diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'doc/gawk.info')
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gawk.info | 962 |
1 files changed, 484 insertions, 478 deletions
diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index c5702eee..bf279828 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY Copyright (C) 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, -2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. +2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Free +Software Foundation, Inc. This is Edition 4 of `GAWK: Effective AWK Programming: A User's @@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ This file documents `awk', a program that you can use to select particular records in a file and perform operations upon them. Copyright (C) 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, -2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011 Free Software -Foundation, Inc. +2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Free +Software Foundation, Inc. This is Edition 4 of `GAWK: Effective AWK Programming: A User's @@ -1414,7 +1414,8 @@ pass to that interpreter. The operating system then runs the interpreter with the given argument and the full argument list of the executed program. The first argument in the list is the full file name of the `awk' program. The rest of the argument list contains either -options to `awk', or data files, or both. +options to `awk', or data files, or both. Note that on many systems +`awk' may be found in `/usr/bin' instead of in `/bin'. Caveat Emptor. File: gawk.info, Node: Comments, Next: Quoting, Prev: Executable Scripts, Up: Running gawk @@ -3221,6 +3222,10 @@ sequences and that are not listed in the table stand for themselves: constants are valid and work the way you want them to, using any version of `awk'.(2) + Finally, when `{' and `}' appear in regexp constants in a way that + cannot be interpreted as an interval expression (such as + `/q{a}/'), then they stand for themselves. + In regular expressions, the `*', `+', and `?' operators, as well as the braces `{' and `}', have the highest precedence, followed by concatenation, and finally by `|'. As in arithmetic, parentheses can @@ -9327,7 +9332,7 @@ specific to `gawk' are marked with a pound sign (`#'). The working precision of arbitrary precision floating-point numbers, 53 by default (*note Setting Precision::). -`RNDMODE #' +`ROUNDMODE #' The rounding mode to use for arbitrary precision arithmetic on numbers, by default `"N"' (`roundTiesToEven' in the IEEE-754 standard) (*note Setting Rounding Mode::). @@ -10723,7 +10728,8 @@ with numbers. Optional parameters are enclosed in square brackets ([ ]): `atan2(Y, X)' - Return the arctangent of `Y / X' in radians. + Return the arctangent of `Y / X' in radians. You can use `pi = + atan2(0, -1)' to retrieve the value of pi. `cos(X)' Return the cosine of X, with X in radians. @@ -13922,11 +13928,11 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Rounding Mode, Next: Arbitrary Precision Floats, Prev: The "rounding mode" specifies the behavior for the results of numerical operations when discarding extra precision. Each rounding mode indicates how the least significant returned digit of a rounded result is to be -calculated. The `RNDMODE' variable (*note Setting Rounding Mode::) +calculated. The `ROUNDMODE' variable (*note Setting Rounding Mode::) provides program level control over the rounding mode. *note table-rounding-modes:: lists the IEEE-754 defined rounding modes: -Rounding Mode IEEE Name `RNDMODE' +Rounding Mode IEEE Name `ROUNDMODE' --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Round to nearest, ties to even `roundTiesToEven' `"N"' or `"n"' Round toward plus Infinity `roundTowardPositive' `"U"' or `"u"' @@ -14013,18 +14019,18 @@ and rounding modes, and gives correctly rounded reproducible platform-independent results. With the command-line option `--bignum' or `-M', all floating-point arithmetic operators and numeric functions can yield results to any desired precision level supported by MPFR. -Two built-in variables `PREC' (*note Setting Precision::) and `RNDMODE' -(*note Setting Rounding Mode::) provide control over the working -precision and the rounding mode. The precision and the rounding mode -are set globally for every operation to follow. +Two built-in variables `PREC' (*note Setting Precision::) and +`ROUNDMODE' (*note Setting Rounding Mode::) provide control over the +working precision and the rounding mode. The precision and the +rounding mode are set globally for every operation to follow. The default working precision for arbitrary precision floats is 53, -and the default value for `RNDMODE' is `"N"', which selects the IEEE-754 -`roundTiesToEven' (*note Rounding Mode::) rounding mode.(1) `gawk' uses -the default exponent range in MPFR (EMAX = 2^30 - 1, EMIN = -EMAX) for -all floating-point contexts. There is no explicit mechanism to adjust -the exponent range. MPFR does not implement subnormal numbers by -default, and this behavior cannot be changed in `gawk'. +and the default value for `ROUNDMODE' is `"N"', which selects the +IEEE-754 `roundTiesToEven' (*note Rounding Mode::) rounding mode.