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diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 2d1ee6c3..afe757c3 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -832,11 +832,11 @@ History of `awk' and `gawk' 1 part `egrep' 1 part `snobol' 2 parts `ed' 3 parts C - Blend all parts well using `lex' and `yacc'. Document minimally - and release. + Blend all parts well using `lex' and `yacc'. Document minimally and +release. - After eight years, add another part `egrep' and two more parts C. - Document very well and release. + After eight years, add another part `egrep' and two more parts C. +Document very well and release. The name `awk' comes from the initials of its designers: Alfred V. Aho, Peter J. Weinberger and Brian W. Kernighan. The original version @@ -928,11 +928,10 @@ differences between `gawk' and other `awk' implementations.(1) Finally, any `gawk' features that are not in the POSIX standard for `awk' are noted. - There are subsections labeled as *Advanced Notes* scattered -throughout the Info file. They add a more complete explanation of -points that are relevant, but not likely to be of interest on first -reading. All appear in the index, under the heading "advanced -features." + There are sidebars scattered throughout the Info file. They add a +more complete explanation of points that are relevant, but not likely +to be of interest on first reading. All appear in the index, under the +heading "sidebar." Most of the time, the examples use complete `awk' programs. Some of the more advanced sections show only the part of the `awk' program that @@ -1530,11 +1529,10 @@ at the shell.) program that users can invoke without their having to know that the program is written in `awk'. -Advanced Notes: Portability Issues with `#!' --------------------------------------------- + Portability Issues with `#!' -Some systems limit the length of the interpreter name to 32 characters. -Often, this can be dealt with by using a symbolic link. + Some systems limit the length of the interpreter name to 32 +characters. Often, this can be dealt with by using a symbolic link. You should not put more than one argument on the `#!' line after the path to `awk'. It does not work. The operating system treats the rest @@ -3259,11 +3257,10 @@ character not shown in the previous list. * A backslash before any other character means to treat that character literally. -Advanced Notes: Backslash Before Regular Characters ---------------------------------------------------- + Backslash Before Regular Characters -If you place a backslash in a string constant before something that is -not one of the characters previously listed, POSIX `awk' purposely + If you place a backslash in a string constant before something that +is not one of the characters previously listed, POSIX `awk' purposely leaves what happens as undefined. There are two choices: Strip the backslash out @@ -3278,10 +3275,9 @@ Leave the backslash alone Some other `awk' implementations do this. In such implementations, typing `"a\qc"' is the same as typing `"a\\qc"'. -Advanced Notes: Escape Sequences for Metacharacters ---------------------------------------------------- + Escape Sequences for Metacharacters -Suppose you use an octal or hexadecimal escape to represent a regexp + Suppose you use an octal or hexadecimal escape to represent a regexp metacharacter. (See *note Regexp Operators::.) Does `awk' treat the character as a literal character or as a regexp operator? @@ -3823,11 +3819,10 @@ constants," for several reasons: * Using regexp constants is better form; it shows clearly that you intend a regexp match. -Advanced Notes: Using `\n' in Bracket Expressions of Dynamic Regexps --------------------------------------------------------------------- + Using `\n' in Bracket Expressions of Dynamic Regexps -Some commercial versions of `awk' do not allow the newline character to -be used inside a bracket expression for a dynamic regexp: + Some commercial versions of `awk' do not allow the newline character +to be used inside a bracket expression for a dynamic regexp: $ awk '$0 ~ "[ \t\n]"' error--> awk: newline in character class [ @@ -4064,10 +4059,9 @@ that this will never happen. Options::). In compatibility mode, only the first character of the value of `RS' is used to determine the end of the record. -Advanced Notes: `RS = "\0"' Is Not Portable -------------------------------------------- + `RS = "\0"' Is Not Portable -There are times when you might want to treat an entire data file as a + There are times when you might want to treat an entire data file as a single record. The only way to make this happen is to give `RS' a value that you know doesn't occur in the input file. This is hard to do in a general way, such that a program always works for arbitrary @@ -4347,11 +4341,10 @@ fields using the _current_ value of `FS'. This also applies to any built-in function that updates `$0', such as `sub()' and `gsub()' (*note String Functions::). -Advanced