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diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 0c5f8040..862860d2 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -381,6 +381,8 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled * Arrays Summary:: Summary of arrays. * Built-in:: Summarizes the built-in functions. * Calling Built-in:: How to call built-in functions. +* Boolean Functions:: A function that returns Boolean + values. * Numeric Functions:: Functions that work with numbers, including 'int()', 'sin()' and 'rand()'. @@ -490,6 +492,7 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled * Programs Summary:: Summary of programs. * Programs Exercises:: Exercises. * Nondecimal Data:: Allowing nondecimal input data. +* Boolean Typed Values:: Values with 'number|bool' type. * Array Sorting:: Facilities for controlling array traversal and sorting arrays. * Controlling Array Traversal:: How to use PROCINFO["sorted_in"]. @@ -553,6 +556,7 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled * Inexact representation:: Numbers are not exactly represented. * Comparing FP Values:: How to compare floating point values. * Errors accumulate:: Errors get bigger as they go. +* Strange values:: A few words about infinities and NaNs. * Getting Accuracy:: Getting more accuracy takes some work. * Try To Round:: Add digits and round. * Setting precision:: How to set the precision. @@ -3226,7 +3230,9 @@ change. The variables are: 'AWK_HASH' If this variable exists with a value of 'gst', 'gawk' switches to using the hash function from GNU Smalltalk for managing arrays. - This function may be marginally faster than the standard function. + With a value of 'fnv1a', 'gawk' uses the FNV1-A hash function + (http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/fnv/index.html). These + functions may be marginally faster than the standard function. 'AWKREADFUNC' If this variable exists, 'gawk' switches to reading source files @@ -6993,8 +6999,8 @@ width. Here is a list of the format-control letters: On systems supporting IEEE 754 floating-point format, values representing negative infinity are formatted as '-inf' or '-infinity', and positive infinity as 'inf' or 'infinity'. The - special "not a number" value formats as '-nan' or 'nan' (*note Math - Definitions::). + special "not a number" value formats as '-nan' or 'nan' (*note + Strange values::). '%F' Like '%f', but the infinity and "not a number" values are spelled @@ -12823,6 +12829,7 @@ your convenience. * Menu: * Calling Built-in:: How to call built-in functions. +* Boolean Functions:: A function that returns Boolean values. * Numeric Functions:: Functions that work with numbers, including 'int()', 'sin()' and 'rand()'. * String Functions:: Functions for string manipulation, such as @@ -12835,7 +12842,7 @@ your convenience. * I18N Functions:: Functions for string translation. -File: gawk.info, Node: Calling Built-in, Next: Numeric Functions, Up: Built-in +File: gawk.info, Node: Calling Built-in, Next: Boolean Functions, Up: Built-in 9.1.1 Calling Built-in Functions -------------------------------- @@ -12879,9 +12886,24 @@ six, and then 12, and 'atan2()' is called with the two arguments six and 10, then 11, and 'atan2()' is called with the two arguments 11 and 10. -File: gawk.info, Node: Numeric Functions, Next: String Functions, Prev: Calling Built-in, Up: Built-in +File: gawk.info, Node: Boolean Functions, Next: Numeric Functions, Prev: Calling Built-in, Up: Built-in -9.1.2 Numeric Functions +9.1.2 Generating Boolean Values +------------------------------- + +This function is specific to 'gawk'. It is not available in +compatibility mode (*note Options::): + +'mkbool(EXPRESSION)' + Return a Boolean-typed value based on the regular Boolean value of + EXPRESSION. Boolean "true" values have numeric value one. Boolean + "false" values have numeric zero. This is discussed in more detail + in *note Boolean Typed Values::. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Numeric Functions, Next: String Functions, Prev: Boolean Functions, Up: Built-in + +9.1.3 Numeric Functions ----------------------- The following list describes all of the built-in functions that work @@ -12907,7 +12929,7 @@ brackets ([ ]): 'log(X)' Return the natural logarithm of X, if X is positive; otherwise, - return 'NaN' ("not a number") on IEEE 754 systems. Additionally, + return NaN ("not a number") on IEEE 754 systems. Additionally, 'gawk' prints a warning message when 'x' is negative. 