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Diffstat (limited to 'doc/gawk.info')
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gawk.info | 1388 |
1 files changed, 732 insertions, 656 deletions
diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 68d60122..30dfc583 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -2588,10 +2588,8 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: different file name for the output. No space is allowed between the `-o' and FILE, if FILE is supplied. - NOTE: Due to the way `gawk' has evolved, with this option - your program is still executed. This will change in the next - major release such that `gawk' will only pretty-print the - program and not run it. + NOTE: In the past, this option would also execute your + program. This is no longer the case. `-O' `--optimize' @@ -2980,13 +2978,6 @@ change. The variables are: supposed to be differences, but occasionally theory and practice don't coordinate with each other.) -`GAWK_NO_PP_RUN' - If this variable exists, then when invoked with the - `--pretty-print' option, `gawk' skips running the program. - - CAUTION: This variable will not survive into the next major - release. - `GAWK_STACKSIZE' This specifies the amount by which `gawk' should grow its internal evaluation stack, when needed. @@ -3378,15 +3369,17 @@ sequences apply to both string constants and regexp constants: `\xHH...' The hexadecimal value HH, where HH stands for a sequence of - hexadecimal digits (`0'-`9', and either `A'-`F' or `a'-`f'). Like - the same construct in ISO C, the escape sequence continues until - the first nonhexadecimal digit is seen. (c.e.) However, using - more than two hexadecimal digits produces undefined results. (The - `\x' escape sequence is not allowed in POSIX `awk'.) + hexadecimal digits (`0'-`9', and either `A'-`F' or `a'-`f'). A + maximum of two digts are allowed after the `\x'. Any further + hexadecimal digits are treated as simple letters or numbers. + (c.e.) - CAUTION: The next major relase of `gawk' will change, such - that a maximum of two hexadecimal digits following the `\x' - will be used. + CAUTION: In ISO C, the escape sequence continues until the + first nonhexadecimal digit is seen. For many years, `gawk' + would continue incorporating hexadecimal digits into the + value until a non-hexadecimal digit or the end of the string + was encountered. However, using more than two hexadecimal + digits produces `\/' A literal slash (necessary for regexp constants only). This @@ -10259,10 +10252,18 @@ Options::), they are not special. An associative array containing the values of the environment. The array indices are the environment variable names; the elements are the values of the particular environment variables. For - example, `ENVIRON["HOME"]' might be `"/home/arnold"'. Changing - this array does not affect the environment passed on to any - programs that `awk' may spawn via redirection or the `system()' - function. (In a future version of `gawk', it may do so.) + example, `ENVIRON["HOME"]' might be `/home/arnold'. + + For POSIX `awk', changing this array does not affect the + environment passed on to any programs that `awk' may spawn via + redirection or the `system()' function. + + However, beginning with version 4.2, if not in POSIX compatibility + mode, `gawk' does update its own environment when `ENVIRON' is + changed, thus changing the environment seen by programs that it + creates. You should therefore be especially careful if you modify + `ENVIRON["PATH"]"', which is the search path for finding + executable programs. Some operating systems may not have environment variables. On such systems, the `ENVIRON' array is empty (except for @@ -11807,6 +11808,21 @@ brackets ([ ]): `cos(X)' Return the cosine of X, with X in radians. +`div(NUMERATOR, DENOMINATOR, RESULT)' + Perform integer division, similar to the standard C function of the + same name. First, truncate `numerator' and `denominator' towards + zero, creating integer values. Clear the `result' array, and then + set `result["quotient"]' to the result of `numerator / + denominator', truncated towards zero to an integer, and set + `result["remainder"]' to the result of `numerator % denominator', + truncated towards zero to an integer. This function is primarily + intended for use with arbitrary length integers; it avoids + creating MPFR arbitrary precision floating-point values (*note + Arbitrary Precision Integers::). + + This function is a `gawk' extension. It is not available in + compatibility mode (*note Options::). + `exp(X)' Return the exponential of X (`e ^ X') or report an error if X is out of range. The range of values X can have depends on your @@ -19857,8 +19873,8 @@ by the `Ctrl-<\>' key. called this way, `gawk' "pretty prints" the program into `awkprof.out', without any execution counts. - NOTE: The `--pretty-print' option still runs your program. This - will change in the next major release. + NOTE: Once upon a time, the `--pretty-print' option would also run + your program. This is is no longer the case. File: gawk.info, Node: Advanced Features Summary, Prev: Profiling, Up: Advanced Features @@ -22343,6 +22359,62 @@ just use the following: gawk -M 'BEGIN { n = 13; print n % 2 }' + When dividing two arbitrary precision integers with either `/' or +`%', the result is typically an arbitrary precision floating point +value (unless the denominator evenly divides into the numerator). In +order to do integer division or remainder with arbitrary precision +integers, use the built-in `div()' function (*note Numeric Functions::). + + You can simulate the `div()' function in standard `awk' using this +user-defined function: + + # div --- do integer division + + function div(numerator, denominator, result) + { + split("", result) + + numerator = int(numerator) + denominator = int(denominator) + result["quotient"] = int(numerator / denominator) + result["remainder"] = int(numerator % denominator) + + return 0.0 + } + + The following example program, contributed by Katie Wasserman, uses +`div()' to compute the digits of pi to as many places as you choose to +set: + + # pi.awk --- compute the digits of pi + + BEGIN { + digits = 100000 + two = 2 * 10 ^ digits + pi = two + for (m = digits * 4; m > 0; --m) { + d = m * 2 + 1 + x = pi * m + div(x, d, result) + pi = result["quotient"] + pi = pi + two + } + print pi + } + + When asked about the algorithm used, Katie replied: + + It's not that well known but it's not that obscure either. It's + Euler's modification to Newton's method for calculating pi. Take + a look at lines (23) - (25) here: + `http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PiFormulas.htm'. + + The algorithm I wrote simply expands the multiply by 2 and works + from the innermost expression outwards. I used this to program HP + calculators because it's quite easy to modify for tiny memory + devices with smallish word sizes. See + `http://www.hpmuseum.org/cgi-sys/cgiwrap/hpmuseum/articles.cgi?read=899'. + ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) Weisstein, Eric W. `Sylvester's Sequence'. From MathWorld--A @@ -26367,6 +26439,8 @@ the current version of `gawk'. - Ultrix + * Support for MirBSD was removed at `gawk' version 4.2. + File: gawk.info, Node: Feature History, Next: Common Extensions, Prev: POSIX/GNU, Up: Language History @@ -27269,7 +27343,9 @@ Various `.c', `.y', and `.h' files `doc/igawk.1' The `troff' source for a manual page describing the `igawk' - program presented in *note Igawk Program::. + program presented in *note Igawk Program::. (Since `gawk' can do + its own `@include' processing, neither `igawk' nor `igawk.1' are + installed.) `doc/Makefile.in' The input file used during the configuration process to generate @@ -27311,11 +27387,10 @@ Various `.c', `.y', and `.h' files contains a `Makefile.in' file, which `configure' uses to generate a `Makefile'. `Makefile.am' is used by GNU Automake to create `Makefile.in'. The library functions from *note Library - Functions::, and the `igawk' program from *note Igawk Program::, - are included as ready-to-use files in the `gawk' distribution. - They are installed as part of the installation process. The rest - of the programs in this Info file are available in appropriate - subdirectories of `awklib/eg'. + Functions::, are included as ready-to-use files in the `gawk' + distribution. They are installed as part of the installation + process. The rest of the programs in this Info file are available + in appropriate subdirectories of `awklib/eg'. `extension/*' The source code, manual pages, and infrastructure files for the @@ -31262,20 +31337,20 @@ Index * --include option: Options. (line 159) * --lint option <1>: Options. (line 185) * --lint option: Command Line. (line 20) -* --lint-old option: Options. (line 297) +* --lint-old option: Options. (line 295) * --load option: Options. (line 173) * --non-decimal-data option <1>: Nondecimal Data. (line 6) * --non-decimal-data option: Options. (line 211) * --non-decimal-data option, strtonum() function and: Nondecimal Data. (line 35) -* --optimize option: Options. (line 239) -* --posix option: Options. (line 256) -* --posix option, --traditional option and: Options. (line 275) +* --optimize option: Options. (line 237) +* --posix option: Options. (line 254) +* --posix option, --traditional option and: Options. (line 273) * --pretty-print option: Options. (line 226) * --profile option <1>: Profiling. (line 12) -* --profile option: Options. (line 244) -* --re-interval option: Options. (line 281) -* --sandbox option: Options. (line 288) +* --profile option: Options. (line 242) +* --re-interval option: Options. (line 279) +* --sandbox option: Options. (line 286) * --sandbox option, disabling system() function: I/O Functions. (line 96) * --sandbox option, input redirection with getline: Getline. (line 19) @@ -31283,9 +31358,9 @@ Index (line 6) * --source option: Options. (line 117) * --traditional option: Options. (line 81) -* --traditional option, --posix option and: Options. (line 275) +* --traditional option, --posix option and: Options. (line 273) * --use-lc-numeric option: Options. (line 221) -* --version option: Options. (line 302) +* --version option: Options. (line 300) * --with-whiny-user-strftime configuration option: Additional Configuration Options. (line 35) * -b option: Options. (line 68) @@ -31293,32 +31368,32 @@ Index * -c option: Options. (line 81) * -D option: Options. (line 108) * -d option: Options. (line 93) -* -e option: Options. (line 338) +* -e option: Options. (line 336) * -E option: Options. (line 125) * -e option: Options. (line 117) * -f option: Options. (line 25) * -F option: Options. (line 21) * -f option: Long. (line 12) -* -F option, -Ft sets FS to TAB: Options. (line 310) +* -F option, -Ft sets FS to TAB: Options. (line 308) * -F option, command-line: Command Line Field Separator. (line 6) -* -f option, multiple uses: Options. (line 315) +* -f option, multiple uses: Options. (line 313) * -g option: Options. (line 147) * -h option: Options. (line 154) * -i option: Options. (line 159) -* -L option: Options. (line 297) +* -L option: Options. (line 295) * -l option: Options. (line 173) * -M option: Options. (line 205) * -N option: Options. (line 221) * -n option: Options. (line 211) -* -O option: Options. (line 239) +* -O option: Options. (line 237) * -o option: Options. (line 226) -* -P option: Options. (line 256) -* -p option: Options. (line 244) -* -r option: Options. (line 281) -* -S option: Options. (line 288) +* -P option: Options. (line 254) +* -p option: Options. (line 242) +* -r option: Options. (line 279) +* -S option: Options. (line 286) * -v option: Assignment Options. (line 12) -* -V option: Options. (line 302) +* -V option: Options. (line 300) * -v option: Options. (line 32) * -W option: Options. (line 46) * . (period), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 44) @@ -31380,10 +31455,10 @@ Index (line 8) * [] (square brackets), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 56) * \ (backslash): Comments. (line 50) -* \ (backslash), \" escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 82) +* \ (backslash), \" escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 84) * \ (backslash), \' operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 56) -* \ (backslash), \/ escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 73) +* \ (backslash), \/ escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 75) * \ (backslash), \< operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 30) * \ (backslash), \> operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. @@ -31423,7 +31498,7 @@ Index * \ (backslash), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17) * \ (backslash), in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 6) * \ (backslash), in escape sequences, POSIX and: Escape Sequences. - (line 118) + (line 120) * \ (backslash), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 29) * \ (backslash), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 48) * \ (backslash), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 18) @@ -31591,7 +31666,7 @@ Index * awf (amazingly workable formatter) program: Glossary. (line 24) * awk debugging, enabling: Options. (line 108) * awk language, POSIX version: Assignment Ops. (line 137) -* awk profiling, enabling: Options. (line 244) +* awk profiling, enabling: Options. (line 242) * awk programs <1>: Two Rules. (line 6) * awk programs <2>: Executable Scripts. (line 6) * awk programs: Getting Started. (line 12) @@ -31649,10 +31724,10 @@ Index * awkvars.out file: Options. (line 93) * b debugger command (alias for break): Breakpoint Control. (line 11) * backslash (\): Comments. (line 50) -* backslash (\), \" escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 82) +* backslash (\), \" escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 84) * backslash (\), \' operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 56) -* backslash (\), \/ escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 73) +* backslash (\), \/ escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 75) * backslash (\), \< operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 30) * backslash (\), \> operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. @@ -31692,7 +31767,7 @@ Index * backslash (\), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17) * backslash (\), in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 6) * backslash (\), in escape sequences, POSIX and: Escape Sequences. - (line 118) + (line 120) * backslash (\), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 29) * backslash (\), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 48) * backslash (\), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 18) @@ -31797,7 +31872,7 @@ Index (line 67) * Brian Kernighan's awk <12>: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 83) -* Brian Kernighan's awk <13>: Escape Sequences. (line 122) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <13>: Escape Sequences. (line 124) * Brian Kernighan's awk: When. (line 21) * Brian Kernighan's awk, extensions: BTL. (line 6) * Brian Kernighan's awk, source code: Other Versions. (line 13) @@ -31991,7 +32066,7 @@ Index * cosine: Numeric Functions. (line 15) * counting: Wc Program. (line 6) * csh utility: Statements/Lines. (line 44) -* csh utility, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 356) +* csh utility, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 354) * csh utility, |& operator, comparison with: Two-way I/O. (line 25) * ctime() user-defined function: Function Example. (line 74) * currency symbols, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 104) @@ -32022,13 +32097,13 @@ Index * dark corner, CONVFMT variable: Strings And Numbers. (line 40) * dark corner, escape sequences: Other Arguments. (line 38) * dark corner, escape sequences, for metacharacters: Escape Sequences. - (line 140) + (line 142) * dark corner, exit statement: Exit Statement. (line 30) * dark corner, field separators: Field Splitting Summary. (line 46) -* dark corner, FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 90) +* dark corner, FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 98) * dark corner, FILENAME variable: Getline Notes. (line 19) -* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 308) +* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 316) * dark corner, format-control characters: Control Letters. (line 18) * dark corner, FS as null string: Single Character Fields. (line 20) @@ -32176,7 +32251,7 @@ Index * debugger, read commands from a file: Debugger Info. (line 96) * debugging awk programs: Debugger. (line 6) * debugging gawk, bug reports: Bugs. (line 9) -* decimal point character, locale specific: Options. (line 272) +* decimal point character, locale specific: Options. (line 270) * decrement operators: Increment Ops. (line 35) * default keyword: Switch Statement. (line 6) * Deifik, Scott <1>: Bugs. (line 72) @@ -32215,12 +32290,12 @@ Index (line 81) * differences in awk and gawk, command-line directories: Command-line directories. (line 6) -* differences in awk and gawk, ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 74) +* differences in awk and gawk, ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 82) * differences in awk and gawk, error messages: Special FD. (line 19) * differences in awk and gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable: User-modified. (line 37) * differences in awk and gawk, FPAT variable: User-modified. (line 43) -* differences in awk and gawk, FUNCTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 115) +* differences in awk and gawk, FUNCTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 123) * differences in awk and gawk, function arguments (gawk): Calling Built-in. (line 16) * differences in awk and gawk, getline command: Getline. (line 19) @@ -32243,7 +32318,7 @@ Index (line 262) * differences in awk and gawk, print/printf statements: Format Modifiers. (line 13) -* differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 129) +* differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 137) * differences in awk and gawk, read timeouts: Read Timeout. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, record separators: awk split records. (line 125) @@ -32253,7 +32328,7 @@ Index (line 26) * differences in awk and gawk, RS/RT variables: gawk split records. (line 58) -* differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 264) +* differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 272) * differences in awk and gawk, single-character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, split() function: String Functions. @@ -32261,7 +32336,7 @@ Index * differences in awk and gawk, strings: Scalar Constants. (line 20) * differences in awk and gawk, strings, storing: gawk split records. (line 77) -* differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 268) +* differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 276) * differences in awk and gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. (line 151) * differences in awk and gawk, trunc-mod operation: Arithmetic Ops. @@ -32277,6 +32352,7 @@ Index * display debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 8) * display debugger options: Debugger Info. (line 57) +* div: Numeric Functions. (line 18) * division: Arithmetic Ops. (line 44) * do-while statement: Do Statement. (line 6) * do-while statement, use of regexps in: Regexp Usage. (line 19) @@ -32301,8 +32377,8 @@ Index * dynamically loaded extensions: Dynamic Extensions. (line 6) * e debugger command (alias for enable): Breakpoint Control. (line 73) * EBCDIC: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) -* effective group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 134) -* effective user ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 138) +* effective group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 142) +* effective user ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 146) * egrep utility <1>: Egrep Program. (line 6) * egrep utility: Bracket Expressions. (line 26) * egrep.awk program: Egrep Program. (line 54) @@ -32357,13 +32433,13 @@ Index (line 11) * EREs (Extended Regular Expressions): Bracket Expressions. (line 26) * ERRNO variable <1>: TCP/IP Networking. (line 54) -* ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 74) +* ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 82) * ERRNO variable, with BEGINFILE pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26) * ERRNO variable, with close() function: Close Files And Pipes. (line 140) * ERRNO variable, with getline command: Getline. (line 19) * error handling: Special FD. (line 19) -* error handling, ERRNO