Notes: Understanding `$0' ----------------------------------- + Understanding `$0' -It is important to remember that `$0' is the _full_ record, exactly as -it was read from the input. This includes any leading or trailing + It is important to remember that `$0' is the _full_ record, exactly +as it was read from the input. This includes any leading or trailing whitespace, and the exact whitespace (or other characters) that separate the fields. @@ -4680,14 +4673,13 @@ value of `FS' (`==' means "is equal to"): (This is a `gawk' extension; it is not specified by the POSIX standard.) -Advanced Notes: Changing `FS' Does Not Affect the Fields --------------------------------------------------------- + Changing `FS' Does Not Affect the Fields -According to the POSIX standard, `awk' is supposed to behave as if each -record is split into fields at the time it is read. In particular, -this means that if you change the value of `FS' after a record is read, -the value of the fields (i.e., how they were split) should reflect the -old value of `FS', not the new one. + According to the POSIX standard, `awk' is supposed to behave as if +each record is split into fields at the time it is read. In +particular, this means that if you change the value of `FS' after a +record is read, the value of the fields (i.e., how they were split) +should reflect the old value of `FS', not the new one. However, many older implementations of `awk' do not work this way. Instead, they defer splitting the fields until a field is actually @@ -4707,10 +4699,9 @@ like: root:nSijPlPhZZwgE:0:0:Root:/: -Advanced Notes: `FS' and `IGNORECASE' -------------------------------------- + `FS' and `IGNORECASE' -The `IGNORECASE' variable (*note User-modified::) affects field + The `IGNORECASE' variable (*note User-modified::) affects field splitting _only_ when the value of `FS' is a regexp. It has no effect when `FS' is a single character, even if that character is a letter. Thus, in the following code: @@ -6385,14 +6376,13 @@ an `awk' program may have open to just one! In `gawk', there is no such limit. `gawk' allows a program to open as many pipelines as the underlying operating system permits. -Advanced Notes: Piping into `sh' --------------------------------- + Piping into `sh' -A particularly powerful way to use redirection is to build command lines -and pipe them into the shell, `sh'. For example, suppose you have a -list of files brought over from a system where all the file names are -stored in uppercase, and you wish to rename them to have names in all -lowercase. The following program is both simple and efficient: + A particularly powerful way to use redirection is to build command +lines and pipe them into the shell, `sh'. For example, suppose you +have a list of files brought over from a system where all the file names +are stored in uppercase, and you wish to rename them to have names in +all lowercase. The following program is both simple and efficient: { printf("mv %s %s\n", $0, tolower($0)) | "sh" } @@ -6670,10 +6660,9 @@ The second argument should be a string, with either of the values feature, a more complete discussion is delayed until *note Two-way I/O::, which discusses it in more detail and gives an example. -Advanced Notes: Using `close()''s Return Value ----------------------------------------------- + Using `close()''s Return Value -In many versions of Unix `awk', the `close()' function is actually a + In many versions of Unix `awk', the `close()' function is actually a statement. It is a syntax error to try and use the return value from `close()': (d.c.) @@ -6870,10 +6859,9 @@ octal constants; e.g., `gawk' treats `018' as decimal 18: If `gawk' is in compatibility mode (*note Options::), they are not available. -Advanced Notes: A Constant's Base Does Not Affect Its Value ------------------------------------------------------------ + A Constant's Base Does Not Affect Its Value -Once a numeric constant has been converted internally into a number, + Once a numeric constant has been converted internally into a number, `gawk' no longer remembers what the original form of the constant was; the internal value is always used. This has particular consequences for conversion of numbers to strings: @@ -7539,12 +7527,11 @@ Table 6.2: Arithmetic Assignment Operators NOTE: Only the `^=' operator is specified by POSIX. For maximum portability, do not use the `**=' operator. -Advanced Notes: Syntactic Ambiguities Between `/=' and Regular Expressions --------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Syntactic Ambiguities Between `/=' and Regular Expressions -There is a syntactic ambiguity between the `/=' assignment operator and -regexp constants whose first character is an `='. (d.c.) This is most -notable in some commercial `awk' versions. For example: + There is a syntactic ambiguity between the `/=' assignment operator +and regexp constants whose first character is an `='. (d.c.) This is +most notable in some commercial `awk' versions. For example: $ awk /==/ /dev/null error--> awk: syntax error at source line 1 @@ -7617,8 +7604,7 @@ is a summary of increment and decrement expressions: of the expression. (This expression is like `LVALUE++', but instead of adding, it subtracts.) -Advanced Notes: Operator Evaluation Order ------------------------------------------ + Operator Evaluation Order Doctor, doctor! It hurts when I do this! So don't do that! @@ -9925,14 +9911,13 @@ with a pound sign (`#'). neither `FUNCTAB' nor `SYMTAB' are available as elements within the `SYMTAB' array. -Advanced Notes: Changing `NR' and `FNR' ---------------------------------------- + Changing `NR' and `FNR' -`awk' increments `NR' and `FNR' each time it reads a record, instead of -setting them to the absolute value of the number of records read. This -means that a program can change these variables and their new values -are incremented for each record. (d.c.) The following example shows -this: + `awk' increments `NR' and `FNR' each time it reads a record, instead +of setting them to the absolute value of the number of records read. +This means that a program can change these variables and their new +values are incremented for each record. (d.c.) The following example +shows this: $ echo '1 > 2 @@ -11880,10 +11865,9 @@ Table 9.5: Escape Sequence Processing For `gensub()' and the special cases for `sub()' and `gsub()', we recommend the use of `gawk' and `gensub()' when you have to do substitutions. -Advanced Notes: Matching the Null String ----------------------------------------- + Matching the Null String -In `awk', the `*' operator can match the null string. This is + In `awk', the `*' operator can match the null string. This is particularly important for the `sub()', `gsub()', and `gensub()' functions. For example: @@ -12004,12 +11988,11 @@ parameters are enclosed in square brackets ([ ]): is disabled (*note Options::). -Advanced Notes: Interactive Versus Noninteractive Buffering ------------------------------------------------------------ + Interactive Versus Noninteractive Buffering -As a side point, buffering issues can be even more confusing, depending -upon whether your program is "interactive", i.e., communicating with a -user sitting at a keyboard.(1) + As a side point, buffering issues can be even more confusing, +depending upon whether your program is "interactive", i.e., +communicating with a user sitting at a keyboard.(1) Interactive programs generally "line buffer" their output; i.e., they write out every line. Noninteractive programs wait until they have a @@ -12036,13 +12019,13 @@ this example: Here, no output is printed until after the `Ctrl-d' is typed, because it is all buffered and sent down the pipe to `cat' in one shot. -Advanced Notes: Controlling Output Buffering with `system()' ------------------------------------------------------------- + Controlling Output Buffering with `system()' -The `fflush()' function provides explicit control over output buffering -for individual files and pipes. However, its use is not portable to -many older `awk' implementations. An alternative method to flush output -buffers is to call `system()' with a null string as its argument: + The `fflush()' function provides explicit control over output +buffering for individual files and pipes. However, its use is not +portable to many older `awk' implementations. An alternative method to +flush output buffers is to call `system()' with a null string as its +argument: system("") # flush output @@ -14222,12 +14205,11 @@ solves the problem: *note Wc Program::, shows how this library function can be used and how it simplifies writing the main program. -Advanced Notes: So Why Does `gawk' have `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE'? ------------------------------------------------------------------- + So Why Does `gawk' have `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE'? -You are probably wondering, if `beginfile()' and `endfile()' functions -can do the job, why does `gawk' have `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE' patterns -(*note BEGINFILE/ENDFILE::)? + You are probably wondering, if `beginfile()' and `endfile()' +functions can do the job, why does `gawk' have `BEGINFILE' and +`ENDFILE' patterns (*note BEGINFILE/ENDFILE::)? Good question. Normally, if `awk' cannot open a file, this causes an immediate fatal error. In this case, there is no way for a @@ -29271,7 +29253,7 @@ Index * * (asterisk), * operator, as regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 87) * * (asterisk), * operator, null strings, matching: Gory Details. - (line 165) + (line 164) * * (asterisk), ** operator <1>: Precedence. (line 49) * * (asterisk), ** operator: Arithmetic Ops. (line 81) * * (asterisk), **= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) @@ -29386,9 +29368,9 @@ Index * / (forward slash), /= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * / (forward slash), /= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) * / (forward