'rand()' @@ -13005,7 +13027,7 @@ the same sequence of random numbers over and over again. File: gawk.info, Node: String Functions, Next: I/O Functions, Prev: Numeric Functions, Up: Built-in -9.1.3 String-Manipulation Functions +9.1.4 String-Manipulation Functions ----------------------------------- The functions in this minor node look at or change the text of one or @@ -13581,7 +13603,7 @@ number zero. File: gawk.info, Node: Gory Details, Up: String Functions -9.1.3.1 More about '\' and '&' with 'sub()', 'gsub()', and 'gensub()' +9.1.4.1 More about '\' and '&' with 'sub()', 'gsub()', and 'gensub()' ..................................................................... CAUTION: This subsubsection has been reported to cause headaches. @@ -13727,7 +13749,7 @@ POSIX rules. File: gawk.info, Node: I/O Functions, Next: Time Functions, Prev: String Functions, Up: Built-in -9.1.4 Input/Output Functions +9.1.5 Input/Output Functions ---------------------------- The following functions relate to input/output (I/O). Optional @@ -13944,7 +13966,7 @@ the way this was done was probably a mistake. File: gawk.info, Node: Time Functions, Next: Bitwise Functions, Prev: I/O Functions, Up: Built-in -9.1.5 Time Functions +9.1.6 Time Functions -------------------- 'awk' programs are commonly used to process log files containing @@ -14261,7 +14283,7 @@ does not appear in the returned string or appears literally. File: gawk.info, Node: Bitwise Functions, Next: Type Functions, Prev: Time Functions, Up: Built-in -9.1.6 Bit-Manipulation Functions +9.1.7 Bit-Manipulation Functions -------------------------------- I can explain it for you, but I can't understand it for you. @@ -14443,7 +14465,7 @@ that range are reduced to fit within the range. File: gawk.info, Node: Type Functions, Next: I18N Functions, Prev: Bitwise Functions, Up: Built-in -9.1.7 Getting Type Information +9.1.8 Getting Type Information ------------------------------ 'gawk' provides two functions that let you distinguish the type of a @@ -14467,6 +14489,9 @@ contexts. '"number"' X is a number. + '"number|bool"' + X is a Boolean typed value (*note Boolean Typed Values::). + '"string"' X is a string. @@ -14541,7 +14566,7 @@ different, they are automatically forced to be scalars. Consider: File: gawk.info, Node: I18N Functions, Prev: Type Functions, Up: Built-in -9.1.8 String-Translation Functions +9.1.9 String-Translation Functions ---------------------------------- 'gawk' provides facilities for internationalizing 'awk' programs. These @@ -15220,7 +15245,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Indirect Calls, Next: Functions Summary, Prev: User-de 9.3 Indirect Function Calls =========================== -This section describes an advanced, 'gawk'-specific extension. +This minor node describes an advanced, 'gawk'-specific extension. Often, you may wish to defer the choice of function to call until runtime. For example, you may have different kinds of records, each of @@ -20973,6 +20998,7 @@ their own: * Menu: * Nondecimal Data:: Allowing nondecimal input data. +* Boolean Typed Values:: Values with 'number|bool' type. * Array Sorting:: Facilities for controlling array traversal and sorting arrays. * Two-way I/O:: Two-way communications with another process. @@ -20982,7 +21008,7 @@ their own: * Advanced Features Summary:: Summary of advanced features. -File: gawk.info, Node: Nondecimal Data, Next: Array Sorting, Up: Advanced Features +File: gawk.info, Node: Nondecimal Data, Next: Boolean Typed Values, Up: Advanced Features 12.1 Allowing Nondecimal Input Data =================================== @@ -21025,9 +21051,53 @@ request it. This option may disappear in a future version of 'gawk'. -File: gawk.info, Node: Array Sorting, Next: Two-way I/O, Prev: Nondecimal Data, Up: Advanced Features +File: gawk.info, Node: Boolean Typed Values, Next: Array Sorting, Prev: Nondecimal Data, Up: Advanced Features + +12.2 Boolean Typed Values +========================= + +Scalar values in 'awk' are either numbers or strings. 