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diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index ecb37167..6b0919f0 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -381,6 +381,8 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled * Arrays Summary:: Summary of arrays. * Built-in:: Summarizes the built-in functions. * Calling Built-in:: How to call built-in functions. +* Boolean Functions:: A function that returns Boolean + values. * Numeric Functions:: Functions that work with numbers, including 'int()', 'sin()' and 'rand()'. @@ -488,6 +490,7 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled * Programs Summary:: Summary of programs. * Programs Exercises:: Exercises. * Nondecimal Data:: Allowing nondecimal input data. +* Boolean Typed Values:: Values with 'number|bool' type. * Array Sorting:: Facilities for controlling array traversal and sorting arrays. * Controlling Array Traversal:: How to use PROCINFO["sorted_in"]. @@ -551,6 +554,7 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled * Inexact representation:: Numbers are not exactly represented. * Comparing FP Values:: How to compare floating point values. * Errors accumulate:: Errors get bigger as they go. +* Strange values:: A few words about infinities and NaNs. * Getting Accuracy:: Getting more accuracy takes some work. * Try To Round:: Add digits and round. * Setting precision:: How to set the precision. @@ -3219,7 +3223,9 @@ change. The variables are: 'AWK_HASH' If this variable exists with a value of 'gst', 'gawk' switches to using the hash function from GNU Smalltalk for managing arrays. - This function may be marginally faster than the standard function. + With a value of 'fnv1a', 'gawk' uses the FNV1-A hash function + (http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/fnv/index.html). These + functions may be marginally faster than the standard function. 'AWKREADFUNC' If this variable exists, 'gawk' switches to reading source files @@ -6970,8 +6976,8 @@ width. Here is a list of the format-control letters: On systems supporting IEEE 754 floating-point format, values representing negative infinity are formatted as '-inf' or '-infinity', and positive infinity as 'inf' or 'infinity'. The - special "not a number" value formats as '-nan' or 'nan' (*note Math - Definitions::). + special "not a number" value formats as '-nan' or 'nan' (*note + Strange values::). '%F' Like '%f', but the infinity and "not a number" values are spelled @@ -12779,6 +12785,7 @@ your convenience. * Menu: * Calling Built-in:: How to call built-in functions. +* Boolean Functions:: A function that returns Boolean values. * Numeric Functions:: Functions that work with numbers, including 'int()', 'sin()' and 'rand()'. * String Functions:: Functions for string manipulation, such as @@ -12791,7 +12798,7 @@ your convenience. * I18N Functions:: Functions for string translation. -File: gawk.info, Node: Calling Built-in, Next: Numeric Functions, Up: Built-in +File: gawk.info, Node: Calling Built-in, Next: Boolean Functions, Up: Built-in 9.1.1 Calling Built-in Functions -------------------------------- @@ -12835,9 +12842,24 @@ six, and then 12, and 'atan2()' is called with the two arguments six and 10, then 11, and 'atan2()' is called with the two arguments 11 and 10. -File: gawk.info, Node: Numeric Functions, Next: String Functions, Prev: Calling Built-in, Up: Built-in +File: gawk.info, Node: Boolean Functions, Next: Numeric Functions, Prev: Calling Built-in, Up: Built-in -9.1.2 Numeric Functions +9.1.2 Generating Boolean Values +------------------------------- + +This function is specific to 'gawk'. It is not available in +compatibility mode (*note Options::): + +'mkbool(EXPRESSION)' + Return a Boolean-typed value based on the regular Boolean value of + EXPRESSION. Boolean "true" values have numeric value one. Boolean + "false" values have numeric zero. This is discussed in more detail + in *note Boolean Typed Values::. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Numeric Functions, Next: String Functions, Prev: Boolean Functions, Up: Built-in + +9.1.3 Numeric Functions ----------------------- The following list describes all of the built-in functions that work @@ -12863,7 +12885,7 @@ brackets ([ ]): 'log(X)' Return the natural logarithm of X, if X is positive; otherwise, - return 'NaN' ("not a number") on IEEE 754 systems. Additionally, + return NaN ("not a number") on IEEE 754 systems. Additionally, 'gawk' prints a warning message when 'x' is negative. 