diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'doc/gawk.info')
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gawk.info | 1282 |
1 files changed, 665 insertions, 617 deletions
diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index b1ba8672..b7f772a2 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -546,6 +546,7 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled * Inexact representation:: Numbers are not exactly represented. * Comparing FP Values:: How to compare floating point values. * Errors accumulate:: Errors get bigger as they go. +* Strange values:: A few words about infinities and NaNs. * Getting Accuracy:: Getting more accuracy takes some work. * Try To Round:: Add digits and round. * Setting precision:: How to set the precision. @@ -6926,8 +6927,8 @@ width. Here is a list of the format-control letters: On systems supporting IEEE 754 floating-point format, values representing negative infinity are formatted as '-inf' or '-infinity', and positive infinity as 'inf' or 'infinity'. The - special "not a number" value formats as '-nan' or 'nan' (*note Math - Definitions::). + special "not a number" value formats as '-nan' or 'nan' (*note + Strange values::). '%F' Like '%f', but the infinity and "not a number" values are spelled @@ -12819,7 +12820,7 @@ brackets ([ ]): 'log(X)' Return the natural logarithm of X, if X is positive; otherwise, - return 'NaN' ("not a number") on IEEE 754 systems. Additionally, + return NaN ("not a number") on IEEE 754 systems. Additionally, 'gawk' prints a warning message when 'x' is negative. 'rand()' @@ -24161,18 +24162,10 @@ material here: another number and infinity produce infinity. "NaN" - "Not a number."(1) A special value that results from attempting a - calculation that has no answer as a real number. In such a case, - programs can either receive a floating-point exception, or get - 'NaN' back as the result. The IEEE 754 standard recommends that - systems return 'NaN'. Some examples: - - 'sqrt(-1)' - This makes sense in the range of complex numbers, but not in - the range of real numbers, so the result is 'NaN'. - - 'log(-8)' - -8 is out of the domain of 'log()', so the result is 'NaN'. + "Not a number." A special value that results from attempting a + calculation that has no answer as a real number. *Note Strange + values::, for more information about infinity and not-a-number + values. "Normalized" How the significand (see later in this list) is usually stored. @@ -24231,11 +24224,6 @@ Table 16.3: Basic IEEE format values NOTE: The precision numbers include the implied leading one that gives them one extra bit of significand. - ---------- Footnotes ---------- - - (1) Thanks to Michael Brennan for this description, which we have -paraphrased, and for the examples. - File: gawk.info, Node: MPFR features, Next: FP Math Caution, Prev: Math Definitions, Up: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic @@ -24328,6 +24316,7 @@ be sure of the number of significant decimal places in the final result. * Inexact representation:: Numbers are not exactly represented. * Comparing FP Values:: How to compare floating point values. * Errors accumulate:: Errors get bigger as they go. +* Strange values:: A few words about infinities and NaNs. File: gawk.info, Node: Inexact representation, Next: Comparing FP Values, Up: Inexactness of computations @@ -24392,7 +24381,7 @@ values with a delta, you should be sure to use 'difference < abs(delta)' in case someone passes in a negative delta value. -File: gawk.info, Node: Errors accumulate, Prev: Comparing FP Values, Up: Inexactness of computations +File: gawk.info, Node: Errors accumulate, Next: Strange values, Prev: Comparing FP Values, Up: Inexactness of computations 16.4.1.3 Errors Accumulate .......................... @@ -24440,6 +24429,64 @@ representations yield an unexpected result: -| 4 +File: gawk.info, Node: Strange values, Prev: Errors accumulate, Up: Inexactness of computations + +16.4.1.4 Floating Point Values They Didn't Talk About In School +............................................................... + +Both IEEE 754 floating-point hardware, and MPFR, support two kinds of +values that you probably didn't learn about in school. The first is +"infinity", a special value, that can be either negative or positive, +and which is either smaller than any other value (negative infinity), or +larger than any other value (positive infinity). When such values are +generated, 'gawk' prints them as either '-inf' or '+inf', respectively. +It accepts those strings as data input and converts them to the proper +floating-point values internally. + + Infinity values of the same sign compare as equal to each other. +Otherwise, operations (addition, subtraction, etc.) involving another +number and infinity produce mathematically reasonable results. + + The second kind of value is "not a number", or NaN for short.(1) +This is a special value that results from attempting a calculation that +has no answer as a real number. In such a case, programs can either +receive a floating-point exception, or get NaN back as the result. The +IEEE 754 standard recommends that systems return NaN. Some examples: + +'sqrt(-1)' + This makes sense in the range of complex numbers, but not in the + range of real numbers, so the result is NaN. + +'log(-8)' + -8 is out of the domain of 'log()', so the result is NaN. + + NaN values are strange. In particular, they cannot be compared with +other floating point values; any such comparison, except for "is not +equal to", returns false. NaN values are so much unequal to other +values that even comparing two identical NaN values with '!