'gawk' also +supports values of type 'regexp' (*note Strong Regexp Constants::). + + As described in *note Truth Values::, Boolean values in 'awk' don't +have a separate type: a value counts as "true" if it is nonzero or +non-null, and as "false" otherwise. + + When interchanging data with languages that do have a real Boolean +type, using a standard format such as JSON or XML, the lack of a true +Boolean type in 'awk' is problematic. (See, for example, the 'json' +extension provided by the 'gawkextlib' project +(https://sourceforge.net/projects/gawkextlib).) + + It's easy to import Boolean data into 'awk', but then the fact that +it was originally Boolean is lost. Exporting data is even harder; +there's no way to indicate that a value is really Boolean. + + To solve this problem, 'gawk' provides a function named 'mkbool()'. +It takes one argument, which is any 'awk' expression, and it returns a +value of Boolean type. + + The returned values are normal 'awk' numeric values, with values of +either one or zero, depending upon the truth value of the original +expression passed in the call to 'mkbool()'. + + The 'typeof()' function (*note Type Functions::) returns +'"number|bool"' for these values. + + Thus Boolean-typed values _are_ numbers as far as 'gawk' is +concerned, except that extension code can treat them as Booleans if +desired. + + While it would have been possible to add two new built-in variables +of Boolean type named 'TRUE' and 'FALSE', doing so would undoubtedly +have broken many existing 'awk' programs. Instead, having a "generator" +function that creates Boolean values gives flexibility, without breaking +as much existing code. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Array Sorting, Next: Two-way I/O, Prev: Boolean Typed Values, Up: Advanced Features -12.2 Controlling Array Traversal and Array Sorting +12.3 Controlling Array Traversal and Array Sorting ================================================== 'gawk' lets you control the order in which a 'for (INDX in ARRAY)' loop @@ -21046,7 +21116,7 @@ to order the elements during sorting. File: gawk.info, Node: Controlling Array Traversal, Next: Array Sorting Functions, Up: Array Sorting -12.2.1 Controlling Array Traversal +12.3.1 Controlling Array Traversal ---------------------------------- By default, the order in which a 'for (INDX in ARRAY)' loop scans an @@ -21285,7 +21355,7 @@ character, which cannot be part of an identifier. File: gawk.info, Node: Array Sorting Functions, Prev: Controlling Array Traversal, Up: Array Sorting -12.2.2 Sorting Array Values and Indices with 'gawk' +12.3.2 Sorting Array Values and Indices with 'gawk' --------------------------------------------------- In most 'awk' implementations, sorting an array requires writing a @@ -21430,7 +21500,7 @@ POSIX-compatibility mode, and because 'asort()' and 'asorti()' are File: gawk.info, Node: Two-way I/O, Next: TCP/IP Networking, Prev: Array Sorting, Up: Advanced Features -12.3 Two-Way Communications with Another Process +12.4 Two-Way Communications with Another Process ================================================ It is often useful to be able to send data to a separate program for @@ -21625,7 +21695,7 @@ in Bash. File: gawk.info, Node: TCP/IP Networking, Next: Profiling, Prev: Two-way I/O, Up: Advanced Features -12.4 Using 'gawk' for Network Programming +12.5 Using 'gawk' for Network Programming ========================================= 'EMRED': @@ -21705,7 +21775,7 @@ complete introduction and discussion, as well as extensive examples. File: gawk.info, Node: Profiling, Next: Extension Philosophy, Prev: TCP/IP Networking, Up: Advanced Features -12.5 Profiling Your 'awk' Programs +12.6 Profiling Your 'awk' Programs ================================== You may produce execution traces of your 'awk' programs. This is done @@ -21967,7 +22037,7 @@ source code, it will appear that way in the output. File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Philosophy, Next: Advanced Features Summary, Prev: Profiling, Up: Advanced Features -12.6 Builtin Features versus Extensions +12.7 Builtin Features versus Extensions ======================================= As this and subsequent major nodes show, 'gawk' has a large number of @@ -22003,7 +22073,7 @@ or need. File: gawk.info, Node: Advanced Features Summary, Prev: Extension Philosophy, Up: Advanced Features -12.7 Summary +12.8 Summary ============ * The '--non-decimal-data' option causes 'gawk' to treat octal- and @@ -24360,18 +24430,10 @@ material here: another number and infinity produce infinity. "NaN" - "Not a number."