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| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gawk.info | 1494 |
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diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 4a65ec7c..b3c7a696 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -513,12 +513,7 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) with `gawk'. * Extension Intro:: What is an extension. * Plugin License:: A note about licensing. -* Extension Design:: Design notes about the extension API. -* Old Extension Problems:: Problems with the old mechanism. -* Extension New Mechanism Goals:: Goals for the new mechanism. -* Extension Other Design Decisions:: Some other design decisions. * Extension Mechanism Outline:: An outline of how it works. -* Extension Future Growth:: Some room for future growth. * Extension API Description:: A full description of the API. * Extension API Functions Introduction:: Introduction to the API functions. * General Data Types:: The data types. @@ -636,7 +631,13 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) `git' repository. * Future Extensions:: New features that may be implemented one day. -* Implementation Limitations:: Some limitations of the implementation. +* Implementation Limitations:: Some limitations of the + implementation. +* Extension Design:: Design notes about the extension API. +* Old Extension Problems:: Problems with the old mechanism. +* Extension New Mechanism Goals:: Goals for the new mechanism. +* Extension Other Design Decisions:: Some other design decisions. +* Extension Future Growth:: Some room for future growth. * Basic High Level:: The high level view. * Basic Data Typing:: A very quick intro to data types. @@ -21368,7 +21369,7 @@ describes how to create extensions using code written in C or C++. If you don't know anything about C programming, you can safely skip this major node, although you may wish to review the documentation on the extensions that come with `gawk' (*note Extension Samples::), and -the minor node on the `gawkextlib' project (*note gawkextlib::). The +the information on the `gawkextlib' project (*note gawkextlib::). The sample extensions are automatically built and installed when `gawk' is. NOTE: When `--sandbox' is specified, extensions are disabled @@ -21378,7 +21379,7 @@ sample extensions are automatically built and installed when `gawk' is. * Extension Intro:: What is an extension. * Plugin License:: A note about licensing. -* Extension Design:: Design notes about the extension API. +* Extension Mechanism Outline:: An outline of how it works. * Extension API Description:: A full description of the API. * Extension Example:: Example C code for an extension. * Extension Samples:: The sample extensions that ship with @@ -21412,7 +21413,7 @@ sample extensions included in the `gawk' distribution, and describes the `gawkextlib' project. -File: gawk.info, Node: Plugin License, Next: Extension Design, Prev: Extension Intro, Up: Dynamic Extensions +File: gawk.info, Node: Plugin License, Next: Extension Mechanism Outline, Prev: Extension Intro, Up: Dynamic Extensions 16.2 Extension Licensing ======================== @@ -21429,203 +21430,14 @@ the symbol exists in the global scope. Something like this is enough: int plugin_is_GPL_compatible; -File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Design, Next: Extension API Description, Prev: Plugin License, Up: Dynamic Extensions - -16.3 Extension API Design -========================= - -The first version of extensions for `gawk' was developed in the -mid-1990s and released with `gawk' 3.1 in the late 1990s. The basic -mechanisms and design remained unchanged for close to 15 years, until -2012. - - The old extension mechanism used data types and functions from -`gawk' itself, with a "clever hack" to install extension functions. - - `gawk' included some sample extensions, of which a few were really -useful. However, it was clear from the outset that the extension -mechanism was bolted onto the side and was not really thought out. - -* Menu: - -* Old Extension Problems:: Problems with the old mechanism. -* Extension New Mechanism Goals:: Goals for the new mechanism. -* Extension Other Design Decisions:: Some other design decisions. -* Extension Mechanism Outline:: An outline of how it works. -* Extension Future Growth:: Some room for future growth. - - -File: gawk.info, Node: Old Extension Problems, Next: Extension New Mechanism Goals, Up: Extension Design - -16.3.1 Problems With The Old Mechanism --------------------------------------- - -The old extension mechanism had several problems: - - * It depended heavily upon `gawk' internals. Any time the `NODE' - structure(1) changed, an extension would have to be recompiled. - Furthermore, to really write extensions required understanding - something about `gawk''s internal functions. There was some - documentation in this Info