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diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 75dc02cb..e499337a 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -453,8 +453,8 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * PC Binary Installation:: Installing a prepared distribution. * PC Compiling:: Compiling `gawk' for MS-DOS, Windows32, and OS/2. -* PC Dynamic:: Compiling `gawk' for dynamic - libraries. +* PC Testing:: Testing `gawk' on PC + Operating Systems. * PC Using:: Running `gawk' on MS-DOS, Windows32 and OS/2. * Cygwin:: Building and running `gawk' for @@ -1567,7 +1567,7 @@ Although this Info file generally only worries about POSIX systems and the POSIX shell, the following issue arises often enough for many users that it is worth addressing. - The "shell" on Microsoft Windows systems use the double-quote + The "shells" on Microsoft Windows systems use the double-quote character for quoting, and make it difficult or impossible to include an escaped double-quote character in a command-line script. The following example, courtesy of Jeroen Brink, shows how to print all lines in a @@ -20115,7 +20115,7 @@ B.3.1 Installation on PC Operating Systems This minor node covers installation and usage of `gawk' on x86 machines running DOS, any version of Windows, or OS/2. In this minor node, the -term "Windows32" refers to any of Windows-95/98/ME/NT/2000. +term "Windows32" refers to any of Windows-95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP/Vista/7. The limitations of DOS (and DOS shells under Windows or OS/2) has meant that various "DOS extenders" are often used with programs such as @@ -20129,8 +20129,7 @@ distribution. * PC Binary Installation:: Installing a prepared distribution. * PC Compiling:: Compiling `gawk' for MS-DOS, Windows32, and OS/2. -* PC Dynamic:: Compiling `gawk' for dynamic - libraries. +* PC Testing:: Testing `gawk' on PC systems. * PC Using:: Running `gawk' on MS-DOS, Windows32 and OS/2. * Cygwin:: Building and running `gawk' for @@ -20176,45 +20175,32 @@ set properly. additional or more detailed installation instructions. -File: gawk.info, Node: PC Compiling, Next: PC Dynamic, Prev: PC Binary Installation, Up: PC Installation +File: gawk.info, Node: PC Compiling, Next: PC Testing, Prev: PC Binary Installation, Up: PC Installation B.3.1.2 Compiling `gawk' for PC Operating Systems ................................................. `gawk' can be compiled for MS-DOS, Windows32, and OS/2 using the GNU development tools from DJ Delorie (DJGPP; MS-DOS only) or Eberhard -Mattes (EMX; MS-DOS, Windows32 and OS/2). Microsoft Visual C/C++ can -be used to build a Windows32 version, and Microsoft C/C++ can be used -to build 16-bit versions for MS-DOS and OS/2. *FIXME:* (As of `gawk' -3.1.2, the MSC version doesn't work. However, the maintainer is working -on fixing it.) The file `README_d/README.pc' in the `gawk' -distribution contains additional notes, and `pc/Makefile' contains -important information on compilation options. - - To build `gawk' for MS-DOS, Windows32, and OS/2 (16 bit only; for 32 -bit (EMX) you can use the `configure' script and skip the following -paragraphs; for details see below), copy the files in the `pc' +Mattes (EMX; MS-DOS, Windows32 and OS/2). The file +`README_d/README.pc' in the `gawk' distribution contains additional +notes, and `pc/Makefile' contains important information on compilation +options. + + To build `gawk' for MS-DOS and Windows32, copy the files in the `pc' directory (_except_ for `ChangeLog') to the directory with the rest of -the `gawk' sources. The `Makefile' contains a configuration section -with comments and may need to be edited in order to work with your -`make' utility. - - The `Makefile' contains a number of targets for building various -MS-DOS, Windows32, and OS/2 versions. A list of targets is printed if -the `make' command is given without a target. As an example, to build -`gawk' using the DJGPP tools, enter `make djgpp'. (The DJGPP tools may -be found at `ftp://ftp.delorie.com/pub/djgpp/current/v2gnu/'.) - - Using `make' to run the standard tests and to install `gawk' -requires additional Unix-like tools, including `sh', `sed', and `cp'. -In order to run the tests, the `test/*.ok' files may need to be -converted so that they have the usual DOS-style end-of-line markers. -Most of the tests work properly with Stewartson's shell along with the -companion utilities or appropriate GNU utilities. However, some -editing of `test/Makefile' is required. It is