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diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index c103f361..3bb2f352 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -217,6 +217,7 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled 'getline'. * Getline Summary:: Summary of 'getline' Variants. * Read Timeout:: Reading input with a timeout. +* Retrying Input:: Retrying input after certain errors. * Command-line directories:: What happens if you put a directory on the command line. * Input Summary:: Input summary. @@ -246,6 +247,7 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled * Special Caveats:: Things to watch out for. * Close Files And Pipes:: Closing Input and Output Files and Pipes. +* Nonfatal:: Enabling Nonfatal Output. * Output Summary:: Output summary. * Output Exercises:: Exercises. * Values:: Constants, Variables, and Regular @@ -255,6 +257,9 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled * Nondecimal-numbers:: What are octal and hex numbers. * Regexp Constants:: Regular Expression constants. * Using Constant Regexps:: When and how to use a regexp constant. +* Standard Regexp Constants:: Regexp constants in standard + 'awk'. +* Strong Regexp Constants:: Strongly typed regexp constants. * Variables:: Variables give names to values for later use. * Using Variables:: Using variables in your programs. @@ -557,6 +562,8 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled * Array Functions:: Functions for working with arrays. * Flattening Arrays:: How to flatten arrays. * Creating Arrays:: How to create and populate arrays. +* Redirection API:: How to access and manipulate + redirections. * Extension API Variables:: Variables provided by the API. * Extension Versioning:: API Version information. * Extension API Informational Variables:: Variables providing information about @@ -615,14 +622,16 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled * Unix Installation:: Installing 'gawk' under various versions of Unix. * Quick Installation:: Compiling 'gawk' under Unix. +* Shell Startup Files:: Shell convenience functions. * Additional Configuration Options:: Other compile-time options. * Configuration Philosophy:: How it's all supposed to work. * Non-Unix Installation:: Installation on Other Operating Systems. -* PC Installation:: Installing and Compiling 'gawk' on - Microsoft Windows. +* PC Installation:: Installing and Compiling + 'gawk' on Microsoft Windows. * PC Binary Installation:: Installing a prepared distribution. -* PC Compiling:: Compiling 'gawk' for Windows32. +* PC Compiling:: Compiling 'gawk' for + Windows32. * PC Using:: Running 'gawk' on Windows32. * Cygwin:: Building and running 'gawk' for Cygwin. @@ -2623,30 +2632,33 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: '-o'[FILE] '--pretty-print'['='FILE] - Enable pretty-printing of 'awk' programs. By default, the output - program is created in a file named 'awkprof.out' (*note - Profiling::). The optional FILE argument allows you to specify a - different file name for the output. No space is allowed between - the '-o' and FILE, if FILE is supplied. + Enable pretty-printing of 'awk' programs. Implies '--no-optimize'. + By default, the output program is created in a file named + 'awkprof.out' (*note Profiling::). The optional FILE argument + allows you to specify a different file name for the output. No + space is allowed between the '-o' and FILE, if FILE is supplied. - NOTE: Due to the way 'gawk' has evolved, with this option your - program still executes. This will change in the next major - release, such that 'gawk' will only pretty-print the program - and not run it. + NOTE: In the past, this option would also execute your + program. This is no longer the case. '-O' '--optimize' - Enable some optimizations on the internal representation of the - program. At the moment, this includes just simple constant - folding. + Enable 'gawk''s default optimizations on the internal + representation of the program. At the moment, this includes simple + constant folding and tail recursion elimination in function calls. + + These optimizations are enabled by default. This option remains + primarily for backwards compatibility. However, it may be used to + cancel the effect of an earlier '-s' option (see later in this + list). '-p'[FILE] '--profile'['='FILE] - Enable profiling of 'awk' programs (*note Profiling::). By - default, profiles are created in a file named 'awkprof.out'. The - optional FILE argument allows you to specify a different file name - for the profile file. No space is allowed between the '-p' and - FILE, if FILE is supplied. + Enable profiling of 'awk' programs (*note Profiling::). Implies + '--no-optimize'. By default, profiles are created in a file named + 'awkprof.out'. The optional FILE argument allows you to specify a + different file name for the profile file. No space is allowed + between the '-p' and FILE, if FILE is supplied. The profile contains execution counts for each statement in the program in the left margin, and function call counts for each @@ -2660,9 +2672,6 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: in 'gawk' that are disabled by this option. Also, the following additional restrictions apply: - * Newlines do not act as whitespace to separate fields when 'FS' - is equal to a single space (*note Fields::). - * Newlines are not allowed after '?' or ':' (*note Conditional Exp::). @@ -2683,6 +2692,11 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: remains (both for backward compatibility and for use in combination with '--traditional'). +'-s' +'--no-optimize' + Disable 'gawk''s default optimizations on the internal + representation of the program. + '-S' '--sandbox' Disable the 'system()' function, input redirections with 'getline', @@ -2931,6 +2945,9 @@ Since '.' is included at the beginning, 'gawk' searches first in the current directory and then in '/usr/local/share/awk'. In practice, this means that you will rarely need to change the value of 'AWKPATH'. + *Note Shell Startup Files::, for information on functions that help +to manipulate the 'AWKPATH' variable. + 'gawk' places the value of the search path that it used into 'ENVIRON["AWKPATH"]'. This provides access to the actual search path value from within an 'awk' program. @@ -2970,6 +2987,9 @@ empty value, 'gawk' uses a default path; this is typically '/usr/local/lib/gawk', although it can vary depending upon how 'gawk' was built. + *Note Shell Startup Files::, for information on functions that help +to manipulate the 'AWKLIBPATH' variable. + 'gawk' places the value of the search path that it used into 'ENVIRON["AWKLIBPATH"]'. This provides access to the actual search path value from within an 'awk' program. @@ -2996,7 +3016,8 @@ used by regular users: 'GAWK_SOCK_RETRIES' Controls the number of times 'gawk' attempts to retry a two-way TCP/IP (socket) connection before giving up. *Note TCP/IP - Networking::. + Networking::. Note that when nonfatal I/O is enabled (*note + Nonfatal::), 'gawk' only tries to open a TCP/IP socket once. 'POSIXLY_CORRECT' Causes 'gawk' to switch to POSIX-compatibility mode, disabling all @@ -3046,13 +3067,6 @@ change. The variables are: supposed to be differences, but occasionally theory and practice don't coordinate with each other.) -'GAWK_NO_PP_RUN' - When 'gawk' is invoked with the '--pretty-print' option, it will - not run the program if this environment variable exists. - - CAUTION: This variable will not survive into the next major - release. - 'GAWK_STACKSIZE' This specifies the amount by which 'gawk' should grow its internal evaluation stack, when needed. @@ -3443,15 +3457,18 @@ sequences apply to both string constants and regexp constants: '\xHH...' The hexadecimal value HH, where HH stands for a sequence of - hexadecimal digits ('0'-'9', and either 'A'-'F' or 'a'-'f'). Like - the same construct in ISO C, the escape sequence continues until - the first nonhexadecimal digit is seen. (c.e.) However, using - more than two hexadecimal digits produces undefined results. (The - '\x' escape sequence is not allowed in POSIX 'awk'.) - - CAUTION: The next major release of 'gawk' will change, such - that a maximum of two hexadecimal digits following the '\x' - will be used. + hexadecimal digits ('0'-'9', and either 'A'-'F' or 'a'-'f'). A + maximum of two digts are allowed after the '\x'. Any further + hexadecimal digits are treated as simple letters or numbers. + (c.e.) (The '\x' escape sequence is not allowed in POSIX awk.) + + CAUTION: In ISO C, the escape sequence continues until the + first nonhexadecimal digit is seen. For many years, 'gawk' + would continue incorporating hexadecimal digits into the value + until a non-hexadecimal digit or the end of the string was + encountered. However, using more than two hexadecimal digits + produced undefined results. As of version 4.2, only two + digits are processed. '\/' A literal slash (necessary for regexp constants only). This @@ -4176,6 +4193,7 @@ be named on the 'awk' command line (*note Getline::). * Getline:: Reading files under explicit program control using the 'getline' function. * Read Timeout:: Reading input with a timeout. +* Retrying Input:: Retrying input after certain errors. * Command-line directories:: What happens if you put a directory on the command line. * Input Summary:: Input summary. @@ -4437,7 +4455,7 @@ When 'awk' reads an input record, the record is automatically "parsed" or separated by the 'awk' utility into chunks called "fields". By default, fields are separated by "whitespace", like words in a line. Whitespace in 'awk' means any string of one or more spaces, TABs, or -newlines;(1) other characters that are considered whitespace by other +newlines; other characters that are considered whitespace by other languages (such as formfeed, vertical tab, etc.) are _not_ considered whitespace by 'awk'. @@ -4489,11 +4507,6 @@ record: -| Julie F -| Samuel A - ---------- Footnotes ---------- - - (1) In POSIX 'awk', newlines are not considered whitespace for -separating fields. - File: gawk.info, Node: Nonconstant Fields, Next: Changing Fields, Prev: Fields, Up: Reading Files @@ -5439,6 +5452,11 @@ record, such as a file that cannot be opened, then 'getline' returns -1. In this case, 'gawk' sets the variable 'ERRNO' to a string describing the error that occurred. + If 'ERRNO' indicates that the I/O operation may be retried, and +'PROCINFO["INPUT", "RETRY"]' is set, then 'getline' returns -2 instead +of -1, and further calls to 'getline' may be attempted. *Note Retrying +Input:: for further information about this feature. + In the following examples, COMMAND stands for a string value that represents a shell command. @@ -5874,7 +5892,7 @@ VAR Table 4.1: 'getline' variants and what they set -File: gawk.info, Node: Read Timeout, Next: Command-line directories, Prev: Getline, Up: Reading Files +File: gawk.info, Node: Read Timeout, Next: Retrying Input, Prev: Getline, Up: Reading Files 4.10 Reading Input with a Timeout ================================= @@ -5953,7 +5971,8 @@ per-command or per-connection basis. 'gawk' considers a timeout event to be an error even though the attempt to read from the underlying device may succeed in a later attempt. This is a limitation, and it also means that you cannot use -this to multiplex input from two or more sources. +this to multiplex input from two or more sources. *Note Retrying +Input:: for a way to enable later I/O attempts to succeed. Assigning a timeout value prevents read operations from blocking indefinitely. But bear in mind that there are other ways 'gawk' can @@ -5967,9 +5986,36 @@ can block indefinitely until some other process opens it for writing. (1) This assumes that standard input is the keyboard. -File: gawk.info, Node: Command-line directories, Next: Input Summary, Prev: Read Timeout, Up: Reading Files +File: gawk.info, Node: Retrying Input, Next: Command-line directories, Prev: Read Timeout, Up: Reading Files -4.11 Directories on the Command Line +4.11 Retrying Reads After Certain Input Errors +============================================== + +This minor node describes a feature that is specific to 'gawk'. + + When 'gawk' encounters an error while reading input, by default +'getline' returns -1, and subsequent attempts to read from that file +result in an end-of-file indication. However, you may optionally +instruct 'gawk' to allow I/O to be retried when certain errors are +encountered by setting a special element in the 'PROCINFO' array (*note +Auto-set::): + + PROCINFO["INPUT_NAME", "RETRY"] = 1 + + When this element exists, 'gawk' checks the value of the system (C +language) 'errno' variable when an I/O error occurs. If 'errno' +indicates a subsequent I/O attempt may succeed, 'getline' instead +returns -2 and further calls to 'getline' may succeed. This applies to +the 'errno' values 'EAGAIN', 'EWOULDBLOCK', 'EINTR', or 'ETIMEDOUT'. + + This feature is useful in conjunction with 'PROCINFO["INPUT_NAME", +"READ_TIMEOUT"]' or situations where a file descriptor has been +configured to behave in a non-blocking fashion. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Command-line directories, Next: Input Summary, Prev: Retrying Input, Up: Reading Files + +4.12 Directories on the Command Line ==================================== According to the POSIX standard, files named on the 'awk' command line @@ -5992,7 +6038,7 @@ usable data from an 'awk' program. File: gawk.info, Node: Input Summary, Next: Input Exercises, Prev: Command-line directories, Up: Reading Files -4.12 Summary +4.13 Summary ============ * Input is split into records based on the value of 'RS'. The @@ -6064,7 +6110,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Input Summary, Next: Input Exercises, Prev: Command-li File: gawk.info, Node: Input Exercises, Prev: Input Summary, Up: Reading Files -4.13 Exercises +4.14 Exercises ============== 1. Using the 'FIELDWIDTHS' variable (*note Constant Size::), write a @@ -6114,6 +6160,7 @@ function. 'gawk' allows access to inherited file descriptors. * Close Files And Pipes:: Closing Input and Output Files and Pipes. +* Nonfatal:: Enabling Nonfatal Output. * Output Summary:: Output summary. * Output Exercises:: Exercises. @@ -7021,7 +7068,7 @@ that 'gawk' provides: behavior. -File: gawk.info, Node: Close Files And Pipes, Next: Output Summary, Prev: Special Files, Up: Printing +File: gawk.info, Node: Close Files And Pipes, Next: Nonfatal, Prev: Special Files, Up: Printing 5.9 Closing Input and Output Redirections ========================================= @@ -7166,11 +7213,23 @@ there is a system problem closing the file or process. In these cases, 'gawk' sets the predefined variable 'ERRNO' to a string describing the problem. - In 'gawk', when closing a pipe or coprocess (input or output), the -return value is the exit status of the command.(2) Otherwise, it is the -return value from the system's 'close()' or 'fclose()' C functions when -closing input or output files, respectively. This value is zero if the -close succeeds, or -1 if it fails. + In 'gawk', starting with version 4.2, when closing a pipe or +coprocess (input or output), the return value is the exit status of the +command, as described in *note Table 5.1: +table-close-pipe-return-values.