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diff --git a/gawk-info-5 b/gawk-info-5 deleted file mode 100644 index fd8d7eec..00000000 --- a/gawk-info-5 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,960 +0,0 @@ -Info file gawk-info, produced by Makeinfo, -*- Text -*- from input -file gawk.texinfo. - -This file documents `awk', a program that you can use to select -particular records in a file and perform operations upon them. - -Copyright (C) 1989 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - -Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - -Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that -the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a -permission notice identical to this one. - -Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a -translation approved by the Foundation. - - - -File: gawk-info, Node: User-modified, Next: Auto-set, Up: Special - -Special Variables That Control `awk' -==================================== - -This is a list of the variables which you can change to control how -`awk' does certain things. - -`FS' - `FS' is the input field separator (*note Field Separators::.). - The value is a regular expression that matches the separations - between fields in an input record. - - The default value is `" "', a string consisting of a single - space. As a special exception, this value actually means that - any sequence of spaces and tabs is a single separator. It also - causes spaces and tabs at the beginning or end of a line to be - ignored. - - You can set the value of `FS' on the command line using the `-F' - option: - - awk -F, 'PROGRAM' INPUT-FILES - -`OFMT' - This string is used by `awk' to control conversion of numbers to - strings (*note Conversion::.). It works by being passed, in - effect, as the first argument to the `sprintf' function. Its - default value is `"%.6g"'. - -`OFS' - This is the output field separator (*note Output Separators::.). - It is output between the fields output by a `print' statement. - Its default value is `" "', a string consisting of a single space. - -`ORS' - This is the output record separator (*note Output - Separators::.). It is output at the end of every `print' - statement. Its default value is the newline character, often - represented in `awk' programs as `\n'. - -`RS' - This is `awk''s record separator (*note Records::.). Its - default value is a string containing a single newline character, - which means that an input record consists of a single line of - text. - -`SUBSEP' - `SUBSEP' is a subscript separator (*note Multi-dimensional::.). - It has the default value of `"\034"', and is used to separate - the parts of the name of a multi--dimensional array. Thus, if - you access `foo[12,3]', it really accesses `foo["12\0343"]'. - - - -File: gawk-info, Node: Auto-set, Prev: User-modified, Up: Special - -Special Variables That Convey Information to You -================================================ - -This is a list of the variables that are set automatically by `awk' -on certain occasions so as to provide information for your program. - -`ARGC' -`ARGV' - The command--line arguments available to `awk' are stored in an - array called `ARGV'. `ARGC' is the number of command--line - arguments present. `ARGV' is indexed from zero to `ARGC' - 1. - For example: - - awk '{ print ARGV[$1] }' inventory-shipped BBS-list - - In this example, `ARGV[0]' contains `"awk"', `ARGV[1]' contains - `"inventory-shipped"', and `ARGV[2]' contains `"BBS-list"'. - `ARGC' is 3, one more than the index of the last element in - `ARGV' since the elements are numbered from zero. - - Notice that the `awk' program is not treated as an argument. - The `-f' `FILENAME' option, and the `-F' option, are also not - treated as arguments for this purpose. - - Variable assignments on the command line *are* treated as - arguments, and do show up in the `ARGV' array. - - Your program can alter `ARGC' the elements of `ARGV'. Each time - `awk' reaches the end of an input file, it uses the next element - of `ARGV' as the name of the next input file. By storing a - different string there, your program can change which files are - read. You can use `-' to represent the standard input. By - storing additional elements and incrementing `ARGC' you can - cause additional files to be read. - - If you decrease the value of `ARGC', that eliminates input