(1) +`gawk' uses the default exponent range in MPFR (EMAX = 2^30 - 1, EMIN = +-EMAX) for all floating-point contexts. There is no explicit mechanism +to adjust the exponent range. MPFR does not implement subnormal +numbers by default, and this behavior cannot be changed in `gawk'. NOTE: When emulating an IEEE-754 format (*note Setting Precision::), `gawk' internally adjusts the exponent range to the @@ -14113,19 +14119,19 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Setting Rounding Mode, Next: Floating-point Constants, 11.7 Setting the Rounding Mode ============================== -The built-in variable `RNDMODE' has the default value `"N"', which +The built-in variable `ROUNDMODE' has the default value `"N"', which selects the IEEE-754 rounding mode `roundTiesToEven'. The other -possible values for `RNDMODE' are `"U"' for rounding mode +possible values for `ROUNDMODE' are `"U"' for rounding mode `roundTowardPositive', `"D"' for `roundTowardNegative', and `"Z"' for `roundTowardZero'. `gawk' also accepts `"A"' to select the IEEE-754 mode `roundTiesToAway' if your version of the MPFR library supports it; -otherwise setting `RNDMODE' to this value has no effect. *Note Rounding -Mode::, for the meanings of the various rounding modes. +otherwise setting `ROUNDMODE' to this value has no effect. *Note +Rounding Mode::, for the meanings of the various rounding modes. Here is an example of how to change the default rounding behavior of `printf''s output: - $ gawk -M -vRNDMODE="Z" 'BEGIN { printf("%.2f\n", 1.378) }' + $ gawk -M -vROUNDMODE="Z" 'BEGIN { printf("%.2f\n", 1.378) }' -| 1.37 @@ -26353,7 +26359,7 @@ Index * coprocesses, closing: Close Files And Pipes. (line 6) * coprocesses, getline from: Getline/Coprocess. (line 6) -* cos() function: Numeric Functions. (line 14) +* cos() function: Numeric Functions. (line 15) * counting: Wc Program. (line 6) * csh utility: Statements/Lines. (line 44) * csh utility, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 329) @@ -26714,7 +26720,7 @@ Index * exclamation point (!), !~ operator: Regexp Usage. (line 19) * exit statement: Exit Statement. (line 6) * exit status, of gawk: Exit Status. (line 6) -* exp() function: Numeric Functions. (line 17) +* exp() function: Numeric Functions. (line 18) * expand utility: Very Simple. (line 69) * expressions: Expressions. (line 6) * expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 6) @@ -27044,7 +27050,7 @@ Index (line 26) * gawk, regular expressions, operators: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 6) -* gawk, regular expressions, precedence: Regexp Operators. (line 157) +* gawk, regular expressions, precedence: Regexp Operators. (line 161) * gawk, RT variable in <1>: Auto-set. (line 213) * gawk, RT variable in <2>: Getline/Variable/File. (line 10) @@ -27226,7 +27232,7 @@ Index * installation, VMS: VMS Installation. (line 6) * installing gawk: Installation. (line 6) * INT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 206) -* int() function: Numeric Functions. (line 22) +* int() function: Numeric Functions. (line 23) * integer, arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Integers. (line 6) * integers: Basic Data Typing. (line 21) @@ -27400,7 +27406,7 @@ Index * localization, See internationalization, localization: I18N and L10N. (line 6) * log files, timestamps in: Time Functions. (line 6) -* log() function: Numeric Functions. (line 29) +* log() function: Numeric Functions. (line 30) * logical false/true: Truth Values. (line 6) * logical operators, See Boolean expressions: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * login information: Passwd Functions. (line 16) @@ -27536,7 +27542,7 @@ Index * numbers, hexadecimal: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 6) * numbers, NODE internal type: Internals. (line 23) * numbers, octal: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 6) -* numbers, random: Numeric Functions. (line 63) +* numbers, random: Numeric Functions. (line 64) * numbers, rounding: Round Function. (line 6) * numeric, constants: Scalar Constants. (line 6) * numeric, output format: OFMT. (line 6) @@ -27738,7 +27744,7 @@ Index * POSIX awk, OFMT variable and: OFMT. (line 27) * POSIX awk, period (.), using: Regexp Operators. (line 50) * POSIX awk, printf format strings and: Format Modifiers. (line 159) -* POSIX awk, regular expressions and: Regexp Operators. (line 157) +* POSIX awk, regular expressions and: Regexp Operators. (line 161) * POSIX awk, timestamps and: Time Functions. (line 6) * POSIX awk, | I/O operator and: Getline/Pipe. (line 52) * POSIX mode: Options. (line 228) @@ -27750,7 +27756,7 @@ Index * PREC variable: User-modified. (line 134) * precedence <1>: Precedence. (line 6) * precedence: Increment Ops. (line 61) -* precedence, regexp operators: Regexp Operators. (line 152) +* precedence, regexp operators: Regexp Operators. (line 156) * print debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 36) * print statement: Printing. (line 16) @@ -27841,12 +27847,12 @@ Index * r debugger command (alias for run): Debugger Execution Control. (line 62) * Rakitzis, Byron: History Sorting. (line 25) -* rand() function: Numeric Functions. (line 33) +* rand() function: Numeric Functions. (line 34) * random numbers, Cliff: Cliff Random Function. (line 6) * random numbers, rand()/srand() functions: Numeric Functions. - (line 33) -* random numbers, seed of: Numeric Functions. (line 63) + (line 34) +* random numbers, seed of: Numeric Functions. (line 64) * range expressions (regexps): Bracket Expressions. (line 6) * range patterns: Ranges. (line 6) * Rankin, Pat <1>: Bugs. (line 72) @@ -27916,7 +27922,7 @@ Index * regular expressions, operators, gawk: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 6) * regular expressions, operators, precedence of: Regexp Operators. - (line 152) + (line 156) * regular expressions, searching for: Egrep Program. (line 6) * relational operators, See comparison operators: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) @@ -27940,9 +27946,6 @@ Index * Ritchie, Dennis: Basic Data Typing. (line 74) * RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 200) * RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 223) -* RNDMODE variable <1>: Setting Rounding Mode. - (line 6) -* RNDMODE variable: User-modified. (line 138) * Robbins, Arnold <1>: Future Extensions. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <2>: Bugs. (line 32) * Robbins, Arnold <3>: Contributors. (line 108) @@ -27963,6 +27966,9 @@ Index * round() user-defined function: Round Function. (line 16) * rounding mode, floating-point: Rounding Mode. (line 6) * rounding numbers: Round Function. (line 6) +* ROUNDMODE variable <1>: Setting Rounding Mode. + (line 6) +* ROUNDMODE variable: User-modified. (line 138) * RS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 143) * RS variable: Records. (line 20) * RS variable, multiline records and: Multiple Line. (line 17) @@ -28053,7 +28059,7 @@ Index * SIGUSR1 signal: Profiling. (line 180) * silent debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 10) -* sin() function: Numeric Functions. (line 74) +* sin() function: Numeric Functions. (line 75) * single precision floating-point: Basic Data Typing. (line 36) * single quote (') <1>: Quoting. (line 31) * single quote (') <2>: Long. (line 33) @@ -28096,9 +28102,9 @@ Index * sprintf() function, OFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 124) * sprintf() function, print/printf statements and: Round Function. (line 6) -* sqrt() function: Numeric Functions. (line 77) +* sqrt() function: Numeric Functions. (line 78) * square brackets ([]): Regexp Operators. (line 55) -* srand() function: Numeric Functions. (line 81) +* srand() function: Numeric Functions. (line 82) * Stallman, Richard <1>: Glossary. (line 301) * Stallman, Richard <2>: Contributors. (line 24) * Stallman, Richard <3>: Acknowledgments. (line 18) @@ -28418,441 +28424,441 @@ Index Tag Table: -Node: Top1346 -Node: Foreword31547 -Node: Preface35892 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-138945 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-239051 -Node: History39283 -Node: Names41674 -Ref: Names-Footnote-143151 -Node: This Manual43223 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-148161 -Node: Conventions48261 -Node: Manual History50395 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-153665 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-253706 -Node: How To Contribute53780 -Node: Acknowledgments54924 -Node: Getting Started59420 -Node: Running gawk61799 -Node: One-shot62985 -Node: Read Terminal64210 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-165860 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-266136 -Node: Long66307 -Node: Executable Scripts67683 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-169552 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-269654 -Node: Comments70105 -Node: Quoting72572 -Node: DOS Quoting77195 -Node: Sample Data Files77870 -Node: Very Simple80902 -Node: Two Rules85501 -Node: More Complex87648 -Ref: More Complex-Footnote-190578 -Node: Statements/Lines90663 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-195125 -Node: Other Features95390 -Node: When96318 -Node: Invoking Gawk98465 -Node: Command Line99850 -Node: Options100633 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1114990 -Node: Other Arguments115015 -Node: Naming Standard Input117673 -Node: Environment Variables118767 -Node: AWKPATH Variable119211 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1121808 -Node: Other Environment Variables122068 -Node: Exit Status124560 -Node: Include Files125235 -Node: Obsolete128720 -Node: Undocumented129406 -Node: Regexp129647 -Node: Regexp Usage131036 -Node: Escape Sequences133062 -Node: Regexp Operators138825 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1146022 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2146169 -Node: Bracket Expressions146267 -Ref: table-char-classes148157 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators150680 -Node: Case-sensitivity154403 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1157371 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2157606 -Node: Leftmost Longest157714 -Node: Computed Regexps158915 -Node: Reading Files162325 -Node: Records164329 -Ref: Records-Footnote-1173003 -Node: Fields173040 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1176073 -Node: Nonconstant Fields176159 -Node: Changing Fields178361 -Node: Field Separators184342 -Node: Default Field Splitting186971 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting188088 -Node: Single Character Fields191430 -Node: Command Line Field Separator192489 -Node: Field Splitting Summary195930 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1199122 -Node: Constant Size199223 -Node: Splitting By Content203807 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1207533 -Node: Multiple Line207573 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1213420 -Node: Getline213599 -Node: Plain Getline215815 -Node: Getline/Variable217904 -Node: Getline/File219045 -Node: Getline/Variable/File220367 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1221966 -Node: Getline/Pipe222053 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe224613 -Node: Getline/Coprocess225720 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess226963 -Node: Getline Notes227677 -Node: Getline Summary229619 -Ref: table-getline-variants229962 -Node: Read Timeout230818 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1234563 -Node: Command line directories234620 -Node: Printing235250 -Node: Print236881 -Node: Print Examples238218 -Node: Output Separators241002 -Node: OFMT242762 -Node: Printf244120 -Node: Basic Printf245026 -Node: Control Letters246565 -Node: Format Modifiers250377 -Node: Printf Examples256386 -Node: Redirection259101 -Node: Special Files266085 -Node: Special FD266618 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1270243 -Node: Special Network270317 -Node: Special Caveats271167 -Node: Close Files And Pipes271963 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1278986 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2279134 -Node: Expressions279284 -Node: Values280416 -Node: Constants281092 -Node: Scalar Constants281772 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1282631 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers282813 -Node: Regexp Constants285872 -Node: Using Constant Regexps286347 -Node: Variables289402 -Node: Using Variables290057 -Node: Assignment Options291781 -Node: Conversion293653 -Ref: table-locale-affects299029 -Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1299653 -Node: All Operators299762 -Node: Arithmetic Ops300392 -Node: Concatenation302897 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1305690 -Node: Assignment Ops305810 -Ref: table-assign-ops310798 -Node: Increment Ops312206 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions315676 -Node: Truth Values316759 -Node: Typing and Comparison317808 -Node: Variable Typing318597 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1322494 -Node: Comparison Operators322616 -Ref: table-relational-ops323026 -Node: POSIX String Comparison326575 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1327531 -Node: Boolean Ops327669 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1331747 -Node: Conditional Exp331838 -Node: Function Calls333570 -Node: Precedence337164 -Node: Locales340833 -Node: Patterns and Actions341922 -Node: Pattern Overview342976 -Node: Regexp Patterns344645 -Node: Expression Patterns345188 -Node: Ranges348873 -Node: BEGIN/END351839 -Node: Using BEGIN/END352601 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1355332 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END355438 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE357720 -Node: Empty360613 -Node: Using Shell Variables360929 -Node: Action Overview363214 -Node: Statements365571 -Node: If Statement367425 -Node: While Statement368924 -Node: Do Statement370968 -Node: For Statement372124 -Node: Switch Statement375276 -Node: Break Statement377373 -Node: Continue Statement379363 -Node: Next Statement381156 -Node: Nextfile Statement383546 -Node: Exit Statement386091 -Node: Built-in Variables388507 -Node: User-modified389602 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1397955 -Node: Auto-set398017 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1407863 -Node: ARGC and ARGV408068 -Node: Arrays411919 -Node: Array Basics413424 -Node: Array Intro414250 -Node: Reference to Elements418568 -Node: Assigning Elements420838 -Node: Array Example421329 -Node: Scanning an Array423061 -Node: Controlling Scanning425375 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1430308 -Node: Delete430624 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1433059 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts433116 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts435299 -Node: Multi-dimensional436927 -Node: Multi-scanning440021 -Node: Arrays of Arrays441612 -Node: Functions446257 -Node: Built-in447079 -Node: Calling Built-in448157 -Node: Numeric Functions450145 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1453910 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2454267 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3454315 -Node: String Functions454584 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1478081 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2478210 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3478458 -Node: Gory Details478545 -Ref: table-sub-escapes480224 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92481578 -Ref: table-sub-proposed482921 -Ref: table-posix-sub484271 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes485817 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1487024 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2487075 -Node: I/O Functions487226 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1493881 -Node: Time Functions494028 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1504920 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2504988 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3505146 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4505257 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5505369 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6505596 -Node: Bitwise Functions505862 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops506420 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1510580 -Node: Type Functions510764 -Node: I18N Functions511234 -Node: User-defined512861 -Node: Definition Syntax513665 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1518575 -Node: Function Example518644 -Node: Function Caveats521238 -Node: Calling A Function521659 -Node: Variable Scope522774 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference524749 -Node: Return Statement528189 -Node: Dynamic Typing531170 -Node: Indirect Calls531905 -Node: Internationalization541590 -Node: I18N and L10N543029 -Node: Explaining gettext543715 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1548781 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2548965 -Node: Programmer i18n549130 -Node: Translator i18n553330 -Node: String Extraction554123 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1555084 -Node: Printf Ordering555170 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1557954 -Node: I18N Portability558018 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1560467 -Node: I18N Example560530 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1563165 -Node: Gawk I18N563237 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic563854 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1566729 -Node: Floating-point Programming566877 -Node: Floating-point Representation572147 -Node: Floating-point Context573251 -Ref: table-ieee-formats574086 -Node: Rounding Mode575456 -Ref: table-rounding-modes576081 -Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1579202 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats579383 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1581420 -Node: Setting Precision581731 -Node: Setting Rounding Mode584489 -Node: Floating-point Constants585398 -Node: Changing Precision586817 -Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1588217 -Node: Exact Arithmetic588390 -Node: Integer Programming591403 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers593183 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1596207 -Node: MPFR and GMP Libraries596353 -Node: Advanced Features596738 -Node: Nondecimal Data598261 -Node: Array Sorting599844 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal600541 -Node: Array Sorting Functions608778 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1612452 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-2612545 -Node: Two-way I/O612739 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1618171 -Node: TCP/IP Networking618241 -Node: Profiling621085 -Node: Library Functions628539 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1631546 -Node: Library Names631717 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1635188 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2635408 -Node: General Functions635494 -Node: Strtonum Function636447 -Node: Assert Function639377 -Node: Round Function642703 -Node: Cliff Random Function644246 -Node: Ordinal Functions645262 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1648332 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2648584 -Node: Join Function648793 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1650564 -Node: Gettimeofday Function650764 -Node: Data File Management654479 -Node: Filetrans Function655111 -Node: Rewind Function659250 -Node: File Checking660637 -Node: Empty Files661731 -Node: Ignoring Assigns663961 -Node: Getopt Function665514 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1676818 -Node: Passwd Functions677021 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1685996 -Node: Group Functions686084 -Node: Walking Arrays694168 -Node: Sample Programs695737 -Node: Running Examples696402 -Node: Clones697130 -Node: Cut Program698354 -Node: Egrep Program708199 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1715972 -Node: Id Program716082 -Node: Split Program719698 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1723217 -Node: Tee Program723345 -Node: Uniq Program726148 -Node: Wc Program733577 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1737843 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2738043 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs738135 -Node: Dupword Program739323 -Node: Alarm Program741354 -Node: Translate Program746103 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1750490 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2750718 -Node: Labels Program750852 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1754223 -Node: Word Sorting754307 -Node: History Sorting758191 -Node: Extract Program760030 -Ref: Extract Program-Footnote-1767513 -Node: Simple Sed767641 -Node: Igawk Program770703 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1785860 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2786061 -Node: Anagram Program786199 -Node: Signature Program789267 -Node: Debugger790367 -Node: Debugging791319 -Node: Debugging Concepts791752 -Node: Debugging Terms793608 -Node: Awk Debugging796205 -Node: Sample Debugging Session797097 -Node: Debugger Invocation797617 -Node: Finding The Bug798946 -Node: List of Debugger Commands805434 -Node: Breakpoint Control806768 -Node: Debugger Execution Control810432 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data813792 -Node: Execution Stack817148 -Node: Debugger Info818615 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands822596 -Node: Readline Support828041 -Node: Limitations828872 -Node: Language History831124 -Node: V7/SVR3.1832636 -Node: SVR4834957 -Node: POSIX836399 -Node: BTL837407 -Node: POSIX/GNU838141 -Node: Common Extensions843292 -Node: Ranges and Locales844399 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-1849003 -Node: Contributors849224 -Node: Installation853485 -Node: Gawk Distribution854379 -Node: Getting854863 -Node: Extracting855689 -Node: Distribution contents857381 -Node: Unix Installation862603 -Node: Quick Installation863220 -Node: Additional Configuration Options865182 -Node: Configuration Philosophy866659 -Node: Non-Unix Installation869001 -Node: PC Installation869459 -Node: PC Binary Installation870758 -Node: PC Compiling872606 -Node: PC Testing875550 -Node: PC Using876726 -Node: Cygwin880911 -Node: MSYS881911 -Node: VMS Installation882425 -Node: VMS Compilation883028 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-1884035 -Node: VMS Installation