(2) Otherwise, it is the return value +from the system's 'close()' or 'fclose()' C functions when closing input +or output files, respectively. This value is zero if the close +succeeds, or -1 if it fails. + +Situation Return value from 'close()' +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Normal exit of command Command's exit status +Death by signal of command 256 + number of murderous signal +Death by signal of command 512 + number of murderous signal +with core dump +Some kind of error -1 + +Table 5.1: Return values from 'close()' of a pipe The POSIX standard is very vague; it says that 'close()' returns zero on success and a nonzero value otherwise. In general, different @@ -7184,14 +7243,73 @@ Options::), 'gawk' just returns zero when closing a pipe. is called a "zombie," and cleaning up after it is referred to as "reaping." - (2) This is a full 16-bit value as returned by the 'wait()' system -call. See the system manual pages for information on how to decode this -value. + (2) Prior to version 4.2, the return value from closing a pipe or +co-process was the full 16-bit exit value as defined by the 'wait()' +system call. -File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Next: Output Exercises, Prev: Close Files And Pipes, Up: Printing +File: gawk.info, Node: Nonfatal, Next: Output Summary, Prev: Close Files And Pipes, Up: Printing -5.10 Summary +5.10 Enabling Nonfatal Output +============================= + +This minor node describes a 'gawk'-specific feature. + + In standard 'awk', output with 'print' or 'printf' to a nonexistent +file, or some other I/O error (such as filling up the disk) is a fatal +error. + + $ gawk 'BEGIN { print "hi" > "/no/such/file" }' + error-> gawk: cmd. line:1: fatal: can't redirect to `/no/such/file' (No such file or directory) + + 'gawk' makes it possible to detect that an error has occurred, +allowing you to possibly recover from the error, or at least print an +error message of your choosing before exiting. You can do this in one +of two ways: + + * For all output files, by assigning any value to + 'PROCINFO["NONFATAL"]'. + + * On a per-file basis, by assigning any value to 'PROCINFO[FILENAME, + "NONFATAL"]'. Here, FILENAME is the name of the file to which you + wish output to be nonfatal. + + Once you have enabled nonfatal output, you must check 'ERRNO' after +every relevant 'print' or 'printf' statement to see if something went +wrong. It is also a good idea to initialize 'ERRNO' to zero before +attempting the output. For example: + + $ gawk ' + > BEGIN { + > PROCINFO["NONFATAL"] = 1 + > ERRNO = 0 + > print "hi" > "/no/such/file" + > if (ERRNO) { + > print("Output failed:", ERRNO) > "/dev/stderr" + > exit 1 + > } + > }' + error-> Output failed: No such file or directory + + Here, 'gawk' did not produce a fatal error; instead it let the 'awk' +program code detect the problem and handle it. + + This mechanism works also for standard output and standard error. +For standard output, you may use 'PROCINFO["-", "NONFATAL"]' or +'PROCINFO["/dev/stdout", "NONFATAL"]'. For standard error, use +'PROCINFO["/dev/stderr", "NONFATAL"]'. + + When attempting to open a TCP/IP socket (*note TCP/IP Networking::), +'gawk' tries multiple times. The 'GAWK_SOCK_RETRIES' environment +variable (*note Other Environment Variables::) allows you to override +'gawk''s builtin default number of attempts. However, once nonfatal I/O +is enabled for a given socket, 'gawk' only retries once, relying on +'awk'-level code to notice that there was a problem. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Next: Output Exercises, Prev: Nonfatal, Up: Printing + +5.11 Summary ============ * The 'print' statement prints comma-separated expressions. Each @@ -7213,10 +7331,15 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Next: Output Exercises, Prev: Close Fi For coprocesses, it is possible to close only one direction of the communications. + * Normally errors with 'print' or 'printf' are fatal. 'gawk' lets + you make output errors be nonfatal either for all files or on a + per-file basis. You must then check for errors after every + relevant output statement. + File: gawk.info, Node: Output Exercises, Prev: Output Summary, Up: Printing -5.11 Exercises +5.12 Exercises ============== 1. Rewrite the program: @@ -7347,9 +7470,9 @@ octal (base 8) and hexadecimal (base 16). In octal, the numbers go 0, 1 times 10 plus 1, so '11' in octal is 1 times 8 plus 1. This equals 9 in decimal. In hexadecimal, there are 16 digits. Because the everyday decimal number system only has ten digits ('0'-'9'), the letters 'a' -through 'f' are used to represent the rest. (Case in the letters is -usually irrelevant; hexadecimal 'a' and 'A' have the same value.) Thus, -'11' in hexadecimal is 1 times 16 plus 1, which equals 17 in decimal. +through 'f' represent the rest. (Case in the letters is usually +irrelevant; hexadecimal 'a' and 'A' have the same value.) Thus, '11' in +hexadecimal is 1 times 16 plus 1, which equals 17 in decimal. Just by looking at plain '11', you can't tell what base it's in. So, in C, C++, and other languages derived from C, there is a special @@ -7426,6 +7549,23 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Using Constant Regexps, Next: Variables, Prev: Constan 6.1.2 Using Regular Expression Constants ---------------------------------------- +Regular expression constants consist of text describing a regular +expression enclosed in slashes (such as '/the +answer/'). This minor +node describes how such constants work in POSIX 'awk' and 'gawk', and +then goes on to describe "strongly typed regexp constants", which are a +'gawk' extension. + +* Menu: + +* Standard Regexp Constants:: Regexp constants in standard 'awk'. +* Strong Regexp Constants:: Strongly typed regexp constants. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Standard Regexp Constants, Next: Strong Regexp Constants, Up: Using Constant Regexps + +6.1.2.1 Standard Regular Expression Constants +............................................. + When used on the righthand side of the '~' or '!~' operators, a regexp constant merely stands for the regexp that is to be matched. However, regexp constants (such as '/foo/') may be used like simple expressions. @@ -7500,6 +7640,73 @@ function, because passing a truth value in this way is probably not what was intended. +File: gawk.info, Node: Strong Regexp Constants, Prev: Standard Regexp Constants, Up: Using Constant Regexps + +6.1.2.2 Strongly Typed Regexp Constants +....................................... + +This minor node describes a 'gawk'-specific feature. + + As we saw in the previous minor node, regexp constants ('/.../') hold +a strange position in the 'awk' language. In most contexts, they act +like an expression: '$0 ~ /.../'. In other contexts, they denote only a +regexp to be matched. In no case are they really a "first class +citizen" of the language. That is, you cannot define a scalar variable +whose type is "regexp" in the same sense that you can define a variable +to be a number or a string: + + num = 42 Numeric variable + str = "hi" String variable + re = /foo/ Wrong! re is the result of $0 ~ /foo/ + + For a number of more advanced use cases, it would be nice to have +regexp constants that are "strongly typed"; in other words, that denote +a regexp useful for matching, and not an expression. + + 'gawk' provides this feature. A strongly typed regexp constant looks +almost like a regular regexp constant, except that it is preceded by an +'@' sign: + + re = @/foo/ Regexp variable + + Strongly typed regexp constants _cannot_ be used everywhere that a +regular regexp constant can, because this would make the language even +more confusing. Instead, you may use them only in certain contexts: + + * On the righthand side of the '~' and '!~' operators: 'some_var ~ + @/foo/' (*note Regexp Usage::). + + * In the 'case' part of a 'switch' statement (*note Switch + Statement::). + + * As an argument to one of the built-in functions that accept regexp + constants: 'gensub()', 'gsub()', 'match()', 'patsplit()', + 'split()', and 'sub()' (*note String Functions::). + + * As a parameter in a call to a user-defined function (*note + User-defined::). + + * On the righthand side of an assignment to a variable: 'some_var = + @/foo/'. In this case, the type of 'some_var' is regexp. + Additionally, 'some_var' can be used with '~' and '!~', passed to + one of the built-in functions listed above, or passed as a + parameter to a user-defined function. + + You may use the 'typeof()' built-in function (*note Type Functions::) +to determine if a variable or function parameter is a regexp variable. + + The true power of this feature comes from the ability to create +variables that have regexp type. Such variables can be passed on to +user-defined functions, without the confusing aspects of computed +regular expressions created from strings or string constants. They may +also be passed through indirect function calls (*note Indirect Calls::) +and on to the built-in functions that accept regexp constants. + + When used in numeric conversions, strongly typed regexp variables +convert to zero. When used in string conversions, they convert to the +string value of the original regexp text. + + File: gawk.info, Node: Variables, Next: Conversion, Prev: Using Constant Regexps, Up: Values 6.1.3 Variables @@ -8275,11 +8482,74 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Variable Typing, Next: Comparison Operators, Up: Typin 6.3.2.1 String Type versus Numeric Type ....................................... -The POSIX standard introduced the concept of a "numeric string", which -is simply a string that looks like a number--for example, '" +2"'. This -concept is used for determining the type of a variable. The type of the -variable is important because the types of two variables determine how -they are compared. Variable typing follows these rules: +Scalar objects in 'awk' (variables, array elements, and fields) are +_dynamically_ typed. This means their type can change as the program +runs, from "untyped" before any use,(1) to string or number, and then +from string to number or number to string, as the program progresses. +('gawk' also provides regexp-typed scalars, but let's ignore that for +now; *note Strong Regexp Constants::.) + + You can't do much with untyped variables, other than tell that they +are untyped. The following program tests 'a' against '""' and '0'; the +test succeeds when 'a' has never been assigned a value. It also uses +the built-in 'typeof()' function (not presented yet; *note Type +Functions::) to show 'a''s type: + + $ gawk 'BEGIN { print (a == "" && a == 0 ? + > "a is untyped" : "a has a type!") ; print typeof(a) }' + -| a is untyped + -| unassigned + + A scalar has numeric type when assigned a numeric value, such as from +a numeric constant, or from another scalar with numeric type: + + $ gawk 'BEGIN { a = 42 ; print typeof(a) + > b = a ; print typeof(b) }' + number + number + + Similarly, a scalar has string type when assigned a string value, +such as from a string constant, or from another scalar with string type: + + $ gawk 'BEGIN { a = "forty two" ; print typeof(a) + > b = a ; print typeof(b) }' + string + string + + So far, this is all simple and straightforward. What happens, +though, when 'awk' has to process data from a user? Let's start with +field data. What should the following command produce as output? + + echo hello | awk '{ printf("%s %s < 42\n", $1, + ($1 < 42 ? "is" : "is not")) }' + +Since 'hello' is alphabetic data, 'awk' can only do a string comparison. +Internally, it converts '42' into '"42"' and compares the two string +values '"hello"' and '"42"'. Here's the result: + + $ echo hello | awk '{ printf("%s %s < 42\n", $1, + > ($1 < 42 ? "is" : "is not")) }' + -| hello is not < 42 + + However, what happens when data from a user _looks like_ a number? +On the one hand, in reality, the input data consists of characters, not +binary numeric values. But, on the other hand, the data looks numeric, +and 'awk' really ought to treat it as such. And indeed, it does: + + $ echo 37 | awk '{ printf("%s %s < 42\n", $1, + > ($1 < 42 ? "is" : "is not")) }' + -| 37 is < 42 + + Here are the rules for when 'awk' treats data as a number, and for +when it treats data as a string. + + The POSIX standard uses the term "numeric string" for input data that +looks numeric. The '37' in the previous example is a numeric string. +So what is the type of a numeric string? Answer: numeric. + + The type of a variable is important because the types of two +variables determine how they are compared. Variable typing follows +these definitions and rules: * A numeric constant or the result of a numeric operation has the "numeric" attribute. @@ -8290,8 +8560,9 @@ they are compared. Variable typing follows these rules: * Fields, 'getline' input, 'FILENAME', 'ARGV' elements, 'ENVIRON' elements, and the elements of an array created by 'match()', 'split()', and 'patsplit()' that are numeric strings have the - "strnum" attribute. Otherwise, they have the "string" attribute. - Uninitialized variables also have the "strnum" attribute. + "strnum" attribute.(2) Otherwise, they have the "string" + attribute. Uninitialized variables also have the "strnum" + attribute. * Attributes propagate across assignments but are not changed by any use. @@ -8310,16 +8581,16 @@ operation: comparison may be used. This depends upon the attributes of the operands, according to the following symmetric matrix: - +------------------------------- - | STRING NUMERIC STRNUM - -----+------------------------------- - | - STRING | string string string - | - NUMERIC | string numeric numeric - | - STRNUM | string numeric numeric - -----+------------------------------- + +---------------------------------------------- + | STRING NUMERIC STRNUM +--------+---------------------------------------------- + | +STRING | string string string + | +NUMERIC | string numeric numeric + | +STRNUM | string numeric numeric +--------+---------------------------------------------- The basic idea is that user input that looks numeric--and _only_ user input--should be treated as numeric, even though it is actually made of @@ -8330,16 +8601,18 @@ for comparison purposes. In short, when one operand is a "pure" string, such as a string constant, then a string comparison is performed. Otherwise, a numeric -comparison is performed. +comparison is performed. (The primary difference between a number and a +strnum is that for strnums 'gawk' preserves the original string value +that the scalar had when it came in.) + + This point bears additional emphasis: Input that looks numeric _is_ +numeric. All other input is treated as strings. - This point bears additional emphasis: All user input is made of -characters, and so is first and foremost of string type; input strings -that look numeric are additionally given the strnum attribute. Thus, -the six-character input string ' +3.14' receives the strnum attribute. -In contrast, the eight characters '" +3.14"' appearing in program text -comprise a string constant. The following examples print '1' when the -comparison between the two different constants is true, and '0' -otherwise: + Thus, the six-character input string ' +3.14' receives the strnum +attribute. In contrast, the eight characters '" +3.14"' appearing in +program text comprise a string constant. The following examples print +'1' when the comparison between the two different constants is true, and +'0' otherwise: $ echo ' +3.14' | awk '{ print($0 == " +3.14") }' True -| 1 @@ -8358,6 +8631,19 @@ otherwise: $ echo ' +3.14' | awk '{ print($1 == 3.14) }' True -| 1 + You can see the type of an input field (or other user input) using +'typeof()': + + $ echo hello 37 | gawk '{ print typeof($1), typeof($2) }' + -| string strnum + + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) 'gawk' calls this "unassigned", as the following example shows. + + (2) Thus, a POSIX numeric string and 'gawk''s strnum are the same +thing. + File: gawk.info, Node: Comparison Operators, Next: POSIX String Comparison, Prev: Variable Typing, Up: Typing and Comparison @@ -8474,18 +8760,18 @@ Constant Regexps::, where this is discussed in more detail. File: gawk.info, Node: POSIX String Comparison, Prev: Comparison Operators, Up: Typing and Comparison -6.3.2.3 String Comparison with POSIX Rules -.......................................... +6.3.2.3 String Comparison Based on Locale Collating Order +......................................................... -The POSIX standard says that string comparison is performed based on the -locale's "collating order". This is the order in which characters sort, -as defined by the locale (for more discussion, *note Locales::). This -order is usually very different from the results obtained when doing -straight character-by-character comparison.(1) +The POSIX standard used to say that all string comparisons are performed +based on the locale's "collating order". This is the order in which +characters sort, as defined by the locale (for more discussion, *note +Locales::). This order is usually very different from the results +obtained when doing straight byte-by-byte comparison.(1) Because this behavior differs considerably from existing practice, -'gawk' only implements it when in POSIX mode (*note Options::). Here is -an example to illustrate the difference, in an 'en_US.UTF-8' locale: +'gawk' only implemented it when in POSIX mode (*note Options::). Here +is an example to illustrate the difference, in an 'en_US.UTF-8' locale: $ gawk 'BEGIN { printf("ABC < abc = %s\n", > ("ABC" < "abc" ? "TRUE" : "FALSE")) }' @@ -8494,11 +8780,28 @@ an example to illustrate the difference, in an 'en_US.UTF-8' locale: > ("ABC" < "abc" ? "TRUE" : "FALSE")) }' -| ABC < abc = FALSE + Fortunately, as of August 2016, comparison based on locale collating +order is no longer required for the '==' and '!=' operators.