file, but it was quite minimal. - - * Being able to call into `gawk' from an extension required linker - facilities that are common on Unix-derived systems but that did - not work on Windows systems; users wanting extensions on Windows - had to statically link them into `gawk', even though Windows - supports dynamic loading of shared objects. - - * The API would change occasionally as `gawk' changed; no - compatibility between versions was ever offered or planned for. - - Despite the drawbacks, the `xgawk' project developers forked `gawk' -and developed several significant extensions. They also enhanced -`gawk''s facilities relating to file inclusion and shared object access. - - A new API was desired for a long time, but only in 2012 did the -`gawk' maintainer and the `xgawk' developers finally start working on -it together. More information about the `xgawk' project is provided in -*note gawkextlib::. - - ---------- Footnotes ---------- - - (1) A critical central data structure inside `gawk'. - - -File: gawk.info, Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals, Next: Extension Other Design Decisions, Prev: Old Extension Problems, Up: Extension Design - -16.3.2 Goals For A New Mechanism --------------------------------- - -Some goals for the new API were: - - * The API should be independent of `gawk' internals. Changes in - `gawk' internals should not be visible to the writer of an - extension function. - - * The API should provide _binary_ compatibility across `gawk' - releases as long as the API itself does not change. - - * The API should enable extensions written in C to have roughly the - same "appearance" to `awk'-level code as `awk' functions do. This - means that extensions should have: - - - The ability to access function parameters. - - - The ability to turn an undefined parameter into an array - (call by reference). - - - The ability to create, access and update global variables. - - - Easy access to all the elements of an array at once ("array - flattening") in order to loop over all the element in an easy - fashion for C code. - - - The ability to create arrays (including `gawk''s true - multi-dimensional arrays). - - Some additional important goals were: - - * The API should use only features in ISO C 90, so that extensions - can be written using the widest range of C and C++ compilers. The - header should include the appropriate `#ifdef __cplusplus' and - `extern "C"' magic so that a C++ compiler could be used. (If - using C++, the runtime system has to be smart enough to call any - constructors and destructors, as `gawk' is a C program. As of this - writing, this has not been tested.) - - * The API mechanism should not require access to `gawk''s symbols(1) - by the compile-time or dynamic linker, in order to enable creation - of extensions that also work on Windows. - - During development, it became clear that there were other features -that should be available to extensions, which were also subsequently -provided: - - * Extensions should have the ability to hook into `gawk''s I/O - redirection mechanism. In particular, the `xgawk' developers - provided a so-called "open hook" to take over reading records. - During development, this was generalized to allow extensions to - hook into input processing, output processing, and two-way I/O. - - * An extension should be able to provide a "call back" function to - perform clean up actions when `gawk' exits. - - * An extension should be able to provide a version string so that - `gawk''s `--version' option can provide information about - extensions as well. - - ---------- Footnotes ---------- - - (1) The "symbols" are the variables and functions defined inside -`gawk'. Access to these symbols by code external to `gawk' loaded -dynamically at runtime is problematic on Windows. - - -File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Other Design Decisions, Next: Extension Mechanism Outline, Prev: Extension New Mechanism Goals, Up: Extension Design - -16.3.3 Other Design Decisions ------------------------------ - -As an arbitrary design decision, extensions can read the values of -built-in variables and arrays (such as `ARGV' and `FS'), but cannot -change them, with the exception of `PROCINFO'. +File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Mechanism Outline, Next: Extension API Description, Prev: Plugin License, Up: Dynamic Extensions - The reason for this is to prevent an extension function from -affecting the flow of an `awk' program outside its control. While a -real `awk' function can do what it likes, that is at the discretion of -the programmer. An extension function should provide a service or make -a C API available for use within `awk', and not mess with `FS' or -`ARGC' and `ARGV'. - - In addition, it becomes easy to start down a slippery slope. How -much access to `gawk' facilities do extensions need? Do they need -`getline'? What about calling `gsub()' or