Merge branch 'gawk-5.1-stable'

4 files changed, 919 insertions, 603 deletions

diff --git a/doc/ChangeLog b/doc/ChangeLog
index 8e91b00e..f591fab2 100644
--- a/doc/ChangeLog
+++ b/doc/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
+2021-06-21         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
+
+	* gawktexi.in (Performance bugs): New section.
+	(Compiling with MPFR): New section. Thanks to
+	Peter Lindgren <ogswd-awk@yahoo.com> for the suggestion.
+
 2021-06-18         Arnold D. Robbins     <arnold@skeeve.com>
 
 	* gawktexi.in (Internationalization): Fix indexing. Thanks to
diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info
index 0e8d2fdf..55ddd990 100644
--- a/doc/gawk.info
+++ b/doc/gawk.info
@@ -658,6 +658,7 @@ in (a) below.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
 * Unix Installation::                   Installing 'gawk' under
                                         various versions of Unix.
 * Quick Installation::                  Compiling 'gawk' under Unix.
+* Compiling with MPFR::                 Building with MPFR.
 * Shell Startup Files::                 Shell convenience functions.
 * Additional Configuration Options::    Other compile-time options.
 * Configuration Philosophy::            How it's all supposed to work.
@@ -687,6 +688,7 @@ in (a) below.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
 * Bugs::                                Reporting Problems and Bugs.
 * Bug address::                         Where to send reports to.
 * Usenet::                              Where not to send reports to.
+* Performance bugs::                    What to do if you think there is a performance issue.
 * Maintainers::                         Maintainers of non-*nix ports.
 * Other Versions::                      Other freely available 'awk'
                                         implementations.
@@ -30762,6 +30764,10 @@ File: gawk.info,  Node: Quick Installation,  Next: Shell Startup Files,  Up: Uni
 B.2.1 Compiling 'gawk' for Unix-Like Systems
 --------------------------------------------
 
+* Menu:
+
+* Compiling with MPFR::              Building with MPFR.
+
 The normal installation steps should work on all modern commercial
 Unix-derived systems, GNU/Linux, BSD-based systems, and the Cygwin
 environment for MS-Windows.
@@ -30812,6 +30818,24 @@ will be asked for your password, and you will have to have been set up
 previously as a user who is allowed to run the 'sudo' command.
 
 
+File: gawk.info,  Node: Compiling with MPFR,  Up: Quick Installation
+
+B.2.1.1 Building With MPFR
+..........................
+
+Use of the MPFR library with 'gawk' is an optional feature: if you have
+the MPFR and GMP libraries already installed when you configure and
+build 'gawk', 'gawk' automatically will be able to use them.
+
+   You can install these libraries from source code by fetching them
+from the GNU distribution site at 'ftp.gnu.org'.
+
+   Most modern systems provide package managers which save you the
+trouble of building from source.  They fetch and install the library
+header files and binaries for you.  You will need to research how to do
+this for your particular system.
+
+
 File: gawk.info,  Node: Shell Startup Files,  Next: Additional Configuration Options,  Prev: Quick Installation,  Up: Unix Installation
 
 B.2.2 Shell Startup Files
@@ -31473,6 +31497,7 @@ might well want to fix it.
 
 * Bug address::                 Where to send reports to.
 * Usenet::                      Where not to send reports to.
+* Performance bugs::            What to do if you think there is a performance issue.
 * Maintainers::                 Maintainers of non-*nix ports.
 
 
@@ -31539,7 +31564,7 @@ Guidelines (https://gnu.org/philosophy/kind-communication.html) in your
 correspondence on the list (as well as off of it).
 
 
-File: gawk.info,  Node: Usenet,  Next: Maintainers,  Prev: Bug address,  Up: Bugs
+File: gawk.info,  Node: Usenet,  Next: Performance bugs,  Prev: Bug address,  Up: Bugs
 
 B.4.2 Please Don't Post Bug Reports to USENET
 ---------------------------------------------
@@ -31562,9 +31587,75 @@ web forums.  The steps described here are the only officially recognized
 way for reporting bugs.  Really.
 