variable and: Auto-set. (line 74) +* error handling, ERRNO variable and: Auto-set. (line 82) * error output: Special FD. (line 6) * escape processing, gsub()/gensub()/sub() functions: Gory Details. (line 6) @@ -32396,10 +32472,10 @@ Index * exit status, of VMS: VMS Running. (line 29) * exit the debugger: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 99) -* exp: Numeric Functions. (line 18) +* exp: Numeric Functions. (line 33) * expand utility: Very Simple. (line 72) * Expat XML parser library: gawkextlib. (line 31) -* exponent: Numeric Functions. (line 18) +* exponent: Numeric Functions. (line 33) * expressions: Expressions. (line 6) * expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 6) * expressions, assignment: Assignment Ops. (line 6) @@ -32417,7 +32493,7 @@ Index (line 6) * extension API version: Extension Versioning. (line 6) -* extension API, version number: Auto-set. (line 231) +* extension API, version number: Auto-set. (line 239) * extension example: Extension Example. (line 6) * extension registration: Registration Functions. (line 6) @@ -32499,7 +32575,7 @@ Index * file names, distinguishing: Auto-set. (line 56) * file names, in compatibility mode: Special Caveats. (line 9) * file names, standard streams in gawk: Special FD. (line 48) -* FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 90) +* FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 98) * FILENAME variable: Reading Files. (line 6) * FILENAME variable, getline, setting with: Getline Notes. (line 19) * filenames, assignments as: Ignoring Assigns. (line 6) @@ -32567,9 +32643,9 @@ Index * flush buffered output: I/O Functions. (line 28) * fnmatch() extension function: Extension Sample Fnmatch. (line 12) -* FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 99) +* FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 107) * FNR variable: Records. (line 6) -* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 308) +* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 316) * for statement: For Statement. (line 6) * for statement, looping over arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 20) * fork() extension function: Extension Sample Fork. @@ -32606,7 +32682,7 @@ Index * FS variable, --field-separator option and: Options. (line 21) * FS variable, as null string: Single Character Fields. (line 20) -* FS variable, as TAB character: Options. (line 268) +* FS variable, as TAB character: Options. (line 266) * FS variable, changing value of: Field Separators. (line 35) * FS variable, running awk programs and: Cut Program. (line 63) * FS variable, setting from command line: Command Line Field Separator. @@ -32619,7 +32695,7 @@ Index * FSF (Free Software Foundation): Manual History. (line 6) * fts() extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. (line 61) -* FUNCTAB array: Auto-set. (line 115) +* FUNCTAB array: Auto-set. (line 123) * function calls: Function Calls. (line 6) * function calls, indirect: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * function calls, indirect, @-notation for: Indirect Calls. (line 47) @@ -32669,7 +32745,7 @@ Index * G-d: Acknowledgments. (line 94) * Garfinkle, Scott: Contributors. (line 34) * gawk program, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 179) -* gawk version: Auto-set. (line 206) +* gawk version: Auto-set. (line 214) * gawk, ARGIND variable in: Other Arguments. (line 15) * gawk, awk and <1>: This Manual. (line 14) * gawk, awk and: Preface. (line 21) @@ -32687,13 +32763,13 @@ Index * gawk, distribution: Distribution contents. (line 6) * gawk, ERRNO variable in <1>: TCP/IP Networking. (line 54) -* gawk, ERRNO variable in <2>: Auto-set. (line 74) +* gawk, ERRNO variable in <2>: Auto-set. (line 82) * gawk, ERRNO variable in <3>: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26) * gawk, ERRNO variable in <4>: Close Files And Pipes. (line 140) * gawk, ERRNO variable in: Getline. (line 19) -* gawk, escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 130) -* gawk, extensions, disabling: Options. (line 256) +* gawk, escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 132) +* gawk, extensions, disabling: Options. (line 254) * gawk, features, adding: Adding Code. (line 6) * gawk, features, advanced: Advanced Features. (line 6) * gawk, field separators and: User-modified. (line 71) @@ -32704,7 +32780,7 @@ Index * gawk, FPAT variable in <1>: User-modified. (line 43) * gawk, FPAT variable in: Splitting By Content. (line 27) -* gawk, FUNCTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 115) +* gawk, FUNCTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 123) * gawk, function arguments and: Calling Built-in. (line 16) * gawk, hexadecimal numbers and: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 42) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <1>: Array Sorting Functions. @@ -32736,7 +32812,7 @@ Index * gawk, predefined variables and: Built-in Variables. (line 14) * gawk, PROCINFO array in <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 99) * gawk, PROCINFO array in <2>: Time Functions. (line 47) -* gawk, PROCINFO array in: Auto-set. (line 129) +* gawk, PROCINFO array in: Auto-set. (line 137) * gawk, regexp constants and: Using Constant Regexps. (line 28) * gawk, regular expressions, case sensitivity: Case-sensitivity. @@ -32744,18 +32820,18 @@ Index * gawk, regular expressions, operators: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 6) * gawk, regular expressions, precedence: Regexp Operators. (line 161) -* gawk, RT variable in <1>: Auto-set. (line 264) +* gawk, RT variable in <1>: Auto-set. (line 272) * gawk, RT variable in <2>: Multiple Line. (line 129) * gawk, RT variable in: awk split records. (line 125) * gawk, See Also awk: Preface. (line 34) * gawk, source code, obtaining: Getting. (line 6) * gawk, splitting fields and: Constant Size. (line 88) * gawk, string-translation functions: I18N Functions. (line 6) -* gawk, SYMTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 268) +* gawk, SYMTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 276) * gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable in: User-modified. (line 151) * gawk, timestamps: Time Functions. (line 6) * gawk, uses for: Preface. (line 34) -* gawk, versions of, information about, printing: Options. (line 302) +* gawk, versions of, information about, printing: Options. (line 300) * gawk, VMS version of: VMS Installation. (line 6) * gawk, word-boundary operator: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 63) @@ -32837,7 +32913,7 @@ Index * Grigera, Juan: Contributors. (line 57) * group database, reading: Group Functions. (line 6) * group file: Group Functions. (line 6) -* group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 179) +* group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 187) * groups, information about: Group Functions. (line 6) * gsub <1>: String Functions. (line 139) * gsub: Using