'rand()' @@ -12961,7 +12983,7 @@ the same sequence of random numbers over and over again. File: gawk.info, Node: String Functions, Next: I/O Functions, Prev: Numeric Functions, Up: Built-in -9.1.3 String-Manipulation Functions +9.1.4 String-Manipulation Functions ----------------------------------- The functions in this minor node look at or change the text of one or @@ -13529,7 +13551,7 @@ number zero. File: gawk.info, Node: Gory Details, Up: String Functions -9.1.3.1 More about '\' and '&' with 'sub()', 'gsub()', and 'gensub()' +9.1.4.1 More about '\' and '&' with 'sub()', 'gsub()', and 'gensub()' ..................................................................... CAUTION: This subsubsection has been reported to cause headaches. @@ -13675,7 +13697,7 @@ POSIX rules. File: gawk.info, Node: I/O Functions, Next: Time Functions, Prev: String Functions, Up: Built-in -9.1.4 Input/Output Functions +9.1.5 Input/Output Functions ---------------------------- The following functions relate to input/output (I/O). Optional @@ -13892,7 +13914,7 @@ the way this was done was probably a mistake. File: gawk.info, Node: Time Functions, Next: Bitwise Functions, Prev: I/O Functions, Up: Built-in -9.1.5 Time Functions +9.1.6 Time Functions -------------------- 'awk' programs are commonly used to process log files containing @@ -14209,7 +14231,7 @@ does not appear in the returned string or appears literally. File: gawk.info, Node: Bitwise Functions, Next: Type Functions, Prev: Time Functions, Up: Built-in -9.1.6 Bit-Manipulation Functions +9.1.7 Bit-Manipulation Functions -------------------------------- I can explain it for you, but I can't understand it for you. @@ -14391,7 +14413,7 @@ that range are reduced to fit within the range. File: gawk.info, Node: Type Functions, Next: I18N Functions, Prev: Bitwise Functions, Up: Built-in -9.1.7 Getting Type Information +9.1.8 Getting Type Information ------------------------------ 'gawk' provides two functions that let you distinguish the type of a @@ -14415,6 +14437,9 @@ contexts. '"number"' X is a number. + '"number|bool"' + X is a Boolean typed value (*note Boolean Typed Values::). + '"string"' X is a string. @@ -14476,7 +14501,7 @@ arguments from untyped to unassigned. File: gawk.info, Node: I18N Functions, Prev: Type Functions, Up: Built-in -9.1.8 String-Translation Functions +9.1.9 String-Translation Functions ---------------------------------- 'gawk' provides facilities for internationalizing 'awk' programs. These @@ -15155,7 +15180,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Indirect Calls, Next: Functions Summary, Prev: User-de 9.3 Indirect Function Calls =========================== -This section describes an advanced, 'gawk'-specific extension. +This minor node describes an advanced, 'gawk'-specific extension. Often, you may wish to defer the choice of function to call until runtime. For example, you may have different kinds of records, each of @@ -20870,6 +20895,7 @@ their own: * Menu: * Nondecimal Data:: Allowing nondecimal input data. +* Boolean Typed Values:: Values with 'number|bool' type. * Array Sorting:: Facilities for controlling array traversal and sorting arrays. * Two-way I/O:: Two-way communications with another process. @@ -20879,7 +20905,7 @@ their own: * Advanced Features Summary:: Summary of advanced features. -File: gawk.info, Node: Nondecimal Data, Next: Array Sorting, Up: Advanced Features +File: gawk.info, Node: Nondecimal Data, Next: Boolean Typed Values, Up: Advanced Features 12.1 Allowing Nondecimal Input Data =================================== @@ -20922,9 +20948,53 @@ request it. This option may disappear in a future version of 'gawk'. -File: gawk.info, Node: Array Sorting, Next: Two-way I/O, Prev: Nondecimal Data, Up: Advanced Features +File: gawk.info, Node: Boolean Typed Values, Next: Array Sorting, Prev: Nondecimal Data, Up: Advanced Features + +12.2 Boolean Typed Values +========================= + +Scalar values in 'awk' are either numbers or strings. 'gawk' also +supports values of type 'regexp' (*note Strong Regexp Constants::). + + As described in *note Truth Values::, Boolean values in 'awk' don't +have a separate type: a value counts as "true" if it is nonzero or +non-null, and as "false" otherwise. + + When interchanging data with languages that do have a real Boolean +type, using a standard format such as JSON or XML, the lack of a true +Boolean type in 'awk' is problematic. (See, for example, the 'json' +extension provided by the 'gawkextlib' project +(https://sourceforge.net/projects/gawkextlib).) -12.2 Controlling Array Traversal and Array Sorting + It's easy to import Boolean data into 'awk', but then the fact that +it was originally Boolean is lost. Exporting data is even harder; +there's no way to indicate that a value is really Boolean. + + To solve this problem, 'gawk' provides a function named 'mkbool()'. +It takes one argument, which is any 'awk' expression, and it returns a +value of Boolean type. + + The returned values are normal 'awk' numeric values, with values of +either one or zero, depending upon the truth value of the original +expression passed in the call to 'mkbool()'. + + The 'typeof()' function (*note Type Functions::) returns +'"number|bool"' for these values. + + Thus Boolean-typed values _are_ numbers as far as 'gawk' is +concerned, except that extension code can treat them as Booleans if +desired. + + While it would have been possible to add two new built-in variables +of Boolean type named 'TRUE' and 'FALSE', doing so would undoubtedly +have broken many existing 'awk' programs. Instead, having a "generator" +function that creates Boolean values gives flexibility, without breaking +as much existing code. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Array Sorting, Next: Two-way I/O, Prev: Boolean Typed Values, Up: Advanced Features + +12.3 Controlling Array Traversal and Array Sorting ================================================== 'gawk' lets you control the order in which a 'for (INDX in ARRAY)' loop @@ -20943,7 +21013,7 @@ to order the elements during sorting. File: gawk.info, Node: Controlling Array Traversal, Next: Array Sorting Functions, Up: Array Sorting -12.2.1 Controlling Array Traversal +12.3.1 Controlling Array Traversal ---------------------------------- By default, the order in which a 'for (INDX in ARRAY)' loop scans an @@ -21182,7 +21252,7 @@ character, which cannot be part of an identifier. File: gawk.info, Node: Array Sorting Functions, Prev: Controlling Array Traversal, Up: Array Sorting -12.2.2 Sorting Array Values and Indices with 'gawk' +12.3.2 Sorting Array Values and Indices with 'gawk' --------------------------------------------------- In most 'awk' implementations, sorting an array requires writing a @@ -21322,7 +21392,7 @@ POSIX-compatibility mode, and because 'asort()' and 'asorti()' are File: gawk.info, Node: Two-way I/O, Next: TCP/IP Networking, Prev: Array Sorting, Up: Advanced Features -12.3 Two-Way Communications with Another Process +12.4 Two-Way Communications with Another Process ================================================ It is often useful to be able to send data to a separate program for @@ -21517,7 +21587,7 @@ in Bash. File: gawk.info, Node: TCP/IP Networking, Next: Profiling, Prev: Two-way I/O, Up: Advanced Features -12.4 Using 'gawk' for Network Programming +12.5 Using 'gawk' for Network Programming ========================================= 'EMRED': @@ -21597,7 +21667,7 @@ complete introduction and discussion, as well as extensive examples. File: gawk.info, Node: Profiling, Next: Extension Philosophy, Prev: TCP/IP Networking, Up: Advanced Features -12.5 Profiling Your 'awk' Programs +12.6 Profiling Your 'awk' Programs ================================== You may produce execution traces of your 'awk' programs. This is done @@ -21859,7 +21929,7 @@ source code, it will appear that way in the output. File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Philosophy, Next: Advanced Features Summary, Prev: Profiling, Up: Advanced Features -12.6 Builtin Features versus Extensions +12.7 Builtin Features versus Extensions ======================================= As this and subsequent major nodes show, 'gawk' has a large number of @@ -21895,7 +21965,7 @@ or need. File: gawk.info, Node: Advanced Features Summary, Prev: Extension Philosophy, Up: Advanced Features -12.7 Summary +12.8 Summary ============ * The '--non-decimal-data' option causes 'gawk' to treat octal- and @@ -24252,18 +24322,10 @@ material here: another number and infinity produce infinity. "NaN" - "Not a number."(1) A special value that results from attempting a - calculation that has no answer as a real number. In such a case, - programs can either receive a floating-point exception, or get - 'NaN' back as the result. The IEEE 754 standard recommends that - systems return 'NaN'. Some examples: - - 'sqrt(-1)' - This makes sense in the range of complex numbers, but not in - the range of real numbers, so the result is 'NaN'. - - 'log(-8)' - -8 is out of the domain of 'log()', so the result is 'NaN'. + "Not a number." A special value that results from attempting a + calculation that has no answer as a real number. *Note Strange + values::, for more information about infinity and not-a-number + values. "Normalized" How the significand (see later in this list) is usually stored. @@ -24322,11 +24384,6 @@ Table 16.3: Basic IEEE format values NOTE: The precision numbers include the implied leading one that gives them one extra bit of significand. - ---------- Footnotes ---------- - - (1) Thanks to Michael Brennan for this description, which we have -paraphrased, and for the examples. - File: gawk.info, Node: MPFR features, Next: FP Math Caution, Prev: Math Definitions, Up: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic @@ -24419,6 +24476,7 @@ be sure of the number of significant