recommended that you copy -the file `pc/Makefile.tst' over the file `test/Makefile' as a -replacement. Details can be found in `README_d/README.pc' and in the -file `pc/Makefile.tst'. +the `gawk' sources, then invoke `make' with the appropriate target name +as an argument to build `gawk'. The `Makefile' copied from the `pc' +directory contains a configuration section with comments and may need +to be edited in order to work with your `make' utility. + + The `Makefile' supports a number of targets for building various +MS-DOS and Windows32 versions. A list of targets is printed if the +`make' command is given without a target. As an example, to build +`gawk' using the DJGPP tools, enter `make djgpp'. (The DJGPP tools +needed for the build may be found at +`ftp://ftp.delorie.com/pub/djgpp/current/v2gnu/'.) To build a native +MS-Windows binary of `gawk', type `make mingw32'. The 32 bit EMX version of `gawk' works "out of the box" under OS/2. In principle, it is possible to compile `gawk' the following way: @@ -20222,7 +20208,7 @@ In principle, it is possible to compile `gawk' the following way: $ ./configure $ make - This is not recommended, though. To get an OMF executable you should + This is not recommended, though. To get an OMF executable you should use the following commands at your `sh' prompt: $ CPPFLAGS="-D__ST_MT_ERRNO__" @@ -20236,7 +20222,7 @@ use the following commands at your `sh' prompt: $ ./configure --prefix=c:/usr --without-included-gettext $ make AR=emxomfar - These are just suggestions. You may use any other set of + These are just suggestions. You may use any other set of (self-consistent) environment variables and compiler flags. To get an FHS-compliant file hierarchy it is recommended to use the @@ -20263,86 +20249,51 @@ additional `configure' options `--infodir=c:/usr/share/info', NOTE: Versions later than GCC 2.95, i.e., GCC 3.x using the Innotek libc were not tested. - NOTE: Even if the compiled `gawk.exe' (`a.out') executable - contains a DOS header, it does _not_ work under DOS. To compile an - executable that runs under DOS, `"-DPIPES_SIMULATED"' must be - added to `CPPFLAGS'. But then some nonstandard extensions of - `gawk' (e.g., `|&') do not work! - - After compilation the internal tests can be performed. Enter `make -check CMP="diff -a"' at your command prompt. All tests except for the + After compilation the internal tests can be performed. Enter `make +check CMP="diff -a"' at your command prompt. All tests except for the `pid' test are expected to work properly. The `pid' test fails because child processes are not started by `fork()'. - `make install' works as expected. + `make install' works as expected with the EMX build. NOTE: Most OS/2 ports of GNU `make' are not able to handle the - Makefiles of this package. If you encounter any problems with - `make' try GNU Make 3.79.1 or later versions. You should find the - latest version on `ftp://hobbes.nmsu.edu/pub/os2/'. + Makefiles of this package. If you encounter any problems with + `make', try GNU Make 3.79.1 or later versions. You should find + the latest version on `ftp://hobbes.nmsu.edu/pub/os2/'. -File: gawk.info, Node: PC Dynamic, Next: PC Using, Prev: PC Compiling, Up: PC Installation +File: gawk.info, Node: PC Testing, Next: PC Using, Prev: PC Compiling, Up: PC Installation -B.3.1.3 Compiling `gawk' For Dynamic Libraries +B.3.1.3 Testing `gawk' on PC Operating Systems .............................................. -To compile `gawk' with dynamic extension support, uncomment the -definitions of `DYN_FLAGS', `DYN_EXP', `DYN_OBJ', and `DYN_MAKEXP' in -the configuration section of the `Makefile'. There are two definitions -for `DYN_MAKEXP': pick the one that matches your target. - - To build some of the example extension libraries, `cd' to the -extension directory and copy `Makefile.pc' to `Makefile'. You can then -build using the same two targets. To run the example `awk' scripts, -you'll need to either change the call to the `extension()' function to -match the name of the library (for instance, change `"./ordchr.so"' to -`"ordchr.dll"' or simply `"ordchr"'), or rename the library to match -the call (for instance, rename `ordchr.dll' to `ordchr.so'). - - If you build `gawk.exe' with one compiler but want to build an -extension library with the other, you need to copy the import library. -Visual C uses a library called `gawk.lib', while MinGW uses a library -called `libgawk.a'. These files are equivalent and will interoperate if -you give them the correct name. The