files - from the end of the list. By recording the old value of `ARGC' - elsewhere, your program can treat the eliminated arguments as - something other than file names. - - To eliminate a file from the middle of the list, store the null - string (`""') into `ARGV' in place of the file's name. As a - special feature, `awk' ignores file names that have been - replaced with the null string. - -`ENVIRON' - This is an array that contains the values of the environment. - The array indices are the environment variable names; the values - are the values of the particular environment variables. For - example, `ENVIRON["HOME"]' might be `/u/close'. Changing this - array does not affect the environment passed on to any programs - that `awk' may spawn via redirection or the `system' function. - (This may not work under operating systems other than MS-DOS, - Unix, or GNU.) - -`FILENAME' - This is the name of the file that `awk' is currently reading. - If `awk' is reading from the standard input (in other words, - there are no files listed on the command line), `FILENAME' is - set to `"-"'. `FILENAME' is changed each time a new file is - read (*note Reading Files::.). - -`FNR' - `FNR' is the current record number in the current file. `FNR' - is incremented each time a new record is read (*note Getline::.). - It is reinitialized to 0 each time a new input file is started. - -`NF' - `NF' is the number of fields in the current input record. `NF' - is set each time a new record is read, when a new field is - created, or when $0 changes (*note Fields::.). - -`NR' - This is the number of input records `awk' has processed since - the beginning of the program's execution. (*note Records::.). - `NR' is set each time a new record is read. - -`RLENGTH' - `RLENGTH' is the length of the string matched by the `match' - function (*note String Functions::.). `RLENGTH' is set by - invoking the `match' function. Its value is the length of the - matched string, or -1 if no match was found. - -`RSTART' - `RSTART' is the start of the string matched by the `match' - function (*note String Functions::.). `RSTART' is set by - invoking the `match' function. Its value is the position of the - string where the matched string starts, or 0 if no match was - found. - - - -File: gawk-info, Node: Sample Program, Next: Notes, Prev: Special, Up: Top - -Sample Program -************** - -The following example is a complete `awk' program, which prints the -number of occurrences of each word in its input. It illustrates the -associative nature of `awk' arrays by using strings as subscripts. -It also demonstrates the `for X in ARRAY' construction. Finally, it -shows how `awk' can be used in conjunction with other utility -programs to do a useful task of some complexity with a minimum of -effort. Some explanations follow the program listing. - - awk ' - # Print list of word frequencies - { - for (i = 1; i <= NF; i++) - freq[$i]++ - } - - END { - for (word in freq) - printf "%s\t%d\n", word, freq[word] - }' - -The first thing to notice about this program is that it has two -rules. The first rule, because it has an empty pattern, is executed -on every line of the input. It uses `awk''s field--accessing -mechanism (*note Fields::.) to pick out the individual words from the -line, and the special variable `NF' (*note Special::.) to know how -many fields are available. - -For each input word, an element of the array `freq' is incremented to -reflect that the word has been seen an additional time. - -The second rule, because it has the pattern `END', is not executed -until the input has been exhausted. It prints out the contents of -the `freq' table that has been built up inside the first action. - -Note that this program has several problems that would prevent it -from being useful by itself on real text files: - - * Words are detected using the `awk' convention that fields are - separated by whitespace and that other characters in the input - (except newlines) don't have any special meaning to `awk'. This - means that punctuation characters count as part of words. - - * The `awk' language considers upper and lower case characters to - be distinct. Therefore, `foo' and `Foo' will not be treated by - this program as the same word. This is undesirable since in - normal text, words are capitalized if they begin sentences, and - a frequency analyzer should not be