(1) A special value that results from attempting a - calculation that has no answer as a real number. In such a case, - programs can either receive a floating-point exception, or get - 'NaN' back as the result. The IEEE 754 standard recommends that - systems return 'NaN'. Some examples: - - 'sqrt(-1)' - This makes sense in the range of complex numbers, but not in - the range of real numbers, so the result is 'NaN'. - - 'log(-8)' - -8 is out of the domain of 'log()', so the result is 'NaN'. + "Not a number." A special value that results from attempting a + calculation that has no answer as a real number. *Note Strange + values::, for more information about infinity and not-a-number + values. "Normalized" How the significand (see later in this list) is usually stored. @@ -24430,11 +24492,6 @@ Table 16.3: Basic IEEE format values NOTE: The precision numbers include the implied leading one that gives them one extra bit of significand. - ---------- Footnotes ---------- - - (1) Thanks to Michael Brennan for this description, which we have -paraphrased, and for the examples. - File: gawk.info, Node: MPFR features, Next: FP Math Caution, Prev: Math Definitions, Up: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic @@ -24527,6 +24584,7 @@ be sure of the number of significant decimal places in the final result. * Inexact representation:: Numbers are not exactly represented. * Comparing FP Values:: How to compare floating point values. * Errors accumulate:: Errors get bigger as they go. +* Strange values:: A few words about infinities and NaNs. File: gawk.info, Node: Inexact representation, Next: Comparing FP Values, Up: Inexactness of computations @@ -24591,7 +24649,7 @@ values with a delta, you should be sure to use 'difference < abs(delta)' in case someone passes in a negative delta value. -File: gawk.info, Node: Errors accumulate, Prev: Comparing FP Values, Up: Inexactness of computations +File: gawk.info, Node: Errors accumulate, Next: Strange values, Prev: Comparing FP Values, Up: Inexactness of computations 16.4.1.3 Errors Accumulate .......................... @@ -24639,6 +24697,64 @@ representations yield an unexpected result: -| 4 +File: gawk.info, Node: Strange values, Prev: Errors accumulate, Up: Inexactness of computations + +16.4.1.4 Floating Point Values They Didn't Talk About In School +............................................................... + +Both IEEE 754 floating-point hardware, and MPFR, support two kinds of +values that you probably didn't learn about in school. The first is +"infinity", a special value, that can be either negative or positive, +and which is either smaller than any other value (negative infinity), or +larger than any other value (positive infinity). When such values are +generated, 'gawk' prints them as either '-inf' or '+inf', respectively. +It accepts those strings as data input and converts them to the proper +floating-point values internally. + + Infinity values of the same sign compare as equal to each other. +Otherwise, operations (addition, subtraction, etc.) involving another +number and infinity produce mathematically reasonable results. + + The second kind of value is "not a number", or NaN for short.(1) +This is a special value that results from attempting a calculation that +has no answer as a real number. In such a case, programs can either +receive a floating-point exception, or get NaN back as the result. The +IEEE 754 standard recommends that systems return NaN. Some examples: + +'sqrt(-1)' + This makes sense in the range of complex numbers, but not in the + range of real numbers, so the result is NaN. + +'log(-8)' + -8 is out of the domain of 'log()', so the result is NaN. + + NaN values are strange. In particular, they cannot be compared with +other floating point values; any such comparison, except for "is not +equal to", returns false. NaN values are so much unequal to other +values that even comparing two identical NaN values with '!=' returns +true! + + NaN values can also be signed, although it depends upon the +implementation as to which sign you get for any operation that returns a +NaN. For example, on some systems, 'sqrt(-1)' returns a negative NaN. On +others, it returns a positive NaN. + + When such values are generated, 'gawk' prints them as either '-nan' +or '+nan', respectively. Here too, 'gawk' accepts those strings as data +input and converts them to the proper floating-point values internally. + + If you want to dive more deeply into this topic, you can find test +programs in C, 'awk' and Python in the directory +'awklib/eg/test-programs' in the 'gawk' distribution. These programs +enable comparison