retval = false;
 	} else {
 		INCREMENT_REC(NR);
@@ -723,13 +724,13 @@ redflags2str(int flags)
 	return genflags2str(flags, redtab);
 }
 
-/* redirect --- Redirection for printf and print commands */
+/* redirect_string --- Redirection for printf and print commands, use string info */
 
 struct redirect *
-redirect(NODE *redir_exp, int redirtype, int *errflg, bool failure_fatal)
+redirect_string(const char *str, size_t explen, bool not_string,
+		int redirtype, int *errflg, int extfd, bool failure_fatal)
 {
 	struct redirect *rp;
-	char *str;
 	int tflag = 0;
 	int outflag = 0;
 	const char *direction = "to";
@@ -778,18 +779,16 @@ redirect(NODE *redir_exp, int redirtype, int *errflg, bool failure_fatal)
 	default:
 		cant_happen();
 	}
-	if (do_lint && (redir_exp->flags & STRCUR) == 0)
+	if (do_lint && not_string)
 		lintwarn(_("expression in `%s' redirection only has numeric value"),
 			what);
-	redir_exp = force_string(redir_exp);
-	str = redir_exp->stptr;
 
 	if (str == NULL || *str == '\0')
 		fatal(_("expression for `%s' redirection has null string value"),
 			what);
 
-	if (do_lint && (strncmp(str, "0", redir_exp->stlen) == 0
-			|| strncmp(str, "1", redir_exp->stlen) == 0))
+	if (do_lint && (strncmp(str, "0", explen) == 0
+			|| strncmp(str, "1", explen) == 0))
 		lintwarn(_("filename `%s' for `%s' redirection may be result of logical expression"),
 				str, what);
 
@@ -827,8 +826,8 @@ redirect(NODE *redir_exp, int redirtype, int *errflg, bool failure_fatal)
 #endif /* PIPES_SIMULATED */
 
 		/* now check for a match */
-		if (strlen(rp->value) == redir_exp->stlen
-		    && memcmp(rp->value, str, redir_exp->stlen) == 0
+		if (strlen(rp->value) == explen
+		    && memcmp(rp->value, str, explen) == 0
 		    && ((rp->flag & ~(RED_NOBUF|RED_EOF|RED_PTY)) == tflag
 			|| (outflag != 0
 			    && (rp->flag & (RED_FILE|RED_WRITE)) == outflag))) {
@@ -839,23 +838,25 @@ redirect(NODE *redir_exp, int redirtype, int *errflg, bool failure_fatal)
 			if (do_lint && rpflag != newflag)
 				lintwarn(
 		_("unnecessary mixing of `>' and `>>' for file `%.*s'"),
-					(int) redir_exp->stlen, rp->value);
+					(int) explen, rp->value);
 
 			break;
 		}
 	}
 
 	if (rp == NULL) {
+		char *newstr;
 		new_rp = true;
 		if (save_rp != NULL) {
 			rp = save_rp;
 			efree(rp->value);
 		} else
 			emalloc(rp, struct redirect *, sizeof(struct redirect), "redirect");
-		emalloc(str, char *, redir_exp->stlen + 1, "redirect");
-		memcpy(str, redir_exp->stptr, redir_exp->stlen);
-		str[redir_exp->stlen] = '\0';
-		rp->value = str;
+		emalloc(newstr, char *, explen + 1, "redirect");
+		memcpy(newstr, str, explen);
+		newstr[explen] = '\0';
+		str = newstr;
+		rp->value = newstr;
 		rp->flag = tflag;
 		init_output_wrapper(& rp->output);
 		rp->output.name = str;
@@ -887,6 +888,10 @@ redirect(NODE *redir_exp, int redirtype, int *errflg, bool failure_fatal)
 			mode = binmode("a");
 			break;
 		case redirect_pipe:
+			if (extfd >= 0) {
+				warning(_("get_file cannot create pipe `%s' with fd %d"), str, extfd);
+				return NULL;
+			}
 			/* synchronize output before new pipe */
 			(void) flush_io();
 
@@ -906,6 +911,10 @@ redirect(NODE *redir_exp, int redirtype, int *errflg, bool failure_fatal)
 			rp->flag |= RED_NOBUF;
 			break;
 		case redirect_pipein:
+			if (extfd >= 0) {
+				warning(_("get_file cannot create pipe `%s' with fd %d"), str, extfd);
+				return NULL;
+			}
 			direction = "from";
 			if (gawk_popen(str, rp) == NULL)
 				fatal(_("can't open pipe `%s' for input (%s)"),
@@ -913,7 +922,7 @@ redirect(NODE *redir_exp, int redirtype, int *errflg, bool failure_fatal)
 			break;
 		case redirect_input:
 			direction = "from";
-			fd = devopen(str, binmode("r"));
+			fd = (extfd >= 0) ? extfd : devopen(str, binmode("r"));
 			if (fd == INVALID_HANDLE && errno == EISDIR) {
 				*errflg = EISDIR;
 				/* do not free rp, saving it for reuse (save_rp = rp) */
@@ -930,8 +939,14 @@ redirect(NODE *redir_exp, int redirtype, int *errflg, bool failure_fatal)
 			}
 			break;
 		case redirect_twoway:
+#ifndef HAVE_SOCKETS
+			if (extfd >= 0) {
+				warning(_("get_file socket creation not supported on this platform for `%s' with fd %d"), str, extfd);
+				return NULL;
+			}
+#endif
 			direction = "to/from";
-			if (! two_way_open(str, rp)) {
+			if (! two_way_open(str, rp, extfd)) {
 				if (! failure_fatal || is_non_fatal_redirect(str)) {
 					*errflg = errno;
 					/* do not free rp, saving it for reuse (save_rp = rp) */
@@ -948,7 +963,7 @@ redirect(NODE *redir_exp, int redirtype, int *errflg, bool failure_fatal)
 		if (mode != NULL) {
 			errno = 0;
 			rp->output.mode = mode;
-			fd = devopen(str, mode);
+			fd = (extfd >= 0) ? extfd : devopen(str, mode);
 
 			if (fd > INVALID_HANDLE) {
 				if (fd == fileno(stdin))
@@ -1050,6 +1065,18 @@ redirect(NODE *redir_exp, int redirtype, int *errflg, bool failure_fatal)
 	return rp;
 }
 