=' returns +true! + + NaN values can also be signed, although it depends upon the +implementation as to which sign you get for any operation that returns a +NaN. For example, on some systems, 'sqrt(-1)' returns a negative NaN. On +others, it returns a positive NaN. + + When such values are generated, 'gawk' prints them as either '-nan' +or '+nan', respectively. Here too, 'gawk' accepts those strings as data +input and converts them to the proper floating-point values internally. + + If you want to dive more deeply into this topic, you can find test +programs in C, 'awk' and Python in the directory +'awklib/eg/test-programs' in the 'gawk' distribution. These programs +enable comparison among programming languages as to how they handle NaN +and infinity values. + + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) Thanks to Michael Brennan for this description, which we have +paraphrased, and for the examples. + + File: gawk.info, Node: Getting Accuracy, Next: Try To Round, Prev: Inexactness of computations, Up: FP Math Caution 16.4.2 Getting the Accuracy You Need @@ -37942,602 +37989,603 @@ Index Tag Table: Node: Top1200 -Node: Foreword344474 -Node: Foreword448916 -Node: Preface50448 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-153307 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-253416 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-353650 -Node: History53792 -Node: Names56144 -Ref: Names-Footnote-157248 -Node: This Manual57395 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-164034 -Node: Conventions64134 -Node: Manual History66503 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-169500 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-269541 -Node: How To Contribute69615 -Node: Acknowledgments70541 -Node: Getting Started75478 -Node: Running gawk77917 -Node: One-shot79107 -Node: Read Terminal80370 -Node: Long82363 -Node: Executable Scripts83876 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-186509 -Node: Comments86612 -Node: Quoting89096 -Node: DOS Quoting94622 -Node: Sample Data Files96678 -Node: Very Simple99273 -Node: Two Rules105375 -Node: More Complex107260 -Node: Statements/Lines109592 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1114076 -Node: Other Features114341 -Node: When115277 -Ref: When-Footnote-1117031 -Node: Intro Summary117096 -Node: Invoking Gawk117980 -Node: Command Line119494 -Node: Options120292 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1138206 -Ref: Options-Footnote-2138437 -Node: Other Arguments138462 -Node: Naming Standard Input142473 -Node: Environment Variables143683 -Node: AWKPATH Variable144241 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1147653 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2147687 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable148058 -Ref: AWKLIBPATH Variable-Footnote-1149755 -Node: Other Environment Variables150130 -Node: Exit Status153951 -Node: Include Files154628 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries158318 -Node: Obsolete159746 -Node: Undocumented160438 -Node: Invoking Summary160735 -Node: Regexp163576 -Node: Regexp Usage165030 -Node: Escape Sequences167067 -Node: Regexp Operators173308 -Node: Regexp Operator Details173793 -Ref: Regexp Operator Details-Footnote-1180225 -Node: Interval Expressions180372 -Ref: Interval Expressions-Footnote-1181793 -Node: Bracket Expressions181891 -Ref: table-char-classes184367 -Node: Leftmost Longest187693 -Node: Computed Regexps188996 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators192423 -Node: Case-sensitivity196160 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1199026 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2199261 -Node: Regexp Summary199369 -Node: Reading Files200835 -Node: Records203104 -Node: awk split records204179 -Node: gawk split records209454 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1214187 -Node: Fields214224 -Node: Nonconstant Fields216965 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1219201 -Node: Changing Fields219405 -Node: Field Separators225436 -Node: Default Field Splitting228134 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting229252 -Node: Single Character Fields232605 -Node: Command Line Field Separator233665 -Node: Full Line Fields236883 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1238405 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2238451 -Node: Field Splitting Summary238552 -Node: Constant Size240626 -Node: Fixed width data241358 -Node: Skipping intervening244825 -Node: Allowing trailing data245623 -Node: Fields with fixed data246660 -Node: Splitting By Content248178 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1251961 -Node: More CSV252124 -Node: Testing field creation253434 -Node: Multiple Line255059 -Node: Getline261336 -Node: Plain Getline263805 -Node: Getline/Variable266378 -Node: Getline/File267529 -Node: Getline/Variable/File268917 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1270522 -Node: Getline/Pipe270610 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe273314 -Node: Getline/Coprocess274449 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess275716 -Node: Getline Notes276458 -Node: Getline Summary279255 -Ref: table-getline-variants279679 -Node: Read Timeout280427 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1284333 -Node: Retrying Input284391 -Node: Command-line directories285590 -Node: Input Summary286496 -Node: Input Exercises289668 -Node: Printing290102 -Node: Print291936 -Node: Print Examples293393 -Node: Output Separators296173 -Node: OFMT298190 -Node: Printf299546 -Node: Basic Printf300331 -Node: Control Letters301905 -Node: Format Modifiers307069 -Node: Printf Examples313084 -Node: Redirection315570 -Node: Special FD322411 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1325579 -Node: Special Files325653 -Node: Other Inherited Files326270 -Node: Special Network327271 -Node: Special Caveats328131 -Node: Close Files And Pipes329080 -Ref: table-close-pipe-return-values335987 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1336800 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2336948 -Node: Nonfatal337100 -Node: Output Summary339438 -Node: Output Exercises340660 -Node: Expressions341339 -Node: Values342527 -Node: Constants343205 -Node: Scalar Constants343896 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1346406 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers346656 -Node: Regexp Constants349657 -Node: Using Constant Regexps350183 -Node: Standard Regexp Constants350805 -Node: Strong Regexp Constants353993 -Node: Variables357005 -Node: Using Variables357662 -Node: Assignment Options359572 -Node: Conversion362043 -Node: Strings And Numbers362567 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1365630 -Node: Locale influences conversions365739 -Ref: table-locale-affects368497 -Node: All Operators369115 -Node: Arithmetic Ops369744 -Node: Concatenation372460 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1375307 -Node: Assignment Ops375414 -Ref: table-assign-ops380405 -Node: Increment Ops381718 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions385178 -Node: Truth Values386252 -Node: Typing and Comparison387300 -Node: Variable Typing388120 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1394583 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-2394655 -Node: Comparison Operators394732 -Ref: table-relational-ops395151 -Node: POSIX String Comparison398646 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1400341 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-2400480 -Node: Boolean Ops400564 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1405046 -Node: Conditional Exp405138 -Node: Function Calls406874 -Node: Precedence410751 -Node: Locales414410 -Node: Expressions Summary416042 -Node: Patterns and Actions418615 -Node: Pattern Overview419735 -Node: Regexp Patterns421412 -Node: Expression Patterns421954 -Node: Ranges425735 -Node: BEGIN/END428843 -Node: Using BEGIN/END429604 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1432358 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END432464 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE434777 -Node: Empty438008 -Node: Using Shell Variables438325 -Node: Action Overview440599 -Node: Statements442924 -Node: If Statement444772 -Node: While Statement446267 -Node: Do Statement448295 -Node: For Statement449443 -Node: Switch Statement452614 -Node: Break Statement455055 -Node: Continue Statement457147 -Node: Next Statement458974 -Node: Nextfile Statement461357 -Node: Exit Statement464046 -Node: Built-in Variables466449 -Node: User-modified467582 -Node: Auto-set475349 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1492156 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2492362 -Node: ARGC and ARGV492418 -Node: Pattern Action Summary496631 -Node: Arrays499061 -Node: Array Basics500390 -Node: Array Intro501234 -Ref: figure-array-elements503209 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1505913 -Node: Reference to Elements506041 -Node: Assigning Elements508505 -Node: Array Example508996 -Node: Scanning an Array510755 -Node: Controlling Scanning513777 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1520233 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts520549 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts522733 -Node: Delete524352 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1527104 -Node: Multidimensional527161 -Node: Multiscanning530256 -Node: Arrays of Arrays531847 -Node: Arrays Summary536615 -Node: Functions538708 -Node: Built-in539746 -Node: Calling Built-in540827 -Node: Numeric Functions542823 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1546851 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2547499 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3547547 -Node: String Functions547819 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1571960 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2572088 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3572336 -Node: Gory Details572423 -Ref: table-sub-escapes574214 -Ref: table-sub-proposed575733 -Ref: table-posix-sub577096 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes578637 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1579460 -Node: I/O Functions579614 -Ref: table-system-return-values586068 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1588148 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-2588296 -Node: Time Functions588416 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1599087 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2599155 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3599313 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4599424 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5599536 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6599763 -Node: Bitwise Functions600029 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops600623 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1606686 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-2606859 -Node: Type Functions607050 -Node: I18N Functions609913 -Node: User-defined611564 -Node: Definition Syntax612376 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1618070 -Node: Function Example618141 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1621063 -Node: Function Calling621085 -Node: Calling A Function621673 -Node: Variable Scope622631 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference625625 -Node: Function Caveats628269 -Ref: Function Caveats-Footnote-1630316 -Node: Return Statement630436 -Node: Dynamic Typing633415 -Node: Indirect Calls634345 -Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1644597 -Node: Functions Summary644725 -Node: Library Functions647430 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1651037 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2651180 -Node: Library Names651351 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1655018 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2655241 -Node: General Functions655327 -Node: Strtonum Function656430 -Node: Assert Function659452 -Node: Round Function662778 -Node: Cliff Random Function664318 -Node: Ordinal Functions665334 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1668397 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2668649 -Node: Join Function668859 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1670629 -Node: Getlocaltime Function670829 -Node: Readfile Function674571 -Node: Shell Quoting676548 -Node: Data File Management677949 -Node: Filetrans Function678581 -Node: Rewind Function682677 -Node: File Checking684586 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1685920 -Node: Empty Files686121 -Node: Ignoring Assigns688100 -Node: Getopt Function689650 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1704861 -Node: Passwd Functions705061 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1713900 -Node: Group Functions713988 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1721886 -Node: Walking Arrays722093 -Node: Library Functions Summary725101 -Node: Library Exercises726507 -Node: Sample Programs726972 -Node: Running Examples727742 -Node: Clones728470 -Node: Cut Program729694 -Node: Egrep Program739834 -Node: Id Program748845 -Node: Split Program758792 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1768682 -Node: Tee Program768855 -Node: Uniq Program771645 -Node: Wc Program779233 -Node: Bytes vs. Characters779630 -Node: Using extensions781178 -Node: wc program781932 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs786797 -Node: Dupword Program788010 -Node: Alarm Program790040 -Node: Translate Program794895 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1799460 -Node: Labels Program799730 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1803081 -Node: Word Sorting803165 -Node: History Sorting807237 -Node: Extract Program809462 -Node: Simple Sed817516 -Node: Igawk Program820590 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1834921 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2835123 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3835245 -Node: Anagram Program835360 -Node: Signature Program838422 -Node: Programs Summary839669 -Node: Programs Exercises840883 -Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1845013 -Node: Advanced Features845099 -Node: Nondecimal Data847089 -Node: Array Sorting848680 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal849380 -Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1857748 -Node: Array Sorting Functions857866 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1862957 -Node: Two-way I/O863153 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1870874 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2871061 -Node: TCP/IP Networking871143 -Node: Profiling874261 -Node: Advanced Features Summary883575 -Node: Internationalization885419 -Node: I18N and L10N886899 -Node: Explaining gettext887586 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1893478 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2893663 -Node: Programmer i18n893828 -Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1898777 -Node: Translator i18n898826 -Node: String Extraction899620 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1900752 -Node: Printf Ordering900838 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1903624 -Node: I18N Portability903688 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1906144 -Node: I18N Example906207 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1909482 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-2909555 -Node: Gawk I18N909664 -Node: I18N Summary910313 -Node: Debugger911654 -Node: Debugging912654 -Node: Debugging Concepts913095 -Node: Debugging Terms914904 -Node: Awk Debugging917479 -Ref: Awk Debugging-Footnote-1918424 -Node: Sample Debugging Session918556 -Node: Debugger Invocation919090 -Node: Finding The Bug920476 -Node: List of Debugger Commands926950 -Node: Breakpoint Control928283 -Node: Debugger Execution Control931977 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data935339 -Node: Execution Stack938880 -Node: Debugger Info940517 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands944588 -Node: Readline Support949650 -Node: Limitations950546 -Node: Debugging Summary953100 -Node: Namespaces954379 -Node: Global Namespace955490 -Node: Qualified Names956888 -Node: Default Namespace957887 -Node: Changing The Namespace958628 -Node: Naming Rules960242 -Node: Internal Name Management962090 -Node: Namespace Example963132 -Node: Namespace And Features965694 -Node: Namespace Summary967129 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic968606 -Node: Computer Arithmetic970093 -Ref: table-numeric-ranges973859 -Ref: table-floating-point-ranges974352 -Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1975010 -Node: Math Definitions975067 -Ref: table-ieee-formats978383 -Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1978986 -Node: MPFR features979091 -Node: FP Math Caution980809 -Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1981881 -Node: Inexactness of computations982250 -Node: Inexact representation983210 -Node: Comparing FP Values984570 -Node: Errors accumulate985811 -Node: Getting Accuracy987244 -Node: Try To Round989954 -Node: Setting precision990853 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings991550 -Node: Setting the rounding mode993380 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes993754 -Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1997685 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers997864 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-11001039 -Node: Checking for MPFR1001188 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems1002662 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-11006947 -Node: Floating point summary1006985 -Node: Dynamic Extensions1009175 -Node: Extension Intro1010728 -Node: Plugin License1011994 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline1012791 -Ref: figure-load-extension1013230 -Ref: figure-register-new-function1014795 -Ref: figure-call-new-function1015887 -Node: Extension API Description1017949 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction1019662 -Ref: table-api-std-headers1021498 -Node: General Data Types1025747 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-11034377 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions1034676 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-11039177 -Node: Constructor Functions1039276 -Node: API Ownership of MPFR and GMP Values1042742 -Node: Registration Functions1044055 -Node: Extension Functions1044755 -Node: Exit Callback Functions1050077 -Node: Extension Version String1051327 -Node: Input Parsers1051990 -Node: Output Wrappers1064711 -Node: Two-way processors1069223 -Node: Printing Messages1071488 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-11072659 -Node: Updating ERRNO1072812 -Node: Requesting Values1073551 -Ref: table-value-types-returned1074288 -Node: Accessing Parameters1075224 -Node: Symbol Table Access1076461 -Node: Symbol table by name1076973 -Ref: Symbol table by name-Footnote-11079997 -Node: Symbol table by cookie1080125 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-11084310 -Node: Cached values1084374 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-11087910 -Node: Array Manipulation1088063 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-11089154 -Node: Array Data Types1089191 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-11091849 -Node: Array Functions1091941 -Node: Flattening Arrays1096439 -Node: Creating Arrays1103415 -Node: Redirection API1108182 -Node: Extension API Variables1111015 -Node: Extension Versioning1111726 -Ref: gawk-api-version1112155 -Node: Extension GMP/MPFR Versioning1113886 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables1115514 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate1116587 -Node: Changes from API V11120561 -Node: Finding Extensions1122133 -Node: Extension Example1122692 -Node: Internal File Description1123490 -Node: Internal File Ops1127570 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11138920 -Node: Using Internal File Ops1139060 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11141443 -Node: Extension Samples1141717 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions1143246 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1150895 -Node: Extension Sample Fork1152382 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace1153600 -Node: Extension Sample Ord1157226 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir1158062 -Ref: table-readdir-file-types1158951 -Node: Extension Sample Revout1160018 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1160607 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array1161347 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile1163289 -Node: Extension Sample Time1164384 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests1166136 -Node: gawkextlib1166628 -Node: Extension summary1169546 -Node: Extension Exercises1173248 -Node: Language History1174490 -Node: V7/SVR3.11176146 -Node: SVR41178298 -Node: POSIX1179732 -Node: BTL1181113 -Node: POSIX/GNU1181842 -Node: Feature History1187620 -Node: Common Extensions1203939 -Node: Ranges and Locales1205222 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11209838 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21209865 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31210100 -Node: Contributors1210323 -Node: History summary1216320 -Node: Installation1217700 -Node: Gawk Distribution1218644 -Node: Getting1219128 -Node: Extracting1220091 -Node: Distribution contents1221729 -Node: Unix Installation1228209 -Node: Quick Installation1228891 -Node: Shell Startup Files1231305 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1232394 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1234709 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1237078 -Node: PC Installation1237538 -Node: PC Binary Installation1238376 -Node: PC Compiling1238811 -Node: PC Using1239928 -Node: Cygwin1243481 -Node: MSYS1244705 -Node: VMS Installation1245307 -Node: VMS Compilation1246098 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11247327 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1247385 -Node: VMS Installation Details1249070 -Node: VMS Running1251323 -Node: VMS GNV1255602 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1256337 -Node: Bugs1256808 -Node: Bug address1257471 -Node: Usenet1260453 -Node: Maintainers1261457 -Node: Other Versions1262642 -Node: Installation summary1269730 -Node: Notes1270939 -Node: Compatibility Mode1271733 -Node: Additions1272515 -Node: Accessing The Source1273440 -Node: Adding Code1274877 -Node: New Ports1281096 -Node: Derived Files1285471 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11291131 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21291166 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31291764 -Node: Future Extensions1291878 -Node: Implementation Limitations1292536 -Node: Extension Design1293746 -Node: Old Extension Problems1294890 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11296408 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1296465 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11299829 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1300018 -Node: Extension Future Growth1302131 -Node: Notes summary1302737 -Node: Basic Concepts1303895 -Node: Basic High Level1304576 -Ref: figure-general-flow1304858 -Ref: figure-process-flow1305543 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11308844 -Node: Basic Data Typing1309029 -Node: Glossary1312357 -Node: Copying1344242 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1381785 -Node: Index1406905 +Node: Foreword344553 +Node: Foreword448995 +Node: Preface50527 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-153386 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-253495 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-353729 +Node: History53871 +Node: Names56223 +Ref: Names-Footnote-157327 +Node: This Manual57474 +Ref: This Manual-Footnote-164113 +Node: Conventions64213 +Node: Manual History66582 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-169579 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-269620 +Node: How To Contribute69694 +Node: Acknowledgments70620 +Node: Getting Started75557 +Node: Running gawk77996 +Node: One-shot79186 +Node: Read Terminal80449 +Node: Long82442 +Node: Executable Scripts83955 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-186588 +Node: Comments86691 +Node: Quoting89175 +Node: DOS Quoting94701 +Node: Sample Data Files96757 +Node: Very Simple99352 +Node: Two Rules105454 +Node: More Complex107339 +Node: Statements/Lines109671 +Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1114155 +Node: Other Features114420 +Node: When115356 +Ref: When-Footnote-1117110 +Node: Intro Summary117175 +Node: Invoking Gawk118059 +Node: Command Line119573 +Node: Options120371 +Ref: Options-Footnote-1138285 +Ref: Options-Footnote-2138516 +Node: Other Arguments138541 +Node: Naming Standard Input142552 +Node: Environment Variables143762 +Node: AWKPATH Variable144320 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1147732 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2147766 +Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable148137 +Ref: AWKLIBPATH Variable-Footnote-1149834 +Node: Other Environment Variables150209 +Node: Exit Status154030 +Node: Include Files154707 +Node: Loading Shared Libraries158397 +Node: Obsolete159825 +Node: Undocumented160517 +Node: Invoking Summary160814 +Node: Regexp163655 +Node: Regexp Usage165109 +Node: Escape Sequences167146 +Node: Regexp Operators173387 +Node: Regexp Operator Details173872 +Ref: Regexp Operator Details-Footnote-1180304 +Node: Interval Expressions180451 +Ref: Interval Expressions-Footnote-1181872 +Node: Bracket Expressions181970 +Ref: table-char-classes184446 +Node: Leftmost Longest187772 +Node: Computed Regexps189075 +Node: GNU Regexp Operators192502 +Node: Case-sensitivity196239 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1199105 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2199340 +Node: Regexp Summary199448 +Node: Reading Files200914 +Node: Records203183 +Node: awk split records204258 +Node: gawk split records209533 +Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1214266 +Node: Fields214303 +Node: Nonconstant Fields217044 +Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1219280 +Node: Changing Fields219484 +Node: Field Separators225515 +Node: Default Field Splitting228213 +Node: Regexp Field Splitting229331 +Node: Single Character Fields232684 +Node: Command Line Field Separator233744 +Node: Full Line Fields236962 +Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1238484 +Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2238530 +Node: Field Splitting Summary238631 +Node: Constant Size240705 +Node: Fixed width data241437 +Node: Skipping intervening244904 +Node: Allowing trailing data245702 +Node: Fields with fixed data246739 +Node: Splitting By Content248257 +Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1252040 +Node: More CSV252203 +Node: Testing field creation253513 +Node: Multiple Line255138 +Node: Getline261415 +Node: Plain Getline263884 +Node: Getline/Variable266457 +Node: Getline/File267608 +Node: Getline/Variable/File268996 +Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1270601 +Node: Getline/Pipe270689 +Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe273393 +Node: Getline/Coprocess274528 +Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess275795 +Node: Getline Notes276537 +Node: Getline Summary279334 +Ref: table-getline-variants279758 +Node: Read Timeout280506 +Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1284412 +Node: Retrying Input284470 +Node: Command-line directories285669 +Node: Input Summary286575 +Node: Input Exercises289747 +Node: Printing290181 +Node: Print292015 +Node: Print Examples293472 +Node: Output Separators296252 +Node: OFMT298269 +Node: Printf299625 +Node: Basic Printf300410 +Node: Control Letters301984 +Node: Format Modifiers307146 +Node: Printf Examples313161 +Node: Redirection315647 +Node: Special FD322488 +Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1325656 +Node: Special Files325730 +Node: Other Inherited Files326347 +Node: Special Network327348 +Node: Special Caveats328208 +Node: Close Files And Pipes329157 +Ref: table-close-pipe-return-values336064 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1336877 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2337025 +Node: Nonfatal337177 +Node: Output Summary339515 +Node: Output Exercises340737 +Node: Expressions341416 +Node: Values342604 +Node: Constants343282 +Node: Scalar Constants343973 +Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1346483 +Node: Nondecimal-numbers346733 +Node: Regexp Constants349734 +Node: Using Constant Regexps350260 +Node: Standard Regexp Constants350882 +Node: Strong Regexp Constants354070 +Node: Variables357082 +Node: Using Variables357739 +Node: Assignment Options359649 +Node: Conversion362120 +Node: Strings And Numbers362644 +Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1365707 +Node: Locale influences conversions365816 +Ref: table-locale-affects368574 +Node: All Operators369192 +Node: Arithmetic Ops369821 +Node: Concatenation372537 +Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1375384 +Node: Assignment Ops375491 +Ref: table-assign-ops380482 +Node: Increment Ops381795 +Node: Truth Values and Conditions385255 +Node: Truth Values386329 +Node: Typing and Comparison387377 +Node: Variable Typing388197 +Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1394660 +Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-2394732 +Node: Comparison Operators394809 +Ref: table-relational-ops395228 +Node: POSIX String Comparison398723 +Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1400418 +Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-2400557 +Node: Boolean Ops400641 +Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1405123 +Node: Conditional Exp405215 +Node: Function Calls406951 +Node: Precedence410828 +Node: Locales414487 +Node: Expressions Summary416119 +Node: Patterns and Actions418692 +Node: Pattern Overview419812 +Node: Regexp Patterns421489 +Node: Expression Patterns422031 +Node: Ranges425812 +Node: BEGIN/END428920 +Node: Using BEGIN/END429681 +Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1432435 +Node: I/O And BEGIN/END432541 +Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE434854 +Node: Empty438085 +Node: Using Shell Variables438402 +Node: Action Overview440676 +Node: Statements443001 +Node: If Statement444849 +Node: While Statement446344 +Node: Do Statement448372 +Node: For Statement449520 +Node: Switch Statement452691 +Node: Break Statement455132 +Node: Continue Statement457224 +Node: Next Statement459051 +Node: Nextfile Statement461434 +Node: Exit Statement464123 +Node: Built-in Variables466526 +Node: User-modified467659 +Node: Auto-set475426 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1492233 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2492439 +Node: ARGC and ARGV492495 +Node: Pattern Action Summary496708 +Node: Arrays499138 +Node: Array Basics500467 +Node: Array Intro501311 +Ref: figure-array-elements503286 +Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1505990 +Node: Reference to Elements506118 +Node: Assigning Elements508582 +Node: Array Example509073 +Node: Scanning an Array510832 +Node: Controlling Scanning513854 +Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1520310 +Node: Numeric Array Subscripts520626 +Node: Uninitialized Subscripts522810 +Node: Delete524429 +Ref: Delete-Footnote-1527181 +Node: Multidimensional527238 +Node: Multiscanning530333 +Node: Arrays of Arrays531924 +Node: Arrays Summary536692 +Node: Functions538785 +Node: Built-in539823 +Node: Calling Built-in540904 +Node: Numeric Functions542900 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1546926 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2547574 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3547622 +Node: String Functions547894 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1572035 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2572163 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3572411 +Node: Gory Details572498 +Ref: table-sub-escapes574289 +Ref: table-sub-proposed575808 +Ref: table-posix-sub577171 +Ref: table-gensub-escapes578712 +Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1579535 +Node: I/O Functions579689 +Ref: table-system-return-values586143 +Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1588223 +Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-2588371 +Node: Time Functions588491 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1599162 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2599230 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3599388 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4599499 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5599611 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6599838 +Node: Bitwise Functions600104 +Ref: table-bitwise-ops600698 +Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1606761 +Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-2606934 +Node: Type Functions607125 +Node: I18N Functions609988 +Node: User-defined611639 +Node: Definition Syntax612451 +Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1618145 +Node: Function Example618216 +Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1621138 +Node: Function Calling621160 +Node: Calling A Function621748 +Node: Variable Scope622706 +Node: Pass By Value/Reference625700 +Node: Function Caveats628344 +Ref: Function Caveats-Footnote-1630391 +Node: Return Statement630511 +Node: Dynamic Typing633490 +Node: Indirect Calls634420 +Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1644672 +Node: Functions Summary644800 +Node: Library Functions647505 +Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1651112 +Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2651255 +Node: Library Names651426 +Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1655093 +Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2655316 +Node: General Functions655402 +Node: Strtonum Function656505 +Node: Assert Function659527 +Node: Round Function662853 +Node: Cliff Random Function664393 +Node: Ordinal Functions665409 +Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1668472 +Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2668724 +Node: Join Function668934 +Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1670704 +Node: Getlocaltime Function670904 +Node: Readfile Function674646 +Node: Shell Quoting676623 +Node: Data File Management678024 +Node: Filetrans Function678656 +Node: Rewind Function682752 +Node: File Checking684661 +Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1685995 +Node: Empty Files686196 +Node: Ignoring Assigns688175 +Node: Getopt Function689725 +Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1704936 +Node: Passwd Functions705136 +Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1713975 +Node: Group Functions714063 +Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1721961 +Node: Walking Arrays722168 +Node: Library Functions Summary725176 +Node: Library Exercises726582 +Node: Sample Programs727047 +Node: Running Examples727817 +Node: Clones728545 +Node: Cut Program729769 +Node: Egrep Program739909 +Node: Id Program748920 +Node: Split Program758867 +Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1768757 +Node: Tee Program768930 +Node: Uniq Program771720 +Node: Wc Program779308 +Node: Bytes vs. Characters779705 +Node: Using extensions781253 +Node: wc program782007 +Node: Miscellaneous Programs786872 +Node: Dupword Program788085 +Node: Alarm Program790115 +Node: Translate Program794970 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1799535 +Node: Labels Program799805 +Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1803156 +Node: Word Sorting803240 +Node: History Sorting807312 +Node: Extract Program809537 +Node: Simple Sed817591 +Node: Igawk Program820665 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1834996 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2835198 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3835320 +Node: Anagram Program835435 +Node: Signature Program838497 +Node: Programs Summary839744 +Node: Programs Exercises840958 +Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1845088 +Node: Advanced Features845174 +Node: Nondecimal Data847164 +Node: Array Sorting848755 +Node: Controlling Array Traversal849455 +Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1857823 +Node: Array Sorting Functions857941 +Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1863032 +Node: Two-way I/O863228 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1870949 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2871136 +Node: TCP/IP Networking871218 +Node: Profiling874336 +Node: Advanced Features Summary883650 +Node: Internationalization885494 +Node: I18N and L10N886974 +Node: Explaining gettext887661 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1893553 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2893738 +Node: Programmer i18n893903 +Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1898852 +Node: Translator i18n898901 +Node: String Extraction899695 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1900827 +Node: Printf Ordering900913 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1903699 +Node: I18N Portability903763 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1906219 +Node: I18N Example906282 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1909557 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-2909630 +Node: Gawk I18N909739 +Node: I18N Summary910388 +Node: Debugger911729 +Node: Debugging912729 +Node: Debugging Concepts913170 +Node: Debugging Terms914979 +Node: Awk Debugging917554 +Ref: Awk Debugging-Footnote-1918499 +Node: Sample Debugging Session918631 +Node: Debugger Invocation919165 +Node: Finding The Bug920551 +Node: List of Debugger Commands927025 +Node: Breakpoint Control928358 +Node: Debugger Execution Control932052 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data935414 +Node: Execution Stack938955 +Node: Debugger Info940592 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands944663 +Node: Readline Support949725 +Node: Limitations950621 +Node: Debugging Summary953175 +Node: Namespaces954454 +Node: Global Namespace955565 +Node: Qualified Names956963 +Node: Default Namespace957962 +Node: Changing The Namespace958703 +Node: Naming Rules960317 +Node: Internal Name Management962165 +Node: Namespace Example963207 +Node: Namespace And Features965769 +Node: Namespace Summary967204 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic968681 +Node: Computer Arithmetic970168 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges973934 +Ref: table-floating-point-ranges974427 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1975085 +Node: Math Definitions975142 +Ref: table-ieee-formats978118 +Node: MPFR features978685 +Node: FP Math Caution980403 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1981475 +Node: Inexactness of computations981844 +Node: Inexact representation982875 +Node: Comparing FP Values984235 +Node: Errors accumulate985476 +Node: Strange values986932 +Ref: Strange values-Footnote-1989520 +Node: Getting Accuracy989625 +Node: Try To Round992335 +Node: Setting precision993234 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings993931 +Node: Setting the rounding mode995761 