compiling regular -expressions? What about calling into `awk' functions? (_That_ would be -messy.) - - In order to avoid these issues, the `gawk' developers chose to start -with the simplest, most basic features that are still truly useful. - - Another decision is that although `gawk' provides nice things like -MPFR, and arrays indexed internally by integers, these features are not -being brought out to the API in order to keep things simple and close to -traditional `awk' semantics. (In fact, arrays indexed internally by -integers are so transparent that they aren't even documented!) - - Additionally, all functions in the API check that their pointer -input parameters are not `NULL'. If they are, they return an error. -(It is a good idea for extension code to verify that pointers received -from `gawk' are not `NULL'. Such a thing should not happen, but the -`gawk' developers are only human, and they have been known to -occasionally make mistakes.) - - With time, the API will undoubtedly evolve; the `gawk' developers -expect this to be driven by user needs. For now, the current API seems -to provide a minimal yet powerful set of features for creating -extensions. - - -File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Mechanism Outline, Next: Extension Future Growth, Prev: Extension Other Design Decisions, Up: Extension Design - -16.3.4 At A High Level How It Works ------------------------------------ - -The requirement to avoid access to `gawk''s symbols is, at first -glance, a difficult one to meet. - - One design, apparently used by Perl and Ruby and maybe others, would -be to make the mainline `gawk' code into a library, with the `gawk' -utility a small C `main()' function linked against the library. - - This seemed like the tail wagging the dog, complicating build and -installation and making a simple copy of the `gawk' executable from one -system to another (or one place to another on the same system!) into a -chancy operation. +16.3 At A High Level How It Works +================================= - Pat Rankin suggested the solution that was adopted. Communication -between `gawk' and an extension is two-way. First, when an extension -is loaded, it is passed a pointer to a `struct' whose fields are -function pointers. This is shown in *note load-extension::. +Communication between `gawk' and an extension is two-way. First, when +an extension is loaded, it is passed a pointer to a `struct' whose +fields are function pointers. This is shown in *note load-extension::. API Struct @@ -21722,28 +21534,7 @@ Example::) and also the `testext.c' code for testing the APIs. Versioning::, for details. -File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Future Growth, Prev: Extension Mechanism Outline, Up: Extension Design - -16.3.5 Room For Future Growth ------------------------------ - -The API can later be expanded, in two ways: - - * `gawk' passes an "extension id" into the extension when it first - loads the extension. The extension then passes this id back to - `gawk' with each function call. This mechanism allows `gawk' to - identify the extension calling into it, should it need to know. - - * Similarly, the extension passes a "name space" into `gawk' when it - registers each extension function. This allows a future mechanism - for grouping extension functions and possibly avoiding name - conflicts. - - Of course, as of this writing, no decisions have been made with -respect to any of the above. - - -File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Description, Next: Extension Example, Prev: Extension Design, Up: Dynamic Extensions +File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Description, Next: Extension Example, Prev: Extension Mechanism Outline, Up: Dynamic Extensions 16.4 API Description ==================== @@ -23159,12 +22950,12 @@ as a nice example to show how to use the APIs. } This code creates an array with `split()' (*note String Functions::) -and then calls `dump_and_delete()'. That function looks up the array -whose name is passed as the first argument, and deletes the element at -the index passed in the second argument. It then prints the return -value and checks if the element was indeed deleted. Here is the C code -that implements `dump_array_and_delete()'. It has been edited slightly -for presentation. +and then calls `dump_array_and_delete()'. That function looks up the +array whose name is passed as the first argument, and deletes the +element at the index passed in the second argument. It then prints the +return value and checks if the element was indeed deleted. Here is the +C code that implements `dump_array_and_delete()'. It has been edited +slightly for presentation. The first part declares variables, sets up the default return value in `result', and checks that the function was called with the correct @@ -26496,6 +26287,7 @@ and maintainers of `gawk'. Everything in it applies