+/* redirect --- Redirection for printf and print commands */
+
+struct redirect *
+redirect(NODE *redir_exp, int redirtype, int *errflg, bool failure_fatal)
+{
+	bool not_string = ((redir_exp->flags & STRCUR) == 0);
+
+	redir_exp = force_string(redir_exp);
+	return redirect_string(redir_exp->stptr, redir_exp->stlen, not_string,
+				redirtype, errflg, -1, failure_fatal);
+}
+
 /* getredirect --- find the struct redirect for this file or pipe */
 
 struct redirect *
@@ -1758,16 +1785,16 @@ strictopen:
 /* two_way_open --- open a two way communications channel */
 
 static int
-two_way_open(const char *str, struct redirect *rp)
+two_way_open(const char *str, struct redirect *rp, int extfd)
 {
 	static bool no_ptys = false;
 
 #ifdef HAVE_SOCKETS
 	/* case 1: socket */
-	if (inetfile(str, NULL)) {
+	if (extfd >= 0 || inetfile(str, NULL)) {
 		int fd, newfd;
 
-		fd = devopen(str, "rw");
+		fd = (extfd >= 0) ? extfd : devopen(str, "rw");
 		if (fd == INVALID_HANDLE)
 			return false;
 		if ((BINMODE & BINMODE_OUTPUT) != 0)
@@ -2227,17 +2254,43 @@ use_pipes:
 
 #ifndef PIPES_SIMULATED		/* real pipes */
 
-/* wait_any --- wait for a child process, close associated pipe */
+/*
+ * wait_any --- if the argument pid is 0, wait for all child processes that
+ * have exited.  We loop to make sure to reap all children that have exited to
+ * minimize the risk of running out of process slots.  Since we don't process
+ * SIGCHLD, we do not immediately reap exited children.  So when we get here,
+ * we want to reap any that have piled up.
+ *
+ * Note: on platforms that do not support waitpid with WNOHANG, when called with
+ * a zero argument, this function will hang until all children have exited.
+ *
+ * AJS, 2013-07-07: I do not see why we need to ignore signals during this
+ * function.  This function just waits and updates the pid and status fields.
+ * I don't see why that should interfere with any signal handlers.  But I am
+ * reluctant to remove this protection.  So I changed to use sigprocmask to
+ * block signals instead to avoid interfering with installed signal handlers.
+ */
 
 static int
 wait_any(int interesting)	/* pid of interest, if any */
 {
-	RETSIGTYPE (*hstat)(int), (*istat)(int), (*qstat)(int);
 	int pid;
 	int status = 0;
 	struct redirect *redp;
+#ifdef HAVE_SIGPROCMASK
+	sigset_t set, oldset;
+
+	/* I have no idea why we are blocking signals during this function... */
+	sigemptyset(& set);
+	sigaddset(& set, SIGINT);
+	sigaddset(& set, SIGHUP);
+	sigaddset(& set, SIGQUIT);
+	sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, & set, & oldset);
+#else
+	RETSIGTYPE (*hstat)(int), (*istat)(int), (*qstat)(int);
 
 	istat = signal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
+#endif
 #ifdef __MINGW32__
 	if (interesting < 0) {
 		status = -1;
@@ -2253,11 +2306,22 @@ wait_any(int interesting)	/* pid of interest, if any */
 				break;
 			}
 	}
-#else
+#else /* ! __MINGW32__ */
+#ifndef HAVE_SIGPROCMASK
 	hstat = signal(SIGHUP, SIG_IGN);
 	qstat = signal(SIGQUIT, SIG_IGN);
+#endif
 	for (;;) {
-# ifdef HAVE_SYS_WAIT_H	/* POSIX compatible sys/wait.h */
+# if defined(HAVE_WAITPID) && defined(WNOHANG)
+		/*
+		 * N.B. If the caller wants status for a specific child process
+		 * (i.e. interesting is non-zero), then we must hang until we
+		 * get exit status for that child.
+		 */
+		if ((pid = waitpid(-1, & status, (interesting ? 0 : WNOHANG))) == 0)
+			/* No children have exited */
+			break;
+# elif defined(HAVE_SYS_WAIT_H)	/* POSIX compatible sys/wait.h */
 		pid = wait(& status);
 # else
 		pid = wait((union wait *) & status);
@@ -2275,10 +2339,16 @@ wait_any(int interesting)	/* pid of interest, if any */
 		if (pid == -1 && errno == ECHILD)
 			break;
 	}
+#ifndef HAVE_SIGPROCMASK
 	signal(SIGHUP, hstat);
 	signal(SIGQUIT, qstat);
 #endif
+#endif /* ! __MINGW32__ */
+#ifndef HAVE_SIGPROCMASK
 	signal(SIGINT, istat);
+#else
+	sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, & oldset, NULL);
+#endif
 	return status;
 }
 
@@ -2499,7 +2569,7 @@ do_getline_redir(int into_variable, enum redirval redirtype)
 	if (errcode != 0) {
 		if (! do_traditional && (errcode != -1))
 			update_ERRNO_int(errcode);
-		return make_number((AWKNUM) -1.0);
+		return make_number((AWKNUM) cnt);
 	}
 
 	if (cnt == EOF) {
@@ -2549,7 +2619,7 @@ do_getline(int into_variable, IOBUF *iop)
 			update_ERRNO_int(errcode);
 		if (into_variable)
 			(void) POP_ADDRESS();
-		return make_number((AWKNUM) -1.0); 
+		return make_number((AWKNUM) cnt); 
 	}
 
 	if (cnt == EOF)
@@ -3442,10 +3512,45 @@ find_longest_terminator:
 	return REC_OK;
 }
 
+/* retryable --- return true if PROCINFO[<filename>, "RETRY"] exists */
+
+static inline int
+retryable(IOBUF *iop)
+{
+	return PROCINFO_node && in_PROCINFO(iop->public.name, "RETRY", NULL);
+}
+
+/* errno_io_retry --- Does the I/O error indicate that the operation should be retried later? */
+
+static inline int
+errno_io_retry(void)
+{
+	switch (errno) {
+#ifdef EAGAIN
+	case EAGAIN:
+#endif
+#ifdef EWOULDBLOCK
+#if !defined(EAGAIN) || (EWOULDBLOCK != EAGAIN)
+	case EWOULDBLOCK:
+#endif
+#endif
+#ifdef EINTR
+	case EINTR:
+#endif
+#ifdef ETIMEDOUT
+	case ETIMEDOUT:
+#endif
+		return 1;
+	default:
+		return 0;
+	}
+}
+
 /*
  * get_a_record --- read a record from IOP into out,
  * return length of EOF, set RT.
  * Note that errcode is never NULL, and the caller initializes *errcode to 0.
+ * If I/O would block, return -2.
  */
 