resulting shared libraries are -also interoperable. - - To create your own extension library, you can use the examples as -models, but you're essentially on your own. Post to `comp.lang.awk' or -send electronic mail to <ptjm@interlog.com> if you have problems getting -started. If you need to access functions or variables which are not -exported by `gawk.exe', add them to `gawkw32.def' and rebuild. You -should also add `ATTRIBUTE_EXPORTED' to the declaration in `awk.h' of -any variables you add to `gawkw32.def'. - - Note that extension libraries have the name of the `awk' executable -embedded in them at link time, so they will work only with `gawk.exe'. -In particular, they won't work if you rename `gawk.exe' to `awk.exe' or -if you try to use `pgawk.exe'. You can perform profiling by temporarily -renaming `pgawk.exe' to `gawk.exe'. You can resolve this problem by -changing the program name in the definition of `DYN_MAKEXP' for your -compiler. - - On Windows32, libraries are sought first in the current directory, -then in the directory containing `gawk.exe', and finally through the -`PATH' environment variable. - - -File: gawk.info, Node: PC Using, Next: Cygwin, Prev: PC Dynamic, Up: PC Installation +Using `make' to run the standard tests and to install `gawk' requires +additional Unix-like tools, including `sh', `sed', and `cp'. In order +to run the tests, the `test/*.ok' files may need to be converted so +that they have the usual DOS-style end-of-line markers. Most of the +tests work properly with Stewartson's shell along with the companion +utilities or appropriate GNU utilities. However, some editing of +`test/Makefile' is required. It is recommended that you copy the file +`pc/Makefile.tst' over the file `test/Makefile' as a replacement. +Details can be found in `README_d/README.pc' and in the file +`pc/Makefile.tst'. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: PC Using, Next: Cygwin, Prev: PC Testing, Up: PC Installation B.3.1.4 Using `gawk' on PC Operating Systems ............................................ With the exception of the Cygwin environment, the `|&' operator and TCP/IP networking (*note TCP/IP Networking::) are not supported for -MS-DOS or MS-Windows. EMX (OS/2 only) does support at least the `|&' +MS-DOS or MS-Windows. EMX (OS/2 only) does support at least the `|&' operator. - The OS/2 and MS-DOS versions of `gawk' search for program files as -described in *note AWKPATH Variable::. However, semicolons (rather -than colons) separate elements in the `AWKPATH' variable. If `AWKPATH' -is not set or is empty, then the default search path for OS/2 (16 bit) -and MS-DOS versions is `".;c:/lib/awk;c:/gnu/lib/awk"'. + The MS-DOS and MS-Windows versions of `gawk' search for program +files as described in *note AWKPATH Variable::. However, semicolons +(rather than colons) separate elements in the `AWKPATH' variable. If +`AWKPATH' is not set or is empty, then the default search path for +MS-Windows and MS-DOS versions is `".;c:/lib/awk;c:/gnu/lib/awk"'. The search path for OS/2 (32 bit, EMX) is determined by the prefix directory (most likely `/usr' or `c:/usr') that has been specified as @@ -20351,26 +20302,20 @@ versions. If `c:/usr' is the prefix directory then the default search path contains `.' and `c:/usr/share/awk'. Additionally, to support binary distributions of `gawk' for OS/2 systems whose drive `c:' might not support long file names or might not exist at all, there is a -special environment variable. If `UNIXROOT' specifies a drive then this -specific drive is also searched for program files. E.g., if `UNIXROOT' -is set to `e:' the complete default search path is +special environment variable. If `UNIXROOT' specifies a drive then +this specific drive is also searched for program files. E.g., if +`UNIXROOT' is set to `e:' the complete default search path is `".;c:/usr/share/awk;e:/usr/share/awk"'. An `sh'-like shell (as opposed to `command.com' under MS-DOS or -`cmd.exe' under OS/2) may be useful for `awk' programming. Ian -Stewartson has written an excellent shell for MS-DOS and OS/2, Daisuke -Aoyama has ported GNU Bash to MS-DOS using the DJGPP tools, and several -shells are available for OS/2, including `ksh'. The file -`README_d/README.pc' in the `gawk' distribution contains information on -these shells. Users of Stewartson's shell on DOS should examine its -documentation for handling command lines; in particular, the setting -for `gawk' in the shell configuration may need to be changed and the -`ignoretype' option may