(2) +However, comparison based on locales is still required for '<', '<=', +'>', and '>='. POSIX thus recommends as follows: + + Since the '==' operator checks whether strings are identical, not + whether they collate equally, applications needing to check whether + strings collate equally can use: + + a <= b && a >= b + + As of version 4.2, 'gawk' continues to use locale collating order for +'<', '<=', '>', and '>=' only in POSIX mode. + ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) Technically, string comparison is supposed to behave the same way as if the strings were compared with the C 'strcoll()' function. + (2) See the Austin Group website +(http://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=1070). + File: gawk.info, Node: Boolean Ops, Next: Conditional Exp, Prev: Typing and Comparison, Up: Truth Values and Conditions @@ -10136,7 +10439,7 @@ each variable.) The default value is '" "', a string consisting of a single space. As a special exception, this value means that any sequence of - spaces, TABs, and/or newlines is a single separator.(1) It also + spaces, TABs, and/or newlines is a single separator. It also causes spaces, TABs, and newlines at the beginning and end of a record to be ignored. @@ -10233,10 +10536,6 @@ each variable.) Internationalization::). The default value of 'TEXTDOMAIN' is '"messages"'. - ---------- Footnotes ---------- - - (1) In POSIX 'awk', newline does not count as whitespace. - File: gawk.info, Node: Auto-set, Next: ARGC and ARGV, Prev: User-modified, Up: Built-in Variables @@ -10300,10 +10599,24 @@ they are not special: An associative array containing the values of the environment. The array indices are the environment variable names; the elements are the values of the particular environment variables. For example, - 'ENVIRON["HOME"]' might be '"/home/arnold"'. Changing this array - does not affect the environment passed on to any programs that - 'awk' may spawn via redirection or the 'system()' function. (In a - future version of 'gawk', it may do so.) + 'ENVIRON["HOME"]' might be '/home/arnold'. + + For POSIX 'awk', changing this array does not affect the + environment passed on to any programs that 'awk' may spawn via + redirection or the 'system()' function. + + However, beginning with version 4.2, if not in POSIX compatibility + mode, 'gawk' does update its own environment when 'ENVIRON' is + changed, thus changing the environment seen by programs that it + creates. You should therefore be especially careful if you modify + 'ENVIRON["PATH"]', which is the search path for finding executable + programs. + + This can also affect the running 'gawk' program, since some of the + built-in functions may pay attention to certain environment + variables. The most notable instance of this is 'mktime()' (*note + Time Functions::), which pays attention the value of the 'TZ' + environment variable on many systems. Some operating systems may not have environment variables. On such systems, the 'ENVIRON' array is empty (except for @@ -10326,6 +10639,11 @@ they are not special: 'getline' returning -1. You are, of course, free to clear it yourself before doing an I/O operation. + If the value of 'ERRNO' corresponds to a system error in the C + 'errno' variable, then 'PROCINFO["errno"]' will be set to the value + of 'errno'. For non-system errors, 'PROCINFO["errno"]' will be + zero. + 'FILENAME' The name of the current input file. When no data files are listed on the command line, 'awk' reads from the standard input and @@ -10374,6 +10692,10 @@ they are not special: 'PROCINFO["egid"]' The value of the 'getegid()' system call. + 'PROCINFO["errno"]' + The value of the C 'errno' variable when 'ERRNO' is set to the + associated error message. + 'PROCINFO["euid"]' The value of the 'geteuid()' system call. @@ -10472,6 +10794,14 @@ they are not special: The following elements allow you to change 'gawk''s behavior: + 'PROCINFO["NONFATAL"]' + If this element exists, then I/O errors for all output + redirections become nonfatal. *Note Nonfatal::. + + 'PROCINFO["OUTPUT_NAME", "NONFATAL"]' + Make output errors for OUTPUT_NAME be nonfatal. *Note + Nonfatal::. + 'PROCINFO["COMMAND", "pty"]' For two-way communication to COMMAND, use a pseudo-tty instead of setting up a two-way pipe. *Note Two-way I/O:: for more @@ -11886,6 +12216,21 @@ brackets ([ ]): truncated toward zero. For example, 'int(3)' is 3, 'int(3.9)' is 3, 'int(-3.9)' is -3, and 'int(-3)' is -3 as well. +'intdiv(NUMERATOR, DENOMINATOR, RESULT)' + Perform integer division, similar to the standard C function of the + same name. First, truncate 'numerator' and 'denominator' towards + zero, creating integer values. Clear the 'result' array, and then + set 'result["quotient"]' to the result of 'numerator / + denominator', truncated towards zero to an integer, and set + 'result["remainder"]' to the result of 'numerator % denominator', + truncated towards zero to an integer. This function is primarily + intended for use with arbitrary length integers; it avoids creating + MPFR arbitrary precision floating-point values (*note Arbitrary + Precision Integers::). + + This function is a 'gawk' extension. It is not available in + compatibility mode (*note Options::). + 'log(X)' Return the natural logarithm of X, if X is positive; otherwise, return 'NaN' ("not a number") on IEEE 754 systems. Additionally, @@ -13273,13 +13618,10 @@ are enclosed in square brackets ([ ]): Return the bitwise XOR of the arguments. There must be at least two. - For all of these functions, first the double-precision floating-point -value is converted to the widest C unsigned integer type, then the -bitwise operation is performed. If the result cannot be represented -exactly as a C 'double', leading nonzero bits are removed one by one -until it can be represented exactly. The result is then converted back -into a C 'double'. (If you don't understand this paragraph, don't worry -about it.) + CAUTION: Beginning with 'gawk' 4.1 4.2, negative operands are not + allowed for any of these functions. A negative operand produces a + fatal error. See the sidebar "Beware The Smoke and Mirrors!" for + more information as to why. Here is a user-defined function (*note User-defined::) that illustrates the use of these functions: @@ -13341,26 +13683,118 @@ decimal and octal values for the same numbers (*note Nondecimal-numbers::), and then demonstrates the results of the 'compl()', 'lshift()', and 'rshift()' functions. + Beware The Smoke and Mirrors! + + It other languages, bitwise operations are performed on integer +values, not floating-point values. As a general statement, such +operations work best when performed on unsigned integers. + + 'gawk' attempts to treat the arguments to the bitwise functions as +unsigned integers. For this reason, negative arguments produce a fatal +error. + + In normal operation, for all of these functions, first the +double-precision floating-point value is converted to the widest C +unsigned integer type, then the bitwise operation is performed. If the +result cannot be represented exactly as a C 'double', leading nonzero +bits are removed one by one until it can be represented exactly. The +result is then converted back into a C 'double'.(2) + + However, when using arbitrary precision arithmetic with the '-M' +option (*note Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic::), the results may differ. +This is particularly noticeable with the 'compl()' function: + + $ gawk 'BEGIN { print compl(42) }' + -| 9007199254740949 + $ gawk -M 'BEGIN { print compl(42) }' + -| -43 + + What's going on becomes clear when printing the results in +hexadecimal: + + $ gawk 'BEGIN { printf "%#x\n", compl(42) }' + -| 0x1fffffffffffd5 + $ gawk -M 'BEGIN { printf "%#x\n", compl(42) }' + -| 0xffffffffffffffd5 + + When using the '-M' option, under the hood, 'gawk' uses GNU MP +arbitrary precision integers which have at least 64 bits of precision. +When not using '-M', 'gawk' stores integral values in regular +double-precision floating point, which only maintain 53 bits of +precision. Furthermore, the GNU MP library treats (or least seems to +treat) the leading bit as a sign bit; thus the result with '-M' in this +case is a negative number. + + In short, using 'gawk' for any but the simplest kind of bitwise +operations is probably a bad idea; caveat emptor! + ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) This example shows that zeros come in on the left side. For 'gawk', this is always true, but in some languages, it's possible to have the left side fill with ones. + (2) If you don't understand this paragraph, the upshot is that 'gawk' +can only store a particular range of integer values; numbers outside +that range are reduced to fit within the range. + File: gawk.info, Node: Type Functions, Next: I18N Functions, Prev: Bitwise Functions, Up: Built-in 9.1.7 Getting Type Information ------------------------------ -'gawk' provides a single function that lets you distinguish an array -from a scalar variable. This is necessary for writing code that -traverses every element of an array of arrays (*note Arrays of -Arrays::). +'gawk' provides two functions that lets you distinguish the type of a +variable. This is necessary for writing code that traverses every +element of an array of arrays (*note Arrays of Arrays::), and in other +contexts. 'isarray(X)' Return a true value if X is an array. Otherwise, return false. +'typeof(X)' + Return one of the following strings, depending upon the type of X: + + '"array"' + X is an array. + + '"regexp"' + X is a strongly typed regexp (*note Strong Regexp + Constants::). + + '"number"' + X is a number. + + '"string"' + X is a string. + + '"strnum"' + X is a number that started life as user input, such as a field + or the result of calling 'split()'. (I.e., X has the strnum + attribute; *note Variable Typing::.) + + '"unassigned"' + X is a scalar variable that has not been assigned a value yet. + For example: + + BEGIN { + # creates a[1] but it has no assigned value + a[1] + print typeof(a[1]) # unassigned + } + + '"untyped"' + X has not yet been used yet at all; it can become a scalar or + an array. For example: + + BEGIN { + print typeof(x) # x never used --> untyped + mk_arr(x) + print typeof(x) # x now an array --> array + } + + function mk_arr(a) { a[1] = 1 } + 'isarray()' is meant for use in two circumstances. The first is when traversing a multidimensional array: you can test if an element is itself an array or not. The second is inside the body of a user-defined @@ -13374,6 +13808,14 @@ parameter is an array or not. that has not been previously used to 'isarray()', 'gawk' ends up turning it into a scalar. + The 'typeof()' function is general; it allows you to determine if a +variable or function parameter is a scalar, an array, or a strongly +typed regexp. + + 'isarray()' is deprecated; you should use 'typeof()' instead. You +should replace any existing uses of 'isarray(var)' in your code with +'typeof(var) == "array"'. + File: gawk.info, Node: I18N Functions, Prev: Type Functions, Up: Built-in @@ -19689,9 +20131,15 @@ case 'gawk' waits for the child process to exit, which may cause your program to hang. (Thus, this particular feature is of much less use in practice than being able to close the '"to"' end.) - CAUTION: It is a fatal error to write to the '"to"' end of a - two-way pipe which has been closed. It is also a fatal error to - read from the '"from"' end of a two-way pipe that has been closed. + CAUTION: Normally, it is a fatal error to write to the '"to"' end + of a two-way pipe which has been closed, and it is also a fatal + error to read from the '"from"' end of a two-way pipe that has been + closed. + + You may set 'PROCINFO["COMMAND", "NONFATAL"]' to make such + operations become nonfatal, in which case you then need to check + 'ERRNO' after each 'print', 'printf', or 'getline'. *Note + Nonfatal::, for more information. You may also use pseudo-ttys (ptys) for two-way communication instead of pipes, if your system supports them. This is done on a per-command @@ -19979,8 +20427,7 @@ output. They are as follows: you typed when you wrote it. This is because 'gawk' creates the profiled version by "pretty-printing" its internal representation of the program. The advantage to this is that 'gawk' can produce a standard -representation. The disadvantage is that all source code comments are -lost. Also, things such as: +representation. Also, things such as: /foo/ @@ -20039,8 +20486,36 @@ the 'Ctrl-\' key. called this way, 'gawk' "pretty-prints" the program into 'awkprof.out', without any execution counts. - NOTE: The '--pretty-print' option still runs your program. This - will change in the next major release. + NOTE: Once upon a time, the '--pretty-print' option would also run + your program. This is is no longer the case. + + There is a significant difference between the output created when +profiling, and that created when pretty-printing. Pretty-printed output +preserves the original comments that were in the program, although their +placement may not correspond exactly to their original locations in the +source code.(1) + + However, as a deliberate design decision, profiling output _omits_ +the original program's comments. This allows you to focus on the +execution count data and helps you avoid the temptation to use the +profiler for pretty-printing. + + Additionally, pretty-printed output does not have the leading +indentation that the profiling output does. This makes it easy to +pretty-print your code once development is completed, and then use the +result as the final version of your program. + + Because the internal representation of your program is formatted to +recreate an 'awk' program, profiling and pretty-printing automatically +disable 'gawk''s default optimizations. + + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) 'gawk' does the best it can to preserve the distinction between +comments at the end of a statement and comments on lines by themselves. +Due to implementation constraints, it does not always do so correctly, +particularly for 'switch' statements. The 'gawk' maintainers hope to +improve this in a subsequent release. File: gawk.info, Node: Advanced Features Summary, Prev: Profiling, Up: Advanced Features @@ -20081,8 +20556,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Advanced Features Summary, Prev: Profiling, Up: Advanc 'USR1' signal while profiling causes 'gawk' to dump the profile and keep going, including a function call stack. - * You can also just "pretty-print" the program. This currently also - runs the program, but that will change in the next major release. + * You can also just "pretty-print" the program. File: gawk.info, Node: Internationalization, Next: Debugger, Prev: Advanced Features, Up: Top @@ -21807,6 +22281,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Debugging Summary, Prev: Limitations, Up: Debugger it is used by the debugger to provide command-line history and editing. + * Usually, the debugger does not not affect the program being + debugged, but occasionally it can. + File: gawk.info, Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic, Next: Dynamic Extensions, Prev: Debugger, Up: Top @@ -22540,6 +23017,62 @@ the following: gawk -M 'BEGIN { n = 13; print n % 2 }' + When dividing two arbitrary precision integers with either '/' or +'%', the result is typically an arbitrary precision floating point value +(unless the denominator evenly divides into the numerator). In order to +do integer division or remainder with arbitrary precision integers, use +the built-in 'intdiv()' function (*note Numeric Functions::). + + You can simulate the 'intdiv()' function in standard 'awk' using this +user-defined function: + + # intdiv --- do integer division + + function intdiv(numerator, denominator, result) + { + split("", result) + + numerator = int(numerator) + denominator = int(denominator) + result["quotient"] = int(numerator / denominator) + result["remainder"] = int(numerator % denominator) + + return 0.0 + } + + The following example program, contributed by Katie Wasserman, uses +'intdiv()' to compute the digits of pi to as many places as you choose +to set: + + # pi.awk --- compute the digits of pi + + BEGIN { + digits = 100000 + two = 2 * 10 ^ digits + pi = two + for (m = digits * 4; m > 0; --m) { + d = m * 2 + 1 + x = pi * m + intdiv(x, d, result) + pi = result["quotient"] + pi = pi + two + } + print pi + } + + When asked about the algorithm used, Katie replied: + + It's not that well known but it's not that obscure either. It's + Euler's modification to Newton's method for calculating pi. Take a + look at lines (23) - (25) here: + <http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PiFormulas.html>. + + The algorithm I wrote simply expands the multiply by 2 and works + from the innermost expression outwards. I used this to program HP + calculators because it's quite easy to modify for tiny memory + devices with smallish word sizes. See + <http://www.hpmuseum.org/cgi-sys/cgiwrap/hpmuseum/articles.cgi?read=899>. + ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) Weisstein, Eric W. 