among programming languages as to how they handle NaN +and infinity values. + + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) Thanks to Michael Brennan for this description, which we have +paraphrased, and for the examples. + + File: gawk.info, Node: Getting Accuracy, Next: Try To Round, Prev: Inexactness of computations, Up: FP Math Caution 16.4.2 Getting the Accuracy You Need @@ -25585,7 +25701,8 @@ use them. ' AWK_STRNUM,' ' AWK_ARRAY,' ' AWK_SCALAR, /* opaque access to a variable */' -' AWK_VALUE_COOKIE /* for updating a previously created value */' +' AWK_VALUE_COOKIE, /* for updating a previously created value */' +' AWK_BOOL' '} awk_valtype_t;' This 'enum' indicates the type of a value. It is used in the following 'struct'. @@ -25598,6 +25715,7 @@ use them. ' awk_array_t a;' ' awk_scalar_t scl;' ' awk_value_cookie_t vc;' +' awk_bool_t b;' ' } u;' '} awk_value_t;' An "'awk' value." The 'val_type' member indicates what kind of @@ -25613,6 +25731,7 @@ use them. '#define array_cookie u.a' '#define scalar_cookie u.scl' '#define value_cookie u.vc' +'#define bool_value u.b' Using these macros makes accessing the fields of the 'awk_value_t' more readable. @@ -25923,6 +26042,11 @@ code would use them: a 'char *' value pointing to data previously obtained from 'gawk_malloc()', 'gawk_calloc()', or 'gawk_realloc()'. +'static inline awk_value_t *' +'make_bool(awk_bool_t boolval, awk_value_t *result);' + This function creates a boolean value in the 'awk_value_t' variable + pointed to by 'result'. + File: gawk.info, Node: API Ownership of MPFR and GMP Values, Next: Registration Functions, Prev: Constructor Functions, Up: Extension API Description @@ -26648,16 +26772,17 @@ summarized in *note Table 17.2: table-value-types-returned. Type of Actual Value -------------------------------------------------------------------------- - String Strnum Number Regex Array Undefined -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - String String String String String false false - Strnum false Strnum Strnum false false false - Number Number Number Number false false false -Type Regex false false false Regex false false -Requested Array false false false false Array false - Scalar Scalar Scalar Scalar Scalar false false - Undefined String Strnum Number Regex Array Undefined - Value false false false false false false + String Strnum Number Regex Bool Array Undefined +---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + String String String String String String false false + Strnum false Strnum Strnum false false false false + Number Number Number Number false Number false false +Type Regex false false false Regex false false false +Requested Bool false false false false Bool false false + Array false false false false false Array false + Scalar Scalar Scalar Scalar Scalar Scalar false false + Undefined String Strnum Number Regex Bool Array Undefined + Value false false false false false false false cookie Table 17.2: API value types returned @@ -33521,8 +33646,8 @@ Localization Logical Expression An expression using the operators for logic, AND, OR, and NOT, - written '&&', '||', and '!' in 'awk'. Often called Boolean - expressions, after the mathematician who pioneered this kind of + written '&&', '||', and '!' in 'awk'. Often called "Boolean + expressions", after the mathematician who pioneered this kind of mathematical logic. Lvalue @@ -35679,6 +35804,7 @@ Index * body, in loops: While Statement. (line 14) * Boolean expressions: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * Boolean expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 39) +* boolean function: Boolean Functions. (line 6) * Bourne shell, quoting rules for: Quoting. (line 18) * braces ({}), regexp operator: Regexp Operator Details. (line 118) @@ -36035,7 +36161,7 @@ Index * dark corner, length() function: String Functions. (line 201) * dark corner, split() function: String Functions. (line 380) * dark corner, array elements created by reference: Type Functions. - (line 85) + (line 88) * dark corner, parameter name restrictions: Definition Syntax. (line 44) * dark corner <1>: Glossary. (line 266) @@ -37279,6 +37405,7 @@ Index * metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 140) * metacharacters, in regular expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 6) * minimum precision required by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 279) +* mkbool: Boolean