also be of interest. - - Under OS/2 and DOS, `gawk' (and many other text programs) silently -translate end-of-line `"\r\n"' to `"\n"' on input and `"\n"' to -`"\r\n"' on output. A special `BINMODE' variable allows control over -these translations and is interpreted as follows: +`cmd.exe' under Windows or OS/2) may be useful for `awk' programming. +The DJGPP collection of tools includes an MS-DOS port of Bash, and +several shells are available for OS/2, including `ksh'. + + Under Windows, OS/2 and DOS, `gawk' (and many other text programs) +silently translate end-of-line `"\r\n"' to `"\n"' on input and `"\n"' +to `"\r\n"' on output. A special `BINMODE' variable allows control +over these translations and is interpreted as follows: * If `BINMODE' is `"r"', or one, then binary mode is set on read (i.e., no translations on reads). @@ -20432,10 +20377,10 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Cygwin, Next: MSYS, Prev: PC Using, Up: PC Installati B.3.1.5 Using `gawk' In The Cygwin Environment .............................................. -`gawk' can be used "out of the box" under Windows if you are using the -Cygwin environment (http://www.cygwin.com). This environment provides -an excellent simulation of Unix, using the GNU tools, such as Bash, the -GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), GNU Make, and other GNU tools. +`gawk' can be built and used "out of the box" under Windows if you are +using the Cygwin environment (http://www.cygwin.com). This environment +provides an excellent simulation of Unix, using the GNU tools, such as +Bash, the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), GNU Make, and other GNU tools. Compilation and installation for Cygwin is the same as for a Unix system: @@ -20450,7 +20395,7 @@ the `make' proceeds as usual. NOTE: The `|&' operator and TCP/IP networking (*note TCP/IP Networking::) are fully supported in the Cygwin environment. This - is not true for any other environment for MS-Windows. + is not true for any other environment on MS-Windows. File: gawk.info, Node: MSYS, Prev: Cygwin, Up: PC Installation @@ -20459,12 +20404,12 @@ B.3.1.6 Using `gawk' In The MSYS Environment ............................................ In the MSYS environment under Windows, `gawk' automatically uses binary -mode for reading and writing files. Thus there is no need to use the +mode for reading and writing files. Thus there is no need to use the `BINMODE' variable. This can cause problems with other Unix-like components that have been ported to Windows that expect `gawk' to do automatic translation -of `"\r\n"', since it won't. Caveat Emptor! +of `"\r\n"', since it won't. Caveat Emptor! File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Installation, Prev: PC Installation, Up: Non-Unix Installation @@ -25039,7 +24984,7 @@ Index * bindtextdomain() function (gawk): I18N Functions. (line 12) * bindtextdomain() function (gawk), portability and: I18N Portability. (line 33) -* BINMODE variable <1>: PC Using. (line 40) +* BINMODE variable <1>: PC Using. (line 34) * BINMODE variable: User-modified. (line 10) * bits2str user-defined function: Bitwise Functions. (line 68) * bitwise, complement: Bitwise Functions. (line 25) @@ -25184,6 +25129,8 @@ Index * compatibility mode (gawk), specifying: Options. (line 78) * compiled programs <1>: Glossary. (line 155) * compiled programs: Basic High Level. (line 15) +* compiling gawk for DOS and Windows: PC Compiling. (line 13) +* compiling gawk with EMX for OS/2 and Windows: PC Compiling. (line 28) * compl() function (gawk): Bitwise Functions. (line 42) * complement, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 25) * compound statements, control statements and: Statements. (line 10) @@ -25229,6 +25176,7 @@ Index (line 29) * cut utility: Cut Program. (line 6) * cut.awk program: Cut Program. (line 45) +* Cygwin build of gawk: Cygwin. (line 6) * d debugger command (alias for break): Breakpoint Control. (line 57) * d.c., See dark corner: Conventions. (line 37) * dark corner <1>: Glossary. (line 187) @@ -25411,7 +25359,7 @@ Index * differences in awk and gawk, BEGIN/END patterns: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 16) * differences in awk and gawk, BINMODE variable <1>: PC Using. - (line 40) + (line 34) * differences in awk and gawk, BINMODE variable: User-modified. (line 23) * differences in awk and gawk, close() function: Close Files And Pipes. @@ -27018,6 +26966,7 @@ Index * Unix awk, password files, field separators and: Command Line Field