Details884093 -Node: VMS Running885728 -Node: VMS Old Gawk887335 -Node: Bugs887809 -Node: Other Versions891661 -Node: Notes896976 -Node: Compatibility Mode897668 -Node: Additions898451 -Node: Accessing The Source899263 -Node: Adding Code900688 -Node: New Ports906655 -Node: Dynamic Extensions910768 -Node: Internals912208 -Node: Plugin License920727 -Node: Loading Extensions921365 -Node: Sample Library923175 -Node: Internal File Description923865 -Node: Internal File Ops927580 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1932304 -Node: Using Internal File Ops932444 -Node: Future Extensions934821 -Node: Basic Concepts937325 -Node: Basic High Level938082 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-1942117 -Node: Basic Data Typing942302 -Node: Floating Point Issues946827 -Node: String Conversion Precision947910 -Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1949610 -Node: Unexpected Results949719 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems951545 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1955250 -Node: Glossary955288 -Node: Copying980264 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1017821 -Node: Index1042958 +Node: Top1352 +Node: Foreword31559 +Node: Preface35904 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-138957 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-239063 +Node: History39295 +Node: Names41686 +Ref: Names-Footnote-143163 +Node: This Manual43235 +Ref: This Manual-Footnote-148173 +Node: Conventions48273 +Node: Manual History50407 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-153677 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-253718 +Node: How To Contribute53792 +Node: Acknowledgments54936 +Node: Getting Started59432 +Node: Running gawk61811 +Node: One-shot62997 +Node: Read Terminal64222 +Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-165872 +Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-266148 +Node: Long66319 +Node: Executable Scripts67695 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-169564 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-269666 +Node: Comments70213 +Node: Quoting72680 +Node: DOS Quoting77303 +Node: Sample Data Files77978 +Node: Very Simple81010 +Node: Two Rules85609 +Node: More Complex87756 +Ref: More Complex-Footnote-190686 +Node: Statements/Lines90771 +Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-195233 +Node: Other Features95498 +Node: When96426 +Node: Invoking Gawk98573 +Node: Command Line99958 +Node: Options100741 +Ref: Options-Footnote-1115098 +Node: Other Arguments115123 +Node: Naming Standard Input117781 +Node: Environment Variables118875 +Node: AWKPATH Variable119319 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1121916 +Node: Other Environment Variables122176 +Node: Exit Status124668 +Node: Include Files125343 +Node: Obsolete128828 +Node: Undocumented129514 +Node: Regexp129755 +Node: Regexp Usage131144 +Node: Escape Sequences133170 +Node: Regexp Operators138933 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1146313 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2146460 +Node: Bracket Expressions146558 +Ref: table-char-classes148448 +Node: GNU Regexp Operators150971 +Node: Case-sensitivity154694 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1157662 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2157897 +Node: Leftmost Longest158005 +Node: Computed Regexps159206 +Node: Reading Files162616 +Node: Records164620 +Ref: Records-Footnote-1173294 +Node: Fields173331 +Ref: Fields-Footnote-1176364 +Node: Nonconstant Fields176450 +Node: Changing Fields178652 +Node: Field Separators184633 +Node: Default Field Splitting187262 +Node: Regexp Field Splitting188379 +Node: Single Character Fields191721 +Node: Command Line Field Separator192780 +Node: Field Splitting Summary196221 +Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1199413 +Node: Constant Size199514 +Node: Splitting By Content204098 +Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1207824 +Node: Multiple Line207864 +Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1213711 +Node: Getline213890 +Node: Plain Getline216106 +Node: Getline/Variable218195 +Node: Getline/File219336 +Node: Getline/Variable/File220658 +Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1222257 +Node: Getline/Pipe222344 +Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe224904 +Node: Getline/Coprocess226011 +Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess227254 +Node: Getline Notes227968 +Node: Getline Summary229910 +Ref: table-getline-variants230253 +Node: Read Timeout231109 +Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1234854 +Node: Command line directories234911 +Node: Printing235541 +Node: Print237172 +Node: Print Examples238509 +Node: Output Separators241293 +Node: OFMT243053 +Node: Printf244411 +Node: Basic Printf245317 +Node: Control Letters246856 +Node: Format Modifiers250668 +Node: Printf Examples256677 +Node: Redirection259392 +Node: Special Files266376 +Node: Special FD266909 +Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1270534 +Node: Special Network270608 +Node: Special Caveats271458 +Node: Close Files And Pipes272254 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1279277 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2279425 +Node: Expressions279575 +Node: Values280707 +Node: Constants281383 +Node: Scalar Constants282063 +Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1282922 +Node: Nondecimal-numbers283104 +Node: Regexp Constants286163 +Node: Using Constant Regexps286638 +Node: Variables289693 +Node: Using Variables290348 +Node: Assignment Options292072 +Node: Conversion293944 +Ref: table-locale-affects299320 +Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1299944 +Node: All Operators300053 +Node: Arithmetic Ops300683 +Node: Concatenation303188 +Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1305981 +Node: Assignment Ops306101 +Ref: table-assign-ops311089 +Node: Increment Ops312497 +Node: Truth Values and Conditions315967 +Node: Truth Values317050 +Node: Typing and Comparison318099 +Node: Variable Typing318888 +Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1322785 +Node: Comparison Operators322907 +Ref: table-relational-ops323317 +Node: POSIX String Comparison326866 +Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1327822 +Node: Boolean Ops327960 +Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1332038 +Node: Conditional Exp332129 +Node: Function Calls333861 +Node: Precedence337455 +Node: Locales341124 +Node: Patterns and Actions342213 +Node: Pattern Overview343267 +Node: Regexp Patterns344936 +Node: Expression Patterns345479 +Node: Ranges349164 +Node: BEGIN/END352130 +Node: Using BEGIN/END352892 +Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1355623 +Node: I/O And BEGIN/END355729 +Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE358011 +Node: Empty360904 +Node: Using Shell Variables361220 +Node: Action Overview363505 +Node: Statements365862 +Node: If Statement367716 +Node: While Statement369215 +Node: Do Statement371259 +Node: For Statement372415 +Node: Switch Statement375567 +Node: Break Statement377664 +Node: Continue Statement379654 +Node: Next Statement381447 +Node: Nextfile Statement383837 +Node: Exit Statement386382 +Node: Built-in Variables388798 +Node: User-modified389893 +Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1398248 +Node: Auto-set398310 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1408156 +Node: ARGC and ARGV408361 +Node: Arrays412212 +Node: Array Basics413717 +Node: Array Intro414543 +Node: Reference to Elements418861 +Node: Assigning Elements421131 +Node: Array Example421622 +Node: Scanning an Array423354 +Node: Controlling Scanning425668 +Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1430601 +Node: Delete430917 +Ref: Delete-Footnote-1433352 +Node: Numeric Array Subscripts433409 +Node: Uninitialized Subscripts435592 +Node: Multi-dimensional437220 +Node: Multi-scanning440314 +Node: Arrays of Arrays441905 +Node: Functions446550 +Node: Built-in447372 +Node: Calling Built-in448450 +Node: Numeric Functions450438 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1454270 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2454627 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3454675 +Node: String Functions454944 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1478441 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2478570 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3478818 +Node: Gory Details478905 +Ref: table-sub-escapes480584 +Ref: table-sub-posix-92481938 +Ref: table-sub-proposed483281 +Ref: table-posix-sub484631 +Ref: table-gensub-escapes486177 +Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1487384 +Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2487435 +Node: I/O Functions487586 +Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1494241 +Node: Time Functions494388 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1505280 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2505348 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3505506 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4505617 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5505729 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6505956 +Node: Bitwise Functions506222 +Ref: table-bitwise-ops506780 +Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1510940 +Node: Type Functions511124 +Node: I18N Functions511594 +Node: User-defined513221 +Node: Definition Syntax514025 +Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1518935 +Node: Function Example519004 +Node: Function Caveats521598 +Node: Calling A Function522019 +Node: Variable Scope523134 +Node: Pass By Value/Reference525109 +Node: Return Statement528549 +Node: Dynamic Typing531530 +Node: Indirect Calls532265 +Node: Internationalization541950 +Node: I18N and L10N543389 +Node: Explaining gettext544075 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1549141 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2549325 +Node: Programmer i18n549490 +Node: Translator i18n553690 +Node: String Extraction554483 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1555444 +Node: Printf Ordering555530 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1558314 +Node: I18N Portability558378 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1560827 +Node: I18N Example560890 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1563525 +Node: Gawk I18N563597 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic564214 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1567089 +Node: Floating-point Programming567237 +Node: Floating-point Representation572507 +Node: Floating-point Context573611 +Ref: table-ieee-formats574446 +Node: Rounding Mode575816 +Ref: table-rounding-modes576443 +Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1579566 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats579747 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1581788 +Node: Setting Precision582099 +Node: Setting Rounding Mode584857 +Node: Floating-point Constants585774 +Node: Changing Precision587193 +Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1588593 +Node: Exact