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Diffstat (limited to 'doc/gawk.info')
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gawk.info | 1207 |
1 files changed, 668 insertions, 539 deletions
diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index b4c90290..fcef0ee6 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -615,9 +615,12 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * VMS Installation:: Installing `gawk' on VMS. * VMS Compilation:: How to compile `gawk' under VMS. +* VMS Dynamic Extensions:: Compiling `gawk' dynamic + extensions on VMS. * VMS Installation Details:: How to install `gawk' under VMS. * VMS Running:: How to run `gawk' under VMS. +* VMS GNV:: The VMS GNV Project. * VMS Old Gawk:: An old version comes with some VMS systems. * Bugs:: Reporting Problems and Bugs. @@ -10755,7 +10758,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Multidimensional, Next: Arrays of Arrays, Prev: Uninit * Menu: -* Multiscanning:: Scanning multidimensional arrays. +* Multiscanning:: Scanning multidimensional arrays. A multidimensional array is an array in which an element is identified by a sequence of indices instead of a single index. For @@ -25228,6 +25231,8 @@ the current version of `gawk'. - Prestandard VAX C compiler for VAX/VMS + - GCC for VAX and Alpha has not been tested for a while. + @@ -26264,51 +26269,119 @@ older designation "VMS" is used throughout to refer to OpenVMS. * Menu: * VMS Compilation:: How to compile `gawk' under VMS. +* VMS Dynamic Extensions:: Compiling `gawk' dynamic extensions on + VMS. * VMS Installation Details:: How to install `gawk' under VMS. * VMS Running:: How to run `gawk' under VMS. +* VMS GNV:: The VMS GNV Project. * VMS Old Gawk:: An old version comes with some VMS systems. -File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Compilation, Next: VMS Installation Details, Up: VMS Installation +File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Compilation, Next: VMS Dynamic Extensions, Up: VMS Installation B.3.2.1 Compiling `gawk' on VMS ............................... To compile `gawk' under VMS, there is a `DCL' command procedure that issues all the necessary `CC' and `LINK' commands. There is also a -`Makefile' for use with the `MMS' utility. From the source directory, -use either: +`Makefile' for use with the `MMS' and `MMK' utilities. From the source +directory, use either: + + $ @[.vms]vmsbuild.com + +or: - $ @[.VMS]VMSBUILD.COM + $ MMS/DESCRIPTION=[.vms]descrip.mms gawk or: - $ MMS/DESCRIPTION=[.VMS]DESCRIP.MMS GAWK + $ MMK/DESCRIPTION=[.vms]descrip.mms gawk + + `MMK' is an open source, free, near-clone of `MMS' and can better +handle `ODS-5' volumes with upper- and lowercase filenames. `MMK' is +available from `https://github.com/endlesssoftware/mmk'. + + With `ODS-5' volumes and extended parsing enabled, the case of the +target parameter may need to be exact. Older versions of `gawk' could be built with VAX C or GNU C on VAX/VMS, as well as with DEC C, but that is no longer supported. DEC C (also briefly known as "Compaq C" and now known as "HP C," but referred -to here as "DEC C") is required. Both `VMSBUILD.COM' and `DESCRIP.MMS' +to here as "DEC C") is required. Both `vmsbuild.com' and `descrip.mms' contain some obsolete support for the older compilers but are set up to use DEC C by default. - `gawk' has been tested under Alpha/VMS 7.3-1 using Compaq C V6.4, -and on Alpha/VMS 7.3, Alpha/VMS 7.3-2, and IA64/VMS 8.3.(1) + `gawk' has been tested under VAX/VMS 7.3 and Alpha/VMS 7.3-1 using +Compaq C V6.4, and Alpha/VMS 7.3, Alpha/VMS 7.3-2, and IA64/VMS 8.3. +The most recent builds used HP C V7.3 on Alpha VMS 8.3 and both Alpha +and IA64 VMS 8.4 used HP C 7.3.(1) + + Work is currently being done for a procedure to build `gawk' and +create a PCSI kit for compatible with the GNV product. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) The IA64 architecture is also known as "Itanium." -File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Installation Details, Next: VMS Running, Prev: VMS Compilation, Up: VMS Installation +File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions, Next: VMS Installation Details, Prev: VMS Compilation, Up: VMS Installation + +B.3.2.2 Compiling `gawk' Dynamic Extensions on VMS +.................................................. + +The extensions that have been ported to VMS can be built using one of +the following commands. + + $ MMS/DESCRIPTION=[.vms]descrip.mms extensions + +or: + + $ MMK/DESCRIPTION=[.vms]descrip.mms extensions + + `gawk' uses `AWKLIBPATH' as either an environment variable or a +logical name to find the dynamic extensions. + + Dynamic extensions need to be compiled with the same compiler +options for floating point, pointer size, and symbol name handling as +were used to compile `gawk' itself. Alpha and Itanium should use IEEE +floating point. The pointer size is 32 bits, and the symbol name +handling should be exact case with CRC shortening for symbols longer +than 32 bits. + + For Alpha and Itanium: + + /name=(as_is,short) + /float=ieee/ieee_mode=denorm_results + + For VAX: + + /name=(as_is,short) + + Compile time macros need to be defined before the first VMS-supplied +header file is included. + + #if (__CRTL_VER >= 70200000) && !defined (__VAX) + #define _LARGEFILE 1 + #endif + + #ifndef __VAX + #ifdef __CRTL_VER + #if __CRTL_VER >= 80200000 + #define _USE_STD_STAT 1 + #endif + #endif + #endif + + +File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Installation Details, Next: VMS Running, Prev: VMS Dynamic Extensions, Up: VMS Installation -B.3.2.2 Installing `gawk' on VMS +B.3.2.3 Installing `gawk' on VMS ................................ -To install `gawk', all you need is a "foreign" command, which is a -`DCL' symbol whose value begins with a dollar sign. For example: +To use `gawk', all you need is a "foreign" command, which is a `DCL' +symbol whose value begins with a dollar sign. For example: - $ GAWK :== $disk1:[gnubin]GAWK + $ GAWK :== $disk1:[gnubin]gawk Substitute the actual location of `gawk.exe' for `$disk1:[gnubin]'. The symbol should be placed in the `login.com' of any user who wants to run @@ -26316,9 +26389,14 @@ symbol should be placed in the `login.com' of any user who wants to run Alternatively, the symbol may be placed in the system-wide `sylogin.com' procedure, which allows all users to run `gawk'. + If your `gawk' was installed by a PCSI kit into the `GNV$GNU:' +directory tree, the program will be known as +`GNV$GNU:[bin]gnv$gawk.exe' and the help file will be +`GNV$GNU:[vms_help]gawk.hlp'. + Optionally, the help entry can be loaded into a VMS help library: - $ LIBRARY/HELP SYS$HELP:HELPLIB [.VMS]GAWK.HLP + $ LIBRARY/HELP sys$help:helplib [.vms]gawk.hlp (You may want to substitute a site-specific help library rather than the standard VMS library `HELPLIB'.) After loading the help text, the @@ -26340,9 +26418,9 @@ If `AWK_LIBRARY' has no definition, a default value of `SYS$LIBRARY:' is used for it. -File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Running, Next: VMS Old Gawk, Prev: VMS Installation Details, Up: VMS Installation +File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Running, Next: VMS GNV, Prev: VMS Installation Details, Up: VMS Installation -B.3.2.3 Running `gawk' on VMS +B.3.2.4 Running `gawk' on VMS ............................. Command-line parsing and quoting conventions are significantly different @@ -26368,6 +26446,35 @@ If any other dash-type options (or multiple parameters such as data files to process) are present, there is no ambiguity and `--' can be omitted. + The `exit' value is a Unix-style value and is encoded to a VMS exit +status value when the program exits. + + The VMS severity bits will be set based on the `exit' value. A +failure is indicated by 1 and VMS sets the `ERROR' status. A fatal +error is indicated by 2 and VMS will set the `FATAL' status. All other +values will have the `SUCCESS' status. The exit value is encoded to +comply with VMS coding standards and will have the `C_FACILITY_NO' of +`0x350000' with the constant `0xA000' added to the number shifted over +by 3 bits to make room for the severity codes. + + To extract the actual `gawk' exit code from the VMS status use: + + unix_status = (vms_status .and. &x7f8) / 8 + +A C program that uses `exec()' to call `gawk' will get the original +Unix-style exit value. + + Older versions of `gawk' treated a Unix exit code 0 as 1, a failure +as 2, a fatal error as 4, and passed all the other numbers through. +This violated the VMS exit status coding requirements. + + VAX/VMS floating point uses unbiased rounding. *Note Round +Function::. + + VMS reports time values in GMT unless one of the `SYS$TIMEZONE_RULE' +or `TZ' logical names is set. Older versions of VMS, such as VAX/VMS +7.3 do not set these logical names. + The default search path, when looking for `awk' program files specified by the `-f' option, is `"SYS$DISK:[],AWK_LIBRARY:"'. The logical name `AWKPATH' can be used to override this default. The format @@ -26376,9 +26483,25 @@ When defining it, the value should be quoted so that it retains a single translation and not a multitranslation `RMS' searchlist. -File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Old Gawk, Prev: VMS Running, Up: VMS Installation +File: gawk.info, Node: VMS GNV, Next: VMS Old Gawk, Prev: VMS Running, Up: VMS Installation + +B.3.2.5 The VMS GNV Project +........................... + +The VMS GNV package provides a build environment similar to POSIX with +ports of a collection of open source tools. The `gawk' found in the GNV +base kit is an older port. Currently the GNV project is being +reorganized to supply individual PCSI packages for each component. See +`https://sourceforge.net/p/gnv/wiki/InstallingGNVPackages/'. + + The normal build procedure for `gawk' produces a program that is +suitable for use with GNV. At this time work is being done to create +the procedures for building a PCSI kit to replace the older `gawk' port. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Old Gawk, Prev: VMS GNV, Up: VMS Installation -B.3.2.4 Some VMS Systems Have An Old Version of `gawk' +B.3.2.6 Some VMS Systems Have An Old Version of `gawk' ...................................................... Some versions of VMS have an old version of `gawk'. To access it, @@ -26462,7 +26585,8 @@ considered authoritative if it conflicts with this Info file. MS-DOS with DJGPP Scott Deifik, <scottd.mail@sbcglobal.net>. MS-Windows with MINGW Eli Zaretskii, <eliz@gnu.org>. OS/2 Andreas Buening, <andreas.buening@nexgo.de>. -VMS Pat Rankin, <r.pat.rankin@gmail.com> +VMS Pat Rankin, <r.pat.rankin@gmail.com>, and John + Malmberg, <wb8tyw@gmail.com>. z/OS (OS/390) Dave Pitts, <dpitts@cozx.com>. If your bug is also reproducible under Unix, please send a copy of @@ -30527,6 +30651,7 @@ Index * exclamation point (!), !~ operator: Regexp Usage. (line 19) * exit statement: Exit Statement. (line 6) * exit status, of gawk: Exit Status. (line 6) +* exit status, of VMS: VMS Running. (line 29) * exp() function: Numeric Functions. (line 18) * expand utility: Very Simple. (line 69) * Expat XML parser library: gawkextlib. (line 35) @@ -30676,6 +30801,7 @@ Index (line 6) * floating-point, numbers <1>: Unexpected Results. (line 6) * floating-point, numbers: General Arithmetic. (line 6) +* floating-point, VAX/VMS: VMS Running. (line 51) * fnmatch extension function: Extension Sample Fnmatch. (line 6) * FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 103) @@ -31190,6 +31316,7 @@ Index * lvalues/rvalues: Assignment Ops. (line 32) * mailing labels, printing: Labels Program. (line 6) * mailing list, GNITS: Acknowledgments. (line 52) +* Malmberg, John <1>: Bugs. (line 72) * Malmberg, John: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * mark parity: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) * marked string extraction (internationalization): String Extraction. @@ -31755,13 +31882,13 @@ Index * Schorr, Andrew: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Schreiber, Bert: Acknowledgments. (line 38) * Schreiber, Rita: Acknowledgments. (line 38) -* search paths <1>: VMS Running. (line 29) +* search paths <1>: VMS Running. (line 58) * search paths <2>: PC Using. (line 