slash), /= operator, vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. - (line 148) + (line 147) * / (forward slash), patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 24) -* /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. (line 148) +* /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. (line 147) * /dev/... special files (gawk): Special FD. (line 46) * /dev/fd/N special files: Special FD. (line 46) * /inet/... special files (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) @@ -29473,7 +29455,7 @@ Index * \ (backslash), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17) * \ (backslash), in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 6) * \ (backslash), in escape sequences, POSIX and: Escape Sequences. - (line 113) + (line 112) * \ (backslash), regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 28) * ^ (caret) <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 59) @@ -29500,14 +29482,7 @@ Index * Ada programming language: Glossary. (line 20) * adding, features to gawk: Adding Code. (line 6) * adding, fields: Changing Fields. (line 53) -* advanced features, buffering: I/O Functions. (line 107) -* advanced features, close() function: Close Files And Pipes. - (line 131) -* advanced features, constants, values of: Nondecimal-numbers. - (line 67) -* advanced features, data files as single record: Records. (line 180) * advanced features, fixed-width data: Constant Size. (line 9) -* advanced features, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 301) * advanced features, gawk: Advanced Features. (line 6) * advanced features, gawk, network programming: TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) @@ -29517,10 +29492,6 @@ Index (line 23) * advanced features, network connections, See Also networks, connections: Advanced Features. (line 6) -* advanced features, null strings, matching: Gory Details. (line 165) -* advanced features, operators, precedence: Increment Ops. (line 61) -* advanced features, piping into sh: Redirection. (line 143) -* advanced features, regexp constants: Assignment Ops. (line 148) * advanced features, specifying field content: Splitting By Content. (line 9) * Aho, Alfred <1>: Contributors. (line 12) @@ -29532,7 +29503,7 @@ Index * amazing awk assembler (aaa): Glossary. (line 12) * amazingly workable formatter (awf): Glossary. (line 25) * ambiguity, syntactic: /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. - (line 148) + (line 147) * ampersand (&), && operator <1>: Precedence. (line 86) * ampersand (&), && operator: Boolean Ops. (line 57) * ampersand (&), gsub()/gensub()/sub() functions and: Gory Details. @@ -29549,7 +29520,7 @@ Index * ARGC/ARGV variables: Auto-set. (line 11) * ARGC/ARGV variables, command-line arguments: Other Arguments. (line 12) -* ARGC/ARGV variables, portability and: Executable Scripts. (line 43) +* ARGC/ARGV variables, portability and: Executable Scripts. (line 42) * ARGIND variable: Auto-set. (line 40) * ARGIND variable, command-line arguments: Other Arguments. (line 12) * arguments, command-line <1>: ARGC and ARGV. (line 6) @@ -29611,7 +29582,7 @@ Index * asterisk (*), * operator, as regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 87) * asterisk (*), * operator, null strings, matching: Gory Details. - (line 165) + (line 164) * asterisk (*), ** operator <1>: Precedence. (line 49) * asterisk (*), ** operator: Arithmetic Ops. (line 81) * asterisk (*), **= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) @@ -29729,7 +29700,7 @@ Index * backslash (\), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17) * backslash (\), in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 6) * backslash (\), in escape sequences, POSIX and: Escape Sequences. - (line 113) + (line 112) * backslash (\), regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 28) * backtrace debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 13) * BBS-list file: Sample Data Files. (line 6) @@ -29813,8 +29784,8 @@ Index * Buening, Andreas <2>: Contributors. (line 92) * Buening, Andreas: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * buffering, input/output <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 70) -* buffering, input/output: I/O Functions. (line 139) -* buffering, interactive vs. noninteractive: I/O Functions. (line 107) +* buffering, input/output: I/O Functions. (line 137) +* buffering, interactive vs. noninteractive: I/O Functions. (line 106) * buffers, flushing: I/O Functions. (line 29) * buffers, operators for: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 48) @@ -29871,7 +29842,7 @@ Index * close() function: Getline/Variable/File. (line 30) * close() function, return values: Close Files And Pipes. - (line 131) + (line 130) * close() function, two-way pipes and: Two-way I/O. (line 77) * Close, Diane <1>: Contributors. (line 21) * Close, Diane: Manual History. (line 41) @@ -29993,7 +29964,7 @@ Index * d.c., See dark corner: Conventions. (line 