specifically to * Additions:: Making Additions To `gawk'. * Future Extensions:: New features that may be implemented one day. * Implementation Limitations:: Some limitations of the implementation. +* Extension Design:: Design notes about the extension API. File: gawk.info, Node: Compatibility Mode, Next: Additions, Up: Notes @@ -26959,7 +26751,7 @@ Additions::, if you are interested in tackling any of the projects listed there. -File: gawk.info, Node: Implementation Limitations, Prev: Future Extensions, Up: Notes +File: gawk.info, Node: Implementation Limitations, Next: Extension Design, Prev: Future Extensions, Up: Notes C.4 Some Limitations of the Implementation ========================================== @@ -26990,6 +26782,220 @@ Size of a literal string `MAX_INT ' Size of a printf string `MAX_INT ' +File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Design, Prev: Implementation Limitations, Up: Notes + +C.5 Extension API Design +======================== + +This minor node documents the design of the extension API, including a +discussion of some of the history and problems that needed to be solved. + + The first version of extensions for `gawk' was developed in the +mid-1990s and released with `gawk' 3.1 in the late 1990s. The basic +mechanisms and design remained unchanged for close to 15 years, until +2012. + + The old extension mechanism used data types and functions from +`gawk' itself, with a "clever hack" to install extension functions. + + `gawk' included some sample extensions, of which a few were really +useful. However, it was clear from the outset that the extension +mechanism was bolted onto the side and was not really thought out. + +* Menu: + +* Old Extension Problems:: Problems with the old mechanism. +* Extension New Mechanism Goals:: Goals for the new mechanism. +* Extension Other Design Decisions:: Some other design decisions. +* Extension Future Growth:: Some room for future growth. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Old Extension Problems, Next: Extension New Mechanism Goals, Up: Extension Design + +C.5.1 Problems With The Old Mechanism +------------------------------------- + +The old extension mechanism had several problems: + + * It depended heavily upon `gawk' internals. Any time the `NODE' + structure(1) changed, an extension would have to be recompiled. + Furthermore, to really write extensions required understanding + something about `gawk''s internal functions. There was some + documentation in this Info file, but it was quite minimal. + + * Being able to call into `gawk' from an extension required linker + facilities that are common on Unix-derived systems but that did + not work on Windows systems; users wanting extensions on Windows + had to statically link them into `gawk', even though Windows + supports dynamic loading of shared objects. + + * The API would change occasionally as `gawk' changed; no + compatibility between versions was ever offered or planned for. + + Despite the drawbacks, the `xgawk' project developers forked `gawk' +and developed several significant extensions. They also enhanced +`gawk''s facilities relating to file inclusion and shared object access. + + A new API was desired for a long time, but only in 2012 did the +`gawk' maintainer and the `xgawk' developers finally start working on +it together. More information about the `xgawk' project is provided in +*note gawkextlib::. + + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) A critical central data structure inside `gawk'. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals, Next: Extension Other Design Decisions, Prev: Old Extension Problems, Up: Extension Design + +C.5.2 Goals For A New Mechanism +------------------------------- + +Some goals for the new API were: + + * The API should be independent of `gawk' internals. Changes in + `gawk' internals should not be visible to the writer of an + extension function. + + * The API should provide _binary_ compatibility across `gawk' + releases as long as the API itself does not change. + + * The API should enable extensions written in C to have roughly the + same "appearance" to `awk'-level code as `awk' functions do. This + means that extensions should have: + + - The ability to access function parameters. + + - The ability to turn an undefined parameter into an array + (call by reference). + + - The ability to create, access and update global variables. + + - Easy access to all the elements of an array at once ("array + flattening") in order to loop over all the element in an easy + fashion for C code. + + - The ability to create arrays (including `gawk''s true + multi-dimensional arrays). + + Some additional important goals were: + + * The API should use only features in ISO C 90, so that extensions + can be written using the widest range of C and C++ compilers. The + header should include the appropriate `#ifdef __cplusplus' and + `extern "C"' magic so