sensitive to that. - - * The output does not come out in any useful order. You're more - likely to be interested in which words occur most frequently, or - having an alphabetized table of how frequently each word occurs. - -The way to solve these problems is to use other operating system -utilities to process the input and output of the `awk' script. -Suppose the script shown above is saved in the file `frequency.awk'. -Then the shell command: - - tr A-Z a-z < file1 | tr -cd 'a-z\012' \ - | awk -f frequency.awk \ - | sort +1 -nr - -produces a table of the words appearing in `file1' in order of -decreasing frequency. - -The first `tr' command in this pipeline translates all the upper case -characters in `file1' to lower case. The second `tr' command deletes -all the characters in the input except lower case characters and -newlines. The second argument to the second `tr' is quoted to -protect the backslash in it from being interpreted by the shell. The -`awk' program reads this suitably massaged data and produces a word -frequency table, which is not ordered. - -The `awk' script's output is now sorted by the `sort' command and -printed on the terminal. The options given to `sort' in this example -specify to sort by the second field of each input line (skipping one -field), that the sort keys should be treated as numeric quantities -(otherwise `15' would come before `5'), and that the sorting should -be done in descending (reverse) order. - -See the general operating system documentation for more information -on how to use the `tr' and `sort' commands. - - - -File: gawk-info, Node: Notes, Next: Glossary, Prev: Sample Program, Up: Top - -Implementation Notes -******************** - -This appendix contains information mainly of interest to implementors -and maintainers of `gawk'. Everything in it applies specifically to -`gawk', and not to other implementations. - -* Menu: - -* Extensions:: Things`gawk' does that Unix `awk' does not. - -* Future Extensions:: Things likely to appear in a future release. - -* Improvements:: Suggestions for future improvements. - -* Manual Improvements:: Suggestions for improvements to this manual. - - - -File: gawk-info, Node: Extensions, Next: Future Extensions, Up: Notes - -GNU Extensions to the AWK Language -================================== - -Several new features are in a state of flux. They are described here -merely to document them somewhat, but they will probably change. We -hope they will be incorporated into other versions of `awk', too. - -All of these features can be turned off either by compiling `gawk' -with `-DSTRICT', or by invoking `gawk' as `awk'. - -The `AWKPATH' environment variable - When opening a file supplied via the `-f' option, if the - filename does not contain a `/', `gawk' will perform a "path - search" for the file, similar to that performed by the shell. - `gawk' gets its search path from the `AWKPATH' environment - variable. If that variable does not exist, it uses the default - path `".:/usr/lib/awk:/usr/local/lib/awk"'. - -Case Independent Matching - Two new operators have been introduced, `~~', and `!~~'. These - perform regular expression match and no-match operations that - are case independent. In other words, `A' and `a' would both - match `/a/'. - -The `-i' option - This option causes the `~' and `!~' operators to behave like the - `~~' and `!~~' operators described above. - -The `-v' option - This option prints version information for this particular copy - of `gawk'. This is so you can determine if your copy of `gawk' - is up to date with respect to whatever the Free Software - Foundation is currently distributing. It may disappear in a - future version of `gawk'. - - - -File: gawk-info, Node: Future Extensions, Next: Improvements, Prev: Extensions, Up: Notes - -Extensions Likely To Appear In A Future Release -=============================================== - -Here are some more extensions that indicate the directions we are -currently considering for `gawk'. Like the previous section, this -section is also subject to change. None of these are implemented yet. - -The `IGNORECASE' special variable - If `IGNORECASE' is non--zero, then *all* regular expression - matching will be done in a case--independent fashion. The `-i' - option and the `~~' and `!