38) * dark corner <1>: Glossary. (line 197) * dark corner <2>: Truth Values. (line 24) -* dark corner <3>: Assignment Ops. (line 148) +* dark corner <3>: Assignment Ops. (line 147) * dark corner: Conventions. (line 38) * dark corner, ^, in FS: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 59) @@ -30001,19 +29972,19 @@ Index (line 43) * dark corner, break statement: Break Statement. (line 51) * dark corner, close() function: Close Files And Pipes. - (line 131) + (line 130) * dark corner, command-line arguments: Assignment Options. (line 43) * dark corner, continue statement: Continue Statement. (line 43) * dark corner, CONVFMT variable: Conversion. (line 40) * dark corner, escape sequences: Other Arguments. (line 31) * dark corner, escape sequences, for metacharacters: Escape Sequences. - (line 136) + (line 134) * dark corner, exit statement: Exit Statement. (line 30) * dark corner, field separators: Field Splitting Summary. - (line 47) + (line 46) * dark corner, FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 93) * dark corner, FILENAME variable: Getline Notes. (line 19) -* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 301) +* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 300) * dark corner, format-control characters: Control Letters. (line 18) * dark corner, FS as null string: Single Character Fields. (line 20) @@ -30026,11 +29997,11 @@ Index * dark corner, regexp constants: Using Constant Regexps. (line 6) * dark corner, regexp constants, /= operator and: Assignment Ops. - (line 148) + (line 147) * dark corner, regexp constants, as arguments to user-defined functions: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) * dark corner, split() function: String Functions. (line 361) -* dark corner, strings, storing: Records. (line 196) +* dark corner, strings, storing: Records. (line 195) * dark corner, value of ARGV[0]: Auto-set. (line 35) * data, fixed-width: Constant Size. (line 9) * data-driven languages: Basic High Level. (line 85) @@ -30222,7 +30193,7 @@ Index * differences in awk and gawk, split() function: String Functions. (line 349) * differences in awk and gawk, strings: Scalar Constants. (line 20) -* differences in awk and gawk, strings, storing: Records. (line 192) +* differences in awk and gawk, strings, storing: Records. (line 191) * differences in awk and gawk, strtonum() function (gawk): String Functions. (line 404) * differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 260) @@ -30309,7 +30280,7 @@ Index * ERRNO variable <2>: Auto-set. (line 73) * ERRNO variable <3>: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26) * ERRNO variable <4>: Close Files And Pipes. - (line 139) + (line 138) * ERRNO variable: Getline. (line 19) * error handling: Special FD. (line 16) * error handling, ERRNO variable and: Auto-set. (line 73) @@ -30319,7 +30290,7 @@ Index * escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 6) * eval debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 23) -* evaluation order: Increment Ops. (line 61) +* evaluation order: Increment Ops. (line 60) * evaluation order, concatenation: Concatenation. (line 42) * evaluation order, functions: Calling Built-in. (line 30) * examining fields: Fields. (line 6) @@ -30398,7 +30369,7 @@ Index * field separators, on command line: Command Line Field Separator. (line 6) * field separators, POSIX and <1>: Field Splitting Summary. - (line 41) + (line 40) * field separators, POSIX and: Fields. (line 6) * field separators, regular expressions as <1>: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 6) @@ -30440,7 +30411,7 @@ Index * files, /inet/... (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * files, /inet4/... (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * files, /inet6/... (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) -* files, as single records: Records. (line 201) +* files, as single records: Records. (line 200) * files, awk programs in: Long. (line 6) * files, awkprof.out: Profiling. (line 6) * files, awkvars.out: Options. (line 107) @@ -30491,7 +30462,7 @@ Index * floating-point, numbers: General Arithmetic. (line 6) * FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 103) * FNR variable: Records. (line 6) -* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 301) +* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 300) * for statement: For Statement. (line 6) * for statement, in arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 20) * format specifiers, mixing regular with positional specifiers: Printf Ordering. @@ -30507,7 +30478,7 @@ Index * forward slash (/), /= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * forward slash (/), /= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) * forward slash (/), /= operator, vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. - (line 148) + (line 147) * forward slash (/), patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 24) * FPAT variable <1>: User-modified. (line 