'Sylvester's Sequence'. From MathWorld--A @@ -22902,6 +23435,8 @@ API in detail. * Symbol Table Access:: Functions for accessing global variables. * Array Manipulation:: Functions for working with arrays. +* Redirection API:: How to access and manipulate + redirections. * Extension API Variables:: Variables provided by the API. * Extension API Boilerplate:: Boilerplate code for using the API. @@ -22957,6 +23492,8 @@ operations: - Flattening an array for easy C-style looping over all its indices and elements + * Accessing and manipulating redirections. + Some points about using the API: * The following types, macros, and/or functions are referenced in @@ -22997,16 +23534,25 @@ operations: * The API defines several simple 'struct's that map values as seen from 'awk'. A value can be a 'double', a string, or an array (as - in multidimensional arrays, or when creating a new array). String - values maintain both pointer and length, because embedded NUL - characters are allowed. + in multidimensional arrays, or when creating a new array). + + String values maintain both pointer and length, because embedded + NUL characters are allowed. - NOTE: By intent, strings are maintained using the current + NOTE: By intent, 'gawk' maintains strings using the current multibyte encoding (as defined by 'LC_XXX' environment variables) and not using wide characters. This matches how 'gawk' stores strings internally and also how characters are likely to be input into and output from files. + NOTE: String values passed to an extension by 'gawk' are + always NUL-terminated. Thus it is safe to pass such string + values to standard library and system routines. However, + because 'gawk' allows embedded NUL characters in string data, + you should check that 'strlen(SOME_STRING)' matches the length + for that string passed to the extension before using it as a + regular C string. + * When retrieving a value (such as a parameter or that of a global variable or array element), the extension requests a specific type (number, string, scalar, value cookie, array, or "undefined"). @@ -23314,7 +23860,7 @@ Extension functions are described by the following record: typedef struct awk_ext_func { const char *name; awk_value_t *(*function)(int num_actual_args, awk_value_t *result); - size_t num_expected_args; + size_t max_expected_args; } awk_ext_func_t; The fields are: @@ -23341,11 +23887,17 @@ Extension functions are described by the following record: The function must return the value of 'result'. This is for the convenience of the calling code inside 'gawk'. -'size_t num_expected_args;' - This is the number of arguments the function expects to receive. - Each extension function may decide what to do if the number of - arguments isn't what it expected. As with real 'awk' functions, it - is likely OK to ignore extra arguments. +'size_t max_expected_args;' + This is the maximum number of arguments the function expects to + receive. Each extension function may decide what to do if the + number of arguments isn't what it expected. As with real 'awk' + functions, it is likely OK to ignore extra arguments. This value + does not affect actual program execution. + + Extension functions should compare this value to the number of + actual arguments passed and possibly issue a lint warning if there + is an undesirable mismatch. Of course, if '--lint=fatal' is used, + this would cause the program to exit. Once you have a record representing your extension function, you register it with 'gawk' using this API function: @@ -23798,6 +24350,9 @@ extension ID received from 'gawk' when the extension was loaded:(1) 'void fatal(awk_ext_id_t id, const char *format, ...);' Print a message and then cause 'gawk' to exit immediately. +'void nonfatal(awk_ext_id_t id, const char *format, ...);' + Print a nonfatal error message. + 'void warning(awk_ext_id_t id, const char *format, ...);' Print a warning message. @@ -24162,7 +24717,7 @@ using 'release_value()'. 'double' to store. -File: gawk.info, Node: Array Manipulation, Next: Extension API Variables, Prev: Symbol Table Access, Up: Extension API Description +File: gawk.info, Node: Array Manipulation, Next: Redirection API, Prev: Symbol Table Access, Up: Extension API Description 16.4.11 Array Manipulation -------------------------- @@ -24646,9 +25201,78 @@ array: environment variable.) -File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Variables, Next: Extension API Boilerplate, Prev: Array Manipulation, Up: Extension API Description +File: gawk.info, Node: Redirection API, Next: Extension API Variables, Prev: Array Manipulation, Up: Extension API Description + +16.4.12 Accessing and Manipulating Redirections +----------------------------------------------- + +The following function allows extensions to access and manipulate +redirections. -16.4.12 API Variables +'awk_bool_t get_file(const char *name,' +' size_t name_len,' +' const char *filetype,' +' int fd,' +' const awk_input_buf_t **ibufp,' +' const awk_output_buf_t **obufp);' + Look up a file in 'gawk''s internal redirection table. If 'name' + is 'NULL' or 'name_len' is zero, return data for the currently open + input file corresponding to 'FILENAME'. (This does not access the + 'filetype' argument, so that may be undefined). If the file is not + already open, attempt to open it. The 'filetype' argument must be + zero-terminated and should be one of: + + '">"' + A file opened for output. + + '">>"' + A file opened for append. + + '"<"' + A file opened for input. + + '"|>"' + A pipe opened for output. + + '"|<"' + A pipe opened for input. + + '"|&"' + A two-way coprocess. + + On error, return a 'false' value. Otherwise, return 'true', and + return additional information about the redirection in the 'ibufp' + and 'obufp' pointers. For input redirections, the '*ibufp' value + should be non-'NULL', and '*obufp' should be 'NULL'. For output + redirections, the '*obufp' value should be non-'NULL', and '*ibufp' + should be 'NULL'. For two-way coprocesses, both values should be + non-'NULL'. + + In the usual case, the extension is interested in '(*ibufp)->fd' + and/or 'fileno((*obufp)->fp)'. If the file is not already open, + and the 'fd' argument is non-negative, 'gawk' will use that file + descriptor instead of opening the file in the usual way. If 'fd' + is non-negative, but the file exists already, 'gawk' ignores 'fd' + and returns the existing file. It is the caller's responsibility + to notice that neither the 'fd' in the returned 'awk_input_buf_t' + nor the 'fd' in the returned 'awk_output_buf_t' matches the + requested value. + + Note that supplying a file descriptor is currently _not_ supported + for pipes. However, supplying a file descriptor should work for + input, output, append, and two-way (coprocess) sockets. If + 'filetype' is two-way, 'gawk' assumes that it is a socket! Note + that in the two-way case, the input and output file descriptors may + differ. To check for success, you must check whether either + matches. + + It is anticipated that this API function will be used to implement +I/O multiplexing and a socket library. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Variables, Next: Extension API Boilerplate, Prev: Redirection API, Up: Extension API Description + +16.4.13 API Variables --------------------- The API provides two sets of variables. The first provides information @@ -24665,7 +25289,7 @@ information about how 'gawk' was invoked. File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Versioning, Next: Extension API Informational Variables, Up: Extension API Variables -16.4.12.1 API Version Constants and Variables +16.4.13.1 API Version Constants and Variables ............................................. The API provides both a "major" and a "minor" version number. The API @@ -24717,7 +25341,7 @@ Boilerplate::). File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Informational Variables, Prev: Extension Versioning, Up: Extension API Variables -16.4.12.2 Informational Variables +16.4.13.2 Informational Variables ................................. The API provides access to several variables that describe whether the @@ -24752,7 +25376,7 @@ change during execution. File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Boilerplate, Prev: Extension API Variables, Up: Extension API Description -16.4.13 Boilerplate Code +16.4.14 Boilerplate Code ------------------------ As mentioned earlier (*note Extension Mechanism Outline::), the function @@ -26080,15 +26704,17 @@ project. * GD graphics library extension + * MPFR library extension (this provides access to a number of MPFR + functions that 'gawk''s native MPFR support does not) + * PDF extension * PostgreSQL extension - * MPFR library extension (this provides access to a number of MPFR - functions that 'gawk''s native MPFR support does not) - * Redis extension + * Select extension + * XML parser extension, using the Expat (http://expat.sourceforge.net) XML parsing library @@ -26166,7 +26792,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension summary, Next: Extension Exercises, Prev: ga exit callbacks, a version string, input parsers, output wrappers, and two-way processors) - * Printing fatal, warning, and "lint" warning messages + * Printing fatal, nonfatal, warning, and "lint" warning messages * Updating 'ERRNO', or unsetting it @@ -26501,6 +27127,9 @@ current version of 'gawk'. - Directories on the command line produce a warning and are skipped (*note Command-line directories::) + - Output with 'print' and 'printf' need not be fatal (*note + Nonfatal::) + * New keywords: - The 'BEGINFILE' and 'ENDFILE' special patterns (*note @@ -26550,6 +27179,9 @@ current version of 'gawk'. - The 'bindtextdomain()', 'dcgettext()', and 'dcngettext()' functions for internationalization (*note Programmer i18n::) + - The 'intdiv()' function for doing integer division and + remainder (*note Numeric Functions::) + * Changes and/or additions in the command-line options: - The 'AWKPATH' environment variable for specifying a path @@ -26560,16 +27192,16 @@ current version of 'gawk'. - The '-b', '-c', '-C', '-d', '-D', '-e', '-E', '-g', '-h', '-i', '-l', '-L', '-M', '-n', '-N', '-o', '-O', '-p', '-P', - '-r', '-S', '-t', and '-V' short options. Also, the ability - to use GNU-style long-named options that start with '--', and - the '--assign', '--bignum', '--characters-as-bytes', + '-r', '-s', '-S', '-t', and '-V' short options. Also, the + ability to use GNU-style long-named options that start with + '--', and the '--assign', '--bignum', '--characters-as-bytes', '--copyright', '--debug', '--dump-variables', '--exec', '--field-separator', '--file', '--gen-pot', '--help', '--include', '--lint', '--lint-old', '--load', - '--non-decimal-data', '--optimize', '--posix', - '--pretty-print', '--profile', '--re-interval', '--sandbox', - '--source', '--traditional', '--use-lc-numeric', and - '--version' long options (*note Options::). + '--non-decimal-data', '--optimize', '--no-optimize', + '--posix', '--pretty-print', '--profile', '--re-interval', + '--sandbox', '--source', '--traditional', '--use-lc-numeric', + and '--version' long options (*note Options::). * Support for the following obsolete systems was removed from the code and the documentation for 'gawk' version 4.0: @@ -26603,6 +27235,11 @@ current version of 'gawk'. - Ultrix + * Support for the following systems was removed from the code for + 'gawk' version 4.2: + + - MirBSD + File: gawk.info, Node: Feature History, Next: Common Extensions, Prev: POSIX/GNU, Up: Language History @@ -26994,6 +27631,34 @@ POSIX 'awk', in the order they were added to 'gawk'. * Support for Ultrix was removed. + Version 4.2 introduced the following changes: + + * Changes to 'ENVIRON' are reflected into 'gawk''s environment and + that of programs that it runs. *Note Auto-set::. + + * The '--pretty-print' option no longer runs the 'awk' program too. + *Note Options::. + + * The 'igawk' program and its manual page are no longer installed + when 'gawk' is built. *Note Igawk Program::. + + * The 'intdiv()' function. *Note Numeric Functions::. + + * The maximum number of hexadecimal digits in '\x' escapes is now + two. *Note Escape Sequences::. + + * Nonfatal output with 'print' and 'printf'. *Note Nonfatal::. + + * For many years, POSIX specified that default field splitting only + allowed spaces and tabs to separate fields, and this was how 'gawk' + behaved with '--posix'. As of 2013, the standard restored + historical behavior, and now default field splitting with '--posix' + also allows newlines to separate fields. + + * Support for MirBSD was removed. + + * Support for GNU/Linux on Alpha was removed. + File: gawk.info, Node: Common Extensions, Next: Ranges and Locales, Prev: Feature History, Up: Language History @@ -27108,7 +27773,7 @@ ranges, such that outside the '"C"' and '"POSIX"' locales, the meaning of range expressions was _undefined_.(3) By using this lovely technical term, the standard gives license to -implementors to implement ranges in whatever way they choose. The +implementers to implement ranges in whatever way they choose. The 'gawk' maintainer chose to apply the pre-POSIX meaning both with the default regexp matching and when '--traditional' or '--posix' are used. In all cases 'gawk' remains POSIX-compliant. @@ -27512,7 +28177,9 @@ Various '.c', '.y', and '.h' files 'doc/igawk.1' The 'troff' source for a manual page describing the 'igawk' program - presented in *note Igawk Program::. + presented in *note Igawk Program::. (Since 'gawk' can do its own + '@include' processing, neither 'igawk' nor 'igawk.1' are + installed.) 'doc/Makefile.in' The input file used during the configuration process to generate @@ -27554,17 +28221,22 @@ Various '.c', '.y', and '.h' files contains a 'Makefile.in' file, which 'configure' uses to generate a 'Makefile'. 'Makefile.am' is used by GNU Automake to create 'Makefile.in'. The library functions from *note Library - Functions::, and the 'igawk' program from *note Igawk Program:: are - included as ready-to-use files in the 'gawk' distribution. They - are installed as part of the installation process. The rest of the - programs in this Info file are available in appropriate - subdirectories of 'awklib/eg'. + Functions::, are included as ready-to-use files in the 'gawk' + distribution. They are installed as part of the installation + process. The rest of the programs in this Info file are available + in appropriate subdirectories of 'awklib/eg'. 'extension/*' The source code, manual pages, and infrastructure files for the sample extensions included with 'gawk'. *Note Dynamic Extensions::, for more information. +'extras/*' + Additional non-essential files. Currently, this directory contains + some shell startup files to be installed in '/etc/profile.d' to aid + in manipulating the 'AWKPATH' and 'AWKLIBPATH' environment + variables. *Note Shell Startup Files::, for more information. + 'posix/*' Files needed for building 'gawk' on POSIX-compliant systems. @@ -27595,11 +28267,12 @@ for your system yourself. * Menu: * Quick Installation:: Compiling 'gawk' under Unix. +* Shell Startup Files:: Shell convenience functions. * Additional Configuration Options:: Other compile-time options. * Configuration Philosophy:: How it's all supposed to work. -File: gawk.info, Node: Quick Installation, Next: Additional Configuration Options, Up: Unix Installation +File: gawk.info, Node: Quick Installation, Next: Shell Startup Files, Up: Unix Installation B.2.1 Compiling 'gawk' for Unix-Like Systems -------------------------------------------- @@ -27654,9 +28327,42 @@ will be asked for your password, and you will have to have been set up previously as a user who is allowed to run the 'sudo' command. -File: gawk.info, Node: Additional Configuration Options, Next: Configuration Philosophy, Prev: Quick Installation, Up: Unix Installation +File: gawk.info, Node: Shell Startup Files, Next: Additional Configuration Options, Prev: Quick Installation, Up: Unix Installation + +B.2.2 Shell Startup Files +------------------------- + +The distribution contains shell startup files 'gawk.sh' and 'gawk.csh' +containing functions to aid in manipulating the 'AWKPATH' and +'AWKLIBPATH' environment variables. On a Fedora system, these files +should be installed in '/etc/profile.d'; on other platforms, the +appropriate location may be different. + +'gawkpath_default' + Reset the 'AWKPATH' environment variable to its default value. + +'gawkpath_prepend' + Add the argument to the front of the 'AWKPATH' environment + variable. + +'gawkpath_append' + Add the argument to the end of the 'AWKPATH' environment variable. + +'gawklibpath_default' + Reset the 'AWKLIBPATH' environment variable to its default value. + +'gawklibpath_prepend' + Add the argument to the front of the 'AWKLIBPATH' environment + variable. + +'gawklibpath_append' + Add the argument to the end of the 'AWKLIBPATH' environment + variable. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Additional Configuration Options, Next: Configuration Philosophy, Prev: Shell Startup Files, Up: Unix Installation -B.2.2 Additional Configuration Options +B.2.3 Additional Configuration Options -------------------------------------- There are several additional options you may use on the 'configure' @@ -27700,7 +28406,7 @@ supplied by 'configure'. File: gawk.info, Node: Configuration Philosophy, Prev: Additional Configuration Options, Up: Unix Installation -B.2.3 The Configuration Process +B.2.4 The Configuration Process ------------------------------- This minor node is of interest only if you know something about using @@ -31587,20 +32293,21 @@ Index * --include option: Options. (line 159) * --lint option: Command Line. (line 20) * --lint option <1>: Options. (line 184) -* --lint-old option: Options. (line 294) +* --lint-old option: Options. (line 299) * --load option: Options. (line 172) +* --no-optimize option: Options. (line 285) * --non-decimal-data option: Options. (line 209) * --non-decimal-data option <1>: Nondecimal Data. (line 6) * --non-decimal-data option, strtonum() function and: Nondecimal Data. (line 35) -* --optimize option: Options. (line 236) -* --posix option: Options. (line 254) +* --optimize option: Options. (line 234) +* --posix option: Options. (line 257) * --posix option, --traditional option and: Options. (line 272) * --pretty-print option: Options. (line 223) -* --profile option: Options. (line 242) +* --profile option: Options. (line 245) * --profile option <1>: Profiling. (line 12) * --re-interval option: Options. (line 278) -* --sandbox option: Options. (line 285) +* --sandbox option: Options. (line 290) * --sandbox option, disabling system() function: I/O Functions. (line 129) * --sandbox option, input redirection with getline: Getline. (line 19) @@ -31610,7 +32317,7 @@ Index * --traditional option: Options. (line 82) * --traditional option, --posix option and: Options. (line 272) * --use-lc-numeric option: Options. (line 218) -* --version option: Options. (line 299) +* --version option: Options. (line 304) * --with-whiny-user-strftime configuration option: Additional Configuration Options. (line 37) * -b option: Options. (line 69) @@ -31620,31 +32327,32 @@ Index * -D option: Options. (line 108) * -e option: Options. (line 117) * -E option: Options. (line 125) -* -e option <1>: Options. (line 335) +* -e option <1>: Options. (line 340) * -f option: Long. (line 12) * -F option: Options. (line 21) * -f option <1>: Options. (line 25) -* -F option, -Ft sets FS to TAB: Options. (line 307) +* -F option, -Ft sets FS to TAB: Options. (line 312) * -F option, command-line: Command Line Field Separator. (line 6) -* -f option, multiple uses: Options. (line 312) +* -f option, multiple uses: Options. (line 317) * -g option: Options. (line 147) * -h option: Options. (line 154) * -i option: Options. (line 159) * -l option: Options. (line 172) * -l option <1>: Options. (line 184) -* -L option: Options. (line 294) +* -L option: Options. (line 299) * -M option: Options. (line 203) * -n option: Options. (line 209) * -N option: Options. (line 218) * -o option: Options. (line 223) -* -O option: Options. (line 236) -* -p option: Options. (line 242) -* -P option: Options. (line 254) +* -O option: Options. (line 234) +* -p option: Options. (line 245) +* -P option: Options. (line 257) * -r option: Options. (line 278) -* -S option: Options. (line 285) +* -s option: Options. (line 285) +* -S option: Options. (line 290) * -v option: Options. (line 32) -* -V option: Options. (line 299) +* -V option: Options. (line 304) * -v option <1>: Assignment Options. (line 12) * -W option: Options. (line 47) * . (period), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 44) @@ -31717,16 +32425,16 @@ Index (line 6) * \ (backslash), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 25) * \ (backslash), in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 6) -* \ (backslash), in escape sequences <1>: Escape Sequences. (line 100) +* \ (backslash), in escape sequences <1>: Escape Sequences. (line 103) * \ (backslash), in escape sequences, POSIX and: Escape Sequences. - (line 105) + (line 108) * \ (backslash), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 30) * \ (backslash), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 48) * \ (backslash), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 18) -* \ (backslash), \" escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 82) +* \ (backslash), \" escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 85) * \ (backslash), \' operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 59) -* \ (backslash), \/ escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 73) +* \ (backslash), \/ escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 76) * \ (backslash), \< operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 33) * \ (backslash), \> operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. @@ -31943,7 +32651,7 @@ Index * awf (amazingly workable formatter) program: Glossary. (line 24) * awk debugging, enabling: Options. (line 108) * awk language, POSIX version: Assignment Ops. (line 138) -* awk profiling, enabling: Options. (line 242) +* awk profiling, enabling: Options. (line 245) * awk programs: Getting Started. (line 12) * awk programs <1>: Executable Scripts. (line 6) * awk programs <2>: Two Rules. (line 6) @@ -32014,16 +32722,16 @@ Index (line 6) * backslash (\), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 25) * backslash (\), in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 6) -* backslash (\), in escape sequences <1>: Escape Sequences. (line 100) +* backslash (\), in escape sequences <1>: Escape Sequences. (line 103) * backslash (\), in escape sequences, POSIX and: Escape Sequences. - (line 105) + (line 108) * backslash (\), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 30) * backslash (\), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 48) * backslash (\), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 18) -* backslash (\), \" escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 82) +* backslash (\), \" escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 85) * backslash (\), \' operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 59) -* backslash (\), \/ escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 73) +* backslash (\), \/ escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 76) * backslash (\), \< operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 33) * backslash (\), \> operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. @@ -32093,7 +32801,7 @@ Index * BINMODE variable: User-modified. (line 15) * BINMODE variable <1>: PC Using. (line 16) * bit-manipulation functions: Bitwise Functions. (line 6) -* bits2str() user-defined function: Bitwise Functions. (line 72) +* bits2str() user-defined function: Bitwise Functions. (line 69) * bitwise AND: Bitwise Functions. (line 40) * bitwise complement: Bitwise Functions. (line 44) * bitwise OR: Bitwise Functions. (line 50) @@ -32142,7 +32850,7 @@ Index * Brennan, Michael <5>: Other Versions. (line 6) * Brennan, Michael <6>: Other Versions. (line 48) * Brian Kernighan's awk: When. (line 21) -* Brian Kernighan's awk <1>: Escape Sequences. (line 109) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <1>: Escape Sequences. (line 112) * Brian Kernighan's awk <2>: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 85) * Brian Kernighan's awk <3>: Regexp Field Splitting. @@ -32332,9 +33040,9 @@ Index (line 31) * converting, dates to timestamps: Time Functions. (line 76) * converting, numbers to strings: Strings And Numbers. (line 6) -* converting, numbers to strings <1>: Bitwise Functions. (line 111) +* converting, numbers to strings <1>: Bitwise Functions. (line 108) * converting, strings to numbers: Strings And Numbers. (line 6) -* converting, strings to numbers <1>: Bitwise Functions. (line 111) +* converting, strings to numbers <1>: Bitwise Functions. (line 108) * CONVFMT variable: Strings And Numbers. (line 29) * CONVFMT variable <1>: User-modified. (line 30) * CONVFMT variable, and array subscripts: Numeric Array Subscripts. @@ -32349,7 +33057,7 @@ Index * cosine: Numeric Functions. (line 16) * counting: Wc Program. (line 6) * csh utility: Statements/Lines. (line 43) -* csh utility, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 353) +* csh utility, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 358) * csh utility, |& operator, comparison with: Two-way I/O. (line 27) * ctime() user-defined function: Function Example. (line 74) * currency symbols, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 104) @@ -32379,12 +33087,12 @@ Index * dark corner, CONVFMT variable: Strings And Numbers. (line 39) * dark corner, escape sequences: Other Arguments. (line 38) * dark corner, escape sequences, for metacharacters: Escape Sequences. - (line 141) + (line 144) * dark corner, exit statement: Exit Statement. (line 30) * dark corner, field separators: Full Line Fields. (line 22) * dark corner, FILENAME variable: Getline Notes. (line 19) -* dark corner, FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 89) -* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 326) +* dark corner, FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 108) +* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 357) * dark corner, format-control characters: Control Letters. (line 18) * dark corner, format-control characters <1>: Control Letters. (line 93) @@ -32400,11 +33108,11 @@ Index * dark corner, OFMT variable: OFMT. (line 27) * dark corner, regexp as second argument to index(): String Functions. (line 164) -* dark corner, regexp constants: Using Constant Regexps. +* dark corner, regexp constants: Standard Regexp Constants. (line 6) * dark corner, regexp constants, /= operator and: Assignment Ops. (line 149) -* dark corner, regexp constants, as arguments to user-defined functions: Using Constant Regexps. +* dark corner, regexp constants, as arguments to user-defined functions: Standard Regexp Constants. (line 43) * dark corner, split() function: String Functions. (line 361) * dark corner, strings, storing: gawk split records. (line 82) @@ -32579,12 +33287,12 @@ Index (line 132) * differences in awk and gawk, command-line directories: Command-line directories. (line 6) -* differences in awk and gawk, ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 73) +* differences in awk and gawk, ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 87) * differences in awk and gawk, error messages: Special FD. (line 19) * differences in awk and gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable: User-modified. (line 37) * differences in awk and gawk, FPAT variable: User-modified. (line 43) -* differences in awk and gawk, FUNCTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 115) +* differences in awk and gawk, FUNCTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 134) * differences in awk and gawk, function arguments (gawk): Calling Built-in. (line 16) * differences in awk and gawk, getline command: Getline. (line 19) @@ -32607,17 +33315,19 @@ Index (line 262) * differences in awk and gawk, print/printf statements: Format Modifiers. (line 13) -* differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 129) +* differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 148) * differences in awk and gawk, read timeouts: Read Timeout. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, record separators: awk split records. (line 124) -* differences in awk and gawk, regexp constants: Using Constant Regexps. +* differences in awk and gawk, regexp constants: Standard Regexp Constants. (line 43) * differences in awk and gawk, regular expressions: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) +* differences in awk and gawk, retrying input: Retrying Input. + (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, RS/RT variables: gawk split records. (line 58) -* differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 264) +* differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 295) * differences in awk and gawk, single-character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, split() function: String Functions. @@ -32625,7 +33335,7 @@ Index * differences in awk and gawk, strings: Scalar Constants. (line 20) * differences in awk and gawk, strings, storing: gawk split records. (line 76) -* differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 268) +* differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 299) * differences in awk and gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. (line 152) * differences in awk and gawk, trunc-mod operation: Arithmetic Ops. @@ -32661,12 +33371,12 @@ Index * dump debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 9) * dupword.awk program: Dupword Program. (line 31) -* dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 178) +* dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 177) * dynamically loaded extensions: Dynamic Extensions. (line 6) * e debugger command (alias for enable): Breakpoint Control. (line 73) * EBCDIC: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) -* effective group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 134) -* effective user ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 138) +* effective group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 153) +* effective user ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 161) * egrep utility: Bracket Expressions. (line 34) * egrep utility <1>: Egrep Program. (line 6) * egrep.awk program: Egrep Program. (line 53) @@ -32721,14 +33431,14 @@ Index (line 11) * equals sign (=), == operator <1>: Precedence. (line 64) * EREs (Extended Regular Expressions): Bracket Expressions. (line 34) -* ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 73) +* ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 87) * ERRNO variable <1>: TCP/IP Networking. (line 54) * ERRNO variable, with BEGINFILE pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26) * ERRNO variable, with close() function: Close Files And Pipes. (line 140) * ERRNO variable, with getline command: Getline. (line 19) * error handling: Special FD. (line 19) -* error handling, ERRNO variable and: Auto-set. (line 73) +* error handling, ERRNO variable and: Auto-set. (line 87) * error output: Special FD. (line 6) * escape processing, gsub()/gensub()/sub() functions: Gory Details. (line 6) @@ -32769,7 +33479,7 @@ Index (line 102) * exp: Numeric Functions. (line 19) * expand utility: Very Simple. (line 73) -* Expat XML parser library: gawkextlib. (line 35) +* Expat XML parser library: gawkextlib. (line 37) * exponent: Numeric Functions. (line 19) * expressions: Expressions. (line 6) * expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 6) @@ -32788,7 +33498,7 @@ Index (line 6) * extension API version: Extension Versioning. (line 6) -* extension API, version number: Auto-set. (line 223) +* extension API, version number: Auto-set. (line 246) * extension example: Extension Example. (line 6) * extension registration: Registration Functions. (line 6) @@ -32844,7 +33554,6 @@ Index * field separators, choice of: Field Separators. (line 50) * field separators, FIELDWIDTHS variable and: User-modified. (line 37) * field separators, FPAT variable and: User-modified. (line 43) -* field separators, POSIX and: Fields. (line 6) * field separators, regular expressions as: Field Separators. (line 50) * field separators, regular expressions as <1>: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 6) @@ -32872,7 +33581,7 @@ Index * file names, in compatibility mode: Special Caveats. (line 9) * file names, standard streams in gawk: Special FD. (line 48) * FILENAME