~~' operators will go away, as this - mechanism generalizes those facilities. - -More Escape Sequences - The ANSI C `\a', and `\x' escape sequences will be recognized. - Unix `awk' does not recognize `\v', although `gawk' does. - -`RS' as a regexp - The meaning of `RS' will be generalized along the lines of `FS'. - -Transliteration Functions - We are planning on adding `toupper' and `tolower' functions - which will take string arguments, and return strings where the - case of each letter has been transformed to upper-- or - lower--case respectively. - -Access To System File Descriptors - `gawk' will recognize the special file names `/dev/stdin', - `/dev/stdout', `/dev/stderr', and `/dev/fd/N' internally. These - will allow access to inherited file descriptors from within an - `awk' program. - - - -File: gawk-info, Node: Improvements, Next: Manual Improvements, Prev: Future Extensions, Up: Notes - -Suggestions for Future Improvements -=================================== - -Here are some projects that would--be `gawk' hackers might like to -take on. They vary in size from a few days to a few weeks of -programming, depending on which one you choose and how fast a -programmer you are. Please send any improvements you write to the -maintainers at the GNU project. - - 1. State machine regexp matcher: At present, `gawk' uses the - backtracking regular expression matcher from the GNU subroutine - library. If a regexp is really going to be used a lot of times, - it is faster to convert it once to a description of a finite - state machine, then run a routine simulating that machine every - time you want to match the regexp. You could use the matching - routines used by GNU `egrep'. - - 2. Compilation of `awk' programs: `gawk' uses a `Bison' - (YACC--like) parser to convert the script given it into a syntax - tree; the syntax tree is then executed by a simple recursive - evaluator. Both of these steps incur a lot of overhead, since - parsing can be slow (especially if you also do the previous - project and convert regular expressions to finite state machines - at compile time) and the recursive evaluator performs many - procedure calls to do even the simplest things. - - It should be possible for `gawk' to convert the script's parse - tree into a C program which the user would then compile, using - the normal C compiler and a special `gawk' library to provide - all the needed functions (regexps, fields, associative arrays, - type coercion, and so on). - - An easier possibility might be for an intermediate phase of - `awk' to convert the parse tree into a linear byte code form - like the one used in GNU Emacs Lisp. The recursive evaluator - would then be replaced by a straight line byte code interpreter - that would be intermediate in speed between running a compiled - program and doing what `gawk' does now. - - - -File: gawk-info, Node: Manual Improvements, Prev: Improvements, Up: Notes - -Suggestions For Future Improvements of This Manual -================================================== - - 1. An error message section has not been included in this version - of the manual. Perhaps some nice beta testers will document - some of the messages for the future. - - 2. A summary page has not been included, as the ``man'', or help, - page that comes with the `gawk' code should suffice. - - GNU only supports Info, so this manual itself should contain - whatever forms of information it would be useful to have on an - Info summary page. - - 3. A function and variable index has not been included as we are - not sure what to put in it. - - 4. A section summarizing the differences between V7 `awk' and - System V Release 4 `awk' would be useful for long--time `awk' - hackers. - - - -File: gawk-info, Node: Glossary, Next: Index, Prev: Notes, Up: Top - -Glossary -******** - -Action - A series of `awk' statements attached to a rule. If the rule's - pattern matches an input record, the `awk' language executes the - rule's action. Actions are always enclosed in curly braces. - -Amazing `awk' assembler - Henry Spencer at the University of Toronto wrote a retargetable - assembler completely as `awk' scripts. It is thousands of lines - long, including machine descriptions for several 8--bit - microcomputers. It is distributed with `gawk' and is a good - example of a program that would have been better written in - another language. - -Assignment - An `awk' expression that changes the value of some `awk' - variable or data object. An