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes996135 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-11000066 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers1000245 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-11003420 +Node: Checking for MPFR1003569 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems1005043 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-11009328 +Node: Floating point summary1009366 +Node: Dynamic Extensions1011556 +Node: Extension Intro1013109 +Node: Plugin License1014375 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline1015172 +Ref: figure-load-extension1015611 +Ref: figure-register-new-function1017176 +Ref: figure-call-new-function1018268 +Node: Extension API Description1020330 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction1022043 +Ref: table-api-std-headers1023879 +Node: General Data Types1028128 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-11036758 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions1037057 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-11041558 +Node: Constructor Functions1041657 +Node: API Ownership of MPFR and GMP Values1045123 +Node: Registration Functions1046436 +Node: Extension Functions1047136 +Node: Exit Callback Functions1052458 +Node: Extension Version String1053708 +Node: Input Parsers1054371 +Node: Output Wrappers1067092 +Node: Two-way processors1071604 +Node: Printing Messages1073869 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-11075040 +Node: Updating ERRNO1075193 +Node: Requesting Values1075932 +Ref: table-value-types-returned1076669 +Node: Accessing Parameters1077605 +Node: Symbol Table Access1078842 +Node: Symbol table by name1079354 +Ref: Symbol table by name-Footnote-11082378 +Node: Symbol table by cookie1082506 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-11086691 +Node: Cached values1086755 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-11090291 +Node: Array Manipulation1090444 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-11091535 +Node: Array Data Types1091572 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-11094230 +Node: Array Functions1094322 +Node: Flattening Arrays1098820 +Node: Creating Arrays1105796 +Node: Redirection API1110563 +Node: Extension API Variables1113396 +Node: Extension Versioning1114107 +Ref: gawk-api-version1114536 +Node: Extension GMP/MPFR Versioning1116267 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables1117895 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate1118968 +Node: Changes from API V11122942 +Node: Finding Extensions1124514 +Node: Extension Example1125073 +Node: Internal File Description1125871 +Node: Internal File Ops1129951 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11141301 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1141441 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11143824 +Node: Extension Samples1144098 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1145627 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1153276 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1154763 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1155981 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1159607 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1160443 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1161332 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1162399 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1162988 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1163728 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1165670 +Node: Extension Sample Time1166765 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1168517 +Node: gawkextlib1169009 +Node: Extension summary1171927 +Node: Extension Exercises1175629 +Node: Language History1176871 +Node: V7/SVR3.11178527 +Node: SVR41180679 +Node: POSIX1182113 +Node: BTL1183494 +Node: POSIX/GNU1184223 +Node: Feature History1190001 +Node: Common Extensions1206320 +Node: Ranges and Locales1207603 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11212219 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21212246 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31212481 +Node: Contributors1212704 +Node: History summary1218701 +Node: Installation1220081 +Node: Gawk Distribution1221025 +Node: Getting1221509 +Node: Extracting1222472 +Node: Distribution contents1224110 +Node: Unix Installation1230590 +Node: Quick Installation1231272 +Node: Shell Startup Files1233686 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1234775 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1237090 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1239459 +Node: PC Installation1239919 +Node: PC Binary Installation1240757 +Node: PC Compiling1241192 +Node: PC Using1242309 +Node: Cygwin1245862 +Node: MSYS1247086 +Node: VMS Installation1247688 +Node: VMS Compilation1248479 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11249708 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1249766 +Node: VMS Installation Details1251451 +Node: VMS Running1253704 +Node: VMS GNV1257983 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1258718 +Node: Bugs1259189 +Node: Bug address1259852 +Node: Usenet1262834 +Node: Maintainers1263838 +Node: Other Versions1265023 +Node: Installation summary1272111 +Node: Notes1273320 +Node: Compatibility Mode1274114 +Node: Additions1274896 +Node: Accessing The Source1275821 +Node: Adding Code1277258 +Node: New Ports1283477 +Node: Derived Files1287852 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11293512 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21293547 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31294145 +Node: Future Extensions1294259 +Node: Implementation Limitations1294917 +Node: Extension Design1296127 +Node: Old Extension Problems1297271 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11298789 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1298846 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11302210 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1302399 +Node: Extension Future Growth1304512 +Node: Notes summary1305118 +Node: Basic Concepts1306276 +Node: Basic High Level1306957 +Ref: figure-general-flow1307239 +Ref: figure-process-flow1307924 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11311225 +Node: Basic Data Typing1311410 +Node: Glossary1314738 +Node: Copying1346623 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1384166 +Node: Index1409286 End Tag Table |