11) * search paths <3>: Igawk Program. (line 368) * search paths <4>: AWKLIBPATH Variable. (line 6) * search paths: AWKPATH Variable. (line 6) * search paths, for shared libraries: AWKLIBPATH Variable. (line 6) -* search paths, for source files <1>: VMS Running. (line 29) +* search paths, for source files <1>: VMS Running. (line 58) * search paths, for source files <2>: PC Using. (line 11) * search paths, for source files <3>: Igawk Program. (line 368) * search paths, for source files: AWKPATH Variable. (line 6) @@ -32217,522 +32344,524 @@ Index Tag Table: Node: Top1366 -Node: Foreword40552 -Node: Preface44897 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-147950 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-248046 -Node: History48278 -Node: Names50652 -Ref: Names-Footnote-152129 -Node: This Manual52201 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-157975 -Node: Conventions58075 -Node: Manual History60231 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-163679 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-263720 -Node: How To Contribute63794 -Node: Acknowledgments64938 -Node: Getting Started69147 -Node: Running gawk71526 -Node: One-shot72712 -Node: Read Terminal73937 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-175587 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-275863 -Node: Long76034 -Node: Executable Scripts77410 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-179243 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-279345 -Node: Comments79892 -Node: Quoting82359 -Node: DOS Quoting86982 -Node: Sample Data Files87657 -Node: Very Simple90701 -Node: Two Rules95300 -Node: More Complex97447 -Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1100377 -Node: Statements/Lines100462 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1104924 -Node: Other Features105189 -Node: When106117 -Node: Invoking Gawk108264 -Node: Command Line109725 -Node: Options110508 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1125900 -Node: Other Arguments125925 -Node: Naming Standard Input128583 -Node: Environment Variables129677 -Node: AWKPATH Variable130235 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1132993 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable133253 -Node: Other Environment Variables133971 -Node: Exit Status136934 -Node: Include Files137609 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries141178 -Node: Obsolete142542 -Node: Undocumented143239 -Node: Regexp143481 -Node: Regexp Usage144870 -Node: Escape Sequences146896 -Node: Regexp Operators152565 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1159945 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2160092 -Node: Bracket Expressions160190 -Ref: table-char-classes162080 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators164603 -Node: Case-sensitivity168326 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1171294 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2171529 -Node: Leftmost Longest171637 -Node: Computed Regexps172838 -Node: Reading Files176175 -Node: Records178177 -Ref: Records-Footnote-1187066 -Node: Fields187103 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1190136 -Node: Nonconstant Fields190222 -Node: Changing Fields192424 -Node: Field Separators198383 -Node: Default Field Splitting201085 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting202202 -Node: Single Character Fields205544 -Node: Command Line Field Separator206603 -Node: Full Line Fields210037 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1210545 -Node: Field Splitting Summary210591 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1213690 -Node: Constant Size213791 -Node: Splitting By Content218375 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1222101 -Node: Multiple Line222141 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1227988 -Node: Getline228167 -Node: Plain Getline230383 -Node: Getline/Variable232478 -Node: Getline/File233625 -Node: Getline/Variable/File234966 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1236565 -Node: Getline/Pipe236652 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe239351 -Node: Getline/Coprocess240458 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess241710 -Node: Getline Notes242447 -Node: Getline Summary245234 -Ref: table-getline-variants245642 -Node: Read Timeout246554 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1250295 -Node: Command line directories250352 -Node: Printing250982 -Node: Print252613 -Node: Print Examples253950 -Node: Output Separators256734 -Node: OFMT258494 -Node: Printf259852 -Node: Basic Printf260758 -Node: Control Letters262297 -Node: Format Modifiers266109 -Node: Printf Examples272118 -Node: Redirection274833 -Node: Special Files281798 -Node: Special FD282331 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1285956 -Node: Special Network286030 -Node: Special Caveats286880 -Node: Close Files And Pipes287676 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1294659 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2294807 -Node: Expressions294957 -Node: Values296089 -Node: Constants296765 -Node: Scalar Constants297445 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1298304 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers298486 -Node: Regexp Constants301486 -Node: Using Constant Regexps301961 -Node: Variables305016 -Node: Using Variables305671 -Node: Assignment Options307395 -Node: Conversion309267 -Ref: table-locale-affects314768 -Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1315392 -Node: All Operators315501 -Node: Arithmetic Ops316131 -Node: Concatenation318636 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1321428 -Node: Assignment Ops321548 -Ref: table-assign-ops326536 -Node: Increment Ops327867 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions331301 -Node: Truth Values332384 -Node: Typing and Comparison333433 -Node: Variable Typing334226 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1338123 -Node: Comparison Operators338245 -Ref: table-relational-ops338655 -Node: POSIX String Comparison342204 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1343160 -Node: Boolean Ops343298 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1347376 -Node: Conditional Exp347467 -Node: Function Calls349199 -Node: Precedence352793 -Node: Locales356462 -Node: Patterns and Actions357551 -Node: Pattern Overview358605 -Node: Regexp Patterns360274 -Node: Expression Patterns360817 -Node: Ranges364502 -Node: BEGIN/END367468 -Node: Using BEGIN/END368230 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1370961 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END371067 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE373349 -Node: Empty376263 -Node: Using Shell Variables376579 -Node: Action Overview378864 -Node: Statements381221 -Node: If Statement383075 -Node: While Statement384574 -Node: Do Statement386618 -Node: For Statement387774 -Node: Switch Statement390926 -Node: Break Statement393023 -Node: Continue Statement395013 -Node: Next Statement396806 -Node: Nextfile Statement399196 -Node: Exit Statement401839 -Node: Built-in Variables404255 -Node: User-modified405350 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1413708 -Node: Auto-set413770 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1426848 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2427053 -Node: ARGC and ARGV427109 -Node: Arrays430960 -Node: Array Basics432465 -Node: Array Intro433291 -Node: Reference to Elements437608 -Node: Assigning Elements439878 -Node: Array Example440369 -Node: Scanning an Array442101 -Node: Controlling Scanning444415 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1449502 -Node: Delete449818 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1452583 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts452640 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts454823 -Node: Multidimensional456450 -Node: Multiscanning459542 -Node: Arrays of Arrays461131 -Node: Functions465771 -Node: Built-in466590 -Node: Calling Built-in467668 -Node: Numeric Functions469656 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1473488 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2473845 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3473893 -Node: String Functions474162 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1497082 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2497211 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3497459 -Node: Gory Details497546 -Ref: table-sub-escapes499225 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92500579 -Ref: table-sub-proposed501930 -Ref: table-posix-sub503284 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes504829 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1506005 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2506056 -Node: I/O Functions506207 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1513192 -Node: Time Functions513339 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1524272 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2524340 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3524498 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4524609 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5524721 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6524948 -Node: Bitwise Functions525214 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops525776 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1529997 -Node: Type Functions530181 -Node: I18N Functions531332 -Node: User-defined532959 -Node: Definition Syntax533763 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1538673 -Node: Function Example538742 -Node: Function Caveats541336 -Node: Calling A Function541757 -Node: Variable Scope542872 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference545835 -Node: Return Statement549343 -Node: Dynamic Typing552324 -Node: Indirect Calls553255 -Node: Library Functions562940 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1566453 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2566596 -Node: Library Names566767 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1570238 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2570458 -Node: General Functions570544 -Node: Strtonum Function571572 -Node: Assert Function574502 -Node: Round Function577828 -Node: Cliff Random Function579371 -Node: Ordinal Functions580387 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1583457 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2583709 -Node: Join Function583918 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1585689 -Node: Getlocaltime Function585889 -Node: Readfile Function589630 -Node: Data File Management591469 -Node: Filetrans Function592101 -Node: Rewind Function596170 -Node: File Checking597557 -Node: Empty Files598651 -Node: Ignoring Assigns600881 -Node: Getopt Function602434 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1613737 -Node: Passwd Functions613940 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1622915 -Node: Group Functions623003 -Node: Walking Arrays631087 -Node: Sample Programs633224 -Node: Running Examples633898 -Node: Clones634626 -Node: Cut Program635850 -Node: Egrep Program645695 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1653468 -Node: Id Program653578 -Node: Split Program657194 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1660713 -Node: Tee Program660841 -Node: Uniq Program663644 -Node: Wc Program671073 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1675339 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2675539 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs675631 -Node: Dupword Program676819 -Node: Alarm Program678850 -Node: Translate Program683603 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1687990 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2688238 -Node: Labels Program688372 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1691743 -Node: Word Sorting691827 -Node: History Sorting695711 -Node: Extract Program697550 -Ref: Extract Program-Footnote-1705053 -Node: Simple Sed705181 -Node: Igawk Program708243 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1723400 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2723601 -Node: Anagram Program723739 -Node: Signature Program726807 -Node: Advanced Features727907 -Node: Nondecimal Data729793 -Node: Array Sorting731376 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal732073 -Node: Array Sorting Functions740357 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1744226 -Node: Two-way I/O744420 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1749852 -Node: TCP/IP Networking749922 -Node: Profiling752766 -Node: Internationalization760263 -Node: I18N and L10N761688 -Node: Explaining gettext762374 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1767442 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2767626 -Node: Programmer i18n767791 -Node: Translator i18n771993 -Node: String Extraction772786 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1773747 -Node: Printf Ordering773833 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1776617 -Node: I18N Portability776681 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1779130 -Node: I18N Example779193 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1781831 -Node: Gawk I18N781903 -Node: Debugger782524 -Node: Debugging783495 -Node: Debugging Concepts783928 -Node: Debugging Terms785784 -Node: Awk Debugging788381 -Node: Sample Debugging Session789273 -Node: Debugger Invocation789793 -Node: Finding The Bug791125 -Node: List of Debugger Commands797613 -Node: Breakpoint Control798947 -Node: Debugger Execution Control802611 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data805971 -Node: Execution Stack809327 -Node: Debugger Info810794 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands814776 -Node: Readline Support819952 -Node: Limitations820783 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic823035 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1824684 -Node: General Arithmetic824832 -Node: Floating Point Issues826552 -Node: String Conversion Precision827433 -Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1829138 -Node: Unexpected Results829247 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems831400 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1835225 -Node: Integer Programming835263 -Node: Floating-point Programming837002 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1843333 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2843603 -Node: Floating-point Representation843867 -Node: Floating-point Context845032 -Ref: table-ieee-formats845871 -Node: Rounding Mode847255 -Ref: table-rounding-modes847734 -Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1850749 -Node: Gawk and MPFR850928 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats852183 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1854626 -Node: Setting Precision854942 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings855628 -Node: Setting Rounding Mode857773 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes858177 -Node: Floating-point Constants859364 -Node: Changing Precision860793 -Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1862190 -Node: Exact Arithmetic862364 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers865502 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1868520 -Node: Dynamic Extensions868667 -Node: Extension Intro870125 -Node: Plugin License871390 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline872075 -Ref: load-extension872492 -Ref: load-new-function873970 -Ref: call-new-function874965 -Node: Extension API Description876980 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction878193 -Node: General Data Types883059 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1888664 -Node: Requesting Values888963 -Ref: table-value-types-returned889694 -Node: Constructor Functions890648 -Node: Registration Functions893668 -Node: Extension Functions894353 -Node: Exit Callback Functions896578 -Node: Extension Version String897827 -Node: Input Parsers898477 -Node: Output Wrappers908234 -Node: Two-way processors912744 -Node: Printing Messages914952 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1916029 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'916181 -Node: Accessing Parameters916920 -Node: Symbol Table Access918150 -Node: Symbol table by name918662 -Node: Symbol table by cookie920409 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1924539 -Node: Cached values924602 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1928051 -Node: Array Manipulation928142 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1929240 -Node: Array Data Types929279 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1931982 -Node: Array Functions932074 -Node: Flattening Arrays935840 -Node: Creating Arrays942692 -Node: Extension API Variables947417 -Node: Extension Versioning948053 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables949954 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate951040 -Node: Finding Extensions954844 -Node: Extension Example955404 -Node: Internal File Description956134 -Node: Internal File Ops960225 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1971733 -Node: Using Internal File Ops971873 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1974226 -Node: Extension Samples974492 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions976016 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch984501 -Node: Extension Sample Fork986227 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace987445 -Node: Extension Sample Ord989223 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir990059 -Node: Extension Sample Revout991591 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way992184 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array992874 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile994757 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests995575 -Node: Extension Sample Time996100 -Node: gawkextlib997464 -Node: Language History1000245 -Node: V7/SVR3.11001767 -Node: SVR41004087 -Node: POSIX1005529 -Node: BTL1006915 -Node: POSIX/GNU1007649 -Node: Common Extensions1013184 -Node: Ranges and Locales1014490 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11019108 