object that you can assign to is - called an "lvalue". - -Built-in function - The `awk' language provides built--in functions that perform - various numerical and string computations. Examples are `sqrt' - (for the square root of a number) and `substr' (for a substring - of a string). - -C - The system programming language that most of GNU is written in. - The `awk' programming language has C--like syntax, and this - manual points out similarities between `awk' and C when - appropriate. - -Compound statement - A series of `awk' statements, enclosed in curly braces. - Compound statements may be nested. - -Concatenation - Concatenating two strings means sticking them together, one - after another, giving a new string. For example, the string - `foo' concatenated with the string `bar' gives the string - `foobar'. - -Conditional expression - A relation that is either true or false, such as `(a < b)'. - Conditional expressions are used in `if' and `while' statements, - and in patterns to select which input records to process. - -Curly braces - The characters `{' and `}'. Curly braces are used in `awk' for - delimiting actions, compound statements, and function bodies. - -Data objects - These are numbers and strings of characters. Numbers are - converted into strings and vice versa, as needed. - -Escape Sequences - A special sequence of characters used for describing - non--printable characters, such as `\n' for newline, or `\033' - for the ASCII ESC (escape) character. - -Field - When `awk' reads an input record, it splits the record into - pieces separated by whitespace (or by a separator regexp which - you can change by setting the special variable `FS'). Such - pieces are called fields. - -Format - Format strings are used to control the appearance of output in - the `printf' statement. Also, data conversions from numbers to - strings are controlled by the format string contained in the - special variable `OFMT'. - -Function - A specialized group of statements often used to encapsulate - general or program--specific tasks. `awk' has a number of - built--in functions, and also allows you to define your own. - -`gawk' - The GNU implementation of `awk'. - -`awk' language - The language in which `awk' programs are written. - -`awk' program - An `awk' program consists of a series of "patterns" and - "actions", collectively known as "rules". For each input record - given to the program, the program's rules are all processed in - turn. `awk' programs may also contain function definitions. - -`awk' script - Another name for an `awk' program. - -Input record - A single chunk of data read in by `awk'. Usually, an `awk' - input record consists of one line of text. - -Keyword - In the `awk' language, a keyword is a word that has special - meaning. Keywords are reserved and may not be used as variable - names. - - The keywords are: `if', `else', `while', `do...while', `for', - `for...in', `break', `continue', `delete', `next', `function', - `func', and `exit'. - -Lvalue - An expression that can appear on the left side of an assignment - operator. In most languages, lvalues can be variables or array - elements. In `awk', a field designator can also be used as an - lvalue. - -Number - A numeric valued data object. The `gawk' implementation uses - double precision floating point to represent numbers. - -Pattern - Patterns tell `awk' which input records are interesting to which - rules. - - A pattern is an arbitrary conditional expression against which - input is tested. If the condition is satisfied, the pattern is - said to "match" the input record. A typical pattern might - compare the input record against a regular expression. - -Range (of input lines) - A sequence of consecutive lines from the input file. A pattern - can specify ranges of input lines for `awk' to process, or it - can specify single lines. - -Recursion - When a function calls itself, either directly or indirectly. If - this isn't clear, refer to the entry for ``recursion''. - -Redirection - Redirection means performing input from other than the standard - input stream, or output to other than the standard output stream. - - You can redirect the output of the `print' and `printf' - statements to a file or a system command, using the `>', `>>', - and `|' operators. You can redirect input to the `getline' - statement using the `<' and `|' operators. - -Regular Expression - See ``regexp''. - -Regexp - Short for "regular expression". A regexp is a pattern that - denotes a set of strings, possibly an infinite set. For - example, the regexp `R.