 static int
@@ -3489,8 +3594,10 @@ get_a_record(char **out,        /* pointer to pointer to data */
 			iop->flag |= IOP_AT_EOF;
 			return EOF;
 		} else if (iop->count == -1) {
-			iop->flag |= IOP_AT_EOF; 
 			*errcode = errno;
+			if (errno_io_retry() && retryable(iop))
+				return -2;
+			iop->flag |= IOP_AT_EOF; 
 			return EOF;
 		} else {
 			iop->dataend = iop->buf + iop->count;
@@ -3564,6 +3671,8 @@ get_a_record(char **out,        /* pointer to pointer to data */
 		iop->count = iop->public.read_func(iop->public.fd, iop->dataend, amt_to_read);
 		if (iop->count == -1) {
 			*errcode = errno;
+			if (errno_io_retry() && retryable(iop))
+				return -2;
 			iop->flag |= IOP_AT_EOF;
 			break;
 		} else if (iop->count == 0) {
diff --git a/test/ChangeLog b/test/ChangeLog
index 5c74f3a4..02752ace 100644
--- a/test/ChangeLog
+++ b/test/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,25 @@
+2015-03-31         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
+
+	* Makefile.am (indirectbuiltin): New test.
+	* indirectbuiltin.awk, indirectbuiltin.ok: New files.
+
+2015-03-27         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
+
+	* Makefile.am: Remove defvar test and reference to files; test
+	code moved into extension/testext.c.
+	* defvar.awk, defvar.ok: Removed.
+	* testext.ok: Updated.
+
+2015-03-24         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
+
+	* id.ok: Update after fixes in code.
+
+2015-03-24         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add exitval3.awk and exitval3.ok.
+	(BASIC_TESTS): Add new test exitval3.
+	* exitval3.awk, exitval3.ok: New files.
+
 2015-03-17         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
 
 	* inplace1.ok, inplace2.ok, inplace3.ok: Update error message line
@@ -113,6 +135,34 @@
 
 	* testext.ok: Adjust for code changes.
 
+2015-01-06         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add defvar.awk and defvar.ok.
+	(SHLIB_TESTS): Add defvar.
+	(defvar): New test.
+	* defvar.awk, defvar.ok: New files.
+
+2015-01-05         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add getfile.awk and getfile.ok.
+	(SHLIB_TESTS): Add getfile.
+	(getfile): New test.
+	* getfile.awk, getfile.ok: New files.
+
+2015-01-05         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add timeout.awk and timeout.ok.
+	(BASIC_TESTS): Remove errno.
+	(GAWK_EXT_TESTS): Add errno and timeout.
+	* timeout.awk, timeout.ok: New files.
+
+2015-01-05         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add errno.awk, errno.in, and errno.ok.
+	(BASIC_TESTS): Add errno.
+	(errno): New test.
+	* errno.awk, errno.in, errno.ok: New files.
+
 2014-12-24         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
 
 	* Makefile.am (badbuild): New test.
@@ -147,6 +197,10 @@
 	* mbprintf4.awk: Add record and line number for debugging.
 	* mpprint4.ok: Adjust.
 
+2014-11-06         Andrew J. Schorr     <aschorr@telemetry-investments.com>
+
+	* testext.ok: Add results from new test_get_file test.
+
 2014-11-02         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
 
 	* Makefile.am (profile7): New test.
diff --git a/test/Makefile.am b/test/Makefile.am
index d2cd0ddd..b45eaf95 100644
--- a/test/Makefile.am
+++ b/test/Makefile.am
@@ -212,6 +212,9 @@ EXTRA_DIST = \
 	dynlj.ok \
 	eofsplit.awk \
 	eofsplit.ok \
+	errno.awk \
+	errno.in \
+	errno.ok \
 	exit.ok \
 	exit.sh \
 	exit2.awk \
@@ -221,6 +224,8 @@ EXTRA_DIST = \
 	exitval2.awk \
 	exitval2.ok \
 	exitval2.w32 \
+	exitval3.awk \
+	exitval3.ok \
 	fcall_exit.awk \
 	fcall_exit.ok \
 	fcall_exit2.awk \
@@ -340,6 +345,8 @@ EXTRA_DIST = \
 	gensub.ok \
 	gensub2.awk \
 	gensub2.ok \
+	getfile.awk \
+	getfile.ok \
 	getline.awk \
 	getline.in \
 	getline.ok \
@@ -429,6 +436,8 @@ EXTRA_DIST = \
 	include.awk \
 	include.ok \
 	include2.ok \
+	indirectbuiltin.awk \
+	indirectbuiltin.ok \
 	indirectcall.awk \
 	indirectcall.in \
 	indirectcall.ok \
@@ -948,6 +957,8 @@ EXTRA_DIST = \
 	testext.ok \
 	time.awk \
 	time.ok \
+	timeout.awk \
+	timeout.ok \
 	tradanch.awk \
 	tradanch.in \
 	tradanch.ok \
@@ -1011,7 +1022,7 @@ BASIC_TESTS = \
 	callparam childin clobber closebad clsflnam compare compare2 concat1 concat2 \
 	concat3 concat4 convfmt \
 	datanonl defref delargv delarpm2 delarprm delfunc dfamb1 dfastress dynlj \
-	eofsplit exit2 exitval1 exitval2 \
+	eofsplit exit2 exitval1 exitval2 exitval3 \
 	fcall_exit fcall_exit2 fldchg fldchgnf fnamedat fnarray fnarray2 \
 	fnaryscl fnasgnm fnmisc fordel forref forsimp fsbs fsrs fsspcoln \
 	fstabplus funsemnl funsmnam funstack \
@@ -1047,13 +1058,13 @@ UNIX_TESTS = \
 GAWK_EXT_TESTS = \
 	aadelete1 aadelete2 aarray1 aasort aasorti argtest arraysort \
 	backw badargs beginfile1 beginfile2 binmode1 charasbytes \
-	colonwarn clos1way crlf dbugeval delsub devfd devfd1 devfd2 dumpvars exit \
+	colonwarn clos1way crlf dbugeval delsub devfd devfd1 devfd2 dumpvars errno exit \
 	fieldwdth fpat1 fpat2 fpat3 fpat4 fpatnull fsfwfs funlen \
 	functab1 functab2 functab3 fwtest fwtest2 fwtest3 \
 	genpot gensub gensub2 getlndir gnuops2 gnuops3 gnureops \
 	icasefs icasers id igncdym igncfs ignrcas2 ignrcase \
 	incdupe incdupe2 incdupe3 incdupe4 incdupe5 incdupe6 incdupe7 \
-	include include2 indirectcall indirectcall2 \
+	include include2 indirectbuiltin indirectcall indirectcall2 \
 	lint lintold lintwarn \
 	manyfiles match1 match2 match3 mbstr1 \
 	nastyparm next nondec nondec2 \
@@ -1065,7 +1076,8 @@ GAWK_EXT_TESTS = \
 	rsstart2 rsstart3 rstest6 shadow sortfor sortu split_after_fpat \
 	splitarg4 strftime \
 	strtonum switch2 symtab1 symtab2 symtab3 symtab4 symtab5 symtab6 \
-	symtab7 symtab8 symtab9
+	symtab7 symtab8 symtab9 \
+	timeout
 