 
-File: gawk.info,  Node: Maintainers,  Prev: Usenet,  Up: Bugs
+File: gawk.info,  Node: Performance bugs,  Next: Maintainers,  Prev: Usenet,  Up: Bugs
+
+B.4.3 What To Do If You Think There Is A Performance Issue
+----------------------------------------------------------
+
+If you think that 'gawk' is too slow at doing a particular task, you
+should investigate before sending in a bug report.  Here are the steps
+to follow:
+
+  1. Run 'gawk' with the '--profile' option (*note Options::) to see
+     what your program is doing.  It may be that you have written it in
+     an inefficient manner.  For example, you may be doing something for
+     every record that could be done just once, for every file.  (Use a
+     'BEGINFILE' rule; *note BEGINFILE/ENDFILE::.)  Or you may be doing
+     something for every file that only needs to be done once per run of
+     the program.  (Use a 'BEGIN' rule; *note BEGIN/END::.)
+
+  2. If profiling at the 'awk' level doesn't help, then you will need to
+     compile 'gawk' itself for profiling at the C language level.
+
+     To do that, start with the latest released version of 'gawk'.
+     Unpack the source code in a new directory, and configure it:
+
+          $ tar -xpzvf gawk-X.Y.Z.tar.gz
+          -| ...                                Output ommited
+          $ cd gawk-X.Y.Z
+          $ ./configure
+          -| ...                                Output ommited
+
+  3. Edit the files 'Makefile' and 'support/Makefile'.  Change every
+     instance of '-O2' or '-O' to '-pg'.  This causes 'gawk' to be
+     compiled for profiling.
+
+  4. Compile the program by running the 'make' command:
+
+          $ make
+          -| ...                                Output ommited
+
+  5. Run the freshly compiled 'gawk' on a _real_ program, using _real_
+     data.  Using an artificial program to try to time one particular
+     feature of 'gawk' is useless; real 'awk' programs generally spend
+     most of their time doing I/O, not computing.  If you want to prove
+     that something is slow, it _must_ be done using a real program and
+     real data.
+
+     Use a data file that is large enough for the statistical profiling
+     to measure where 'gawk' spends its time.  It should be at least 100
+     megabytes in size.
+
+  6. When done, you should have a file in the current directory named
+     'gmon.out'.  Run the command 'gprof gawk gmon.out > gprof.out'.
+
+  7. Submit a bug report explaining what you think is slow.  Include the
+     'gprof.out' file with it.
+
+     Preferably, you should also submit the program and the data, or
+     else indicate where to get the data if the file is large.
+
+  8. If you have not submitted your program and data, be prepared to
+     apply patches and rerun the profiling in order to see if the
+     patches were effective.
+
+   If you are incapable or unwilling to do the steps listed above, then
+you will just have to live with 'gawk' as it is.
+
+
+File: gawk.info,  Node: Maintainers,  Prev: Performance bugs,  Up: Bugs
 
-B.4.3 Reporting Problems with Non-Unix Ports
+B.4.4 Reporting Problems with Non-Unix Ports
 --------------------------------------------
 
 If you find bugs in one of the non-Unix ports of 'gawk', send an email
@@ -37010,6 +37101,7 @@ Index
 * Moon, Sailor:                          Internationalization.
                                                               (line   6)
 * Moore, Duncan:                         Getline Notes.       (line  40)
+* MPFR library, building with:           Compiling with MPFR. (line   6)
 * MPFR values, API ownership of:         API Ownership of MPFR and GMP Values.
                                                               (line   6)
 * MPFR, checking for:                    Checking for MPFR.   (line   6)
@@ -37242,6 +37334,7 @@ Index
 * percent sign (%), %= operator:         Assignment Ops.      (line 129)
 * percent sign (%), % operator:          Precedence.          (line  54)
 * percent sign (%), %= operator <1>:     Precedence.          (line  94)
+* performance, checking issues:          Performance bugs.    (line   6)
 * period (.), regexp operator:           Regexp Operator Details.
                                                               (line  40)
 * Perl:                                  Future Extensions.   (line   6)
@@ -37432,6 +37525,7 @@ Index
                                                               (line   9)
 * profiling awk programs:                Profiling.           (line   6)
 * profiling awk programs, dynamically:   Profiling.           (line 185)
+* profiling, compiling gawk for:         Performance bugs.    (line   6)
 * profiling, pretty printing, difference with: Profiling.     (line 235)
 * program identifiers:                   Auto-set.            (line 193)
 * program, definition of:                Getting Started.     (line  21)
@@ -38225,606 +38319,608 @@ Index
 