*xp' matches any string starting with the - letter `R' and ending with the letters `xp'. In `awk', regexps - are used in patterns and in conditional expressions. - -Rule - A segment of an `awk' program, that specifies how to process - single input records. A rule consists of a "pattern" and an - "action". `awk' reads an input record; then, for each rule, if - the input record satisfies the rule's pattern, `awk' executes - the rule's action. Otherwise, the rule does nothing for that - input record. - -Special Variable - The variables `ARGC', `ARGV', `ENVIRON', `FILENAME', `FNR', - `FS', `NF', `NR', `OFMT', `OFS', `ORS', `RLENGTH', `RSTART', - `RS', `SUBSEP', have special meaning to `awk'. Changing some of - them affects `awk''s running environment. - -Stream Editor - A program that reads records from an input stream and processes - them one or more at a time. This is in contrast with batch - programs, which may expect to read their input files in entirety - before starting to do anything, and with interactive programs, - which require input from the user. - -String - A datum consisting of a sequence of characters, such as `I am a - string'. Constant strings are written with double--quotes in - the `awk' language, and may contain "escape sequences". - -Whitespace - A sequence of blank or tab characters occurring inside an input - record or a string. - - - -File: gawk-info, Node: Index, Prev: Glossary, Up: Top - -Index -***** - -* Menu: - -* #!: Executable Scripts. -* -f option: Long. -* `$NF', last field in record: Fields. -* `$' (field operator): Fields. -* `>>': Redirection. -* `>': Redirection. -* `BEGIN', special pattern: BEGIN/END. -* `END', special pattern: BEGIN/END. -* `awk' language: This Manual. -* `awk' program: This Manual. -* `break' statement: Break. -* `close' statement for input: Close Input. -* `close' statement for output: Close Output. -* `continue' statement: Continue. -* `delete' statement: Delete. -* `exit' statement: Exit. -* `for (x in ...)': Scanning an Array. -* `for' statement: For. -* `if' statement: If. -* `next' statement: Next. -* `print $0': Very Simple. -* `printf' statement, format of: Basic Printf. -* `printf', format-control characters: Format-Control. -* `printf', modifiers: Modifiers. -* `print' statement: Print. -* `return' statement: Return Statement. -* `while' statement: While. -* `|': Redirection. -* `BBS-list' file: The Files. -* `inventory-shipped' file: The Files. -* Accessing fields: Fields. -* Acronym: History. -* Action, curly braces: Actions. -* Action, curly braces: Getting Started. -* Action, default: Very Simple. -* Action, definition of: Getting Started. -* Action, general: Actions. -* Action, separating statements: Actions. -* Applications of `awk': When. -* Arguments in function call: Function Calls. -* Arguments, Command Line: Command Line. -* Arithmetic operators: Arithmetic Ops. -* Array assignment: Assigning Elements. -* Array reference: Reference to Elements. -* Arrays: Array Intro. -* Arrays, definition of: Array Intro. -* Arrays, deleting an element: Delete. -* Arrays, determining presence of elements: Reference to Elements. -* Arrays, multi-dimensional subscripts: Multi-dimensional. -* Arrays, special `for' statement: Scanning an Array. -* Assignment operators: Assignment Ops. -* Associative arrays: Array Intro. -* Backslash Continuation: Statements/Lines. -* Basic function of `gawk': Getting Started. -* Body of a loop: While. -* Boolean expressions: Boolean Ops. -* Boolean operators: Boolean Ops. -* Boolean patterns: Boolean. -* Built-in functions, list of: Built-in. -* Built-in variables: Variables. -* Calling a function: Function Calls. -* Case sensitivity and gawk: Read Terminal. -* Changing contents of a field: Changing Fields. -* Changing the record separator: Records. -* Closing files and pipes: Close Output. -* Command Line: Command Line. -* Command line formats: Running gawk. -* Command line, setting `FS' on: Field Separators. -* Comments: Comments. -* Comparison expressions: Comparison Ops. -* Comparison expressions as patterns: Comparison Patterns. -* Compound statements: Actions. -* Computed Regular Expressions: Regexp Usage. -* Concatenation: Concatenation. -* Conditional Patterns: Conditional Patterns. -* Conditional expression: Conditional Exp. -* Constants, types of: Constants. -* Continuing statements on the next line: Statements/Lines. -* Conversion of strings and numbers: Conversion. -* Curly braces: Actions. -* Curly braces: Getting Started. -* Default action: Very Simple. -* Default pattern: Very Simple. -* Deleting elements of arrays: Delete. -* Differences between `gawk' and `awk': Arithmetic Ops. -* Differences between `gawk' and `awk': Constants. -* Documenting `awk' programs: Comments. -* Dynamic Regular Expressions: Regexp Usage. -* Element assignment: Assigning Elements. -* Element of array: Reference to Elements. -* Emacs Lisp: When. -* Empty pattern: Empty. -* Escape sequence notation: Constants. -* Examining fields: Fields. -* Executable Scripts: Executable Scripts. -* Expression, conditional: Conditional Exp. -* Expressions: Actions. -* Expressions, boolean: Boolean Ops. -* Expressions, comparison: Comparison Ops. -* Field separator, `FS': Field Separators. -* Field separator, choice of: Field Separators. -* Field separator, setting on command line: Field Separators. -* Field, changing contents of: Changing Fields. -* Fields: Fields. -* Fields, negative-numbered: Non-Constant Fields. -* Fields, semantics of: Field Separators. -* Fields, separating: Field Separators. -* Format specifier: Format-Control. -* Format string: Basic Printf. -* Formatted output: Printf. -* Function call: Function Calls. -* Function definitions: Actions. -* Functions, user-defined: User-defined. -* General input: Reading Files. -* History of `awk': History. -* How gawk works: Two Rules. -* Increment operators: Increment Ops. -* Input file, sample: The Files. -* Input, `getline' function: Getline. -* Input, general: Reading Files. -* Input, multiple line records: Multiple. -* Input, standard: Read Terminal. -* Input, standard: Reading Files. -* Interaction of `awk' with other programs: I/O Functions. -* Invocation of `gawk': Command Line. -* Language, `awk': This Manual. -* Loop: While. -* Loops, breaking out of: Break. -* Lvalue: Assignment Ops. -* Manual, using this: This Manual. -* Metacharacters: Regexp Operators. -* Mod function, semantics of: Arithmetic Ops. -* Modifiers (in format specifiers): Modifiers. -* Multiple line records: Multiple. -* Multiple passes over data: Command Line. -* Multiple statements on one line: Statements/Lines. -* Negative-numbered fields: Non-Constant Fields. -* Number of fields, `NF': Fields. -* Number of records, `FNR': Records. -* Number of records, `NR': Records. -* Numerical constant: Constants. -* Numerical value: Constants. -* One-liners: One-liners. -* Operator, Ternary: Conditional Patterns. -* Operators, `$': Fields. -* Operators, arithmetic: Arithmetic Ops. -* Operators, assignment: Assignment Ops. -* Operators, boolean: Boolean Ops. -* Operators, increment: Increment Ops. -* Operators, regular expression matching: Regexp Usage. -* Operators, relational: Comparison Ops. -* Operators, relational: Comparison Patterns. -* Operators, string: Concatenation. -* Operators, string-matching: Regexp Usage. -* Options, Command Line: Command Line. -* Output: Printing. -* Output field separator, `OFS': Output Separators. -* Output record separator, `ORS': Output Separators. -* Output redirection: Redirection. -* Output, formatted: Printf. -* Output, piping: Redirection. -* Passes, Multiple: Command Line. -* Pattern, case sensitive: Read Terminal. -* Pattern, comparison expressions: Comparison Patterns. -* Pattern, default: Very Simple. -* Pattern, definition of: Getting Started. -* Pattern, empty: Empty. -* Pattern, regular expressions: Regexp. -* Patterns, `BEGIN': BEGIN/END. -* Patterns, `END': BEGIN/END. -* Patterns, Conditional: Conditional Patterns. -* Patterns, boolean: Boolean. -* Patterns, definition of: Patterns. -* Patterns, types of: Patterns. -* Pipes for output: Redirection. -* Printing, general: Printing. -* Program, `awk': This Manual. -* Program, Self contained: Executable Scripts. -* Program, definition of: Getting Started. -* Programs, documenting: Comments. -* Range pattern: Ranges. -* Reading files, `getline' function: Getline. -* Reading files, general: Reading Files. -* Reading files, multiple line records: Multiple. -* Record separator, `RS': Records. -* Records, multiple line: Multiple. -* Redirection of