Separator. (line 72) * Unix, awk scripts and: Executable Scripts. (line 6) +* UNIXROOT variable, on OS/2 systems: PC Using. (line 17) * unref internal function: Internals. (line 92) * unsigned integers: Basic Data Typing. (line 28) * until debugger command: Dgawk Execution Control. @@ -27034,6 +26983,7 @@ Index * user-modifiable variables: User-modified. (line 6) * users, information about, printing: Id Program. (line 6) * users, information about, retrieving: Passwd Functions. (line 16) +* using gawk on Cygwin: Cygwin. (line 6) * USR1 signal: Profiling. (line 182) * values, numeric: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) * values, string: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) @@ -27175,381 +27125,381 @@ Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-267723 Node: Comments68174 Node: Quoting70542 Node: DOS Quoting75159 -Node: Sample Data Files75827 -Node: Very Simple78859 -Node: Two Rules83456 -Node: More Complex85603 -Ref: More Complex-Footnote-188533 -Node: Statements/Lines88613 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-192971 -Node: Other Features93236 -Node: When94105 -Node: Invoking Gawk96248 -Node: Command Line97633 -Node: Options98416 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1111612 -Node: Other Arguments111637 -Node: Naming Standard Input114300 -Node: Environment Variables115264 -Node: AWKPATH Variable115708 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1118445 -Node: Other Environment Variables118705 -Node: Exit Status121053 -Node: Include Files121728 -Node: Obsolete125119 -Node: Undocumented125805 -Node: Regexp126046 -Node: Regexp Usage127498 -Node: Escape Sequences129524 -Node: Regexp Operators135267 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1142439 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2142586 -Node: Character Lists142684 -Ref: table-char-classes144459 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators147084 -Node: Case-sensitivity150797 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1153752 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2153987 -Node: Leftmost Longest154095 -Node: Computed Regexps155296 -Node: Locales158713 -Node: Reading Files162255 -Node: Records164196 -Ref: Records-Footnote-1172762 -Node: Fields172799 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1175831 -Node: Nonconstant Fields175917 -Node: Changing Fields178119 -Node: Field Separators183404 -Node: Default Field Splitting186033 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting187150 -Node: Single Character Fields190500 -Node: Command Line Field Separator191551 -Node: Field Splitting Summary194990 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1198176 -Node: Constant Size198277 -Node: Splitting By Content202839 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1206565 -Node: Multiple Line206605 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1212345 -Node: Getline212524 -Node: Plain Getline214752 -Node: Getline/Variable216841 -Node: Getline/File217982 -Node: Getline/Variable/File219304 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1220903 -Node: Getline/Pipe220990 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe223538 -Node: Getline/Coprocess224645 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess225888 -Node: Getline Notes226602 -Node: Getline Summary228544 -Ref: table-getline-variants228828 -Node: Command line directories229733 -Node: Printing230358 -Node: Print231989 -Node: Print Examples233326 -Node: Output Separators236110 -Node: OFMT237869 -Node: Printf239227 -Node: Basic Printf240133 -Node: Control Letters241670 -Node: Format Modifiers245482 -Node: Printf Examples251493 -Node: Redirection254208 -Node: Special Files261186 -Node: Special FD261719 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1265294 -Node: Special Network265368 -Node: Special Caveats266223 -Node: Close Files And Pipes267017 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1273961 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2274109 -Node: Expressions274259 -Node: Values275328 -Node: Constants276004 -Node: Scalar Constants276684 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1277543 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers277725 -Node: Regexp Constants280784 -Node: Using Constant Regexps281259 -Node: Variables284264 -Node: Using Variables284919 -Node: Assignment Options286646 -Node: Conversion288527 -Ref: table-locale-affects293901 -Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1294525 -Node: All