 Tag Table:
 Node: Top1200
-Node: Foreword345051
-Node: Foreword449493
-Node: Preface51025
-Ref: Preface-Footnote-153884
-Ref: Preface-Footnote-253993
-Ref: Preface-Footnote-354227
-Node: History54369
-Node: Names56721
-Ref: Names-Footnote-157825
-Node: This Manual57972
-Ref: This Manual-Footnote-164611
-Node: Conventions64711
-Node: Manual History67080
-Ref: Manual History-Footnote-170077
-Ref: Manual History-Footnote-270118
-Node: How To Contribute70192
-Node: Acknowledgments71118
-Node: Getting Started76055
-Node: Running gawk78494
-Node: One-shot79684
-Node: Read Terminal80947
-Node: Long82940
-Node: Executable Scripts84453
-Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-187086
-Node: Comments87189
-Node: Quoting89673
-Node: DOS Quoting95199
-Node: Sample Data Files97255
-Node: Very Simple99850
-Node: Two Rules105952
-Node: More Complex107837
-Node: Statements/Lines110169
-Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1114653
-Node: Other Features114918
-Node: When115854
-Ref: When-Footnote-1117608
-Node: Intro Summary117673
-Node: Invoking Gawk118557
-Node: Command Line120071
-Node: Options120869
-Ref: Options-Footnote-1138783
-Ref: Options-Footnote-2139014
-Node: Other Arguments139039
-Node: Naming Standard Input143050
-Node: Environment Variables144260
-Node: AWKPATH Variable144818
-Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1148230
-Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2148264
-Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable148635
-Ref: AWKLIBPATH Variable-Footnote-1150332
-Node: Other Environment Variables150707
-Node: Exit Status154659
-Node: Include Files155336
-Node: Loading Shared Libraries159026
-Node: Obsolete160454
-Node: Undocumented161146
-Node: Invoking Summary161443
-Node: Regexp164284
-Node: Regexp Usage165738
-Node: Escape Sequences167775
-Node: Regexp Operators174016
-Node: Regexp Operator Details174501
-Ref: Regexp Operator Details-Footnote-1181865
-Node: Interval Expressions182012
-Ref: Interval Expressions-Footnote-1183433
-Node: Bracket Expressions183531
-Ref: table-char-classes186007
-Node: Leftmost Longest189333
-Node: Computed Regexps190636
-Node: GNU Regexp Operators194063
-Node: Case-sensitivity197800
-Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1200666
-Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2200901
-Node: Regexp Summary201009
-Node: Reading Files202475
-Node: Records204744
-Node: awk split records205819
-Node: gawk split records210519
-Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1215593
-Node: Fields215630
-Node: Nonconstant Fields218371
-Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1220607
-Node: Changing Fields220811
-Node: Field Separators226842
-Node: Default Field Splitting229540
-Node: Regexp Field Splitting230658
-Node: Single Character Fields234335
-Node: Command Line Field Separator235395
-Node: Full Line Fields238613
-Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1240135
-Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2240181
-Node: Field Splitting Summary240282
-Node: Constant Size242356
-Node: Fixed width data243088
-Node: Skipping intervening246555
-Node: Allowing trailing data247353
-Node: Fields with fixed data248390
-Node: Splitting By Content249908
-Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1253691
-Node: More CSV253854
-Node: Testing field creation255446
-Node: Multiple Line257071
-Node: Getline263348
-Node: Plain Getline265817
-Node: Getline/Variable268390
-Node: Getline/File269541
-Node: Getline/Variable/File270929
-Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1272534
-Node: Getline/Pipe272622
-Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe275326
-Node: Getline/Coprocess276461
-Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess277728
-Node: Getline Notes278470
-Node: Getline Summary281267
-Ref: table-getline-variants281691
-Node: Read Timeout282439
-Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1286345
-Node: Retrying Input286403
-Node: Command-line directories287602
-Node: Input Summary288508
-Node: Input Exercises291680
-Node: Printing292114
-Node: Print293948
-Node: Print Examples295405
-Node: Output Separators298185
-Node: OFMT300202
-Node: Printf301558
-Node: Basic Printf302343
-Node: Control Letters303917
-Node: Format Modifiers309079
-Node: Printf Examples315094
-Node: Redirection317580
-Node: Special FD324421
-Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1327589
-Node: Special Files327663
-Node: Other Inherited Files328280
-Node: Special Network329281
-Node: Special Caveats330141
-Node: Close Files And Pipes331090
-Ref: table-close-pipe-return-values337997
-Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1338810
-Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2338958
-Node: Nonfatal339110
-Node: Output Summary341448
-Node: Output Exercises342670
-Node: Expressions343349
-Node: Values344537
-Node: Constants345215
-Node: Scalar Constants345906
-Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1348416
-Node: Nondecimal-numbers348666
-Node: Regexp Constants351667
-Node: Using Constant Regexps352193
-Node: Standard Regexp Constants352815
-Node: Strong Regexp Constants356003
-Node: Variables359015
-Node: Using Variables359672
-Node: Assignment Options361582
-Node: Conversion364053
-Node: Strings And Numbers364577
-Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1367640
-Node: Locale influences conversions367749
-Ref: table-locale-affects370507
-Node: All Operators371125
-Node: Arithmetic Ops371754
-Node: Concatenation374470
-Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1377317
-Node: Assignment Ops377424
-Ref: table-assign-ops382415
-Node: Increment Ops383728
-Node: Truth Values and Conditions387188
-Node: Truth Values388262
-Node: Typing and Comparison389310
-Node: Variable Typing390130
-Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1396593
-Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-2396665
-Node: Comparison Operators396742
-Ref: table-relational-ops397161
-Node: POSIX String Comparison400656
-Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1402351
-Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-2402490
-Node: Boolean Ops402574
-Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1407056
-Node: Conditional Exp407148
-Node: Function Calls408884
-Node: Precedence412761
-Node: Locales416420
-Node: Expressions Summary418052
-Node: Patterns and Actions420625
-Node: Pattern Overview421745
-Node: Regexp Patterns423422
-Node: Expression Patterns423964
-Node: Ranges427745
-Node: BEGIN/END430853
-Node: Using BEGIN/END431614
-Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1434368
-Node: I/O And BEGIN/END434474
-Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE436787
-Node: Empty440018
-Node: Using Shell Variables440335
-Node: Action Overview442609
-Node: Statements444934
-Node: If Statement446782