output: Redirection. -* Reference to array: Reference to Elements. -* Regexp: Regexp. -* Regular Expressions, Computed: Regexp Usage. -* Regular Expressions, Dynamic: Regexp Usage. -* Regular expression matching operators: Regexp Usage. -* Regular expression, metacharacters: Regexp Operators. -* Regular expressions as patterns: Regexp. -* Regular expressions, field separators and: Field Separators. -* Relational operators: Comparison Patterns. -* Relational operators: Comparison Ops. -* Removing elements of arrays: Delete. -* Rule, definition of: Getting Started. -* Running gawk programs: Running gawk. -* Sample input file: The Files. -* Scanning an array: Scanning an Array. -* Script, definition of: Getting Started. -* Scripts, Executable: Executable Scripts. -* Scripts, Shell: Executable Scripts. -* Self contained Programs: Executable Scripts. -* Separator character, choice of: Field Separators. -* Shell Scripts: Executable Scripts. -* Single quotes, why they are needed: One-shot. -* Special variables, user modifiable: User-modified. -* Standard input: Read Terminal. -* Standard input: Reading Files. -* Statements: Statements. -* Statements: Actions. -* String constants: Constants. -* String operators: Concatenation. -* String value: Constants. -* String-matching operators: Regexp Usage. -* Subscripts, multi-dimensional in arrays: Multi-dimensional. -* Ternary Operator: Conditional Patterns. -* Use of comments: Comments. -* User-defined functions: User-defined. -* User-defined variables: Variables. -* Uses of `awk': Preface. -* Using this manual: This Manual. -* Variables, built-in: Variables. -* Variables, user-defined: Variables. -* What is `awk': Preface. -* When to use `awk': When. -* file, `awk' program: Long. -* patterns, range: Ranges. -* program file: Long. -* regexp search operators: Regexp Usage. -* running long programs: Long. - - - -Tag Table: -Node: Top918 -Node: Preface2804 -Node: History4267 -Node: License5644 -Node: This Manual18989 -Node: The Files20330 -Node: Getting Started22914 -Node: Very Simple24249 -Node: Two Rules26030 -Node: More Complex28066 -Node: Running gawk30908 -Node: One-shot31827 -Node: Read Terminal32945 -Node: Long33862 -Node: Executable Scripts34991 -Node: Command Line36534 -Node: Comments40168 -Node: Statements/Lines41067 -Node: When43498 -Node: Reading Files45420 -Node: Records47119 -Node: Fields49902 -Node: Non-Constant Fields52789 -Node: Changing Fields54591 -Node: Field Separators57302 -Node: Multiple62004 -Node: Assignment Options64393 -Node: Getline65608 -Node: Close Input74958 -Node: Printing76023 -Node: Print76748 -Node: Print Examples78712 -Node: Output Separators80751 -Node: Redirection82417 -Node: Close Output85886 -Node: Printf88132 -Node: Basic Printf88908 -Node: Format-Control90261 -Node: Modifiers91806 -Node: Printf Examples93108 -Node: One-liners95707 -Node: Patterns97642 -Node: Empty100130 -Node: Regexp100402 -Node: Regexp Usage101173 -Node: Regexp Operators102947 -Node: Comparison Patterns107890 -Node: Ranges109336 -Node: BEGIN/END110722 -Node: Boolean113151 -Node: Conditional Patterns115605 -Node: Actions116105 -Node: Expressions117435 -Node: Constants119124 -Node: Variables121097 -Node: Arithmetic Ops122454 -Node: Concatenation123840 -Node: Comparison Ops124569 -Node: Boolean Ops125973 -Node: Assignment Ops128266 -Node: Increment Ops131817 -Node: Conversion134112 -Node: Conditional Exp136066 -Node: Function Calls137384 -Node: Statements139939 -Node: If141253 -Node: While142627 -Node: Do144232 -Node: For145265 -Node: Break148306 -Node: Continue149848 -Node: Next151476 -Node: Exit152985 -Node: Arrays154514 -Node: Array Intro155624 -Node: Reference to Elements159227 -Node: Assigning Elements161115 -Node: Array Example161615 -Node: Scanning an Array163336 -Node: Delete165642 -Node: Multi-dimensional166529 -Node: Multi-scanning169746 -Node: Built-in171303 -Node: Numeric Functions172806 -Node: String Functions176601 -Node: I/O Functions183717 -Node: User-defined185189 -Node: Definition Syntax185834 -Node: Function Example187928 -Node: Function Caveats189034 -Node: Return Statement191386 -Node: Special193612 -Node: User-modified194478 -Node: Auto-set196511 -Node: Sample Program200558 -Node: Notes204316 -Node: Extensions204909 -Node: Future Extensions206490 -Node: Improvements207922 -Node: Manual Improvements210034 -Node: Glossary210928 -Node: Index217934 |