that a C++ compiler could be used. (If + using C++, the runtime system has to be smart enough to call any + constructors and destructors, as `gawk' is a C program. As of this + writing, this has not been tested.) + + * The API mechanism should not require access to `gawk''s symbols(1) + by the compile-time or dynamic linker, in order to enable creation + of extensions that also work on Windows. + + During development, it became clear that there were other features +that should be available to extensions, which were also subsequently +provided: + + * Extensions should have the ability to hook into `gawk''s I/O + redirection mechanism. In particular, the `xgawk' developers + provided a so-called "open hook" to take over reading records. + During development, this was generalized to allow extensions to + hook into input processing, output processing, and two-way I/O. + + * An extension should be able to provide a "call back" function to + perform clean up actions when `gawk' exits. + + * An extension should be able to provide a version string so that + `gawk''s `--version' option can provide information about + extensions as well. + + The requirement to avoid access to `gawk''s symbols is, at first +glance, a difficult one to meet. + + One design, apparently used by Perl and Ruby and maybe others, would +be to make the mainline `gawk' code into a library, with the `gawk' +utility a small C `main()' function linked against the library. + + This seemed like the tail wagging the dog, complicating build and +installation and making a simple copy of the `gawk' executable from one +system to another (or one place to another on the same system!) into a +chancy operation. + + Pat Rankin suggested the solution that was adopted. *Note Extension +Mechanism Outline::, for the details. + + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) The "symbols" are the variables and functions defined inside +`gawk'. Access to these symbols by code external to `gawk' loaded +dynamically at runtime is problematic on Windows. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Other Design Decisions, Next: Extension Future Growth, Prev: Extension New Mechanism Goals, Up: Extension Design + +C.5.3 Other Design Decisions +---------------------------- + +As an arbitrary design decision, extensions can read the values of +built-in variables and arrays (such as `ARGV' and `FS'), but cannot +change them, with the exception of `PROCINFO'. + + The reason for this is to prevent an extension function from +affecting the flow of an `awk' program outside its control. While a +real `awk' function can do what it likes, that is at the discretion of +the programmer. An extension function should provide a service or make +a C API available for use within `awk', and not mess with `FS' or +`ARGC' and `ARGV'. + + In addition, it becomes easy to start down a slippery slope. How +much access to `gawk' facilities do extensions need? Do they need +`getline'? What about calling `gsub()' or compiling regular +expressions? What about calling into `awk' functions? (_That_ would be +messy.) + + In order to avoid these issues, the `gawk' developers chose to start +with the simplest, most basic features that are still truly useful. + + Another decision is that although `gawk' provides nice things like +MPFR, and arrays indexed internally by integers, these features are not +being brought out to the API in order to keep things simple and close to +traditional `awk' semantics. (In fact, arrays indexed internally by +integers are so transparent that they aren't even documented!) + + Additionally, all functions in the API check that their pointer +input parameters are not `NULL'. If they are, they return an error. +(It is a good idea for extension code to verify that pointers received +from `gawk' are not `NULL'. Such a thing should not happen, but the +`gawk' developers are only human, and they have been known to +occasionally make mistakes.) + + With time, the API will undoubtedly evolve; the `gawk' developers +expect this to be driven by user needs. For now, the current API seems +to provide a minimal yet powerful set of features for creating +extensions. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Future Growth, Prev: Extension Other Design Decisions, Up: Extension Design + +C.5.4 Room For Future Growth +---------------------------- + +The API can later be expanded, in two ways: + + * `gawk' passes an "extension id" into the extension when it first + loads the extension. The extension then passes this id back to + `gawk' with each function call. This mechanism allows `gawk' to + identify the extension calling into it, should it need to know. + + * Similarly, the extension passes a "name space" into `gawk' when it + registers each extension function. This allows a future mechanism + for grouping extension functions and possibly avoiding name + conflicts. + + Of course, as of this