-Node: While Statement448277
-Node: Do Statement450305
-Node: For Statement451453
-Node: Switch Statement454624
-Node: Break Statement457065
-Node: Continue Statement459157
-Node: Next Statement460984
-Node: Nextfile Statement463367
-Node: Exit Statement466056
-Node: Built-in Variables468459
-Node: User-modified469592
-Node: Auto-set477359
-Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1494166
-Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2494372
-Node: ARGC and ARGV494428
-Node: Pattern Action Summary498641
-Node: Arrays501071
-Node: Array Basics502400
-Node: Array Intro503244
-Ref: figure-array-elements505219
-Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1507923
-Node: Reference to Elements508051
-Node: Assigning Elements510515
-Node: Array Example511006
-Node: Scanning an Array512765
-Node: Controlling Scanning515787
-Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1522243
-Node: Numeric Array Subscripts522559
-Node: Uninitialized Subscripts524743
-Node: Delete526362
-Ref: Delete-Footnote-1529114
-Node: Multidimensional529171
-Node: Multiscanning532266
-Node: Arrays of Arrays533857
-Node: Arrays Summary538625
-Node: Functions540718
-Node: Built-in541756
-Node: Calling Built-in542909
-Node: Boolean Functions544905
-Node: Numeric Functions545459
-Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1549486
-Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2550134
-Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3550182
-Node: String Functions550454
-Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1574595
-Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2574723
-Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3574971
-Node: Gory Details575058
-Ref: table-sub-escapes576849
-Ref: table-sub-proposed578368
-Ref: table-posix-sub579731
-Ref: table-gensub-escapes581272
-Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1582095
-Node: I/O Functions582249
-Ref: table-system-return-values588703
-Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1590783
-Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-2590931
-Node: Time Functions591051
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1601722
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2601790
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3601948
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4602059
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5602171
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6602398
-Node: Bitwise Functions602664
-Ref: table-bitwise-ops603258
-Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1609321
-Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-2609494
-Node: Type Functions609685
-Node: I18N Functions612639
-Node: User-defined614290
-Node: Definition Syntax615102
-Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1620796
-Node: Function Example620867
-Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1623789
-Node: Function Calling623811
-Node: Calling A Function624399
-Node: Variable Scope625357
-Node: Pass By Value/Reference628351
-Node: Function Caveats630995
-Ref: Function Caveats-Footnote-1633042
-Node: Return Statement633162
-Node: Dynamic Typing636141
-Node: Indirect Calls637071
-Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1647326
-Node: Functions Summary647454
-Node: Library Functions650159
-Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1653766
-Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2653909
-Node: Library Names654080
-Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1657747
-Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2657970
-Node: General Functions658056
-Node: Strtonum Function659159
-Node: Assert Function662181
-Node: Round Function665507
-Node: Cliff Random Function667047
-Node: Ordinal Functions668063
-Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1671126
-Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2671378
-Node: Join Function671588
-Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1673358
-Node: Getlocaltime Function673558
-Node: Readfile Function677300
-Node: Shell Quoting679277
-Node: Data File Management680678
-Node: Filetrans Function681310
-Node: Rewind Function685406
-Node: File Checking687315
-Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1688649
-Node: Empty Files688850
-Node: Ignoring Assigns690829
-Node: Getopt Function692379
-Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1707590
-Node: Passwd Functions707790
-Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1716629
-Node: Group Functions716717
-Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1724615
-Node: Walking Arrays724822
-Node: Library Functions Summary727830
-Node: Library Exercises729236
-Node: Sample Programs729701
-Node: Running Examples730471
-Node: Clones731199
-Node: Cut Program732423
-Node: Egrep Program742563
-Node: Id Program751564
-Node: Split Program761511
-Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1771401
-Node: Tee Program771574
-Node: Uniq Program774364
-Node: Wc Program781952
-Node: Bytes vs. Characters782339
-Node: Using extensions783887
-Node: wc program784641
-Node: Miscellaneous Programs789506
-Node: Dupword Program790719
-Node: Alarm Program792749
-Node: Translate Program797604
-Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1802169
-Node: Labels Program802439
-Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1805790
-Node: Word Sorting805874
-Node: History Sorting809946
-Node: Extract Program812171
-Node: Simple Sed820225
-Node: Igawk Program823299
-Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1837630
-Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2837832
-Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3837954
-Node: Anagram Program838069
-Node: Signature Program841131
-Node: Programs Summary842378
-Node: Programs Exercises843592
-Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1847722
-Node: Advanced Features847808
-Node: Nondecimal Data849939
-Node: Boolean Typed Values851537
-Node: Array Sorting853418
-Node: Controlling Array Traversal854123
-Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1862491
-Node: Array Sorting Functions862609
-Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1867700
-Node: Two-way I/O867896
-Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1875617
-Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2875804
-Node: TCP/IP Networking875886
-Node: Profiling879004
-Node: Extension Philosophy888313
-Node: Advanced Features Summary889792
-Node: Internationalization891807
-Node: I18N and L10N893481
-Node: Explaining gettext894168
-Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1900060
-Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2900245
-Node: Programmer i18n900410
-Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1905359
-Node: Translator i18n905408
-Node: String Extraction906202
-Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1907334
-Node: Printf Ordering907420
-Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1910206
-Node: I18N Portability910270
-Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1912726
-Node: I18N Example912789
-Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1916064
-Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-2916137
-Node: Gawk I18N916246
-Node: I18N Summary916895
-Node: Debugger918236
-Node: Debugging919236
-Node: Debugging Concepts919677
-Node: Debugging Terms921486
-Node: Awk Debugging924061
-Ref: Awk Debugging-Footnote-1925006
-Node: Sample Debugging Session925138
-Node: Debugger Invocation925672
-Node: Finding The Bug927058
-Node: List of Debugger Commands933532
-Node: Breakpoint Control934865
-Node: Debugger Execution Control938559
-Node: Viewing And Changing Data941921
-Node: Execution Stack945462
-Node: Debugger Info947099
-Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands951170
-Node: Readline Support956232
-Node: Limitations957128
-Node: Debugging Summary959682
-Node: Namespaces960961
-Node: Global Namespace962072
-Node: Qualified Names963470
-Node: Default Namespace964469
-Node: Changing The Namespace965210
-Node: Naming Rules966824
-Node: Internal Name Management968672
-Node: Namespace Example969714
-Node: Namespace And Features972276
-Node: Namespace Summary973711
-Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic975188
-Node: Computer Arithmetic976675
-Ref: table-numeric-ranges980441
-Ref: table-floating-point-ranges980934
-Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1981592
-Node: Math Definitions981649
-Ref: table-ieee-formats984625
-Node: MPFR features985192
-Node: FP Math Caution986910
-Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1987982
-Node: Inexactness of computations988351
-Node: Inexact representation989382
-Node: Comparing FP Values990742
-Node: Errors accumulate991983
-Node: Strange values993439
-Ref: Strange values-Footnote-1996027
-Node: Getting Accuracy996132
-Node: Try To Round998842
-Node: Setting precision999741
-Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings1000438
-Node: Setting the rounding mode1002268
-Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes1002642
-Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-11006573
-Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers1006752
-Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-11009927
-Node: Checking for MPFR1010076
-Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems1011550
-Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-11015835
-Node: Floating point summary1015873
-Node: Dynamic Extensions1018063
-Node: Extension Intro1019616
-Node: Plugin License1020882
-Node: Extension Mechanism Outline1021679
-Ref: figure-load-extension1022118
-Ref: figure-register-new-function1023683
-Ref: figure-call-new-function1024775
-Node: Extension API Description1026837
-Node: Extension API Functions Introduction1028550
-Ref: table-api-std-headers1030386
-Node: General Data Types1034635
-Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-11043341
-Node: Memory Allocation Functions1043640
-Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-11048141
-Node: Constructor Functions1048240
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-Node: Gawk Distribution1228823
-Node: Getting1229307
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-Node: Distribution contents1231908
-Node: Unix Installation1238388
-Node: Quick Installation1239070
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-Node: Additional Configuration Options1242573
-Node: Configuration Philosophy1244888
-Node: Non-Unix Installation1247257
-Node: PC Installation1247717
-Node: PC Binary Installation1248555
-Node: PC Compiling1248990
-Node: PC Using1250107
-Node: Cygwin1253660
-Node: MSYS1254884
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-Node: VMS Running1261502
-Node: VMS GNV1265781
-Node: VMS Old Gawk1266516
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-Node: Bug address1267650
-Node: Usenet1270632
-Node: Maintainers1271636
-Node: Other Versions1272821
-Node: Installation summary1280686
-Node: Notes1281895
-Node: Compatibility Mode1282689
-Node: Additions1283471
-Node: Accessing The Source1284396
-Node: Adding Code1285833
-Node: New Ports1292052
-Node: Derived Files1296427
-Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11302087
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-Node: Extension Design1304702
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-Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11319800
-Node: Basic Data Typing1319985
-Node: Glossary1323313
-Node: Copying1355200
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License1392743
-Node: Index1417863
+Node: Foreword345205
+Node: Foreword449647
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+Ref: Preface-Footnote-254147
+Ref: Preface-Footnote-354381
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+Node: Non-Unix Installation1248170
+Node: PC Installation1248630
+Node: PC Binary Installation1249468
+Node: PC Compiling1249903
+Node: PC Using1251020
+Node: Cygwin1254573
+Node: MSYS1255797
+Node: VMS Installation1256399
+Node: VMS Compilation1257190
+Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11258419
+Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1258477
+Node: VMS Installation Details1260162
+Node: VMS Running1262415
+Node: VMS GNV1266694
+Node: VMS Old Gawk1267429
+Node: Bugs1267900
+Node: Bug address1268649
+Node: Usenet1271631
+Node: Performance bugs1272640
+Node: Maintainers1275497
+Node: Other Versions1276692
+Node: Installation summary1284557
+Node: Notes1285766
+Node: Compatibility Mode1286560
+Node: Additions1287342
+Node: Accessing The Source1288267
+Node: Adding Code1289704
+Node: New Ports1295923
+Node: Derived Files1300298
+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11305958
+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21305993
+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31306591
+Node: Future Extensions1306705
+Node: Implementation Limitations1307363
+Node: Extension Design1308573
+Node: Old Extension Problems1309717
+Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11311235
+Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1311292
+Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11314656
+Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1314845
+Node: Extension Future Growth1316958
+Node: Notes summary1317564
+Node: Basic Concepts1318722
+Node: Basic High Level1319403
+Ref: figure-general-flow1319685
+Ref: figure-process-flow1320370
+Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11323671
+Node: Basic Data Typing1323856
+Node: Glossary1327184
+Node: Copying1359071
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License1396614
+Node: Index1421734
 