variable: Reading Files. (line 6) -* FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 89) +* FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 108) * FILENAME variable, getline, setting with: Getline Notes. (line 19) * filenames, assignments as: Ignoring Assigns. (line 6) * files, .gmo: Explaining gettext. (line 42) @@ -32940,8 +33649,8 @@ Index * fnmatch() extension function: Extension Sample Fnmatch. (line 12) * FNR variable: Records. (line 6) -* FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 99) -* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 326) +* FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 118) +* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 357) * for statement: For Statement. (line 6) * for statement, looping over arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 20) * fork() extension function: Extension Sample Fork. @@ -32993,7 +33702,7 @@ Index * FSF (Free Software Foundation) <3>: Glossary. (line 405) * fts() extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. (line 60) -* FUNCTAB array: Auto-set. (line 115) +* FUNCTAB array: Auto-set. (line 134) * function calls: Function Calls. (line 6) * function calls, indirect: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * function calls, indirect, @-notation for: Indirect Calls. (line 47) @@ -33044,8 +33753,8 @@ Index * G., Daniel Richard: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * G., Daniel Richard <1>: Maintainers. (line 14) * Garfinkle, Scott: Contributors. (line 35) -* gawk program, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 178) -* gawk version: Auto-set. (line 198) +* gawk program, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 177) +* gawk version: Auto-set. (line 221) * gawk, ARGIND variable in: Other Arguments. (line 15) * gawk, awk and: Preface. (line 21) * gawk, awk and <1>: This Manual. (line 14) @@ -33066,10 +33775,10 @@ Index * gawk, ERRNO variable in <1>: Close Files And Pipes. (line 140) * gawk, ERRNO variable in <2>: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26) -* gawk, ERRNO variable in <3>: Auto-set. (line 73) +* gawk, ERRNO variable in <3>: Auto-set. (line 87) * gawk, ERRNO variable in <4>: TCP/IP Networking. (line 54) -* gawk, escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 118) -* gawk, extensions, disabling: Options. (line 254) +* gawk, escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 121) +* gawk, extensions, disabling: Options. (line 257) * gawk, features, adding: Adding Code. (line 6) * gawk, features, advanced: Advanced Features. (line 6) * gawk, field separators and: User-modified. (line 71) @@ -33081,7 +33790,7 @@ Index * gawk, FPAT variable in: Splitting By Content. (line 25) * gawk, FPAT variable in <1>: User-modified. (line 43) -* gawk, FUNCTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 115) +* gawk, FUNCTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 134) * gawk, function arguments and: Calling Built-in. (line 16) * gawk, hexadecimal numbers and: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 41) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) @@ -33109,10 +33818,10 @@ Index * gawk, newlines in: Statements/Lines. (line 12) * gawk, octal numbers and: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 41) * gawk, predefined variables and: Built-in Variables. (line 14) -* gawk, PROCINFO array in: Auto-set. (line 129) +* gawk, PROCINFO array in: Auto-set. (line 148) * gawk, PROCINFO array in <1>: Time Functions. (line 47) -* gawk, PROCINFO array in <2>: Two-way I/O. (line 108) -* gawk, regexp constants and: Using Constant Regexps. +* gawk, PROCINFO array in <2>: Two-way I/O. (line 114) +* gawk, regexp constants and: Standard Regexp Constants. (line 28) * gawk, regular expressions, case sensitivity: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) @@ -33121,25 +33830,31 @@ Index * gawk, regular expressions, precedence: Regexp Operators. (line 161) * gawk, RT variable in: awk split records. (line 124) * gawk, RT variable in <1>: Multiple Line. (line 130) -* gawk, RT variable in <2>: Auto-set. (line 264) +* gawk, RT variable in <2>: Auto-set. (line 295) * gawk, See Also awk: Preface. (line 34) * gawk, source code, obtaining: Getting. (line 6) * gawk, splitting fields and: Constant Size. (line 86) * gawk, string-translation functions: I18N Functions. (line 6) -* gawk, SYMTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 268) +* gawk, SYMTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 299) * gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable in: User-modified. (line 152) * gawk, timestamps: Time Functions. (line 6) * gawk, uses for: Preface. (line 34) -* gawk, versions of, information about, printing: Options. (line 299) +* gawk, versions of, information about, printing: Options. (line 304) * gawk, VMS version of: VMS Installation. (line 6) * gawk, word-boundary operator: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 66) * gawkextlib: gawkextlib. (line 6) * gawkextlib project: gawkextlib. (line 6) +* gawklibpath_append shell function: Shell Startup Files. (line 29) +* gawklibpath_default shell function: Shell Startup Files. (line 22) +* gawklibpath_prepend shell function: Shell Startup Files. (line 25) +* gawkpath_append shell function: Shell Startup Files. (line 19) +* gawkpath_default shell function: Shell Startup Files. (line 12) +* gawkpath_prepend shell function: Shell Startup Files. (line 15) * General Public License (GPL): Glossary. (line 396) * General Public License, See GPL: Manual History. (line 11) * generate time values: Time Functions. (line 25) -* gensub: Using Constant Regexps. +* gensub: Standard Regexp Constants. (line 43) * gensub <1>: String Functions. (line 89) * gensub() function (gawk), escape processing: Gory Details. (line 6) @@ -33189,7 +33904,7 @@ Index * gettext() function (C library): Explaining gettext. (line 63) * gettimeofday() extension function: Extension Sample Time. (line 12) -* git utility: gawkextlib. (line 29) +* git utility: gawkextlib. (line 31) * git utility <1>: Other Versions. (line 29) * git utility <2>: Accessing The Source. (line 10) @@ -33217,9 +33932,9 @@ Index * Grigera, Juan: Contributors. (line 58) * group database, reading: Group Functions. (line 6) * group file: Group Functions. (line 6) -* group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 147) +* group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 170) * groups, information about: Group Functions. (line 6) -* gsub: Using Constant Regexps. +* gsub: Standard Regexp Constants. (line 43) * gsub <1>: String Functions. (line 139) * gsub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 463) @@ -33239,7 +33954,7 @@ Index * history expansion, in debugger: Readline Support. (line 6) * histsort.awk program: History Sorting. (line 25) * Hughes, Phil: Acknowledgments. (line 43) -* HUP signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 210) +* HUP signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 209) * hyphen (-), - operator: Precedence. (line 51) * hyphen (-), - operator <1>: Precedence. (line 57) * hyphen (-), -- operator: Increment Ops. (line 48) @@ -33321,7 +34036,9 @@ Index * installing gawk: Installation. (line 6) * instruction tracing, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 90) * int: Numeric Functions. (line 24) -* INT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) +* INT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 212) +* intdiv: Numeric Functions. (line 29) +* intdiv <1>: Numeric Functions. (line 29) * integer array indices: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 31) * integers, arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Integers. @@ -33377,7 +34094,7 @@ Index * Kernighan, Brian <8>: Other Versions. (line 13) * Kernighan, Brian <9>: Basic Data Typing. (line 54) * Kernighan, Brian <10>: Glossary. (line 206) -* kill command, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 187) +* kill command, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 186) * Knights, jedi: Undocumented. (line 6) * Kwok, Conrad: Contributors. (line 35) * l debugger command (alias for list): Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. @@ -33450,7 +34167,7 @@ Index * lint checking, empty programs: Command Line. (line 16) * lint checking, issuing warnings: Options. (line 184) * lint checking, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. - (line 338) + (line 343) * lint checking, undefined functions: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 85) * LINT variable: User-modified. (line 87) @@ -33471,9 +34188,9 @@ Index * localization: I18N and L10N. (line 6) * localization, See internationalization, localization: I18N and L10N. (line 6) -* log: Numeric Functions. (line 29) +* log: Numeric Functions. (line 44) * log files, timestamps in: Time Functions. (line 6) -* logarithm: Numeric Functions. (line 29) +* logarithm: Numeric Functions. (line 44) * logical false/true: Truth Values. (line 6) * logical operators, See Boolean expressions: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * login information: Passwd Functions. (line 16) @@ -33510,12 +34227,12 @@ Index (line 9) * matching, leftmost longest: Multiple Line. (line 26) * matching, null strings: String Functions. (line 537) -* mawk utility: Escape Sequences. (line 118) +* mawk utility: Escape Sequences. (line 121) * mawk utility <1>: Getline/Pipe. (line 62) * mawk utility <2>: Concatenation. (line 36) * mawk utility <3>: Nextfile Statement. (line 47) * mawk utility <4>: Other Versions. (line 48) -* maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 212) +* maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 235) * McIlroy, Doug: Glossary. (line 257) * McPhee, Patrick: Contributors. (line 101) * message object files: Explaining gettext. (line 42) @@ -33527,8 +34244,8 @@ Index (line 48) * messages from extensions: Printing Messages. (line 6) * metacharacters in regular expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 6) -* metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 137) -* minimum precision required by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 215) +* metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 140) +* minimum precision required by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 238) * mktime: Time Functions. (line 25) * modifiers, in format specifiers: Format Modifiers. (line 6) * monetary information, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 104) @@ -33548,10 +34265,8 @@ Index * networks, programming: TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * networks, support for: Special Network. (line 6) * newlines: Statements/Lines. (line 6) -* newlines <1>: Options. (line 260) +* newlines <1>: Options. (line 263) * newlines <2>: Boolean Ops. (line 69) -* newlines, as field separators: Default Field Splitting. - (line 6) * newlines, as record separators: awk split records. (line 12) * newlines, in dynamic regexps: Computed Regexps. (line 60) * newlines, in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 70) @@ -33578,7 +34293,7 @@ Index * nexti debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 49) * NF variable: Fields. (line 33) -* NF variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 104) +* NF variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 123) * NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 107) * ni debugger command (alias for nexti): Debugger Execution Control. (line 49) @@ -33587,8 +34302,8 @@ Index (line 23) * not Boolean-logic operator: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * NR variable: Records. (line 6) -* NR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 124) -* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 326) +* NR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 143) +* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 357) * null strings: awk split records. (line 114) * null strings <1>: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 43) @@ -33601,7 +34316,7 @@ Index * null strings, converting numbers to strings: Strings And Numbers. (line 21) * null strings, matching: String Functions. (line 537) -* number as string of bits: Bitwise Functions. (line 111) +* number as string of bits: Bitwise Functions. (line 108) * number of array elements: String Functions. (line 200) * number sign (#), #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. (line 6) @@ -33612,7 +34327,7 @@ Index * numbers, Cliff random: Cliff Random Function. (line 6) * numbers, converting: Strings And Numbers. (line 6) -* numbers, converting <1>: Bitwise Functions. (line 111) +* numbers, converting <1>: Bitwise Functions. (line 108) * numbers, converting, to strings: User-modified. (line 30) * numbers, converting, to strings <1>: User-modified. (line 104) * numbers, hexadecimal: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 6) @@ -33621,7 +34336,7 @@ Index * numeric constants: Scalar Constants. (line 6) * numeric functions: Numeric Functions. (line 6) * numeric, output format: OFMT. (line 6) -* numeric, strings: Variable Typing. (line 6) +* numeric, strings: Variable Typing. (line 67) * o debugger command (alias for option): Debugger Info. (line 57) * obsolete features: Obsolete. (line 6) * octal numbers: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 6) @@ -33708,7 +34423,7 @@ Index * p debugger command (alias for print): Viewing And Changing Data. (line 35) * Papadopoulos, Panos: Contributors. (line 129) -* parent process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 187) +* parent process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 210) * parentheses (), in a profile: Profiling. (line 146) * parentheses (), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 81) * password file: Passwd Functions. (line 16) @@ -33752,14 +34467,14 @@ Index * plus sign (+), += operator <1>: Precedence. (line 94) * plus sign (+), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 105) * pointers to functions: Indirect Calls. (line 6) -* portability: Escape Sequences. (line 100) +* portability: Escape Sequences. (line 103) * portability, #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. (line 33) * portability, ** operator and: Arithmetic Ops. (line 81) * portability, **= operator and: Assignment Ops. (line 144) * portability, ARGV variable: Executable Scripts. (line 59) * portability, backslash continuation and: Statements/Lines. (line 30) * portability, backslash in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. - (line 105) + (line 108) * portability, close() function and: Close Files And Pipes. (line 81) * portability, data files as single record: gawk split records. @@ -33777,7 +34492,7 @@ Index * portability, NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 115) * portability, operators: Increment Ops. (line 60) * portability, operators, not in POSIX awk: Precedence. (line 97) -* portability, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 358) +* portability, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 363) * portability, substr() function: String Functions. (line 513) * portable object files: Explaining gettext. (line 37) * portable object files <1>: Translator i18n. (line 6) @@ -33798,7 +34513,7 @@ Index * POSIX awk, < operator and: Getline/File. (line 26) * POSIX awk, arithmetic operators and: Arithmetic Ops. (line 30) * POSIX awk, backslashes in string constants: Escape Sequences. - (line 105) + (line 108) * POSIX awk, BEGIN/END patterns: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 15) * POSIX awk, bracket expressions and: Bracket Expressions. (line 34) * POSIX awk, bracket expressions and, character classes: Bracket Expressions. @@ -33810,16 +34525,14 @@ Index * POSIX awk, continue statement and: Continue Statement. (line 44) * POSIX awk, CONVFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 30) * POSIX awk, date utility and: Time Functions. (line 253) -* POSIX awk, field separators and: Fields. (line 6) -* POSIX awk, field separators and <1>: Full Line Fields. (line 16) -* POSIX awk, FS variable and: User-modified. (line 60) +* POSIX awk, field separators and: Full Line Fields. (line 16) * POSIX awk, function keyword in: Definition Syntax. (line 99) * POSIX awk, functions and, gsub()/sub(): Gory Details. (line 90) * POSIX awk, functions and, length(): String Functions. (line 179) * POSIX awk, GNU long options and: Options. (line 15) * POSIX awk, interval expressions in: Regexp Operators. (line 135) * POSIX awk, next/nextfile statements and: Next Statement. (line 44) -* POSIX awk, numeric strings and: Variable Typing. (line 