Operators294634 -Node: Arithmetic Ops295264 -Node: Concatenation297763 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1300556 -Node: Assignment Ops300675 -Ref: table-assign-ops305663 -Node: Increment Ops307064 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions310542 -Node: Truth Values311625 -Node: Typing and Comparison312673 -Node: Variable Typing313462 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1317359 -Node: Comparison Operators317481 -Ref: table-relational-ops317891 -Node: POSIX String Comparison321440 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1322397 -Node: Boolean Ops322535 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1326613 -Node: Conditional Exp326704 -Node: Function Calls328436 -Node: Precedence331995 -Node: Patterns and Actions335648 -Node: Pattern Overview336702 -Node: Regexp Patterns338368 -Node: Expression Patterns338911 -Node: Ranges342485 -Node: BEGIN/END345451 -Node: Using BEGIN/END346201 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1348932 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END349046 -Node: Empty351315 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE351649 -Node: Using Shell Variables354474 -Node: Action Overview356753 -Node: Statements359110 -Node: If Statement360969 -Node: While Statement362468 -Node: Do Statement364512 -Node: For Statement365668 -Node: Switch Statement368820 -Node: Break Statement370917 -Node: Continue Statement372893 -Node: Next Statement374594 -Node: Nextfile Statement376976 -Node: Exit Statement379494 -Node: Built-in Variables381825 -Node: User-modified382920 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1390921 -Node: Auto-set390983 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1399966 -Node: ARGC and ARGV400171 -Node: Arrays403930 -Node: Array Basics405501 -Node: Array Intro406212 -Node: Reference to Elements410530 -Node: Assigning Elements412800 -Node: Array Example413291 -Node: Scanning an Array415023 -Node: Delete417300 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1419698 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts419755 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts421938 -Node: Multi-dimensional423566 -Node: Multi-scanning426657 -Node: Array Sorting428241 -Ref: Array Sorting-Footnote-1431439 -Node: Arrays of Arrays431633 -Node: Functions435795 -Node: Built-in436617 -Node: Calling Built-in437631 -Node: Numeric Functions439607 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1443316 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2443652 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3443700 -Node: String Functions443969 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1465768 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2465897 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3466145 -Node: Gory Details466232 -Ref: table-sub-escapes467889 -Ref: table-posix-sub469203 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes470103 -Node: I/O Functions471274 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1477971 -Node: Time Functions478118 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1488985 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2489053 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3489211 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4489322 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5489434 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6489661 -Node: Bitwise Functions489927 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops490485 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1494645 -Node: I18N Functions494829 -Node: User-defined496459 -Node: Definition Syntax497263 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1501893 -Node: Function Example501962 -Node: Function Caveats504556 -Node: Calling A Function504977 -Node: Variable Scope506066 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference507994 -Node: Return Statement511434 -Node: Dynamic Typing514376 -Node: Indirect Calls515113 -Node: Internationalization524798 -Node: I18N and L10N526226 -Node: Explaining gettext526912 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1531974 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2532157 -Node: Programmer i18n532322 -Node: Translator i18n536585 -Node: String Extraction537378 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1538339 -Node: Printf Ordering538425 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1541209 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