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21019135 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31019395 -Node: Contributors1019616 -Node: Installation1024691 -Node: Gawk Distribution1025585 -Node: Getting1026069 -Node: Extracting1026895 -Node: Distribution contents1028587 -Node: Unix Installation1034292 -Node: Quick Installation1034909 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1037353 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1039089 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1041443 -Node: PC Installation1041901 -Node: PC Binary Installation1043200 -Node: PC Compiling1045048 -Node: PC Testing1047992 -Node: PC Using1049168 -Node: Cygwin1053353 -Node: MSYS1054353 -Node: VMS Installation1054867 -Node: VMS Compilation1055470 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11056477 -Node: VMS Installation Details1056535 -Node: VMS Running1058170 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1059777 -Node: Bugs1060251 -Node: Other Versions1064107 -Node: Notes1070191 -Node: Compatibility Mode1070991 -Node: Additions1071774 -Node: Accessing The Source1072701 -Node: Adding Code1074141 -Node: New Ports1080186 -Node: Derived Files1084321 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11089642 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21089676 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31090276 -Node: Future Extensions1090374 -Node: Implementation Limitations1090957 -Node: Extension Design1092209 -Node: Old Extension Problems1093363 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11094871 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1094928 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11098293 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1098479 -Node: Extension Future Growth1100585 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1101421 -Node: Basic Concepts1103161 -Node: Basic High Level1103842 -Ref: figure-general-flow1104113 -Ref: figure-process-flow1104712 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11107941 -Node: Basic Data Typing1108126 -Node: Glossary1111481 -Node: Copying1136943 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1174500 -Node: Index1199637 +Node: Foreword40737 +Node: Preface45082 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-148135 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-248231 +Node: History48463 +Node: Names50837 +Ref: Names-Footnote-152314 +Node: This Manual52386 +Ref: This Manual-Footnote-158160 +Node: Conventions58260 +Node: Manual History60416 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-163864 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-263905 +Node: How To Contribute63979 +Node: Acknowledgments65123 +Node: Getting Started69332 +Node: Running gawk71711 +Node: One-shot72897 +Node: Read Terminal74122 +Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-175772 +Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-276048 +Node: Long76219 +Node: Executable Scripts77595 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-179428 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-279530 +Node: Comments80077 +Node: Quoting82544 +Node: DOS Quoting87167 +Node: Sample Data Files87842 +Node: Very Simple90886 +Node: Two Rules95485 +Node: More Complex97632 +Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1100562 +Node: Statements/Lines100647 +Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1105109 +Node: Other Features105374 +Node: When106302 +Node: Invoking Gawk108449 +Node: Command Line109910 +Node: Options110693 +Ref: Options-Footnote-1126085 +Node: Other Arguments126110 +Node: Naming Standard Input128768 +Node: Environment Variables129862 +Node: AWKPATH Variable130420 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1133178 +Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable133438 +Node: Other Environment Variables134156 +Node: Exit Status137119 +Node: Include Files137794 +Node: Loading Shared Libraries141363 +Node: Obsolete142727 +Node: Undocumented143424 +Node: Regexp143666 +Node: Regexp Usage145055 +Node: Escape Sequences147081 +Node: Regexp Operators152750 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1160130 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2160277 +Node: Bracket Expressions160375 +Ref: table-char-classes162265 +Node: GNU Regexp Operators164788 +Node: Case-sensitivity168511 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1171479 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2171714 +Node: Leftmost Longest171822 +Node: Computed Regexps173023 +Node: Reading Files176360 +Node: Records178362 +Ref: Records-Footnote-1187251 +Node: Fields187288 +Ref: Fields-Footnote-1190321 +Node: Nonconstant Fields190407 +Node: Changing Fields192609 +Node: Field Separators198568 +Node: Default Field Splitting201270 +Node: Regexp Field Splitting202387 +Node: Single Character Fields205729 +Node: Command Line Field Separator206788 +Node: Full Line Fields210222 +Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1210730 +Node: Field Splitting Summary210776 +Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1213875 +Node: Constant Size213976 +Node: Splitting By Content218560 +Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1222286 +Node: Multiple Line222326 +Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1228173 +Node: Getline228352 +Node: Plain Getline230568 +Node: Getline/Variable232663 +Node: Getline/File233810 +Node: Getline/Variable/File235151 +Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1236750 +Node: Getline/Pipe236837 +Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe239536 +Node: Getline/Coprocess240643 +Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess241895 +Node: Getline Notes242632 +Node: Getline Summary245419 +Ref: table-getline-variants245827 +Node: Read Timeout246739 +Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1250480 +Node: Command line directories250537 +Node: Printing251167 +Node: Print252798 +Node: Print Examples254135 +Node: Output Separators256919 +Node: OFMT258679 +Node: Printf260037 +Node: Basic Printf260943 +Node: Control Letters262482 +Node: Format Modifiers266294 +Node: Printf Examples272303 +Node: Redirection275018 +Node: Special Files281983 +Node: Special FD282516 +Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1286141 +Node: Special Network286215 +Node: Special Caveats287065 +Node: Close Files And Pipes287861 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1294844 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2294992 +Node: Expressions295142 +Node: Values296274 +Node: Constants296950 +Node: Scalar Constants297630 +Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1298489 +Node: Nondecimal-numbers298671 +Node: Regexp Constants301671 +Node: Using Constant Regexps302146 +Node: Variables305201 +Node: Using Variables305856 +Node: Assignment Options307580 +Node: Conversion309452 +Ref: table-locale-affects314953 +Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1315577 +Node: All Operators315686 +Node: Arithmetic Ops316316 +Node: Concatenation318821 +Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1321613 +Node: Assignment Ops321733 +Ref: table-assign-ops326721 +Node: Increment Ops328052 +Node: Truth Values and Conditions331486 +Node: Truth Values332569 +Node: Typing and Comparison333618 +Node: Variable Typing334411 +Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1338308 +Node: Comparison Operators338430 +Ref: table-relational-ops338840 +Node: POSIX String Comparison342389 +Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1343345 +Node: Boolean Ops343483 +Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1347561 +Node: Conditional Exp347652 +Node: Function Calls349384 +Node: Precedence352978 +Node: Locales356647 +Node: Patterns and Actions357736 +Node: Pattern Overview358790 +Node: Regexp Patterns360459 +Node: Expression Patterns361002 +Node: Ranges364687 +Node: BEGIN/END367653 +Node: Using BEGIN/END368415 +Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1371146 +Node: I/O And BEGIN/END371252 +Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE373534 +Node: Empty376448 +Node: Using Shell Variables376764 +Node: Action Overview379049 +Node: Statements381406 +Node: If Statement383260 +Node: While Statement384759 +Node: Do Statement386803 +Node: For Statement387959 +Node: Switch Statement391111 +Node: Break Statement393208 +Node: Continue Statement395198 +Node: Next Statement396991 +Node: Nextfile Statement399381 +Node: Exit Statement402024 +Node: Built-in Variables404440 +Node: User-modified405535 +Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1413893 +Node: Auto-set413955 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1427033 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2427238 +Node: ARGC and ARGV427294 +Node: Arrays431145 +Node: Array Basics432650 +Node: Array Intro433476 +Node: Reference to Elements437793 +Node: Assigning Elements440063 +Node: Array Example440554 +Node: Scanning an Array442286 +Node: Controlling Scanning444600 +Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1449687 +Node: Delete450003 +Ref: Delete-Footnote-1452768 +Node: Numeric Array Subscripts452825 +Node: Uninitialized Subscripts455008 +Node: Multidimensional456635 +Node: Multiscanning459728 +Node: Arrays of Arrays461317 +Node: Functions465957 +Node: Built-in466776 +Node: Calling Built-in467854 +Node: Numeric Functions469842 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1473674 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2474031 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3474079 +Node: String Functions474348 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1497268 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2497397 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3497645 +Node: Gory Details497732 +Ref: table-sub-escapes499411 +Ref: table-sub-posix-92500765 +Ref: table-sub-proposed502116 +Ref: table-posix-sub503470 +Ref: table-gensub-escapes505015 +Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1506191 +Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2506242 +Node: I/O Functions506393 +Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1513378 +Node: Time Functions513525 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1524458 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2524526 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3524684 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4524795 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5524907 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6525134 +Node: Bitwise 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i18n772179 +Node: String Extraction772972 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1773933 +Node: Printf Ordering774019 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1776803 +Node: I18N Portability776867 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1779316 +Node: I18N Example779379 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1782017 +Node: Gawk I18N782089 +Node: Debugger782710 +Node: Debugging783681 +Node: Debugging Concepts784114 +Node: Debugging Terms785970 +Node: Awk Debugging788567 +Node: Sample Debugging Session789459 +Node: Debugger Invocation789979 +Node: Finding The Bug791311 +Node: List of Debugger Commands797799 +Node: Breakpoint Control799133 +Node: Debugger Execution Control802797 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data806157 +Node: Execution Stack809513 +Node: Debugger Info810980 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands814962 +Node: Readline Support820138 +Node: Limitations820969 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic823221 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1824870 +Node: General Arithmetic825018 +Node: Floating Point Issues826738 +Node: String Conversion Precision827619 +Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1829324 +Node: Unexpected Results829433 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems831586 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1835411 +Node: Integer Programming835449 +Node: Floating-point Programming837188 +Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1843519 +Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2843789 +Node: Floating-point Representation844053 +Node: Floating-point Context845218 +Ref: table-ieee-formats846057 +Node: Rounding Mode847441 +Ref: table-rounding-modes847920 +Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1850935 +Node: Gawk and MPFR851114 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats852369 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1854812 +Node: Setting Precision855128 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings855814 +Node: Setting Rounding Mode857959 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes858363 +Node: Floating-point Constants859550 +Node: Changing Precision860979 +Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1862376 +Node: Exact Arithmetic862550 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers865688 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1868706 +Node: Dynamic Extensions868853 +Node: Extension Intro870311 +Node: Plugin License871576 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline872261 +Ref: load-extension872678 +Ref: load-new-function874156 +Ref: call-new-function875151 +Node: Extension API Description877166 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction878379 +Node: General Data Types883245 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1888850 +Node: Requesting Values889149 +Ref: table-value-types-returned889880 +Node: Constructor Functions890834 +Node: Registration Functions893854 +Node: Extension Functions894539 +Node: Exit Callback Functions896764 +Node: Extension Version String898013 +Node: Input Parsers898663 +Node: Output Wrappers908420 +Node: Two-way processors912930 +Node: Printing Messages915138 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1916215 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'916367 +Node: Accessing Parameters917106 +Node: Symbol Table Access918336 +Node: Symbol table by name918848 +Node: Symbol table by cookie920595 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1924725 +Node: Cached values924788 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1928237 +Node: Array Manipulation928328 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1929426 +Node: Array Data Types929465 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1932168 +Node: Array Functions932260 +Node: Flattening Arrays936026 +Node: Creating Arrays942878 +Node: Extension API Variables947603 +Node: Extension Versioning948239 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables950140 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate951226 +Node: Finding Extensions955030 +Node: Extension Example955590 +Node: Internal File Description956320 +Node: Internal File Ops960411 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1971919 +Node: Using Internal File Ops972059 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1974412 +Node: Extension Samples974678 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions976202 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch984687 +Node: Extension Sample Fork986413 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace987631 +Node: Extension Sample Ord989409 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir990245 +Node: Extension Sample Revout991777 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way992370 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array993060 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile994943 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests995761 +Node: Extension Sample Time996286 +Node: gawkextlib997650 +Node: Language History1000431 +Node: V7/SVR3.11001953 +Node: SVR41004273 +Node: POSIX1005715 +Node: BTL1007101 +Node: POSIX/GNU1007835 +Node: Common Extensions1013436 +Node: Ranges and Locales1014742 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11019360 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21019387 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31019647 +Node: Contributors1019868 +Node: Installation1024943 +Node: Gawk Distribution1025837 +Node: Getting1026321 +Node: Extracting1027147 +Node: Distribution contents1028839 +Node: Unix Installation1034544 +Node: Quick Installation1035161 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1037605 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1039341 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1041695 +Node: PC Installation1042153 +Node: PC Binary Installation1043452 +Node: PC Compiling1045300 +Node: PC Testing1048244 +Node: PC Using1049420 +Node: Cygwin1053605 +Node: MSYS1054605 +Node: VMS Installation1055119 +Node: VMS Compilation1055883 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11057498 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1057556 +Node: VMS Installation Details1058929 +Node: VMS Running1060763 +Node: VMS GNV1063597 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1064306 +Node: Bugs1064776 +Node: Other Versions1068696 +Node: Notes1074780 +Node: Compatibility Mode1075580 +Node: Additions1076363 +Node: Accessing The Source1077290 +Node: Adding Code1078730 +Node: New Ports1084775 +Node: Derived Files1088910 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11094231 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21094265 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31094865 +Node: Future Extensions1094963 +Node: Implementation Limitations1095546 +Node: Extension Design1096798 +Node: Old Extension Problems1097952 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11099460 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1099517 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11102882 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1103068 +Node: Extension Future Growth1105174 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1106010 +Node: Basic Concepts1107750 +Node: Basic High Level1108431 +Ref: figure-general-flow1108702 +Ref: figure-process-flow1109301 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11112530 +Node: Basic Data Typing1112715 +Node: Glossary1116070 +Node: Copying1141532 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1179089 +Node: Index1204226 End Tag Table |