Arithmetic588766 +Node: Integer Programming591779 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers593559 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1596583 +Node: MPFR and GMP Libraries596729 +Node: Advanced Features597114 +Node: Nondecimal Data598637 +Node: Array Sorting600220 +Node: Controlling Array Traversal600917 +Node: Array Sorting Functions609154 +Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1612828 +Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-2612921 +Node: Two-way I/O613115 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1618547 +Node: TCP/IP Networking618617 +Node: Profiling621461 +Node: Library Functions628915 +Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1631922 +Node: Library Names632093 +Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1635564 +Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2635784 +Node: General Functions635870 +Node: Strtonum Function636823 +Node: Assert Function639753 +Node: Round Function643079 +Node: Cliff Random Function644622 +Node: Ordinal Functions645638 +Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1648708 +Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2648960 +Node: Join Function649169 +Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1650940 +Node: Gettimeofday Function651140 +Node: Data File Management654855 +Node: Filetrans Function655487 +Node: Rewind Function659626 +Node: File Checking661013 +Node: Empty Files662107 +Node: Ignoring Assigns664337 +Node: Getopt Function665890 +Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1677194 +Node: Passwd Functions677397 +Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1686372 +Node: Group Functions686460 +Node: Walking Arrays694544 +Node: Sample Programs696113 +Node: Running Examples696778 +Node: Clones697506 +Node: Cut Program698730 +Node: Egrep Program708575 +Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1716348 +Node: Id Program716458 +Node: Split Program720074 +Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1723593 +Node: Tee Program723721 +Node: Uniq Program726524 +Node: Wc Program733953 +Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1738219 +Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2738419 +Node: Miscellaneous Programs738511 +Node: Dupword Program739699 +Node: Alarm Program741730 +Node: Translate Program746479 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1750866 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2751094 +Node: Labels Program751228 +Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1754599 +Node: Word Sorting754683 +Node: History Sorting758567 +Node: Extract Program760406 +Ref: Extract Program-Footnote-1767889 +Node: Simple Sed768017 +Node: Igawk Program771079 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1786236 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2786437 +Node: Anagram Program786575 +Node: Signature Program789643 +Node: Debugger790743 +Node: Debugging791695 +Node: Debugging Concepts792128 +Node: Debugging Terms793984 +Node: Awk Debugging796581 +Node: Sample Debugging Session797473 +Node: Debugger Invocation797993 +Node: Finding The Bug799322 +Node: List of Debugger Commands805810 +Node: Breakpoint Control807144 +Node: Debugger Execution Control810808 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data814168 +Node: Execution Stack817524 +Node: Debugger Info818991 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands822972 +Node: Readline Support828417 +Node: Limitations829248 +Node: Language History831500 +Node: V7/SVR3.1833012 +Node: SVR4835333 +Node: POSIX836775 +Node: BTL837783 +Node: POSIX/GNU838517 +Node: Common Extensions843668 +Node: Ranges and Locales844775 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-1849379 +Node: Contributors849600 +Node: Installation853861 +Node: Gawk Distribution854755 +Node: Getting855239 +Node: Extracting856065 +Node: Distribution contents857757 +Node: Unix Installation862979 +Node: Quick Installation863596 +Node: Additional Configuration Options865558 +Node: Configuration Philosophy867035 +Node: Non-Unix Installation869377 +Node: PC Installation869835 +Node: PC Binary Installation871134 +Node: PC Compiling872982 +Node: PC Testing875926 +Node: PC Using877102 +Node: Cygwin881287 +Node: MSYS882287 +Node: VMS Installation882801 +Node: VMS Compilation883404 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-1884411 +Node: VMS Installation Details884469 +Node: VMS Running886104 +Node: VMS Old Gawk887711 +Node: Bugs888185 +Node: Other Versions892037 +Node: Notes897352 +Node: Compatibility Mode898044 +Node: Additions898827 +Node: Accessing The Source899639 +Node: Adding Code901064 +Node: New Ports907031 +Node: Dynamic Extensions911144 +Node: Internals912584 +Node: Plugin License921103 +Node: Loading Extensions921741 +Node: Sample Library923551 +Node: Internal File Description924241 +Node: Internal File Ops927956 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1932680 +Node: Using Internal File Ops932820 +Node: Future Extensions935197 +Node: Basic Concepts937701 +Node: Basic High Level938458 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-1942493 +Node: Basic Data Typing942678 +Node: Floating Point Issues947203 +Node: String Conversion Precision948286 +Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1949986 +Node: Unexpected Results950095 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems951921 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1955626 +Node: Glossary955664 +Node: Copying980640 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1018197 +Node: Index1043334 End Tag Table |