 EXTRA_TESTS = inftest regtest
 
@@ -1082,7 +1094,7 @@ LOCALE_CHARSET_TESTS = \
 	mbprintf1 mbprintf2 mbprintf3 mbprintf4 rebt8b2 rtlenmb sort1 sprintfc
 
 SHLIB_TESTS = \
-	fnmatch filefuncs fork fork2 fts functab4 inplace1 inplace2 inplace3 \
+	fnmatch filefuncs fork fork2 fts functab4 getfile inplace1 inplace2 inplace3 \
 	ordchr ordchr2 readdir readfile readfile2 revout revtwoway rwarray testext time
 
 # List of the tests which should be run with --lint option:
@@ -1341,6 +1353,11 @@ devfd::
 	@$(AWK) 1 /dev/fd/4 /dev/fd/5 4<"$(srcdir)"/devfd.in4 5<"$(srcdir)"/devfd.in5 >_$@ 2>&1 || echo EXIT CODE: $$? >> _$@
 	@-$(CMP) "$(srcdir)"/$@.ok _$@ && rm -f _$@
 
+errno:
+	@echo $@
+	@AWKPATH="$(srcdir)" $(AWK) -f $@.awk "$(srcdir)"/$@.in >_$@ 2>&1 || echo EXIT CODE: $$? >>_$@
+	@-$(CMP) "$(srcdir)"/$@.ok _$@ && rm -f _$@
+
 fflush::
 	@echo $@
 	@"$(srcdir)"/fflush.sh >_$@
@@ -1934,6 +1951,11 @@ testext::
 	@$(AWK) -f ./testext.awk >_$@ 2>&1 || echo EXIT CODE: $$? >>_$@
 	@-$(CMP) "$(srcdir)"/$@.ok _$@ && rm -f _$@ testext.awk
 
+getfile:
+	@echo $@
+	@$(AWK) -v TESTEXT_QUIET=1 -ltestext -f $(srcdir)/$@.awk $(srcdir)/$@.awk >_$@ 2>&1 || echo EXIT CODE: $$? >>_$@
+	@-$(CMP) "$(srcdir)"/$@.ok _$@ && rm -f _$@
+
 readdir:
 	@if [ "`uname`" = Linux ] && [ "`stat -f . 2>/dev/null | awk 'NR == 2 { print $$NF }'`" = nfs ];  then \
 	echo This test may fail on GNU/Linux systems when run on an NFS filesystem.; \
diff --git a/test/Makefile.in b/test/Makefile.in
index cf8093b8..8053df5c 100644
--- a/test/Makefile.in
+++ b/test/Makefile.in
@@ -469,6 +469,9 @@ EXTRA_DIST = \
 	dynlj.ok \
 	eofsplit.awk \
 	eofsplit.ok \
+	errno.awk \
+	errno.in \
+	errno.ok \
 	exit.ok \
 	exit.sh \
 	exit2.awk \
@@ -478,6 +481,8 @@ EXTRA_DIST = \
 	exitval2.awk \
 	exitval2.ok \
 	exitval2.w32 \
+	exitval3.awk \
+	exitval3.ok \
 	fcall_exit.awk \
 	fcall_exit.ok \
 	fcall_exit2.awk \
@@ -597,6 +602,8 @@ EXTRA_DIST = \
 	gensub.ok \
 	gensub2.awk \
 	gensub2.ok \
+	getfile.awk \
+	getfile.ok \
 	getline.awk \
 	getline.in \
 	getline.ok \
@@ -686,6 +693,8 @@ EXTRA_DIST = \
 	include.awk \
 	include.ok \
 	include2.ok \
+	indirectbuiltin.awk \
+	indirectbuiltin.ok \
 	indirectcall.awk \
 	indirectcall.in \
 	indirectcall.ok \
@@ -1205,6 +1214,8 @@ EXTRA_DIST = \
 	testext.ok \
 	time.awk \
 	time.ok \
+	timeout.awk \
+	timeout.ok \
 	tradanch.awk \
 	tradanch.in \
 	tradanch.ok \
@@ -1267,7 +1278,7 @@ BASIC_TESTS = \
 	callparam childin clobber closebad clsflnam compare compare2 concat1 concat2 \
 	concat3 concat4 convfmt \
 	datanonl defref delargv delarpm2 delarprm delfunc dfamb1 dfastress dynlj \
-	eofsplit exit2 exitval1 exitval2 \
+	eofsplit exit2 exitval1 exitval2 exitval3 \
 	fcall_exit fcall_exit2 fldchg fldchgnf fnamedat fnarray fnarray2 \
 	fnaryscl fnasgnm fnmisc fordel forref forsimp fsbs fsrs fsspcoln \
 	fstabplus funsemnl funsmnam funstack \
@@ -1303,13 +1314,13 @@ UNIX_TESTS = \
 GAWK_EXT_TESTS = \
 	aadelete1 aadelete2 aarray1 aasort aasorti argtest arraysort \
 	backw badargs beginfile1 beginfile2 binmode1 charasbytes \
-	colonwarn clos1way crlf dbugeval delsub devfd devfd1 devfd2 dumpvars exit \
+	colonwarn clos1way crlf dbugeval delsub devfd devfd1 devfd2 dumpvars errno exit \
 	fieldwdth fpat1 fpat2 fpat3 fpat4 fpatnull fsfwfs funlen \
 	functab1 functab2 functab3 fwtest fwtest2 fwtest3 \
 	genpot gensub gensub2 getlndir gnuops2 gnuops3 gnureops \
 	icasefs icasers id igncdym igncfs ignrcas2 ignrcase \
 	incdupe incdupe2 incdupe3 incdupe4 incdupe5 incdupe6 incdupe7 \
-	include include2 indirectcall indirectcall2 \
+	include include2 indirectbuiltin indirectcall indirectcall2 \
 	lint lintold lintwarn \
 	manyfiles match1 match2 match3 mbstr1 \
 	nastyparm next nondec nondec2 \
@@ -1321,7 +1332,8 @@ GAWK_EXT_TESTS = \
 	rsstart2 rsstart3 rstest6 shadow sortfor sortu split_after_fpat \
 	splitarg4 strftime \
 	strtonum switch2 symtab1 symtab2 symtab3 symtab4 symtab5 symtab6 \
-	symtab7 symtab8 symtab9
+	symtab7 symtab8 symtab9 \
+	timeout
 