45) * FPAT variable: Splitting By Content. @@ -30606,9 +30577,9 @@ Index * gawk, ERRNO variable in <2>: Auto-set. (line 73) * gawk, ERRNO variable in <3>: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26) * gawk, ERRNO variable in <4>: Close Files And Pipes. - (line 139) + (line 138) * gawk, ERRNO variable in: Getline. (line 19) -* gawk, escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 125) +* gawk, escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 124) * gawk, extensions, disabling: Options. (line 247) * gawk, features, adding: Adding Code. (line 6) * gawk, features, advanced: Advanced Features. (line 6) @@ -30997,14 +30968,14 @@ Index * marked string extraction (internationalization): String Extraction. (line 6) * marked strings, extracting: String Extraction. (line 6) -* Marx, Groucho: Increment Ops. (line 61) +* Marx, Groucho: Increment Ops. (line 60) * match() function: String Functions. (line 206) * match() function, RSTART/RLENGTH variables: String Functions. (line 223) * matching, expressions, See comparison expressions: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) * matching, leftmost longest: Multiple Line. (line 26) -* matching, null strings: Gory Details. (line 165) +* matching, null strings: Gory Details. (line 164) * mawk program: Other Versions. (line 44) * McPhee, Patrick: Contributors. (line 100) * message object files: Explaining gettext. (line 41) @@ -31014,7 +30985,7 @@ Index (line 47) * message object files, specifying directory of: Explaining gettext. (line 53) -* metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 132) +* metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 130) * mktime() function (gawk): Time Functions. (line 25) * modifiers, in format specifiers: Format Modifiers. (line 6) * monetary information, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 103) @@ -31043,8 +31014,8 @@ Index * newlines, as field separators: Default Field Splitting. (line 6) * newlines, as record separators: Records. (line 20) -* newlines, in dynamic regexps: Computed Regexps. (line 59) -* newlines, in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 69) +* newlines, in dynamic regexps: Computed Regexps. (line 58) +* newlines, in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 68) * newlines, printing: Print Examples. (line 12) * newlines, separating statements in actions <1>: Statements. (line 10) * newlines, separating statements in actions: Action Overview. @@ -31075,7 +31046,7 @@ Index * not Boolean-logic operator: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * NR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 125) * NR variable: Records. (line 6) -* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 301) +* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 300) * null strings <1>: Basic Data Typing. (line 26) * null strings <2>: Truth Values. (line 6) * null strings <3>: Regexp Field Splitting. @@ -31085,7 +31056,7 @@ Index * null strings, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 43) * null strings, converting numbers to strings: Conversion. (line 21) -* null strings, matching: Gory Details. (line 165) +* null strings, matching: Gory Details. (line 164) * null strings, quoting and: Quoting. (line 62) * number sign (#), #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. (line 6) @@ -31144,7 +31115,7 @@ Index * operators, input/output: Getline/File. (line 6) * operators, logical, See Boolean expressions: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * operators, precedence <1>: Precedence. (line 6) -* operators, precedence: Increment Ops. (line 61) +* operators, precedence: Increment Ops. (line 60) * operators, relational, See operators, comparison: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) * operators, short-circuit: Boolean Ops. (line 57) @@ -31233,16 +31204,16 @@ Index * plus sign (+), += operator: Assignment Ops. (line 82) * pointers to functions: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * portability: Escape Sequences. (line 94) -* portability, #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. (line 34) +* portability, #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. (line 33) * portability, ** operator and: Arithmetic Ops. (line 81) * portability, **= operator and: Assignment Ops. (line 142) -* portability, ARGV variable: Executable Scripts. (line 43) +* portability, ARGV variable: Executable Scripts. (line 42) * portability, backslash continuation and: Statements/Lines. (line 30) * portability, backslash in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. - (line 113) + (line 112) * portability, close() function and: Close Files And Pipes. (line 81) -* portability, data files as single record: Records. (line 180) +* portability, data files as single record: Records. (line 179) * portability, deleting array elements: Delete. (line 56) * portability, example programs: Library Functions. (line 42) * portability, fflush() function and: I/O Functions. (line 