Functions. (line 10) * mktime: Time Functions. (line 25) * modifiers, in format specifiers: Format Modifiers. (line 6) * module, definition of: Global Namespace. (line 18) @@ -38506,609 +38633,612 @@ Index Tag Table: Node: Top1200 -Node: Foreword345252 -Node: Foreword449694 -Node: Preface51226 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-154085 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-254194 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-354428 -Node: History54570 -Node: Names56922 -Ref: Names-Footnote-158026 -Node: This Manual58173 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-164812 -Node: Conventions64912 -Node: Manual History67281 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-170278 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-270319 -Node: How To Contribute70393 -Node: Acknowledgments71319 -Node: Getting Started76256 -Node: Running gawk78695 -Node: One-shot79885 -Node: Read Terminal81148 -Node: Long83141 -Node: Executable Scripts84654 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-187287 -Node: Comments87390 -Node: Quoting89874 -Node: DOS Quoting95400 -Node: Sample Data Files97456 -Node: Very Simple100051 -Node: Two Rules106153 -Node: More Complex108038 -Node: Statements/Lines110370 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1114854 -Node: Other Features115119 -Node: When116055 -Ref: When-Footnote-1117809 -Node: Intro Summary117874 -Node: Invoking Gawk118758 -Node: Command Line120272 -Node: Options121070 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1138984 -Ref: Options-Footnote-2139215 -Node: Other Arguments139240 -Node: Naming Standard Input143251 -Node: Environment Variables144461 -Node: AWKPATH Variable145019 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1148431 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2148465 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable148836 -Ref: AWKLIBPATH Variable-Footnote-1150533 -Node: Other Environment Variables150908 -Node: Exit Status154729 -Node: Include Files155406 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries159096 -Node: Obsolete160524 -Node: Undocumented161216 -Node: Invoking Summary161513 -Node: Regexp164354 -Node: Regexp Usage165808 -Node: Escape Sequences167845 -Node: Regexp Operators174086 -Node: Regexp Operator Details174571 -Ref: Regexp Operator Details-Footnote-1181935 -Node: Interval Expressions182082 -Ref: Interval Expressions-Footnote-1184282 -Node: Bracket Expressions184380 -Ref: table-char-classes186856 -Node: Leftmost Longest190182 -Node: Computed Regexps191485 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators194912 -Node: Case-sensitivity198649 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1201515 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2201750 -Node: Regexp Summary201858 -Node: Reading Files203324 -Node: Records205593 -Node: awk split records206668 -Node: gawk split records211368 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1216442 -Node: Fields216479 -Node: Nonconstant Fields219220 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1221456 -Node: Changing Fields221660 -Node: Field Separators227691 -Node: Default Field Splitting230389 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting231507 -Node: Single Character Fields235184 -Node: Command Line Field Separator236244 -Node: Full Line Fields239462 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1240984 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2241030 -Node: Field Splitting Summary241131 -Node: Constant Size243205 -Node: Fixed width data243937 -Node: Skipping intervening247404 -Node: Allowing trailing data248202 -Node: Fields with fixed data249239 -Node: Splitting By Content250757 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1254540 -Node: More CSV254703 -Node: Testing field creation256295 -Node: Multiple Line257920 -Node: Getline264197 -Node: Plain Getline266666 -Node: Getline/Variable269239 -Node: Getline/File270390 -Node: Getline/Variable/File271778 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1273383 -Node: Getline/Pipe273471 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe276175 -Node: Getline/Coprocess277310 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess278577 -Node: Getline Notes279319 -Node: Getline Summary282116 -Ref: table-getline-variants282540 -Node: Read Timeout283288 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1287194 -Node: Retrying Input287252 -Node: Command-line directories288451 -Node: Input Summary289357 -Node: Input Exercises292529 -Node: Printing292963 -Node: Print294797 -Node: Print Examples296254 -Node: Output Separators299034 -Node: OFMT301051 -Node: Printf302407 -Node: Basic Printf303192 -Node: Control Letters304766 -Node: Format Modifiers309930 -Node: Printf Examples315945 -Node: Redirection318431 -Node: Special FD325272 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1328440 -Node: Special Files328514 -Node: Other Inherited Files329131 -Node: Special Network330132 -Node: Special Caveats330992 -Node: Close Files And Pipes331941 -Ref: table-close-pipe-return-values338848 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1339661 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2339809 -Node: Nonfatal339961 -Node: Output Summary342299 -Node: Output Exercises343521 -Node: Expressions344200 -Node: Values345388 -Node: Constants346066 -Node: Scalar Constants346757 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1349267 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers349517 -Node: Regexp Constants352518 -Node: Using Constant Regexps353044 -Node: Standard Regexp Constants353666 -Node: Strong Regexp Constants356854 -Node: Variables360567 -Node: Using Variables361224 -Node: Assignment Options363134 -Node: Conversion365605 -Node: Strings And Numbers366129 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1369192 -Node: Locale influences conversions369301 -Ref: table-locale-affects372059 -Node: All Operators372677 -Node: Arithmetic Ops373306 -Node: Concatenation376022 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1378869 -Node: Assignment Ops378976 -Ref: table-assign-ops383967 -Node: Increment Ops385280 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions388740 -Node: Truth Values389814 -Node: Typing and Comparison390862 -Node: Variable Typing391682 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1398145 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-2398217 -Node: Comparison Operators398294 -Ref: table-relational-ops398713 -Node: POSIX String Comparison402208 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1403903 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-2404042 -Node: Boolean Ops404126 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1408608 -Node: Conditional Exp408700 -Node: Function Calls410436 -Node: Precedence414313 -Node: Locales417972 -Node: Expressions Summary419604 -Node: Patterns and Actions422177 -Node: Pattern Overview423297 -Node: Regexp Patterns424974 -Node: Expression Patterns425516 -Node: Ranges429297 -Node: BEGIN/END432405 -Node: Using BEGIN/END433166 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1435920 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END436026 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE438339 -Node: Empty441570 -Node: Using Shell Variables441887 -Node: Action Overview444161 -Node: Statements446486 -Node: If Statement448334 -Node: While Statement449829 -Node: Do Statement451857 -Node: For Statement453005 -Node: Switch Statement456176 -Node: Break Statement458617 -Node: Continue Statement460709 -Node: Next Statement462536 -Node: Nextfile Statement464919 -Node: Exit Statement467608 -Node: Built-in Variables470011 -Node: User-modified471144 -Node: Auto-set478911 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1495718 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2495924 -Node: ARGC and ARGV495980 -Node: Pattern Action Summary500193 -Node: Arrays502623 -Node: Array Basics503952 -Node: Array Intro504796 -Ref: figure-array-elements506771 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1509475 -Node: Reference to Elements509603 -Node: Assigning Elements512067 -Node: Array 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Problems-Footnote-11323101 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1323158 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11326522 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1326711 +Node: Extension Future Growth1328824 +Node: Notes summary1329430 +Node: Basic Concepts1330588 +Node: Basic High Level1331269 +Ref: figure-general-flow1331551 +Ref: figure-process-flow1332236 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11335537 +Node: Basic Data Typing1335722 +Node: Glossary1339050 +Node: Copying1370937 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1408480 +Node: Index1433600 End Tag Table |