 EXTRA_TESTS = inftest regtest
 INET_TESTS = inetdayu inetdayt inetechu inetecht
@@ -1335,7 +1347,7 @@ LOCALE_CHARSET_TESTS = \
 	mbprintf1 mbprintf2 mbprintf3 mbprintf4 rebt8b2 rtlenmb sort1 sprintfc
 
 SHLIB_TESTS = \
-	fnmatch filefuncs fork fork2 fts functab4 inplace1 inplace2 inplace3 \
+	fnmatch filefuncs fork fork2 fts functab4 getfile inplace1 inplace2 inplace3 \
 	ordchr ordchr2 readdir readfile readfile2 revout revtwoway rwarray testext time
 
 
@@ -1779,6 +1791,11 @@ devfd::
 	@$(AWK) 1 /dev/fd/4 /dev/fd/5 4<"$(srcdir)"/devfd.in4 5<"$(srcdir)"/devfd.in5 >_$@ 2>&1 || echo EXIT CODE: $$? >> _$@
 	@-$(CMP) "$(srcdir)"/$@.ok _$@ && rm -f _$@
 
+errno:
+	@echo $@
+	@AWKPATH="$(srcdir)" $(AWK) -f $@.awk "$(srcdir)"/$@.in >_$@ 2>&1 || echo EXIT CODE: $$? >>_$@
+	@-$(CMP) "$(srcdir)"/$@.ok _$@ && rm -f _$@
+
 fflush::
 	@echo $@
 	@"$(srcdir)"/fflush.sh >_$@
@@ -2371,6 +2388,11 @@ testext::
 	@$(AWK) -f ./testext.awk >_$@ 2>&1 || echo EXIT CODE: $$? >>_$@
 	@-$(CMP) "$(srcdir)"/$@.ok _$@ && rm -f _$@ testext.awk
 
+getfile:
+	@echo $@
+	@$(AWK) -v TESTEXT_QUIET=1 -ltestext -f $(srcdir)/$@.awk $(srcdir)/$@.awk >_$@ 2>&1 || echo EXIT CODE: $$? >>_$@
+	@-$(CMP) "$(srcdir)"/$@.ok _$@ && rm -f _$@
+
 readdir:
 	@if [ "`uname`" = Linux ] && [ "`stat -f . 2>/dev/null | awk 'NR == 2 { print $$NF }'`" = nfs ];  then \
 	echo This test may fail on GNU/Linux systems when run on an NFS filesystem.; \
@@ -2730,6 +2752,11 @@ exitval2:
 	@AWKPATH="$(srcdir)" $(AWK) -f $@.awk  >_$@ 2>&1 || echo EXIT CODE: $$? >>_$@
 	@-$(CMP) "$(srcdir)"/$@.ok _$@ && rm -f _$@
 
+exitval3:
+	@echo $@
+	@AWKPATH="$(srcdir)" $(AWK) -f $@.awk  >_$@ 2>&1 || echo EXIT CODE: $$? >>_$@
+	@-$(CMP) "$(srcdir)"/$@.ok _$@ && rm -f _$@
+
 fcall_exit:
 	@echo $@
 	@AWKPATH="$(srcdir)" $(AWK) -f $@.awk  >_$@ 2>&1 || echo EXIT CODE: $$? >>_$@
@@ -3607,6 +3634,11 @@ include:
 	@AWKPATH="$(srcdir)" $(AWK) -f $@.awk  >_$@ 2>&1 || echo EXIT CODE: $$? >>_$@
 	@-$(CMP) "$(srcdir)"/$@.ok _$@ && rm -f _$@
 
+indirectbuiltin:
+	@echo $@
+	@AWKPATH="$(srcdir)" $(AWK) -f $@.awk  >_$@ 2>&1 || echo EXIT CODE: $$? >>_$@
+	@-$(CMP) "$(srcdir)"/$@.ok _$@ && rm -f _$@
+
 indirectcall:
 	@echo $@
 	@AWKPATH="$(srcdir)" $(AWK) -f $@.awk  < "$(srcdir)"/$@.in >_$@ 2>&1 || echo EXIT CODE: $$? >>_$@
@@ -3797,6 +3829,11 @@ symtab7:
 	@AWKPATH="$(srcdir)" $(AWK) -f $@.awk  < "$(srcdir)"/$@.in >_$@ 2>&1 || echo EXIT CODE: $$? >>_$@
 	@-$(CMP) "$(srcdir)"/$@.ok _$@ && rm -f _$@
 
+timeout:
+	@echo $@
+	@AWKPATH="$(srcdir)" $(AWK) -f $@.awk  >_$@ 2>&1 || echo EXIT CODE: $$? >>_$@
+	@-$(CMP) "$(srcdir)"/$@.ok _$@ && rm -f _$@
+
 double1:
 	@echo $@
 	@AWKPATH="$(srcdir)" $(AWK) -f $@.awk  >_$@ 2>&1 || echo EXIT CODE: $$? >>_$@
diff --git a/test/Maketests b/test/Maketests
index 5011fb1f..219d592d 100644
--- a/test/Maketests
+++ b/test/Maketests
@@ -230,6 +230,11 @@ exitval2:
 	@AWKPATH="$(srcdir)" $(AWK) -f $@.awk  >_$@ 2>&1 || echo EXIT CODE: $$? >>_$@
 	@-$(CMP) "$(srcdir)"/$@.ok _$@ && rm -f _$@
 
+exitval3:
+	@echo $@
+	@AWKPATH="$(srcdir)" $(AWK) -f $@.awk  >_$@ 2>&1 || echo EXIT CODE: $$? >>_$@
+	@-$(CMP) "$(srcdir)"/$@.ok _$@ && rm -f _$@
+
 fcall_exit:
 	@echo $@
 	@AWKPATH="$(srcdir)" $(AWK) -f $@.awk  >_$@ 2>&1 || echo EXIT CODE: $$? >>_$@
@@ -1107,6 +1112,11 @@ include:
 	@AWKPATH="$(srcdir)" $(AWK) -f $@.awk  >_$@ 2>&1 || echo EXIT CODE: $$? >>_$@
 	@-$(CMP) "$(srcdir)"/$@.ok _$@ && rm -f _$@
 