29) @@ -31255,7 +31226,7 @@ Index * portability, next statement in user-defined functions: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 91) * portability, NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 115) -* portability, operators: Increment Ops. (line 61) +* portability, operators: Increment Ops. (line 60) * portability, operators, not in POSIX awk: Precedence. (line 98) * portability, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 353) * portability, substr() function: String Functions. (line 512) @@ -31279,7 +31250,7 @@ Index * POSIX awk, < operator and: Getline/File. (line 26) * POSIX awk, arithmetic operators and: Arithmetic Ops. (line 36) * POSIX awk, backslashes in string constants: Escape Sequences. - (line 113) + (line 112) * POSIX awk, BEGIN/END patterns: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 16) * POSIX awk, bracket expressions and: Bracket Expressions. (line 24) * POSIX awk, bracket expressions and, character classes: Bracket Expressions. @@ -31290,7 +31261,7 @@ Index * POSIX awk, CONVFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 28) * POSIX awk, date utility and: Time Functions. (line 262) * POSIX awk, field separators and <1>: Field Splitting Summary. - (line 41) + (line 40) * POSIX awk, field separators and: Fields. (line 6) * POSIX awk, FS variable and: User-modified. (line 66) * POSIX awk, function keyword in: Definition Syntax. (line 83) @@ -31315,7 +31286,7 @@ Index * PREC variable <1>: Setting Precision. (line 6) * PREC variable: User-modified. (line 134) * precedence <1>: Precedence. (line 6) -* precedence: Increment Ops. (line 61) +* precedence: Increment Ops. (line 60) * precedence, regexp operators: Regexp Operators. (line 156) * print debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 36) @@ -31433,7 +31404,7 @@ Index * records, printing: Print. (line 22) * records, splitting input into: Records. (line 6) * records, terminating: Records. (line 117) -* records, treating files as: Records. (line 201) +* records, treating files as: Records. (line 200) * recursive functions: Definition Syntax. (line 73) * redirection of input: Getline/File. (line 6) * redirection of output: Redirection. (line 6) @@ -31443,7 +31414,7 @@ Index (line 103) * regexp constants <2>: Regexp Constants. (line 6) * regexp constants: Regexp Usage. (line 57) -* regexp constants, /=.../, /= operator and: Assignment Ops. (line 148) +* regexp constants, /=.../, /= operator and: Assignment Ops. (line 147) * regexp constants, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 36) * regexp constants, in gawk: Using Constant Regexps. (line 28) @@ -31465,7 +31436,7 @@ Index (line 57) * regular expressions, dynamic: Computed Regexps. (line 6) * regular expressions, dynamic, with embedded newlines: Computed Regexps. - (line 59) + (line 58) * regular expressions, gawk, command-line options: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 70) * regular expressions, interval expressions and: Options. (line 272) @@ -31488,7 +31459,7 @@ Index (line 54) * return statement, user-defined functions: Return Statement. (line 6) * return values, close() function: Close Files And Pipes. - (line 131) + (line 130) * rev() user-defined function: Function Example. (line 52) * rewind() user-defined function: Rewind Function. (line 16) * right angle bracket (>), > operator <1>: Precedence. (line 65) @@ -31566,7 +31537,7 @@ Index * sed utility <1>: Glossary. (line 12) * sed utility <2>: Simple Sed. (line 6) * sed utility: Field Splitting Summary. - (line 47) + (line 46) * semicolon (;): Statements/Lines. (line 91) * semicolon (;), AWKPATH variable and: PC Using. (line 11) * semicolon (;), separating statements in actions <1>: Statements. @@ -31584,7 +31555,7 @@ Index * separators, subscript: User-modified. (line 156) * set debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 59) -* shells, piping commands into: Redirection. (line 143) +* shells, piping commands into: Redirection. (line 142) * shells, quoting: Using Shell Variables. (line 12) * shells, quoting, rules for: Quoting. (line 18) @@ -31608,6 +31579,36 @@ Index * side effects, FILENAME variable: Getline Notes. (line 19) * side effects, function calls: Function Calls. (line 54) * side effects, statements: Action Overview. (line 32) +* sidebar, A Constant's Base Does Not Affect Its Value: Nondecimal-numbers. + (line 64) +* sidebar, Backslash Before Regular Characters: Escape Sequences. + (line 110) +* sidebar, Changing FS Does Not Affect the Fields: Field Splitting Summary. + (line 38) +* sidebar, Changing NR and FNR: Auto-set. (line 298) +* sidebar, Controlling Output Buffering with system(): I/O Functions. + (line 135) +* sidebar, Escape Sequences for Metacharacters: Escape Sequences. + (line 128) +* sidebar, FS and IGNORECASE: Field Splitting Summary. + (line 64) +* sidebar, Interactive Versus Noninteractive Buffering: I/O Functions. + (line 104) +* sidebar, Matching the Null String: Gory Details. (line 