 End Tag Table
 
diff --git a/doc/gawk.texi b/doc/gawk.texi
index 476c3717..d0832b5c 100644
--- a/doc/gawk.texi
+++ b/doc/gawk.texi
@@ -1031,6 +1031,7 @@ particular records in a file and perform operations upon them.
 * Unix Installation::                   Installing @command{gawk} under
                                         various versions of Unix.
 * Quick Installation::                  Compiling @command{gawk} under Unix.
+* Compiling with MPFR::                 Building with MPFR.
 * Shell Startup Files::                 Shell convenience functions.
 * Additional Configuration Options::    Other compile-time options.
 * Configuration Philosophy::            How it's all supposed to work.
@@ -1060,6 +1061,7 @@ particular records in a file and perform operations upon them.
 * Bugs::                                Reporting Problems and Bugs.
 * Bug address::                         Where to send reports to.
 * Usenet::                              Where not to send reports to.
+* Performance bugs::                    What to do if you think there is a performance issue.
 * Maintainers::                         Maintainers of non-*nix ports.
 * Other Versions::                      Other freely available @command{awk}
                                         implementations.
@@ -42186,6 +42188,10 @@ to configure @command{gawk} for your system yourself.
 @node Quick Installation
 @appendixsubsec Compiling @command{gawk} for Unix-Like Systems
 
+@menu
+* Compiling with MPFR::              Building with MPFR.
+@end menu
+
 The normal installation steps should work on all modern commercial
 Unix-derived systems, GNU/Linux, BSD-based systems, and the Cygwin
 environment for MS-Windows.
@@ -42259,6 +42265,24 @@ is likely that you will be asked for your password, and you will have
 to have been set up previously as a user who is allowed to run the
 @command{sudo} command.
 
+
+@node Compiling with MPFR
+@appendixsubsubsec Building With MPFR
+
+@cindex MPFR library, building with
+Use of the MPFR library with @command{gawk}
+is an optional feature: if you have the MPFR and GMP libraries already installed
+when you configure and build @command{gawk},
+@command{gawk} automatically will be able to use them.
+
+You can install these libraries from source code by fetching them
+from the GNU distribution site at @code{ftp.gnu.org}.
+
+Most modern systems provide package managers which save you the trouble
+of building from source. They fetch and install the library header files
+and binaries for you.  You will need to research how to do this for
+your particular system.
+
 @node Shell Startup Files
 @appendixsubsec Shell Startup Files
 