+indirectbuiltin:
+	@echo $@
+	@AWKPATH="$(srcdir)" $(AWK) -f $@.awk  >_$@ 2>&1 || echo EXIT CODE: $$? >>_$@
+	@-$(CMP) "$(srcdir)"/$@.ok _$@ && rm -f _$@
+
 indirectcall:
 	@echo $@
 	@AWKPATH="$(srcdir)" $(AWK) -f $@.awk  < "$(srcdir)"/$@.in >_$@ 2>&1 || echo EXIT CODE: $$? >>_$@
@@ -1297,6 +1307,11 @@ symtab7:
 	@AWKPATH="$(srcdir)" $(AWK) -f $@.awk  < "$(srcdir)"/$@.in >_$@ 2>&1 || echo EXIT CODE: $$? >>_$@
 	@-$(CMP) "$(srcdir)"/$@.ok _$@ && rm -f _$@
 
+timeout:
+	@echo $@
+	@AWKPATH="$(srcdir)" $(AWK) -f $@.awk  >_$@ 2>&1 || echo EXIT CODE: $$? >>_$@
+	@-$(CMP) "$(srcdir)"/$@.ok _$@ && rm -f _$@
+
 double1:
 	@echo $@
 	@AWKPATH="$(srcdir)" $(AWK) -f $@.awk  >_$@ 2>&1 || echo EXIT CODE: $$? >>_$@
diff --git a/test/errno.awk b/test/errno.awk
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bcb77614
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/errno.awk
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+BEGIN {
+  # check that PROCINFO["errno"] is working properly
+  getline
+  if (close(FILENAME)) {
+      print "Error `" ERRNO "' closing input file"
+      print "errno =", PROCINFO["errno"]
+  }
+  getline < (FILENAME "/bogus")
+  print (PROCINFO["errno"] > 0), ERRNO
+}
diff --git a/test/errno.in b/test/errno.in
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a92d664b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/errno.in
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+line 1
+line 2
+line 3
diff --git a/test/errno.ok b/test/errno.ok
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..181afdaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/errno.ok
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Error `close of redirection that was never opened' closing input file
+errno = 0
+1 Not a directory
diff --git a/test/exitval3.awk b/test/exitval3.awk
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..33e8c433
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/exitval3.awk
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+BEGIN { exit 42 }
+END { exit }
diff --git a/test/exitval3.ok b/test/exitval3.ok
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..20f64b8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/exitval3.ok
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+EXIT CODE: 42
diff --git a/test/getfile.awk b/test/getfile.awk
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6ee783f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/getfile.awk
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+function basename(x) {
+	return gensub(/^.*\//, "", 1, x)
+}
+
+BEGIN {
+	print "BEGIN"
+
+	cmd = "echo hello; echo goodbye"
+	rc = get_file(cmd, "<<", -1, res)
+	print "expected error result", rc, ERRNO
+	print "get_file returned", get_file(cmd, "|<", -1, res)
+	print "input_name", basename(res["input_name"])
+	print (cmd | getline x)
+	print x
+
+	# check that calling get_file on "" triggers the BEGINFILE rule
+	print "get_file returned", get_file("", "", -1, res)
+	print "input_name", basename(res["input_name"])
+	print "end BEGIN"
+}
+
+BEGINFILE {
+	printf "BEGINFILE (%s) ERRNO (%s)\n", basename(FILENAME), ERRNO
+}
+
+ENDFILE {
+	printf "ENDFILE (%s) ERRNO (%s)\n", basename(FILENAME), ERRNO
+}
+
+END {
+	print "END"
+	print (cmd | getline x)
+	print x
+	print close(cmd)
+}
diff --git a/test/getfile.ok b/test/getfile.ok
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..92c915f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/getfile.ok
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+BEGIN
+gawk: ./getfile.awk:9: warning: cannot open unrecognized file type `<<' for `echo hello; echo goodbye'
+get_file: get_file(echo hello; echo goodbye, <<, -1) failed
+expected error result 0 
+get_file returned 1
+input_name echo hello; echo goodbye
+1
+hello
+BEGINFILE (getfile.awk) ERRNO ()
+get_file returned 1
+input_name getfile.awk
+end BEGIN
+ENDFILE (getfile.awk) ERRNO ()
+END
+1
+goodbye
+0
diff --git a/test/id.ok b/test/id.ok
index b2f2e922..b9bdf5bf 100644
--- a/test/id.ok
+++ b/test/id.ok
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ sprintf -> builtin
 ROUNDMODE -> scalar
 strftime -> builtin
 systime -> builtin
+length -> builtin
 and -> builtin
 srand -> builtin
 FNR -> scalar
diff --git a/test/indirectbuiltin.awk b/test/indirectbuiltin.awk
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4d5291d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/indirectbuiltin.awk
@@ -0,0 +1,371 @@
+function print_result(category, fname, builtin_result, indirect_result)
+{
+	if (builtin_result == indirect_result)
+		printf("%s: %s: pass\n", category, fname)
+	else {
+		printf("%s: %s: fail: builtin: %s \tindirect: %s\n", category, fname,
+				builtin_result, indirect_result)
+		exit 1
+	}
+}
+
+
+BEGIN {
+# math functions
+
+	fun = "and"
+	b1 = and(0x11, 0x01)
+	i1 = @fun(0x11, 0x01)
+	print_result("math", fun, b1, i1)
+
+	fun = "atan2"
+	b1 = atan2(-1, 0)
+	i1 = @fun(-1, 0)
+	print_result("math", fun, b1, i1)
+
+	fun = "compl"
+	b1 = compl(0x1111)
+	i1 = @fun(0x1111)
+	print_result("math", fun, b1, i1)
+
+	fun = "cos"
+	b1 = cos(3.1415927 / 4)
+	i1 = @fun(3.1415927 / 4)
+	print_result("math", fun, b1, i1)
+
+	fun = "exp"
+	b1 = exp(2)
+	i1 = @fun(2)
+	print_result("math", fun, b1, i1)
+
+	fun = "int"
+	b1 = int(3.1415927)
+	i1 = @fun(3.1415927)
+	print_result("math", fun, b1, i1)
+
+	fun = "log"
+	b1 = log(10)
+	i1 = @fun(10)
+	print_result("math", fun, b1, i1)
+
+	fun = "lshift"
+	b1 = lshift(1, 2)
+	i1 = @fun(1, 2)
+	print_result("math", fun, b1, i1)
+
+	fun = "or"
+	b1 = or(0x10, 0x01)
+	i1 = @fun(0x10, 0x01)
+	print_result("math", fun, b1, i1)
+
+	fun = "rand"
+	srand(1)
+	b1 = rand();
+	srand(1)
+	i1 = @fun()
+	print_result("math", fun, b1, i1)
+
+	fun = "rshift"
+	b1 = rshift(0x10, 1)
+	i1 = @fun(0x10, 1)
+	print_result("math", fun, b1, i1)
+
+	fun = "sin"
+	b1 = sin(3.1415927 / 4)
+	i1 = @fun(3.1415927 / 4)
+	print_result("math", fun, b1, i1)
+
+	fun = "sqrt"
+	b1 = sqrt(2)
+	i1 = @fun(2)
+	print_result("math", fun, b1, i1)
+
+	srand()
+	fun = "srand"
+	b1 = srand()
+	i1 = @fun()
+	print_result("math", fun, b1, i1)
+
+	fun = "xor"
+	b1 = xor(0x11, 0x01)
+	i1 = @fun(0x11, 0x01)
+	print_result("math", fun, b1, i1)
+
+# string functions
+
+	fun = "gensub"
+	b1 = gensub("f", "q", "g", "ff11bb")
+	i1 = @fun("f", "q", "g", "ff11bb")
+	print_result("string", fun, b1, i1)
+
+	fun = "gsub"
+	$0 = "ff11bb"
+	b1 = gsub("f", "q")
+	b2 = $0
+	$0 = "ff11bb"
+	i1 = @fun("f", "q")
+	i2 = $0
+	print_result("string", fun, b1, i1)
+	if (b2 != i2) {
+		printf("string: %s: fail: $0 (%s) != $0 (%s)\n",
+			fun, b2, i2)
+		exit 1
+	}
+
+	fun = "index"
+	b1 = index("hi, how are you", "how")
+	i1 = @fun("hi, how are you", "how")
+	print_result("string", fun, b1, i1)
+
+	fun = "dcgettext"
+	b1 = dcgettext("hello, world")
+	i1 = @fun("hello, world")
+	print_result("string", fun, b1, i1)
+
+	fun = "dcngettext"
+	b1 = dcngettext("hello, world", "howdy", 2)
+	i1 = @fun("hello, world", "howdy", 2)