6) +* POSIX awk, numeric strings and: Variable Typing. (line 67) * POSIX awk, OFMT variable and: OFMT. (line 27) * POSIX awk, OFMT variable and <1>: Strings And Numbers. (line 56) * POSIX awk, period (.), using: Regexp Operators. (line 51) @@ -33827,12 +34540,12 @@ Index * POSIX awk, regular expressions and: Regexp Operators. (line 161) * POSIX awk, timestamps and: Time Functions. (line 6) * POSIX awk, | I/O operator and: Getline/Pipe. (line 56) -* POSIX mode: Options. (line 254) -* POSIX mode <1>: Options. (line 338) +* POSIX mode: Options. (line 257) +* POSIX mode <1>: Options. (line 343) * POSIX, awk and: Preface. (line 21) * POSIX, gawk extensions not included in: POSIX/GNU. (line 6) * POSIX, programs, implementing in awk: Clones. (line 6) -* POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 338) +* POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 343) * PREC variable: User-modified. (line 124) * precedence: Increment Ops. (line 60) * precedence <1>: Precedence. (line 6) @@ -33879,14 +34592,14 @@ Index * printing, unduplicated lines of text: Uniq Program. (line 6) * printing, user information: Id Program. (line 6) * private variables: Library Names. (line 11) -* process group ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 181) -* process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 184) +* process group ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 204) +* process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 207) * processes, two-way communications with: Two-way I/O. (line 6) * processing data: Basic High Level. (line 6) -* PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 129) +* PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 148) * PROCINFO array <1>: Time Functions. (line 47) * PROCINFO array <2>: Passwd Functions. (line 6) -* PROCINFO array, and communications via ptys: Two-way I/O. (line 108) +* PROCINFO array, and communications via ptys: Two-way I/O. (line 114) * PROCINFO array, and group membership: Group Functions. (line 6) * PROCINFO array, and user and group ID numbers: Id Program. (line 15) * PROCINFO array, testing the field splitting: Passwd Functions. @@ -33894,8 +34607,8 @@ Index * PROCINFO, values of sorted_in: Controlling Scanning. (line 26) * profiling awk programs: Profiling. (line 6) -* profiling awk programs, dynamically: Profiling. (line 178) -* program identifiers: Auto-set. (line 150) +* profiling awk programs, dynamically: Profiling. (line 177) +* program identifiers: Auto-set. (line 173) * program, definition of: Getting Started. (line 21) * programming conventions, --non-decimal-data option: Nondecimal Data. (line 35) @@ -33931,7 +34644,7 @@ Index * QuikTrim Awk: Other Versions. (line 139) * quit debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 102) -* QUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) +* QUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 212) * quoting in gawk command lines: Long. (line 26) * quoting in gawk command lines, tricks for: Quoting. (line 91) * quoting, for small awk programs: Comments. (line 27) @@ -33940,12 +34653,12 @@ Index * Rakitzis, Byron: History Sorting. (line 25) * Ramey, Chet: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Ramey, Chet <1>: General Data Types. (line 6) -* rand: Numeric Functions. (line 34) +* rand: Numeric Functions. (line 49) * random numbers, Cliff: Cliff Random Function. (line 6) * random numbers, rand()/srand() functions: Numeric Functions. - (line 34) -* random numbers, seed of: Numeric Functions. (line 64) + (line 49) +* random numbers, seed of: Numeric Functions. (line 79) * range expressions (regexps): Bracket Expressions. (line 6) * range patterns: Ranges. (line 6) * range patterns, line continuation and: Ranges. (line 64) @@ -33990,7 +34703,7 @@ Index (line 103) * regexp constants, /=.../, /= operator and: Assignment Ops. (line 149) * regexp constants, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 34) -* regexp constants, in gawk: Using Constant Regexps. +* regexp constants, in gawk: Standard Regexp Constants. (line 28) * regexp constants, slashes vs. quotes: Computed Regexps. (line 30) * regexp constants, vs. string constants: Computed Regexps. (line 40) @@ -34032,6 +34745,7 @@ Index * relational operators, See comparison operators: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) * replace in string: String Functions. (line 409) +* retrying input: Retrying Input. (line 6) * return debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 54) * return statement, user-defined functions: Return Statement. (line 6) @@ -34055,7 +34769,7 @@ Index * right shift: Bitwise Functions. (line 54) * right shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) * Ritchie, Dennis: Basic Data Typing. (line 54) -* RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 251) +* RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 282) * RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 227) * Robbins, Arnold: Command Line Field Separator. (line 71) @@ -34081,11 +34795,11 @@ Index * RS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 133) * RS variable, multiline records and: Multiple Line. (line 17) * rshift: Bitwise Functions. (line 54) -* RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 257) +* RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 288) * RSTART variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 227) * RT variable: awk split records. (line 124) * RT variable <1>: Multiple Line. (line 130) -* RT variable <2>: Auto-set. (line 264) +* RT variable <2>: Auto-set. (line 295) * Rubin, Paul: History. (line 30) * Rubin, Paul <1>: Contributors. (line 16) * rule, definition of: Getting Started. (line 21) @@ -34096,14 +34810,14 @@ Index (line 68) * sample debugging session: Sample Debugging Session. (line 6) -* sandbox mode: Options. (line 285) +* sandbox mode: Options. (line 290) * save debugger options: Debugger Info. (line 85) * scalar or array: Type Functions. (line 11) * scalar values: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) * scanning arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 6) * scanning multidimensional arrays: Multiscanning. (line 11) * Schorr, Andrew: Acknowledgments. (line 60) -* Schorr, Andrew <1>: Auto-set. (line 296) +* Schorr, Andrew <1>: Auto-set. (line 327) * Schorr, Andrew <2>: Contributors. (line 134) * Schreiber, Bert: Acknowledgments. (line 38) * Schreiber, Rita: Acknowledgments. (line 38) @@ -34122,7 +34836,7 @@ Index * sed utility: Full Line Fields. (line 22) * sed utility <1>: Simple Sed. (line 6) * sed utility <2>: Glossary. (line 16) -* seeding random number generator: Numeric Functions. (line 64) +* seeding random number generator: Numeric Functions. (line 79) * semicolon (;), AWKPATH variable and: PC Using. (line 9) * semicolon (;), separating statements in actions: Statements/Lines. (line 90) @@ -34134,7 +34848,6 @@ Index * separators, field <1>: User-modified. (line 113) * separators, field, FIELDWIDTHS variable and: User-modified. (line 37) * separators, field, FPAT variable and: User-modified. (line 43) -* separators, field, POSIX and: Fields. (line 6) * separators, for records: awk split records. (line 6) * separators, for records <1>: awk split records. (line 85) * separators, for records <2>: User-modified. (line 133) @@ -34186,14 +34899,15 @@ Index * sidebar, A Constant's Base Does Not Affect Its Value: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 63) * sidebar, Backslash Before Regular Characters: Escape Sequences. - (line 103) + (line 106) +* sidebar, Beware The Smoke and Mirrors!: Bitwise Functions. (line 126) * sidebar, Changing FS Does Not Affect the Fields: Full Line Fields. (line 14) -* sidebar, Changing NR and FNR: Auto-set. (line 324) +* sidebar, Changing NR and FNR: Auto-set. (line 355) * sidebar, Controlling Output Buffering with system(): I/O Functions. (line 164) * sidebar, Escape Sequences for Metacharacters: Escape Sequences. - (line 135) + (line 138) * sidebar, FS and IGNORECASE: Field Splitting Summary. (line 37) * sidebar, Interactive Versus Noninteractive Buffering: I/O Functions. @@ -34215,19 +34929,19 @@ Index (line 130) * sidebar, Using \n in Bracket Expressions of Dynamic Regexps: Computed Regexps. (line 58) -* SIGHUP signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 210) -* SIGINT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) -* signals, HUP/SIGHUP, for profiling: Profiling. (line 210) -* signals, INT/SIGINT (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) -* signals, QUIT/SIGQUIT (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) -* signals, USR1/SIGUSR1, for profiling: Profiling. (line 187) +* SIGHUP signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 209) +* SIGINT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 212) +* signals, HUP/SIGHUP, for profiling: Profiling. (line 209) +* signals, INT/SIGINT (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 212) +* signals, QUIT/SIGQUIT (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 212) +* signals, USR1/SIGUSR1, for profiling: Profiling. (line 186) * signature program: Signature Program. (line 6) -* SIGQUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) -* SIGUSR1 signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 187) +* SIGQUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 212) +* SIGUSR1 signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 186) * silent debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 10) -* sin: Numeric Functions. (line 75) -* sine: Numeric Functions. (line 75) +* sin: Numeric Functions. (line 90) +* sine: Numeric Functions. (line 90) * single quote ('): One-shot. (line 15) * single quote (') in gawk command lines: Long. (line 35) * single quote ('), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 48) @@ -34277,10 +34991,10 @@ Index * sprintf() function, OFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 113) * sprintf() function, print/printf statements and: Round Function. (line 6) -* sqrt: Numeric Functions. (line 78) +* sqrt: Numeric Functions. (line 93) * square brackets ([]), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 56) -* square root: Numeric Functions. (line 78) -* srand: Numeric Functions. (line 82) +* square root: Numeric Functions. (line 93) +* srand: Numeric Functions. (line 97) * stack frame: Debugging Terms. (line 10) * Stallman, Richard: Manual History. (line 6) * Stallman, Richard <1>: Acknowledgments. (line 18) @@ -34317,7 +35031,7 @@ Index * string-translation functions: I18N Functions. (line 6) * strings splitting, example: String Functions. (line 334) * strings, converting: Strings And Numbers. (line 6) -* strings, converting <1>: Bitwise Functions. (line 111) +* strings, converting <1>: Bitwise Functions. (line 108) * strings, converting letter case: String Functions. (line 523) * strings, converting, numbers to: User-modified. (line 30) * strings, converting, numbers to <1>: User-modified. (line 104) @@ -34328,11 +35042,11 @@ Index * strings, merging arrays into: Join Function. (line 6) * strings, null: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 43) -* strings, numeric: Variable Typing. (line 6) +* strings, numeric: Variable Typing. (line 67) * strtonum: String Functions. (line 391) * strtonum() function (gawk), --non-decimal-data option and: Nondecimal Data. (line 35) -* sub: Using Constant Regexps. +* sub: Standard Regexp Constants. (line 43) * sub <1>: String Functions. (line 409) * sub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 463) @@ -34352,9 +35066,9 @@ Index * substr: String Functions. (line 482) * substring: String Functions. (line 482) * Sumner, Andrew: Other Versions. (line 68) -* supplementary groups of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 228) +* supplementary groups of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 251) * switch statement: Switch Statement. (line 6) -* SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 268) +* SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 299) * syntactic ambiguity: /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. (line 149) * system: I/O Functions. (line 107) @@ -34368,7 +35082,7 @@ Index * tee.awk program: Tee Program. (line 26) * temporary breakpoint: Breakpoint Control. (line 90) * terminating records: awk split records. (line 124) -* testbits.awk program: Bitwise Functions. (line 72) +* testbits.awk program: Bitwise Functions. (line 69) * testext extension: Extension Sample API Tests. (line 6) * Texinfo: Conventions. (line 6) @@ -34424,7 +35138,7 @@ Index (line 37) * troubleshooting, awk uses FS not IFS: Field Separators. (line 29) * troubleshooting, backslash before nonspecial character: Escape Sequences. - (line 105) + (line 108) * troubleshooting, division: Arithmetic Ops. (line 44) * troubleshooting, fatal errors, field widths, specifying: Constant Size. (line 22) @@ -34458,6 +35172,8 @@ Index * trunc-mod operation: Arithmetic Ops. (line 66) * truth values: Truth Values. (line 6) * type conversion: Strings And Numbers. (line 21) +* type, of variable: Type Functions. (line 14) +* typeof: Type Functions. (line 14) * u debugger command (alias for until): Debugger Execution Control. (line 82) * unassigned array elements: Reference to Elements. @@ -34480,7 +35196,7 @@ Index * uniq.awk program: Uniq Program. (line 65) * Unix: Glossary. (line 748) * Unix awk, backslashes in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. - (line 118) + (line 121) * Unix awk, close() function and: Close Files And Pipes. (line 132) * Unix awk, password files, field separators and: Command Line Field Separator. @@ -34499,10 +35215,11 @@ Index * user-modifiable variables: User-modified. (line 6) * users, information about, printing: Id Program. (line 6) * users, information about, retrieving: Passwd Functions. (line 16) -* USR1 signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 187) +* USR1 signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 186) * values, numeric: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) * values, string: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) * variable assignments and input files: Other Arguments. (line 26) +* variable type: Type Functions. (line 14) * variable typing: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) * variables: Other Features. (line 6) @@ -34533,10 +35250,10 @@ Index * variables, uninitialized, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 6) * variables, user-defined: Variables. (line 6) -* version of gawk: Auto-set. (line 198) -* version of gawk extension API: Auto-set. (line 223) -* version of GNU MP library: Auto-set. (line 206) -* version of GNU MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 208) +* version of gawk: Auto-set. (line 221) +* version of gawk extension API: Auto-set. (line 246) +* version of GNU MP library: Auto-set. (line 229) +* version of GNU MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 231) * vertical bar (|): Regexp Operators. (line 70) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O): Getline/Pipe. (line 10) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 64) @@ -34573,7 +35290,7 @@ Index * whitespace, as field separators: Default Field Splitting. (line 6) * whitespace, functions, calling: Calling Built-in. (line 10) -* whitespace, newlines as: Options. (line 260) +* whitespace, newlines as: Options. (line 263) * Williams, Kent: Contributors. (line 35) * Woehlke, Matthew: Contributors. (line 80) * Woods, John: Contributors. (line 28) @@ -34603,563 +35320,573 @@ Index Tag Table: Node: Top1200 -Node: Foreword342162 -Node: Foreword446604 -Node: Preface48136 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-150995 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-251102 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-351336 -Node: History51478 -Node: Names53830 -Ref: Names-Footnote-154924 -Node: This Manual55071 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-161556 -Node: Conventions61656 -Node: Manual History64010 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-167005 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-267046 -Node: How To Contribute67120 -Node: Acknowledgments68249 -Node: Getting Started73135 -Node: Running gawk75574 -Node: One-shot76764 -Node: Read Terminal78027 -Node: Long80020 -Node: Executable Scripts81533 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-184328 -Node: Comments84431 -Node: Quoting86915 -Node: DOS Quoting92432 -Node: Sample Data Files93107 -Node: Very Simple95702 -Node: Two Rules100604 -Node: More Complex102489 -Node: Statements/Lines105355 