decimal places in the final result. * Inexact representation:: Numbers are not exactly represented. * Comparing FP Values:: How to compare floating point values. * Errors accumulate:: Errors get bigger as they go. +* Strange values:: A few words about infinities and NaNs. File: gawk.info, Node: Inexact representation, Next: Comparing FP Values, Up: Inexactness of computations @@ -24483,7 +24541,7 @@ values with a delta, you should be sure to use 'difference < abs(delta)' in case someone passes in a negative delta value. -File: gawk.info, Node: Errors accumulate, Prev: Comparing FP Values, Up: Inexactness of computations +File: gawk.info, Node: Errors accumulate, Next: Strange values, Prev: Comparing FP Values, Up: Inexactness of computations 16.4.1.3 Errors Accumulate .......................... @@ -24531,6 +24589,64 @@ representations yield an unexpected result: -| 4 +File: gawk.info, Node: Strange values, Prev: Errors accumulate, Up: Inexactness of computations + +16.4.1.4 Floating Point Values They Didn't Talk About In School +............................................................... + +Both IEEE 754 floating-point hardware, and MPFR, support two kinds of +values that you probably didn't learn about in school. The first is +"infinity", a special value, that can be either negative or positive, +and which is either smaller than any other value (negative infinity), or +larger than any other value (positive infinity). When such values are +generated, 'gawk' prints them as either '-inf' or '+inf', respectively. +It accepts those strings as data input and converts them to the proper +floating-point values internally. + + Infinity values of the same sign compare as equal to each other. +Otherwise, operations (addition, subtraction, etc.) involving another +number and infinity produce mathematically reasonable results. + + The second kind of value is "not a number", or NaN for short.(1) +This is a special value that results from attempting a calculation that +has no answer as a real number. In such a case, programs can either +receive a floating-point exception, or get NaN back as the result. The +IEEE 754 standard recommends that systems return NaN. Some examples: + +'sqrt(-1)' + This makes sense in the range of complex numbers, but not in the + range of real numbers, so the result is NaN. + +'log(-8)' + -8 is out of the domain of 'log()', so the result is NaN. + + NaN values are strange. In particular, they cannot be compared with +other floating point values; any such comparison, except for "is not +equal to", returns false. NaN values are so much unequal to other +values that even comparing two identical NaN values with '!=' returns +true! + + NaN values can also be signed, although it depends upon the +implementation as to which sign you get for any operation that returns a +NaN. For example, on some systems, 'sqrt(-1)' returns a negative NaN. On +others, it returns a positive NaN. + + When such values are generated, 'gawk' prints them as either '-nan' +or '+nan', respectively. Here too, 'gawk' accepts those strings as data +input and converts them to the proper floating-point values internally. + + If you want to dive more deeply into this topic, you can find test +programs in C, 'awk' and Python in the directory +'awklib/eg/test-programs' in the 'gawk' distribution. These programs +enable comparison among programming languages as to how they handle NaN +and infinity values. + + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) Thanks to Michael Brennan for this description, which we have +paraphrased, and for the examples. + + File: gawk.info, Node: Getting Accuracy, Next: Try To Round, Prev: Inexactness of computations, Up: FP Math Caution 16.4.2 Getting the Accuracy You Need @@ -25477,7 +25593,8 @@ use them. ' AWK_STRNUM,' ' AWK_ARRAY,' ' AWK_SCALAR, /* opaque access to a variable */' -' AWK_VALUE_COOKIE /* for updating a previously created value */' +' AWK_VALUE_COOKIE, /* for updating a previously created value */' +' AWK_BOOL' '} awk_valtype_t;' This 'enum' indicates the type of a value. It is used in the following 'struct'. @@ -25490,6 +25607,7 @@ use them. ' awk_array_t a;' ' awk_scalar_t scl;' ' awk_value_cookie_t vc;' +' awk_bool_t b;' ' } u;' '} awk_value_t;' An "'awk' value." The 'val_type' member indicates what kind of @@ -25505,6 +25623,7 @@ use them. '#define array_cookie u.a' '#define scalar_cookie u.scl' '#define value_cookie u.vc' +'#define bool_value u.b' Using these macros makes accessing the fields of the 'awk_value_t' more readable. @@ -25815,6 +25934,11 @@ code would use them: a 'char *' value pointing to data previously obtained from 'gawk_malloc()', 'gawk_calloc()', or 'gawk_realloc()'. +'static inline awk_value_t *' +'make_bool(awk_bool_t boolval, awk_value_t *result);' + This