@@ -43055,6 +43079,7 @@ but we might well want to fix it.
 @menu
 * Bug address::                 Where to send reports to.
 * Usenet::                      Where not to send reports to.
+* Performance bugs::            What to do if you think there is a performance issue.
 * Maintainers::                 Maintainers of non-*nix ports.
 @end menu
 
@@ -43164,6 +43189,88 @@ and run to another section of the playground.  Then, if you like mixing
 metaphors, you can throw rocks from there."
 @end ignore
 
+@node Performance bugs
+@appendixsubsec What To Do If You Think There Is A Performance Issue
+
+@cindex performance, checking issues
+@cindex profiling, compiling @command{gawk} for
+If you think that @command{gawk} is too slow at doing a particular task,
+you should investigate before sending in a bug report. Here are the steps
+to follow:
+
+@enumerate 1
+@item
+Run @command{gawk} with the @option{--profile} option (@pxref{Options})
+to see what your
+program is doing. It may be that you have written it in an inefficient manner.
+For example, you may be doing something for every record that could be done
+just once, for every file.
+(Use a @code{BEGINFILE} rule; @pxref{BEGINFILE/ENDFILE}.)
+Or you may be doing something for every file that only needs to be done
+once per run of the program.
+(Use a @code{BEGIN} rule; @pxref{BEGIN/END}.)
+
+@item
+If profiling at the @command{awk} level doesn't help, then you will
+need to compile @command{gawk} itself for profiling at the C language level.
+
+To do that, start with the latest released version of
+@command{gawk}. Unpack the source code in a new directory, and configure
+it:
+
+@example
+$ @kbd{tar -xpzvf gawk-X.Y.Z.tar.gz}
+@print{} @dots{}                                @ii{Output ommited}
+$ @kbd{cd gawk-X.Y.Z}
+$ @kbd{./configure}
+@print{} @dots{}                                @ii{Output ommited}
+@end example
+
+@item
+Edit the files @file{Makefile} and @file{support/Makefile}.
+Change every instance of @option{-O2} or @option{-O} to @option{-pg}.
+This causes @command{gawk} to be compiled for profiling.
+
+@item
+Compile the program by running the @command{make} command:
+
+@example
+@group
+$ @kbd{make}
+@print{} @dots{}                                @ii{Output ommited}
+@end group
+@end example
+
+@item
+Run the freshly compiled @command{gawk} on a @emph{real} program,
+using @emph{real} data.  Using an artificial program to try to time one
+particular feature of @command{gawk} is useless; real @command{awk} programs
+generally spend most of their time doing I/O, not computing.  If you want to prove
+that something is slow, it @emph{must} be done using a real program and real data.
+
+Use a data file that is large enough for the statistical profiling to measure
+where @command{gawk} spends its time. It should be at least 100 megabytes in size.
+
+@item
+When done, you should have a file in the current directory named @file{gmon.out}.
+Run the command @samp{gprof gawk gmon.out > gprof.out}.
+
+@item
+Submit a bug report explaining what you think is slow. Include the @file{gprof.out}
+file with it.
+
+Preferably, you should also submit the program and the data, or else indicate where to
+get the data if the file is large.
+
+@item
+If you have not submitted your program and data, be prepared to apply patches and
+rerun the profiling in order to see if the patches were effective.
+
+@end enumerate
+
+If you are incapable or unwilling to do the steps listed above, then you will
+just have to live with @command{gawk} as it is.
+
 @node Maintainers
 @appendixsubsec Reporting Problems with Non-Unix Ports
 
diff --git a/doc/gawktexi.in b/doc/gawktexi.in
index 8a6587c3..24a04336 100644
--- a/doc/gawktexi.in
+++ b/doc/gawktexi.in
@@ -1026,6 +1026,7 @@ particular records in a file and perform operations upon them.
 * Unix Installation::                   Installing @command{gawk} under
                                         various versions of Unix.
 * Quick Installation::                  Compiling @command{gawk} under Unix.
+* Compiling with MPFR::                 Building with MPFR.
 * Shell Startup Files::                 Shell convenience functions.
 * Additional Configuration Options::    Other compile-time options.
 * Configuration Philosophy::            How it's all supposed to work.
@@ -1055,6 +1056,7 @@ particular records in a file and perform operations upon them.
 * Bugs::                                Reporting Problems and Bugs.
 * Bug address::                         Where to send reports to.
 * Usenet::                              Where not to send reports to.
+* Performance bugs::                    What to do if you think there is a performance issue.
 * Maintainers::                         Maintainers of non-*nix ports.
 * Other Versions::                      Other freely available @command{awk}
                                         implementations.
@@ -41029,6 +41031,10 @@ to configure @command{gawk} for your system yourself.
 @node Quick Installation
 @appendixsubsec Compiling @command{gawk} for Unix-Like Systems
 
+@menu
+* Compiling with MPFR::              Building with MPFR.
+@end menu
+
 The normal installation steps should work on all modern commercial
 Unix-derived systems, GNU/Linux, BSD-based systems, and the Cygwin
 environment for MS-Windows.
@@ -41102,6 +41108,24 @@ is likely that you will be asked for your password, and you will have
 to have been set up previously as a user who is allowed to run the
 @command{sudo} command.
 