+	print_result("string", fun, b1, i1)
+
+	fun = "length"
+	b1 = length("hi, how are you")
+	i1 = @fun("hi, how are you")
+	print_result("string", fun, b1, i1)
+
+	fun = "sprintf"
+	b1 = sprintf("%s world", "hello")
+	i1 = @fun("%s world", "hello")
+	print_result("string", fun, b1, i1)
+
+	fun = "strtonum"
+	b1 = strtonum("0xdeadbeef")
+	i1 = @fun("0xdeadbeef")
+	print_result("string", fun, b1, i1)
+
+	fun = "sub"
+	$0 = "ff11bb"
+	b1 = sub("f", "q")
+	b2 = $0
+	$0 = "ff11bb"
+	i1 = @fun("f", "q")
+	i2 = $0
+	print_result("string", fun, b1, i1)
+	if (b2 != i2) {
+		printf("string: %s: fail: $0 (%s) != $0 (%s)\n",
+			fun, b2, i2)
+		exit 1
+	}
+
+	fun = "substr"
+	b1 = substr("0xdeadbeef", 7, 4)
+	i1 = @fun("0xdeadbeef", 7, 4)
+	print_result("string", fun, b1, i1)
+
+	fun = "tolower"
+	b1 = tolower("0xDeAdBeEf")
+	i1 = @fun("0xDeAdBeEf")
+	print_result("string", fun, b1, i1)
+
+	fun = "toupper"
+	b1 = toupper("0xDeAdBeEf")
+	i1 = @fun("0xDeAdBeEf")
+	print_result("string", fun, b1, i1)
+
+# time functions
+
+	fun = "mktime"
+	b1 = mktime("1990 02 11 12 00 00")
+	i1 = @fun("1990 02 11 12 00 00")
+	print_result("time", fun, b1, i1)
+
+	then = b1
+	fun = "strftime"
+	b1 = strftime(PROCINFO["strftime"], then)
+	i1 = @fun(PROCINFO["strftime"], then)
+	print_result("time", fun, b1, i1)
+
+	fun = "systime"
+	b1 = systime()
+	i1 = @fun()
+	print_result("time", fun, b1, i1)
+
+# regexp functions
+
+	fun = "match"
+	b1 = match("o+", "fooob")
+	rstart = RSTART
+	rlength = RLENGTH
+	i1 = @fun("o+", "fooob")
+	print_result("regexp", fun, b1, i1)
+	if (rstart != RSTART) {
+		printf("match: failure: biRSTART (%d) != iRSTART (%d)\n",
+			rstart, RSTART)
+		exit 1
+	}
+	if (rlength != RLENGTH) {
+		printf("match: failure: biRLENGTH (%d) != iRLENGTH (%d)\n",
+			rlength, RLENGTH)
+		exit 1
+	}
+
+	############## start patsplit ##############
+	fun = "patsplit"
+	delete data
+	delete data2
+	delete seps
+	delete seps2
+	b1 = patsplit("a:b:c:d", data, ":", seps)
+	i1 = @fun("a:b:c:d", data2, ":", seps2)
+	print_result("regexp", fun, b1, i1)
+	for (i in data) {
+		if ((! (i in data2)) || data[i] != data2[i]) {
+			printf("patsplit1a: fail: builtin data[%d] (%s) != indirect data[%d] (%s)\n",
+				i, data[i], i, data2[i])
+			exit 1
+		}
+	}
+	for (i in seps) {
+		if ((! (i in seps2)) || seps[i] != seps2[i]) {
+			printf("patsplit1b: fail: builtin seps[%d] (%s) != indirect seps[%d] (%s)\n",
+				i, seps[i], i, seps2[i])
+			exit 1
+		}
+	}
+
+	fun = "patsplit"
+	delete data
+	delete data2
+	b1 = patsplit("a:b:c:d", data, ":")
+	i1 = @fun("a:b:c:d", data2, ":")
+	print_result("regexp", fun, b1, i1)
+	for (i in data) {
+		if ((! (i in data2)) || data[i] != data2[i]) {
+			printf("patsplit2: fail: builtin data[%d] (%s) != indirect data[%d] (%s)\n",
+				i, data[i], i, data2[i])
+			exit 1
+		}
+	}
+
+	fun = "patsplit"
+	delete data
+	delete data2
+	FPAT = "[a-z]+"
+	b1 = patsplit("a b c d", data)
+	i1 = @fun("a b c d", data2)
+	print_result("regexp", fun, b1, i1)
+	for (i in data) {
+		if ((! (i in data2)) || data[i] != data2[i]) {
+			printf("patsplit3: fail: builtin data[%d] (%s) != indirect data[%d] (%s)\n",
+				i, data[i], i, data2[i])
+			exit 1
+		}
+	}
+	############## end patsplit ##############
+
+	############## start split ##############
+	fun = "split"
+	delete data
+	delete data2
+	delete seps
+	delete seps2
+	b1 = split("a:b:c:d", data, ":", seps)
+	i1 = @fun("a:b:c:d", data2, ":", seps2)
+	print_result("regexp", fun, b1, i1)
+	for (i in data) {
+		if ((! (i in data2)) || data[i] != data2[i]) {
+			printf("split1a: fail: builtin data[%d] (%s) != indirect data[%d] (%s)\n",
+				i, data[i], i, data2[i])
+			exit 1
+		}
+	}
+	for (i in seps) {
+		if ((! (i in seps2)) || seps[i] != seps2[i]) {
+			printf("split1b: fail: builtin seps[%d] (%s) != indirect seps[%d] (%s)\n",
+				i, seps[i], i, seps2[i])
+			exit 1
+		}
+	}
+
+	fun = "split"
+	delete data
+	delete data2
+	b1 = split("a:b:c:d", data, ":")
+	i1 = @fun("a:b:c:d", data2, ":")
+	print_result("regexp", fun, b1, i1)
+	for (i in data) {
+		if ((! (i in data2)) || data[i] != data2[i]) {
+			printf("split2: fail: builtin data[%d] (%s) != indirect data[%d] (%s)\n",
+				i, data[i], i, data2[i])
+			exit 1
+		}
+	}
+
+	fun = "split"
+	delete data
+	delete data2
+	b1 = split("a b c d", data)
+	i1 = @fun("a b c d", data2)
+	print_result("regexp", fun, b1, i1)
+	for (i in data) {
+		if ((! (i in data2)) || data[i] != data2[i]) {
+			printf("split3: fail: builtin data[%d] (%s) != indirect data[%d] (%s)\n",
+				i, data[i], i, data2[i])
+			exit 1
+		}
+	}
+	############## end split ##############
+
+# array functions
+
+	split("z y x w v u t", data)
+	fun = "asort"
+	asort(data, newdata)
+	@fun(data, newdata2)
+	print_result("array", fun, b1, i1)
+	for (i in newdata) {
+		if (! (i in newdata2) || newdata[i] != newdata2[i]) {
+			print fun ": failed, index", i
+			exit
+		}
+	}
+
+	for (i in data)
+		data2[data[i]] = i
+
+	fun = "asorti"
+	asorti(data2, newdata)
+	@fun(data2, newdata2)
+	print_result("array", fun, b1, i1)
+	for (i in newdata) {
+		if (! (i in newdata2) || newdata[i] != newdata2[i]) {
+			print fun ": failed, index", i, "value", newdata[i], newdata2[i]
+			exit
+		}
+	}
+
+	arr[1] = arr[2] = 42
+	fun = "isarray"
+	b1 = isarray(arr)
+	i1 = @fun(arr)
+	print_result("array", fun, b1, i1)
+
+# i/o functions
+
+	print("hi") > "x1.out"
+	print("hi") > "x2.out"
+
+	fun = "fflush"
+	b1 = fflush("x1.out")
+	i1 = @fun("x2.out")
+	print_result("i/o", fun, b1, i1)
+
+	fun = "close"
+	b1 = close("x1.out")
+	i1 = @fun("x2.out")
+	print_result("i/o", fun, b1, i1)
+
+	fun = "system"
+	b1 = system("rm x1.out")
+	i1 = @fun("rm x2.out")
+	print_result("i/o", fun, b1, i1)
+}
diff --git a/test/indirectbuiltin.ok b/test/indirectbuiltin.ok
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..312bbd76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/indirectbuiltin.ok
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+math: and: pass
+math: atan2: pass
+math: compl: pass
+math: cos: pass
+math: exp: pass
+math: int: pass
+math: log: pass
+math: lshift: pass
+math: or: pass
+math: rand: pass
+math: rshift: pass
+math: sin: pass
+math: sqrt: pass
+math: srand: pass
+math: xor: pass
+string: gensub: pass
+string: gsub: pass
+string: index: pass
+string: dcgettext: pass
+string: dcngettext: pass
+string: length: pass
+string: sprintf: pass
+string: strtonum: pass
+string: sub: pass
+string: substr: pass
+string: tolower: pass
+string: toupper: pass
+time: mktime: pass
+time: strftime: pass
+time: systime: pass
+regexp: match: pass
+regexp: patsplit: pass
+regexp: patsplit: pass
+regexp: patsplit: pass
+regexp: split: pass
+regexp: split: pass
+regexp: split: pass
+array: asort: pass
+array: asorti: pass
+array: isarray: pass
+i/o: fflush: pass
+i/o: close: pass
+i/o: system: pass
diff --git a/test/testext.ok b/test/testext.ok
index a828ecb2..897a7336 100644
--- a/test/testext.ok
+++ b/test/testext.ok
@@ -23,6 +23,12 @@ var_test() returned 1, test_var = 42
 