162) +* sidebar, Operator Evaluation Order: Increment Ops. (line 58) +* sidebar, Piping into sh: Redirection. (line 140) +* sidebar, Portability Issues with #!: Executable Scripts. (line 31) +* sidebar, Recipe For A Programming Language: History. (line 6) +* sidebar, RS = "\0" Is Not Portable: Records. (line 177) +* sidebar, So Why Does gawk have BEGINFILE and ENDFILE?: Filetrans Function. + (line 83) +* sidebar, Syntactic Ambiguities Between /= and Regular Expressions: Assignment Ops. + (line 145) +* sidebar, Understanding $0: Changing Fields. (line 134) +* sidebar, Using \n in Bracket Expressions of Dynamic Regexps: Computed Regexps. + (line 56) +* sidebar, Using close()'s Return Value: Close Files And Pipes. + (line 128) * SIGHUP signal: Profiling. (line 203) * SIGINT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 206) * signals, HUP/SIGHUP: Profiling. (line 203) @@ -31684,7 +31685,7 @@ Index (line 76) * stream editors <1>: Simple Sed. (line 6) * stream editors: Field Splitting Summary. - (line 47) + (line 46) * strftime() function (gawk): Time Functions. (line 48) * string constants: Scalar Constants. (line 15) * string constants, vs. regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 38) @@ -31728,7 +31729,7 @@ Index * switch statement: Switch Statement. (line 6) * SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 260) * syntactic ambiguity: /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. - (line 148) + (line 147) * system() function: I/O Functions. (line 72) * systime() function (gawk): Time Functions. (line 65) * t debugger command (alias for tbreak): Breakpoint Control. (line 90) @@ -31789,7 +31790,7 @@ Index (line 37) * troubleshooting, awk uses FS not IFS: Field Separators. (line 29) * troubleshooting, backslash before nonspecial character: Escape Sequences. - (line 113) + (line 112) * troubleshooting, division: Arithmetic Ops. (line 44) * troubleshooting, fatal errors, field widths, specifying: Constant Size. (line 22) @@ -31842,9 +31843,9 @@ Index * uniq.awk program: Uniq Program. (line 65) * Unix: Glossary. (line 624) * Unix awk, backslashes in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. - (line 125) + (line 124) * Unix awk, close() function and: Close Files And Pipes. - (line 131) + (line 130) * Unix awk, password files, field separators and: Command Line Field Separator. (line 72) * Unix, awk scripts and: Executable Scripts. (line 6) @@ -31981,513 +31982,513 @@ Node: Preface44646 Ref: Preface-Footnote-147699 Ref: Preface-Footnote-247795 Node: History48027 -Node: Names50415 -Ref: Names-Footnote-151892 -Node: This Manual51964 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-157870 -Node: Conventions57970 -Node: Manual History60122 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-163523 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-263564 -Node: How To Contribute63638 -Node: Acknowledgments64782 -Node: Getting Started68992 -Node: Running gawk71371 -Node: One-shot72557 -Node: Read Terminal73782 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-175432 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-275708 -Node: Long75879 -Node: Executable Scripts77255 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-179124 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-279226 -Node: Comments79773 -Node: Quoting82240 -Node: DOS Quoting86863 -Node: Sample Data Files87538 -Node: Very Simple90570 -Node: Two Rules95169 -Node: More Complex97316 -Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1100246 -Node: Statements/Lines100331 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1104793 -Node: 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Special Caveats285454 +Node: Close Files And Pipes286250 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1293233 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2293381 +Node: Expressions293531 +Node: Values294663 +Node: Constants295339 +Node: Scalar Constants296019 +Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1296878 +Node: Nondecimal-numbers297060 +Node: Regexp Constants300060 +Node: Using Constant Regexps300535 +Node: Variables303590 +Node: Using Variables304245 +Node: Assignment Options305969 +Node: Conversion307841 +Ref: table-locale-affects313332 +Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1313956 +Node: All Operators314065 +Node: Arithmetic Ops314695 +Node: Concatenation317200 +Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1319993 +Node: Assignment Ops320113 +Ref: table-assign-ops325101 +Node: Increment Ops326432 +Node: Truth Values and Conditions329867 +Node: Truth Values330950 +Node: Typing and Comparison331999 +Node: Variable Typing332788 +Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1336685 +Node: Comparison Operators336807 +Ref: table-relational-ops337217 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Glossary1102885 +Node: Copying1128356 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1165913 +Node: Index1191050 End Tag Table |