Constant Regexps. @@ -32938,7 +33014,7 @@ Index * installation, VMS: VMS Installation. (line 6) * installing gawk: Installation. (line 6) * instruction tracing, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 89) -* int: Numeric Functions. (line 23) +* int: Numeric Functions. (line 38) * INT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) * integer array indices: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 31) @@ -33067,7 +33143,7 @@ Index * lint checking, empty programs: Command Line. (line 16) * lint checking, issuing warnings: Options. (line 185) * lint checking, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. - (line 341) + (line 339) * lint checking, undefined functions: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 88) * LINT variable: User-modified. (line 88) @@ -33083,14 +33159,14 @@ Index * loading, extensions: Options. (line 173) * local variables, in a function: Variable Scope. (line 6) * locale categories: Explaining gettext. (line 81) -* locale decimal point character: Options. (line 272) +* locale decimal point character: Options. (line 270) * locale, definition of: Locales. (line 6) * localization: I18N and L10N. (line 6) * localization, See internationalization, localization: I18N and L10N. (line 6) -* log: Numeric Functions. (line 30) +* log: Numeric Functions. (line 45) * log files, timestamps in: Time Functions. (line 6) -* logarithm: Numeric Functions. (line 30) +* logarithm: Numeric Functions. (line 45) * logical false/true: Truth Values. (line 6) * logical operators, See Boolean expressions: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * login information: Passwd Functions. (line 16) @@ -33131,8 +33207,8 @@ Index * mawk utility <2>: Nextfile Statement. (line 47) * mawk utility <3>: Concatenation. (line 36) * mawk utility <4>: Getline/Pipe. (line 62) -* mawk utility: Escape Sequences. (line 130) -* maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 220) +* mawk utility: Escape Sequences. (line 132) +* maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 228) * McIlroy, Doug: Glossary. (line 149) * McPhee, Patrick: Contributors. (line 100) * message object files: Explaining gettext. (line 42) @@ -33144,8 +33220,8 @@ Index (line 54) * messages from extensions: Printing Messages. (line 6) * metacharacters in regular expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 6) -* metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 136) -* minimum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 223) +* metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 138) +* minimum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 231) * mktime: Time Functions. (line 25) * modifiers, in format specifiers: Format Modifiers. (line 6) * monetary information, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 104) @@ -33165,7 +33241,7 @@ Index * networks, programming: TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * networks, support for: Special Network. (line 6) * newlines <1>: Boolean Ops. (line 69) -* newlines <2>: Options. (line 262) +* newlines <2>: Options. (line 260) * newlines: Statements/Lines. (line 6) * newlines, as field separators: Default Field Splitting. (line 6) @@ -33194,7 +33270,7 @@ Index (line 47) * nexti debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 49) -* NF variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 104) +* NF variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 112) * NF variable: Fields. (line 33) * NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 107) * ni debugger command (alias for nexti): Debugger Execution Control. @@ -33203,9 +33279,9 @@ Index * non-existent array elements: Reference to Elements. (line 23) * not Boolean-logic operator: Boolean Ops. (line 6) -* NR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 124) +* NR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 132) * NR variable: Records. (line 6) -* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 308) +* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 316) * null strings <1>: Basic Data Typing. (line 26) * null strings <2>: Truth Values. (line 6) * null strings <3>: Regexp Field Splitting. @@ -33319,7 +33395,7 @@ Index * p debugger command (alias for print): Viewing And Changing Data. (line 36) * Papadopoulos, Panos: Contributors. (line 128) -* parent process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 188) +* parent process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 196) * parentheses (), in a profile: Profiling. (line 146) * parentheses (), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 81) * password file: Passwd Functions. (line 16) @@ -33361,14 +33437,14 @@ Index * plus sign (+), += operator: Assignment Ops. (line 82) * plus sign (+), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 105) * pointers to functions: Indirect Calls. (line 6) -* portability: Escape Sequences. (line 100) +* portability: Escape Sequences. (line 102) * portability, #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. (line 33) * portability, ** operator and: Arithmetic Ops. (line 81) * portability, **= operator and: Assignment Ops. (line 143) * portability, ARGV variable: Executable Scripts. (line 59) * portability, backslash continuation and: Statements/Lines. (line 30) * portability, backslash in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. - (line 118) + (line 120) * portability, close() function and: Close Files And Pipes. (line 81) * portability, data files as single record: gawk split records. @@ -33386,7 +33462,7 @@ Index * portability, NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 115) * portability, operators: Increment Ops. (line 60) * portability, operators, not in POSIX awk: Precedence. (line 98) -* portability, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 361) +* portability, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 359) * portability, substr() function: String Functions. (line 511) * portable object files <1>: Translator i18n. (line 6) * portable object files: Explaining gettext. (line 37) @@ -33407,7 +33483,7 @@ Index * POSIX awk, < operator and: Getline/File. (line 26) * POSIX awk, arithmetic operators and: Arithmetic Ops. (line 30) * POSIX awk, backslashes in string constants: Escape Sequences. - (line 118) + (line 120) * POSIX awk, BEGIN/END patterns: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 16) * POSIX awk, bracket expressions and: Bracket Expressions. (line 26) * POSIX awk, bracket expressions and, character classes: Bracket Expressions. @@ -33435,11 +33511,11 @@ Index * POSIX awk, regular expressions and: Regexp Operators. (line 161) * POSIX awk, timestamps and: Time Functions. (line 6) * POSIX awk, | I/O operator and: Getline/Pipe. (line 55) -* POSIX mode: Options. (line 256) +* POSIX mode: Options. (line 254) * POSIX, awk and: Preface. (line 21) * POSIX, gawk extensions not included in: POSIX/GNU. (line 