function creates a boolean value in the 'awk_value_t' variable + pointed to by 'result'. + File: gawk.info, Node: API Ownership of MPFR and GMP Values, Next: Registration Functions, Prev: Constructor Functions, Up: Extension API Description @@ -26540,16 +26664,17 @@ summarized in *note Table 17.2: table-value-types-returned. Type of Actual Value -------------------------------------------------------------------------- - String Strnum Number Regex Array Undefined -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - String String String String String false false - Strnum false Strnum Strnum false false false - Number Number Number Number false false false -Type Regex false false false Regex false false -Requested Array false false false false Array false - Scalar Scalar Scalar Scalar Scalar false false - Undefined String Strnum Number Regex Array Undefined - Value false false false false false false + String Strnum Number Regex Bool Array Undefined +---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + String String String String String String false false + Strnum false Strnum Strnum false false false false + Number Number Number Number false Number false false +Type Regex false false false Regex false false false +Requested Bool false false false false Bool false false + Array false false false false false Array false + Scalar Scalar Scalar Scalar Scalar Scalar false false + Undefined String Strnum Number Regex Bool Array Undefined + Value false false false false false false false cookie Table 17.2: API value types returned @@ -33130,8 +33255,8 @@ Localization Logical Expression An expression using the operators for logic, AND, OR, and NOT, - written '&&', '||', and '!' in 'awk'. Often called Boolean - expressions, after the mathematician who pioneered this kind of + written '&&', '||', and '!' in 'awk'. Often called "Boolean + expressions", after the mathematician who pioneered this kind of mathematical logic. Lvalue @@ -35288,6 +35413,7 @@ Index * body, in loops: While Statement. (line 14) * Boolean expressions: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * Boolean expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 39) +* boolean function: Boolean Functions. (line 6) * Bourne shell, quoting rules for: Quoting. (line 18) * braces ({}), regexp operator: Regexp Operator Details. (line 118) @@ -36876,6 +37002,7 @@ Index * metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 140) * metacharacters, in regular expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 6) * minimum precision required by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 279) +* mkbool: Boolean Functions. (line 10) * mktime: Time Functions. (line 25) * modifiers, in format specifiers: Format Modifiers. (line 6) * module, definition of: Global Namespace. (line 18) @@ -38098,603 +38225,606 @@ Index Tag Table: Node: Top1200 -Node: Foreword344780 -Node: Foreword449222 -Node: Preface50754 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-153613 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-253722 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-353956 -Node: History54098 -Node: Names56450 -Ref: Names-Footnote-157554 -Node: This Manual57701 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-164340 -Node: Conventions64440 -Node: Manual History66809 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-169806 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-269847 -Node: How To Contribute69921 -Node: Acknowledgments70847 -Node: Getting Started75784 -Node: Running gawk78223 -Node: One-shot79413 -Node: Read Terminal80676 -Node: Long82669 -Node: Executable Scripts84182 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-186815 -Node: Comments86918 -Node: Quoting89402 -Node: DOS Quoting94928 -Node: Sample Data Files96984 -Node: Very Simple99579 -Node: Two Rules105681 -Node: More Complex107566 -Node: Statements/Lines109898 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1114382 -Node: Other Features114647 -Node: When115583 -Ref: When-Footnote-1117337 -Node: Intro Summary117402 -Node: Invoking Gawk118286 -Node: Command Line119800 -Node: Options120598 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1138512 -Ref: Options-Footnote-2138743 -Node: Other Arguments138768 -Node: Naming Standard Input142779 -Node: Environment Variables143989 -Node: AWKPATH Variable144547 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1147959 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2147993 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable148364 -Ref: AWKLIBPATH Variable-Footnote-1150061 -Node: Other Environment Variables150436 -Node: Exit Status154257 -Node: Include Files154934 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries158624 -Node: Obsolete160052 -Node: Undocumented160744 -Node: Invoking Summary161041 -Node: Regexp163882 -Node: Regexp Usage165336 -Node: Escape Sequences167373 -Node: Regexp Operators173614 -Node: Regexp Operator Details174099 -Ref: Regexp Operator Details-Footnote-1181463 -Node: Interval Expressions181610 -Ref: Interval Expressions-Footnote-1183031 -Node: Bracket Expressions183129 -Ref: table-char-classes185605 -Node: Leftmost Longest188931 -Node: Computed Regexps190234 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators193661 -Node: Case-sensitivity197398 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1200264 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2200499 -Node: Regexp Summary200607 -Node: Reading Files202073 -Node: Records204342 -Node: awk split records205417 -Node: gawk split records210117 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1215191 -Node: Fields215228 -Node: Nonconstant Fields217969 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1220205 -Node: Changing Fields220409 -Node: Field Separators226440 -Node: Default Field Splitting229138 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting230256 -Node: Single Character Fields233933 -Node: Command Line Field Separator234993 -Node: Full Line Fields238211 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1239733 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2239779 -Node: Field Splitting Summary239880 -Node: Constant Size241954 -Node: Fixed width data242686 -Node: Skipping intervening246153 -Node: Allowing trailing data246951 -Node: Fields with fixed data247988 -Node: Splitting By Content249506 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1253289 -Node: More CSV253452 -Node: Testing field creation255044 -Node: Multiple Line256669 -Node: Getline262946 -Node: Plain Getline265415 -Node: Getline/Variable267988 -Node: Getline/File269139 -Node: Getline/Variable/File270527 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1272132 -Node: Getline/Pipe272220 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe274924 -Node: Getline/Coprocess276059 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess277326 -Node: Getline Notes278068 -Node: Getline Summary280865 -Ref: table-getline-variants281289 -Node: Read Timeout282037 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1285943 -Node: Retrying Input286001 -Node: Command-line directories287200 -Node: Input Summary288106 -Node: Input Exercises291278 -Node: Printing291712 -Node: Print293546 -Node: Print Examples295003 -Node: Output Separators297783 -Node: OFMT299800 -Node: Printf301156 -Node: Basic Printf301941 -Node: Control Letters303515 -Node: Format Modifiers308679 -Node: Printf Examples314694 -Node: Redirection317180 -Node: Special FD324021 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1327189 -Node: Special Files327263 -Node: Other Inherited Files327880 -Node: Special Network328881 -Node: Special Caveats329741 -Node: Close Files And Pipes330690 -Ref: table-close-pipe-return-values337597 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1338410 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2338558 -Node: Nonfatal338710 -Node: Output Summary341048 -Node: Output Exercises342270 -Node: Expressions342949 -Node: Values344137 -Node: Constants344815 -Node: Scalar Constants345506 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1348016 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers348266 -Node: Regexp Constants351267 -Node: Using Constant Regexps351793 -Node: Standard Regexp Constants352415 -Node: Strong Regexp Constants355603 -Node: Variables358615 -Node: Using Variables359272 -Node: Assignment Options361182 -Node: Conversion363653 -Node: Strings And Numbers364177 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1367240 -Node: Locale influences conversions367349 -Ref: table-locale-affects370107 -Node: All Operators370725 -Node: Arithmetic Ops371354 -Node: Concatenation374070 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1376917 -Node: Assignment Ops377024 -Ref: table-assign-ops382015 -Node: Increment Ops383328 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions386788 -Node: Truth Values387862 -Node: Typing and Comparison388910 -Node: Variable Typing389730 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1396193 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-2396265 -Node: Comparison Operators396342 -Ref: table-relational-ops396761 -Node: POSIX String Comparison400256 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1401951 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-2402090 -Node: Boolean Ops402174 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1406656 -Node: Conditional Exp406748 -Node: Function Calls408484 -Node: Precedence412361 -Node: Locales416020 -Node: Expressions Summary417652 -Node: Patterns and Actions420225 -Node: Pattern Overview421345 -Node: Regexp Patterns423022 -Node: Expression Patterns423564 -Node: Ranges427345 -Node: BEGIN/END430453 -Node: Using BEGIN/END431214 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1433968 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END434074 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE436387 -Node: Empty439618 -Node: Using Shell Variables439935 -Node: Action Overview442209 -Node: Statements444534 -Node: If Statement446382 -Node: While Statement447877 -Node: Do Statement449905 -Node: For Statement451053 -Node: Switch Statement454224 -Node: Break Statement456665 -Node: Continue Statement458757 -Node: Next Statement460584 -Node: Nextfile Statement462967 -Node: Exit Statement465656 -Node: Built-in Variables468059 -Node: User-modified469192 -Node: Auto-set476959 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1493766 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2493972 -Node: ARGC and ARGV494028 -Node: Pattern Action Summary498241 -Node: Arrays500671 -Node: Array Basics502000 -Node: Array Intro502844 -Ref: figure-array-elements504819 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1507523 -Node: Reference to Elements507651 -Node: Assigning Elements510115 -Node: Array 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Debugging919236 +Node: Debugging Concepts919677 +Node: Debugging Terms921486 +Node: Awk Debugging924061 +Ref: Awk Debugging-Footnote-1925006 +Node: Sample Debugging Session925138 +Node: Debugger Invocation925672 +Node: Finding The Bug927058 +Node: List of Debugger Commands933532 +Node: Breakpoint Control934865 +Node: Debugger Execution Control938559 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data941921 +Node: Execution Stack945462 +Node: Debugger Info947099 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands951170 +Node: Readline Support956232 +Node: Limitations957128 +Node: Debugging Summary959682 +Node: Namespaces960961 +Node: Global Namespace962072 +Node: Qualified Names963470 +Node: Default Namespace964469 +Node: Changing The Namespace965210 +Node: Naming Rules966824 +Node: Internal Name Management968672 +Node: Namespace Example969714 +Node: Namespace And Features972276 +Node: Namespace Summary973711 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic975188 +Node: Computer Arithmetic976675 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges980441 +Ref: table-floating-point-ranges980934 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1981592 +Node: Math Definitions981649 +Ref: table-ieee-formats984625 +Node: MPFR features985192 +Node: FP Math Caution986910 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1987982 +Node: Inexactness of computations988351 +Node: Inexact representation989382 +Node: Comparing FP Values990742 +Node: Errors accumulate991983 +Node: Strange values993439 +Ref: Strange values-Footnote-1996027 +Node: Getting Accuracy996132 +Node: Try To Round998842 +Node: Setting precision999741 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings1000438 +Node: Setting the rounding mode1002268 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes1002642 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-11006573 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers1006752 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-11009927 +Node: Checking for MPFR1010076 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems1011550 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-11015835 +Node: Floating point summary1015873 +Node: Dynamic Extensions1018063 +Node: Extension Intro1019616 +Node: Plugin License1020882 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline1021679 +Ref: figure-load-extension1022118 +Ref: figure-register-new-function1023683 +Ref: figure-call-new-function1024775 +Node: Extension API Description1026837 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction1028550 +Ref: table-api-std-headers1030386 +Node: General Data Types1034635 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-11043341 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions1043640 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-11048141 +Node: Constructor Functions1048240 +Node: API Ownership of MPFR and GMP Values1051893 +Node: Registration Functions1053206 +Node: Extension Functions1053906 +Node: Exit Callback Functions1059228 +Node: Extension Version String1060478 +Node: Input Parsers1061141 +Node: Output Wrappers1073862 +Node: Two-way processors1078374 +Node: Printing Messages1080639 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-11081810 +Node: Updating ERRNO1081963 +Node: Requesting Values1082702 +Ref: table-value-types-returned1083439 +Node: Accessing Parameters1084547 +Node: Symbol Table Access1085784 +Node: Symbol table by name1086296 +Ref: Symbol table by name-Footnote-11089320 +Node: Symbol table by cookie1089448 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-11093633 +Node: Cached values1093697 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-11097233 +Node: Array Manipulation1097386 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-11098477 +Node: Array Data Types1098514 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-11101172 +Node: Array Functions1101264 +Node: Flattening Arrays1105762 +Node: Creating Arrays1112738 +Node: Redirection API1117505 +Node: Extension API Variables1120338 +Node: Extension Versioning1121049 +Ref: gawk-api-version1121478 +Node: Extension GMP/MPFR Versioning1123209 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables1124837 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate1125910 +Node: Changes from API V11129884 +Node: Finding Extensions1131456 +Node: Extension Example1132015 +Node: Internal File Description1132813 +Node: Internal File Ops1136893 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11148243 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1148383 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11150766 +Node: Extension Samples1151040 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1152569 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1160218 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1161705 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1162923 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1166549 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1167385 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1168274 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1169341 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1169930 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1170670 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1172612 +Node: Extension Sample Time1173707 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1175459 +Node: gawkextlib1175951 +Node: Extension summary1178869 +Node: Extension Exercises1182571 +Node: Language History1183813 +Node: V7/SVR3.11185469 +Node: SVR41187621 +Node: POSIX1189055 +Node: BTL1190436 +Node: POSIX/GNU1191165 +Node: Feature History1196943 +Node: Common Extensions1214118 +Node: Ranges and Locales1215401 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11220017 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21220044 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31220279 +Node: Contributors1220502 +Node: History summary1226499 +Node: Installation1227879 +Node: Gawk Distribution1228823 +Node: Getting1229307 +Node: Extracting1230270 +Node: Distribution contents1231908 +Node: Unix Installation1238388 +Node: Quick Installation1239070 +Node: Shell Startup Files1241484 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1242573 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1244888 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1247257 +Node: PC Installation1247717 +Node: PC Binary Installation1248555 +Node: PC Compiling1248990 +Node: PC Using1250107 +Node: Cygwin1253660 +Node: MSYS1254884 +Node: VMS Installation1255486 +Node: VMS Compilation1256277 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11257506 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1257564 +Node: VMS Installation Details1259249 +Node: VMS Running1261502 +Node: VMS GNV1265781 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1266516 +Node: Bugs1266987 +Node: Bug address1267650 +Node: Usenet1270632 +Node: Maintainers1271636 +Node: Other Versions1272821 +Node: Installation summary1280686 +Node: Notes1281895 +Node: Compatibility Mode1282689 +Node: Additions1283471 +Node: Accessing The Source1284396 +Node: Adding Code1285833 +Node: New Ports1292052 +Node: Derived Files1296427 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11302087 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21302122 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31302720 +Node: Future Extensions1302834 +Node: Implementation Limitations1303492 +Node: Extension Design1304702 +Node: Old Extension Problems1305846 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11307364 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1307421 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11310785 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1310974 +Node: Extension Future Growth1313087 +Node: Notes summary1313693 +Node: Basic Concepts1314851 +Node: Basic High Level1315532 +Ref: figure-general-flow1315814 +Ref: figure-process-flow1316499 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11319800 +Node: Basic Data Typing1319985 +Node: Glossary1323313 +Node: Copying1355200 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1392743 +Node: Index1417863 End Tag Table |