+
+@node Compiling with MPFR
+@appendixsubsubsec Building With MPFR
+
+@cindex MPFR library, building with
+Use of the MPFR library with @command{gawk}
+is an optional feature: if you have the MPFR and GMP libraries already installed
+when you configure and build @command{gawk},
+@command{gawk} automatically will be able to use them.
+
+You can install these libraries from source code by fetching them
+from the GNU distribution site at @code{ftp.gnu.org}.
+
+Most modern systems provide package managers which save you the trouble
+of building from source. They fetch and install the library header files
+and binaries for you.  You will need to research how to do this for
+your particular system.
+
 @node Shell Startup Files
 @appendixsubsec Shell Startup Files
 
@@ -41898,6 +41922,7 @@ but we might well want to fix it.
 @menu
 * Bug address::                 Where to send reports to.
 * Usenet::                      Where not to send reports to.
+* Performance bugs::            What to do if you think there is a performance issue.
 * Maintainers::                 Maintainers of non-*nix ports.
 @end menu
 
@@ -42007,6 +42032,88 @@ and run to another section of the playground.  Then, if you like mixing
 metaphors, you can throw rocks from there."
 @end ignore
 
+@node Performance bugs
+@appendixsubsec What To Do If You Think There Is A Performance Issue
+
+@cindex performance, checking issues
+@cindex profiling, compiling @command{gawk} for
+If you think that @command{gawk} is too slow at doing a particular task,
+you should investigate before sending in a bug report. Here are the steps
+to follow:
+
+@enumerate 1
+@item
+Run @command{gawk} with the @option{--profile} option (@pxref{Options})
+to see what your
+program is doing. It may be that you have written it in an inefficient manner.
+For example, you may be doing something for every record that could be done
+just once, for every file.
+(Use a @code{BEGINFILE} rule; @pxref{BEGINFILE/ENDFILE}.)
+Or you may be doing something for every file that only needs to be done
+once per run of the program.
+(Use a @code{BEGIN} rule; @pxref{BEGIN/END}.)
+
+@item
+If profiling at the @command{awk} level doesn't help, then you will
+need to compile @command{gawk} itself for profiling at the C language level.
+
+To do that, start with the latest released version of
+@command{gawk}. Unpack the source code in a new directory, and configure
+it:
+
+@example
+$ @kbd{tar -xpzvf gawk-X.Y.Z.tar.gz}
+@print{} @dots{}                                @ii{Output ommited}
+$ @kbd{cd gawk-X.Y.Z}
+$ @kbd{./configure}
+@print{} @dots{}                                @ii{Output ommited}
+@end example
+
+@item
+Edit the files @file{Makefile} and @file{support/Makefile}.
+Change every instance of @option{-O2} or @option{-O} to @option{-pg}.
+This causes @command{gawk} to be compiled for profiling.
+
+@item
+Compile the program by running the @command{make} command:
+
+@example
+@group
+$ @kbd{make}
+@print{} @dots{}                                @ii{Output ommited}
+@end group
+@end example
+
+@item
+Run the freshly compiled @command{gawk} on a @emph{real} program,
+using @emph{real} data.  Using an artificial program to try to time one
+particular feature of @command{gawk} is useless; real @command{awk} programs
+generally spend most of their time doing I/O, not computing.  If you want to prove
+that something is slow, it @emph{must} be done using a real program and real data.
+
+Use a data file that is large enough for the statistical profiling to measure
+where @command{gawk} spends its time. It should be at least 100 megabytes in size.
+
+@item
+When done, you should have a file in the current directory named @file{gmon.out}.
+Run the command @samp{gprof gawk gmon.out > gprof.out}.
+
+@item
+Submit a bug report explaining what you think is slow. Include the @file{gprof.out}
+file with it.
+
+Preferably, you should also submit the program and the data, or else indicate where to
+get the data if the file is large.
+
+@item
+If you have not submitted your program and data, be prepared to apply patches and
+rerun the profiling in order to see if the patches were effective.
+
+@end enumerate
+
+If you are incapable or unwilling to do the steps listed above, then you will
+just have to live with @command{gawk} as it is.
+
 @node Maintainers
 @appendixsubsec Reporting Problems with Non-Unix Ports