6) * POSIX, programs, implementing in awk: Clones. (line 6) -* POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 341) +* POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 339) * PREC variable: User-modified. (line 123) * precedence <1>: Precedence. (line 6) * precedence: Increment Ops. (line 60) @@ -33486,24 +33562,24 @@ Index * printing, unduplicated lines of text: Uniq Program. (line 6) * printing, user information: Id Program. (line 6) * private variables: Library Names. (line 11) -* process group idIDof gawk process: Auto-set. (line 182) -* process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 185) +* process group idIDof gawk process: Auto-set. (line 190) +* process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 193) * processes, two-way communications with: Two-way I/O. (line 6) * processing data: Basic High Level. (line 6) * PROCINFO array <1>: Passwd Functions. (line 6) * PROCINFO array <2>: Time Functions. (line 47) -* PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 129) +* PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 137) * PROCINFO array, and communications via ptys: Two-way I/O. (line 99) * PROCINFO array, and group membership: Group Functions. (line 6) * PROCINFO array, and user and group ID numbers: Id Program. (line 15) * PROCINFO array, testing the field splitting: Passwd Functions. (line 154) -* PROCINFO array, uses: Auto-set. (line 241) +* PROCINFO array, uses: Auto-set. (line 249) * PROCINFO, values of sorted_in: Controlling Scanning. (line 26) * profiling awk programs: Profiling. (line 6) * profiling awk programs, dynamically: Profiling. (line 179) -* program identifiers: Auto-set. (line 147) +* program identifiers: Auto-set. (line 155) * program, definition of: Getting Started. (line 21) * programming conventions, --non-decimal-data option: Nondecimal Data. (line 35) @@ -33547,12 +33623,12 @@ Index * Rakitzis, Byron: History Sorting. (line 25) * Ramey, Chet <1>: General Data Types. (line 6) * Ramey, Chet: Acknowledgments. (line 60) -* rand: Numeric Functions. (line 35) +* rand: Numeric Functions. (line 50) * random numbers, Cliff: Cliff Random Function. (line 6) * random numbers, rand()/srand() functions: Numeric Functions. - (line 35) -* random numbers, seed of: Numeric Functions. (line 65) + (line 50) +* random numbers, seed of: Numeric Functions. (line 80) * range expressions (regexps): Bracket Expressions. (line 6) * range patterns: Ranges. (line 6) * range patterns, line continuation and: Ranges. (line 65) @@ -33622,7 +33698,7 @@ Index (line 59) * regular expressions, gawk, command-line options: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 70) -* regular expressions, interval expressions and: Options. (line 281) +* regular expressions, interval expressions and: Options. (line 279) * regular expressions, leftmost longest match: Leftmost Longest. (line 6) * regular expressions, operators <1>: Regexp Operators. (line 6) @@ -33662,7 +33738,7 @@ Index * right shift: Bitwise Functions. (line 53) * right shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) * Ritchie, Dennis: Basic Data Typing. (line 54) -* RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 251) +* RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 259) * RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 227) * Robbins, Arnold <1>: Future Extensions. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <2>: Bugs. (line 72) @@ -33680,7 +33756,7 @@ Index * Robbins, Miriam <2>: Getline/Pipe. (line 39) * Robbins, Miriam: Acknowledgments. (line 94) * Rommel, Kai Uwe: Contributors. (line 42) -* round to nearest integer: Numeric Functions. (line 23) +* round to nearest integer: Numeric Functions. (line 38) * round() user-defined function: Round Function. (line 16) * rounding numbers: Round Function. (line 6) * ROUNDMODE variable: User-modified. (line 127) @@ -33688,9 +33764,9 @@ Index * RS variable: awk split records. (line 12) * RS variable, multiline records and: Multiple Line. (line 17) * rshift: Bitwise Functions. (line 53) -* RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 257) +* RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 265) * RSTART variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 227) -* RT variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 264) +* RT variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 272) * RT variable <2>: Multiple Line. (line 129) * RT variable: awk split records. (line 125) * Rubin, Paul <1>: Contributors. (line 15) @@ -33703,14 +33779,14 @@ Index (line 68) * sample debugging session: Sample Debugging Session. (line 6) -* sandbox mode: Options. (line 288) +* sandbox mode: Options. (line 286) * save debugger options: Debugger Info. (line 84) * scalar or array: Type Functions. (line 11) * scalar values: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) * scanning arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 6) * scanning multidimensional arrays: Multiscanning. (line 11) * Schorr, Andrew <1>: Contributors. (line 133) -* Schorr, Andrew <2>: Auto-set. (line 291) +* Schorr, Andrew <2>: Auto-set. (line 299) * Schorr, Andrew: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Schreiber, Bert: Acknowledgments. (line 38) * Schreiber, Rita: Acknowledgments. (line 38) @@ -33730,7 +33806,7 @@ Index * sed utility <2>: Simple Sed. (line 6) * sed utility: Field Splitting Summary. (line 46) -* seeding random number generator: Numeric Functions. (line 65) +* seeding random number generator: Numeric Functions. (line 80) * semicolon (;), AWKPATH variable and: PC Using. (line 10) * semicolon (;), separating statements in actions <1>: Statements. (line 10) @@ -33791,14 +33867,14 @@ Index * sidebar, A Constant's Base Does Not Affect Its Value: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 64) * sidebar, Backslash Before Regular Characters: Escape Sequences. - (line 116) + (line 118) * sidebar, Changing FS Does Not Affect the Fields: Field Splitting Summary. (line 38) -* sidebar, Changing NR and FNR: Auto-set. (line 306) +* sidebar, Changing NR and FNR: Auto-set. (line 314) * sidebar, Controlling Output Buffering with system(): I/O Functions. (line 137) * sidebar, Escape Sequences for Metacharacters: Escape Sequences. - (line 134) + (line 136) * sidebar, FS and IGNORECASE: Field Splitting Summary. (line 64) * sidebar, Interactive Versus Noninteractive Buffering: I/O Functions. @@ -33831,8 +33907,8 @@ Index * SIGUSR1 signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 188) * silent debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 10) -* sin: Numeric Functions. (line 76) -* sine: Numeric Functions. (line 76) +* sin: Numeric Functions. (line 91) +* sine: Numeric Functions. (line 91) * single quote ('): One-shot. (line 15) * single quote (') in gawk command lines: Long. (line 35) * single quote ('), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 48) @@ -33882,10 +33958,10 @@ Index * sprintf() function, OFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 113) * sprintf() function, print/printf statements and: Round Function. (line 6) -* sqrt: Numeric Functions. (line 79) +* sqrt: Numeric Functions. (line 94) * square brackets ([]), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 56) -* square root: Numeric Functions. (line 79) -* srand: Numeric Functions. (line 83) +* square root: Numeric Functions. (line 94) +* srand: Numeric Functions. (line 98) * stack frame: Debugging Terms. (line 10) * Stallman, Richard <1>: Glossary. (line 296) * Stallman, Richard <2>: Contributors. (line 23) @@ -33957,9 +34033,9 @@ Index * substr: String Functions. (line 480) * substring: String Functions. (line 480) * Sumner, Andrew: Other Versions. (line 64) -* supplementary groups of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 236) +* supplementary groups of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 244) * switch statement: Switch Statement. (line 6) -* SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 268) +* SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 276) * syntactic ambiguity: /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. (line 148) * system: I/O Functions. (line 74) @@ -34026,7 +34102,7 @@ Index (line 37) * troubleshooting, awk uses FS not IFS: Field Separators. (line 30) * troubleshooting, backslash before nonspecial character: Escape Sequences. - (line 118) + (line 120) * troubleshooting, division: Arithmetic Ops. (line 44) * troubleshooting, fatal errors, field widths, specifying: Constant Size. (line 23) @@ -34082,7 +34158,7 @@ Index * uniq.awk program: Uniq Program. (line 65) * Unix: Glossary. (line 611) * Unix awk, backslashes in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. - (line 130) + (line 132) * Unix awk, close() function and: Close Files And Pipes. (line 132) * Unix awk, password files, field separators and: Command Line Field Separator. @@ -34136,10 +34212,10 @@ Index * variables, uninitialized, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 6) * variables, user-defined: Variables. (line 6) -* version of gawk: Auto-set. (line 206) -* version of gawk extension API: Auto-set. (line 231) -* version of GNU MP library: Auto-set. (line 217) -* version of GNU MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 213) +* version of gawk: Auto-set. (line 214) +* version of gawk extension API: Auto-set. (line 239) +* version of GNU MP library: Auto-set. (line 225) +* version of GNU MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 221) * vertical bar (|): Regexp Operators. (line 70) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O): Getline/Pipe. (line 9) @@ -34176,7 +34252,7 @@ Index * whitespace, as field separators: Default Field Splitting. (line 6) * whitespace, functions, calling: Calling Built-in. (line 10) -* whitespace, newlines as: Options. (line 262) +* whitespace, newlines as: Options. (line 260) * Williams, Kent: Contributors. (line 34) * Woehlke, Matthew: Contributors. (line 79) * Woods, John: Contributors. (line 27) @@ -34268,518 +34344,518 @@ Node: Intro Summary110454 Node: Invoking Gawk111337 Node: Command Line112852 Node: Options113643 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1129538 -Node: Other Arguments129563 -Node: Naming Standard Input132524 -Node: Environment Variables133617 -Node: AWKPATH Variable134175 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1137027 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2137072 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable137332 -Node: Other Environment Variables138091 -Node: Exit Status141793 -Node: Include Files142468 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries146046 -Node: Obsolete147473 -Node: Undocumented148170 -Node: Invoking Summary148437 -Node: Regexp150103 -Node: Regexp Usage151562 -Node: Escape Sequences153595 -Node: Regexp Operators159612 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1167046 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2167193 -Node: Bracket Expressions167291 -Ref: table-char-classes169308 -Node: Leftmost Longest172248 -Node: Computed Regexps173550 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators176947 -Node: Case-sensitivity180649 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1183539 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2183774 -Node: Regexp Summary183882 -Node: Reading Files185351 -Node: Records187445 -Node: awk split records188177 -Node: gawk split records193091 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1197630 -Node: Fields197667 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1200465 -Node: Nonconstant Fields200551 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1202787 -Node: Changing Fields202989 -Node: Field Separators208921 -Node: Default Field Splitting211625 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting212742 -Node: Single Character Fields216092 -Node: Command Line Field Separator217151 -Node: Full Line Fields220363 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1220871 -Node: Field Splitting Summary220917 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1224048 -Node: Constant Size224149 -Node: Splitting By Content228755 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1232828 -Node: Multiple Line232868 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1238757 -Node: Getline238936 -Node: Plain Getline241147 -Node: Getline/Variable243787 -Node: Getline/File244934 -Node: Getline/Variable/File246318 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1247919 -Node: Getline/Pipe248006 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe250689 -Node: Getline/Coprocess251820 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess253072 -Node: Getline Notes253811 -Node: Getline Summary256603 -Ref: table-getline-variants257015 -Node: Read Timeout257844 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1261658 -Node: Command-line directories261716 -Node: Input Summary262620 -Node: Input Exercises265872 -Node: Printing266600 -Node: Print268377 -Node: Print Examples269834 -Node: Output Separators272613 -Node: OFMT274631 -Node: Printf275985 -Node: Basic Printf276770 -Node: Control Letters278341 -Node: Format Modifiers282325 -Node: Printf Examples288332 -Node: Redirection290814 -Node: Special FD297653 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1300810 -Node: Special Files300884 -Node: Other Inherited Files301500 -Node: Special Network302500 -Node: Special Caveats303361 -Node: Close Files And Pipes304312 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1311491 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2311639 -Node: Output Summary311789 -Node: Output Exercises312785 -Node: Expressions313465 -Node: Values314650 -Node: Constants315326 -Node: Scalar Constants316006 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1316865 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers317115 -Node: Regexp Constants320115 -Node: Using Constant Regexps320640 -Node: Variables323778 -Node: Using Variables324433 -Node: Assignment Options326343 -Node: Conversion328218 -Node: Strings And Numbers328742 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1331806 -Node: Locale influences conversions331915 -Ref: table-locale-affects334660 -Node: All Operators335248 -Node: Arithmetic Ops335878 -Node: Concatenation338383 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1341202 -Node: Assignment Ops341308 -Ref: table-assign-ops346291 -Node: Increment Ops347569 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions351007 -Node: Truth Values352090 -Node: Typing and Comparison353139 -Node: Variable Typing353932 -Node: Comparison Operators357584 -Ref: table-relational-ops357994 -Node: POSIX String Comparison361509 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1362581 -Node: Boolean Ops362719 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1367198 -Node: Conditional Exp367289 -Node: Function Calls369016 -Node: Precedence372896 -Node: Locales376564 -Node: Expressions Summary378195 -Node: Patterns and Actions380769 -Node: Pattern Overview381889 -Node: Regexp Patterns383568 -Node: Expression Patterns384111 -Node: Ranges387891 -Node: BEGIN/END390997 -Node: Using BEGIN/END391759 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1394496 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END394602 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE396916 -Node: Empty399817 -Node: Using Shell Variables400134 -Node: Action Overview402410 -Node: Statements404737 -Node: If Statement406585 -Node: While Statement408083 -Node: Do Statement410111 -Node: For Statement411253 -Node: Switch Statement414408 -Node: Break Statement416796 -Node: Continue Statement418837 -Node: Next Statement420662 -Node: Nextfile Statement423042 -Node: Exit Statement425672 -Node: Built-in Variables428075 -Node: User-modified429208 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1436888 -Node: Auto-set436950 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1449807 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2450012 -Node: ARGC and ARGV450068 -Node: Pattern Action Summary454272 -Node: Arrays456699 -Node: Array Basics458028 -Node: Array Intro458872 -Ref: figure-array-elements460836 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1463360 -Node: Reference to Elements463488 -Node: Assigning Elements465938 -Node: Array Example466429 -Node: Scanning an Array468187 -Node: Controlling Scanning471203 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1476392 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts476708 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts478893 -Node: Delete480510 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1483254 -Node: Multidimensional483311 -Node: Multiscanning486406 -Node: Arrays of Arrays487995 -Node: Arrays Summary492756 -Node: Functions494861 -Node: Built-in495734 -Node: Calling Built-in496812 -Node: Numeric Functions498800 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1502822 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2503179 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3503227 -Node: String Functions503496 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1526968 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2527097 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3527345 -Node: Gory Details527432 -Ref: table-sub-escapes529213 -Ref: table-sub-proposed530733 -Ref: table-posix-sub532097 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes533637 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1534469 -Node: I/O Functions534620 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1541721 -Node: Time Functions541868 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1552337 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2552405 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3552563 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4552674 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5552786 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6553013 -Node: Bitwise Functions553279 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops553841 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1558149 -Node: Type Functions558318 -Node: I18N Functions559467 -Node: User-defined561112 -Node: Definition Syntax561916 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1567322 -Node: Function Example567391 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1570308 -Node: Function Caveats570330 -Node: Calling A Function570848 -Node: Variable Scope571803 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference574791 -Node: Return Statement578301 -Node: Dynamic Typing581285 -Node: Indirect Calls582214 -Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1593518 -Node: Functions Summary593646 -Node: Library Functions596345 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1599963 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2600106 -Node: Library Names600277 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1603737 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2603957 -Node: General Functions604043 -Node: Strtonum Function605146 -Node: Assert Function608166 -Node: Round Function611490 -Node: Cliff Random Function613031 -Node: Ordinal Functions614047 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1617112 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2617364 -Node: Join Function617575 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1619346 -Node: Getlocaltime Function619546 -Node: Readfile Function623287 -Node: Shell Quoting625257 -Node: Data File Management626658 -Node: Filetrans Function627290 -Node: Rewind Function631349 -Node: File Checking632734 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1634062 -Node: Empty Files634263 -Node: Ignoring Assigns636242 -Node: Getopt Function637793 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1649253 -Node: Passwd Functions649456 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1658307 -Node: Group Functions658395 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1666298 -Node: Walking Arrays666511 -Node: Library Functions Summary668114 -Node: Library Exercises669515 -Node: Sample Programs670795 -Node: Running Examples671565 -Node: Clones672293 -Node: Cut Program673517 -Node: Egrep Program683247 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1690751 -Node: Id Program690861 -Node: Split Program694505 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1697951 -Node: Tee Program698079 -Node: Uniq Program700866 -Node: Wc Program708287 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1712535 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs712627 -Node: Dupword Program713840 -Node: Alarm Program715871 -Node: Translate Program720675 -Ref: 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