writing, no decisions have been made with +respect to any of the above. + + File: gawk.info, Node: Basic Concepts, Next: Glossary, Prev: Notes, Up: Top Appendix D Basic Programming Concepts @@ -31779,516 +31785,516 @@ Index Tag Table: Node: Top1352 -Node: Foreword40138 -Node: Preface44483 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-147536 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-247642 -Node: History47874 -Node: Names50265 -Ref: Names-Footnote-151742 -Node: This Manual51814 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-157720 -Node: Conventions57820 -Node: Manual History59954 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-163224 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-263265 -Node: How To Contribute63339 -Node: Acknowledgments64483 -Node: Getting Started68979 -Node: Running gawk71358 -Node: One-shot72544 -Node: Read Terminal73769 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-175419 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-275695 -Node: Long75866 -Node: Executable Scripts77242 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-179111 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-279213 -Node: Comments79760 -Node: Quoting82227 -Node: DOS Quoting86850 -Node: Sample Data Files87525 -Node: Very Simple90557 -Node: Two Rules95156 -Node: More Complex97303 -Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1100233 -Node: Statements/Lines100318 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1104780 -Node: Other Features105045 -Node: When105973 -Node: Invoking Gawk108120 -Node: Command Line109581 -Node: Options110364 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1125762 -Node: Other Arguments125787 -Node: Naming Standard Input128445 -Node: Environment Variables129539 -Node: AWKPATH Variable130097 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1132855 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable133115 -Node: Other Environment Variables133712 -Node: Exit Status136207 -Node: Include Files136882 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries140451 -Node: Obsolete141676 -Node: Undocumented142373 -Node: Regexp142616 -Node: Regexp Usage144005 -Node: Escape Sequences146031 -Node: Regexp Operators151794 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1159174 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2159321 -Node: Bracket Expressions159419 -Ref: table-char-classes161309 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators163832 -Node: Case-sensitivity167555 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1170523 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2170758 -Node: Leftmost Longest170866 -Node: Computed Regexps172067 -Node: Reading Files175477 -Node: Records177480 -Ref: Records-Footnote-1186404 -Node: Fields186441 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1189474 -Node: Nonconstant Fields189560 -Node: Changing Fields191762 -Node: Field Separators197743 -Node: Default Field Splitting200372 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting201489 -Node: Single Character Fields204831 -Node: Command Line Field Separator205890 -Node: Field Splitting Summary209331 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1212523 -Node: Constant Size212624 -Node: Splitting By Content217208 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1220934 -Node: Multiple Line220974 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1226821 -Node: Getline227000 -Node: Plain Getline229216 -Node: Getline/Variable231305 -Node: Getline/File232446 -Node: Getline/Variable/File233768 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1235367 -Node: Getline/Pipe235454 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe238014 -Node: Getline/Coprocess239121 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess240364 -Node: Getline Notes241078 -Node: Getline Summary243865 -Ref: table-getline-variants244273 -Node: Read Timeout245131 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1248876 -Node: Command line directories248933 -Node: Printing249563 -Node: Print251194 -Node: Print Examples252531 -Node: Output Separators255315 -Node: OFMT257075 -Node: Printf258433 -Node: Basic Printf259339 -Node: Control Letters260878 -Node: Format Modifiers264690 -Node: Printf Examples270699 -Node: Redirection273414 -Node: Special Files280398 -Node: Special FD280931 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1284556 -Node: Special Network284630 -Node: Special Caveats285480 -Node: Close Files And Pipes286276 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1293299 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2293447 -Node: Expressions293597 -Node: Values294729 -Node: Constants295405 -Node: Scalar Constants296085 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1296944 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers297126 -Node: Regexp Constants300185 -Node: Using Constant Regexps300660 -Node: Variables303715 -Node: Using Variables304370 -Node: Assignment Options306094 -Node: Conversion307966 -Ref: table-locale-affects313342 -Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1313966 -Node: All Operators314075 -Node: Arithmetic Ops314705 -Node: Concatenation317210 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1320003 -Node: Assignment Ops320123 -Ref: table-assign-ops325111 -Node: Increment Ops326519 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions329989 -Node: Truth Values331072 -Node: Typing and Comparison332121 -Node: Variable Typing332910 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1336807 -Node: Comparison Operators336929 -Ref: table-relational-ops337339 -Node: POSIX String Comparison340888 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1341844 -Node: Boolean Ops341982 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1346060 -Node: Conditional Exp346151 -Node: Function Calls347883 -Node: Precedence351477 -Node: Locales355146 -Node: Patterns and Actions356235 -Node: Pattern Overview357289 -Node: Regexp Patterns358958 -Node: Expression Patterns359501 -Node: Ranges363186 -Node: BEGIN/END366152 -Node: Using BEGIN/END366914 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1369645 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END369751 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE372033 -Node: Empty374937 -Node: Using Shell Variables375253 -Node: Action Overview377538 -Node: Statements379895 -Node: If Statement381749 -Node: While Statement383248 -Node: Do Statement385292 -Node: For Statement386448 -Node: Switch Statement389600 -Node: Break Statement391697 -Node: Continue Statement393687 -Node: Next Statement395480 -Node: Nextfile Statement397870 -Node: Exit Statement400511 -Node: Built-in Variables402927 -Node: User-modified404022 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1412377 -Node: Auto-set412439 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1424790 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2424995 -Node: ARGC and ARGV425051 -Node: Arrays428902 -Node: Array Basics430407 -Node: Array Intro431233 -Node: Reference to Elements435551 -Node: Assigning Elements437821 -Node: Array Example438312 -Node: Scanning an Array440044 -Node: Controlling Scanning442358 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1447291 -Node: Delete447607 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1450372 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts450429 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts452612 -Node: Multi-dimensional454240 -Node: Multi-scanning457334 -Node: Arrays of Arrays458925 -Node: Functions463570 -Node: Built-in464389 -Node: Calling Built-in465467 -Node: Numeric Functions467455 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1471287 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2471644 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3471692 -Node: String Functions471961 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1495458 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2495587 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3495835 -Node: Gory Details495922 -Ref: table-sub-escapes497601 -Ref: 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History47914 +Node: Names50305 +Ref: Names-Footnote-151782 +Node: This Manual51854 +Ref: This Manual-Footnote-157760 +Node: Conventions57860 +Node: Manual History59994 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-163264 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-263305 +Node: How To Contribute63379 +Node: Acknowledgments64523 +Node: Getting Started69019 +Node: Running gawk71398 +Node: One-shot72584 +Node: Read Terminal73809 +Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-175459 +Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-275735 +Node: Long75906 +Node: Executable Scripts77282 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-179151 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-279253 +Node: Comments79800 +Node: Quoting82267 +Node: DOS Quoting86890 +Node: Sample Data Files87565 +Node: Very Simple90597 +Node: Two Rules95196 +Node: More Complex97343 +Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1100273 +Node: Statements/Lines100358 +Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1104820 +Node: Other Features105085 +Node: When106013 +Node: Invoking Gawk108160 +Node: Command Line109621 +Node: Options110404 +Ref: 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Decisions1084938 +Node: Extension Future Growth1087044 +Node: Basic Concepts1087865 +Node: Basic High Level1088546 +Ref: figure-general-flow1088817 +Ref: figure-process-flow1089416 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11092645 +Node: Basic Data Typing1092830 +Node: Glossary1096185 +Node: Copying1121496 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1159053 +Node: Index1184190 End Tag Table |