 test_errno() returned 1, ERRNO = No child processes
 
+fubar = 9
+rumpus = -5
+uid matches 1
+api_major matches 1
+test_deferred returns 1
+
 length of test_array is 10, should be 10
 test_array_size: incoming size is 10
 test_array_size() returned 1, length is now 0
@@ -69,6 +75,12 @@ test_scalar_reserved: could not update new_value2 for ARGC - pass
 test_indirect_var: sym_lookup of NR passed
 test_indirect_var: value of NR is 3
 test_indirect_var() return 1
+
+test_get_file returned 0
+File [.test.alias] nr [1]: line 1
+File [.test.alias] nr [2]: line 2
+File [.test.alias] nr [3]: line 3
+
 answer_num = 42
 message_string = hello, world
 new_array["hello"] = "world"
diff --git a/test/timeout.awk b/test/timeout.awk
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ccf4537d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/timeout.awk
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+BEGIN {
+	cmd = "echo hello; sleep 1; echo goodbye"
+
+	print "With timeouts"
+	PROCINFO[cmd, "READ_TIMEOUT"] = 300
+	while ((rc = (cmd | getline x)) > 0)
+		print x
+	if (rc < 0)
+		print rc, (PROCINFO["errno"] != 0), (ERRNO != "")
+	print (close(cmd) != 0)
+
+	PROCINFO[cmd, "RETRY"]
+	print ""
+	print "With timeouts and retries"
+	while (((rc = (cmd | getline x)) > 0) || (rc == -2)) {
+		if (rc > 0) {
+			print x
+			n = 0
+		}
+		else
+			print ++n, "timed out; trying again"
+	}
+	if (rc < 0)
+		print rc, (PROCINFO["errno"] != 0), (ERRNO != "")
+	print (close(cmd) != 0)
+}
diff --git a/test/timeout.ok b/test/timeout.ok
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a388747b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/timeout.ok
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+With timeouts
+hello
+-1 1 1
+1
+
+With timeouts and retries
+hello
+1 timed out; trying again
+2 timed out; trying again
+3 timed out; trying again
+goodbye
+0