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1109814 -Node: Other Features110079 -Node: When111015 -Ref: When-Footnote-1112769 -Node: Intro Summary112834 -Node: Invoking Gawk113718 -Node: Command Line115232 -Node: Options116030 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1131937 -Ref: Options-Footnote-2132167 -Node: Other Arguments132192 -Node: Naming Standard Input135139 -Node: Environment Variables136232 -Node: AWKPATH Variable136790 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1140091 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2140125 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable140386 -Node: Other Environment Variables141530 -Node: Exit Status145478 -Node: Include Files146155 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries149750 -Node: Obsolete151178 -Node: Undocumented151870 -Node: Invoking Summary152167 -Node: Regexp153827 -Node: Regexp Usage155281 -Node: Escape Sequences157318 -Node: Regexp Operators163332 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1170748 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2170895 -Node: Bracket Expressions170993 -Ref: table-char-classes173469 -Node: Leftmost Longest176606 -Node: Computed Regexps177909 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators181336 -Node: Case-sensitivity185015 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1187902 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2188137 -Node: Regexp Summary188245 -Node: Reading Files189711 -Node: Records191805 -Node: awk split records192538 -Node: gawk split records197469 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1202009 -Node: Fields202046 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1204826 -Node: Nonconstant Fields204912 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1207148 -Node: Changing Fields207352 -Node: Field Separators213280 -Node: Default Field Splitting215978 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting217096 -Node: Single Character Fields220449 -Node: Command Line Field Separator221509 -Node: Full Line Fields224727 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1226249 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2226295 -Node: Field Splitting Summary226396 -Node: Constant Size228470 -Node: Splitting By Content233048 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1237019 -Node: Multiple Line237182 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1243064 -Node: Getline243243 -Node: Plain Getline245447 -Node: Getline/Variable248086 -Node: Getline/File249235 -Node: Getline/Variable/File250621 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1252224 -Node: Getline/Pipe252312 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe255017 -Node: Getline/Coprocess256150 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess257415 -Node: Getline Notes258155 -Node: Getline Summary260950 -Ref: table-getline-variants261372 -Node: Read Timeout262120 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1265961 -Node: Command-line directories266019 -Node: Input Summary266923 -Node: Input Exercises270095 -Node: Printing270823 -Node: Print272599 -Node: Print Examples274056 -Node: Output Separators276836 -Node: OFMT278853 -Node: Printf280209 -Node: Basic Printf280994 -Node: Control Letters282568 -Node: Format Modifiers286556 -Node: Printf Examples292571 -Node: Redirection295057 -Node: Special FD301898 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1305066 -Node: Special Files305140 -Node: Other Inherited Files305757 -Node: Special Network306758 -Node: Special Caveats307618 -Node: Close Files And Pipes308567 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1315760 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2315908 -Node: Output Summary316059 -Node: Output Exercises317057 -Node: Expressions317736 -Node: Values318924 -Node: Constants319602 -Node: Scalar Constants320293 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1321157 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers321407 -Node: Regexp Constants324420 -Node: Using Constant Regexps324946 -Node: Variables328109 -Node: Using Variables328766 -Node: Assignment Options330676 -Node: Conversion332549 -Node: Strings And Numbers333073 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1336136 -Node: Locale influences conversions336245 -Ref: table-locale-affects339003 -Node: All Operators339621 -Node: Arithmetic Ops340250 -Node: Concatenation342756 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1345603 -Node: Assignment Ops345710 -Ref: table-assign-ops350701 -Node: Increment Ops352014 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions355474 -Node: Truth Values356548 -Node: Typing and Comparison357596 -Node: Variable Typing358416 -Node: Comparison Operators362040 -Ref: table-relational-ops362459 -Node: POSIX String Comparison365954 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1367028 -Node: Boolean Ops367167 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1371649 -Node: Conditional Exp371741 -Node: Function Calls373477 -Node: Precedence377354 -Node: Locales381013 -Node: Expressions Summary382645 -Node: Patterns and Actions385218 -Node: Pattern Overview386338 -Node: Regexp Patterns388015 -Node: Expression Patterns388557 -Node: Ranges392338 -Node: BEGIN/END395446 -Node: Using BEGIN/END396207 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1398943 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END399049 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE401363 -Node: Empty404270 -Node: Using Shell Variables404587 -Node: Action Overview406861 -Node: Statements409186 -Node: If Statement411034 -Node: While Statement412529 -Node: Do Statement414557 -Node: For Statement415705 -Node: Switch Statement418863 -Node: Break Statement421249 -Node: Continue Statement423341 -Node: Next Statement425168 -Node: Nextfile Statement427551 -Node: Exit Statement430203 -Node: Built-in Variables432606 -Node: User-modified433739 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1441364 -Node: Auto-set441426 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1454782 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2454988 -Node: ARGC and ARGV455044 -Node: Pattern Action Summary459257 -Node: Arrays461687 -Node: Array Basics463016 -Node: Array Intro463860 -Ref: figure-array-elements465835 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1468539 -Node: Reference to Elements468667 -Node: Assigning Elements471131 -Node: Array Example471622 -Node: Scanning an Array473381 -Node: Controlling Scanning476403 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1481802 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts482118 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts484302 -Node: Delete485921 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1488673 -Node: Multidimensional488730 -Node: Multiscanning491825 -Node: Arrays of Arrays493416 -Node: Arrays Summary498183 -Node: Functions500276 -Node: Built-in501314 -Node: Calling Built-in502395 -Node: Numeric Functions504391 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1508419 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2508776 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3508824 -Node: String Functions509096 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1532600 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2532728 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3532976 -Node: Gory Details533063 -Ref: table-sub-escapes534854 -Ref: table-sub-proposed536373 -Ref: table-posix-sub537736 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes539277 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1540100 -Node: I/O Functions540254 -Ref: table-system-return-values546836 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1548816 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-2548964 -Node: Time Functions549084 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1559606 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2559674 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3559832 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4559943 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5560055 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6560282 -Node: Bitwise Functions560548 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops561142 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1565460 -Node: Type Functions565633 -Node: I18N Functions566789 -Node: User-defined568440 -Node: Definition Syntax569245 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1574932 -Node: Function Example575003 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1577925 -Node: Function Caveats577947 -Node: Calling A Function578465 -Node: Variable Scope579423 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference582417 -Node: Return Statement585916 -Node: Dynamic Typing588895 -Node: Indirect Calls589825 -Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1600076 -Node: Functions Summary600204 -Node: Library Functions602909 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1606516 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2606659 -Node: Library Names606830 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1610290 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2610513 -Node: General Functions610599 -Node: Strtonum Function611702 -Node: Assert Function614724 -Node: Round Function618050 -Node: Cliff Random Function619591 -Node: Ordinal Functions620607 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1623670 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2623922 -Node: Join Function624132 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1625902 -Node: Getlocaltime Function626102 -Node: Readfile Function629844 -Node: Shell Quoting631816 -Node: Data File Management633217 -Node: Filetrans Function633849 -Node: Rewind Function637945 -Node: File Checking639851 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1641185 -Node: Empty Files641386 -Node: Ignoring Assigns643365 -Node: Getopt Function644915 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1656384 -Node: Passwd Functions656584 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1665423 -Node: Group Functions665511 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1673409 -Node: Walking Arrays673616 -Node: Library Functions Summary676624 -Node: Library Exercises678030 -Node: Sample Programs678495 -Node: Running Examples679265 -Node: Clones679993 -Node: Cut Program681217 -Node: Egrep Program691146 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1698658 -Node: Id Program698768 -Node: Split Program702448 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1705907 -Node: Tee Program706036 -Node: Uniq Program708826 -Node: Wc Program716252 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1720507 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs720601 -Node: Dupword Program721814 -Node: Alarm Program723844 -Node: Translate Program728699 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1733264 -Node: Labels Program733534 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1736885 -Node: Word Sorting736969 -Node: History Sorting741041 -Node: Extract Program742876 -Node: Simple Sed750405 -Node: Igawk Program753479 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1767810 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2768012 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3768134 -Node: Anagram Program768249 -Node: Signature Program771311 -Node: Programs Summary772558 -Node: Programs Exercises773772 -Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1777901 -Node: Advanced Features777992 -Node: Nondecimal Data779982 -Node: Array Sorting781573 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal782273 -Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1790640 -Node: Array Sorting Functions790758 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1795849 -Node: Two-way I/O796045 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1802339 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2802526 -Node: TCP/IP Networking802608 -Node: Profiling805726 -Node: Advanced Features Summary813265 -Node: Internationalization815201 -Node: I18N and L10N816681 -Node: Explaining gettext817368 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1823260 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2823445 -Node: Programmer i18n823610 -Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1828559 -Node: Translator i18n828608 -Node: String Extraction829402 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1830534 -Node: Printf Ordering830620 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1833406 -Node: I18N Portability833470 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1835926 -Node: I18N Example835989 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1838795 -Node: Gawk I18N838868 -Node: I18N Summary839513 -Node: Debugger840854 -Node: Debugging841876 -Node: Debugging Concepts842317 -Node: Debugging Terms844126 -Node: Awk Debugging846701 -Node: Sample Debugging Session847607 -Node: Debugger Invocation848141 -Node: Finding The Bug849527 -Node: List of Debugger Commands856005 -Node: Breakpoint Control857338 -Node: Debugger Execution Control861032 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data864394 -Node: Execution Stack867768 -Node: Debugger Info869405 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands873476 -Node: Readline Support878564 -Node: Limitations879460 -Node: Debugging Summary881569 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic882742 -Node: Computer Arithmetic884158 -Ref: table-numeric-ranges887749 -Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1888471 -Node: Math Definitions888528 -Ref: table-ieee-formats891842 -Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1892445 -Node: MPFR features892550 -Node: FP Math Caution894267 -Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1895339 -Node: Inexactness of computations895708 -Node: Inexact representation896668 -Node: Comparing FP Values898028 -Node: Errors accumulate899110 -Node: Getting Accuracy900543 -Node: Try To Round903253 -Node: Setting precision904152 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings904849 -Node: Setting the rounding mode906679 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes907053 -Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1910461 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers910640 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1913624 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems913773 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1917655 -Node: Floating point summary917693 -Node: Dynamic Extensions919883 -Node: Extension Intro921436 -Node: Plugin License922702 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline923499 -Ref: figure-load-extension923938 -Ref: figure-register-new-function925503 -Ref: figure-call-new-function926595 -Node: Extension API Description928657 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction930105 -Node: General Data Types934917 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1940872 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions941171 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1944016 -Node: Constructor Functions944115 -Node: Registration Functions945860 -Node: Extension Functions946545 -Node: Exit Callback Functions948844 -Node: Extension Version String950094 -Node: Input Parsers950757 -Node: Output Wrappers960639 -Node: Two-way processors965151 -Node: Printing Messages967416 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1968490 -Node: Updating ERRNO968643 -Node: Requesting Values969382 -Ref: table-value-types-returned970119 -Node: Accessing Parameters971002 -Node: Symbol Table Access972237 -Node: Symbol table by name972749 -Node: Symbol table by cookie974770 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1978922 -Node: Cached values978986 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1982493 -Node: Array Manipulation982584 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1983683 -Node: Array Data Types983720 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1986378 -Node: Array Functions986470 -Node: Flattening Arrays990328 -Node: Creating Arrays997236 -Node: Extension API Variables1002005 -Node: Extension Versioning1002641 -Ref: gawk-api-version1003078 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables1004834 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate1005898 -Node: Finding Extensions1009712 -Node: Extension Example1010271 -Node: Internal File Description1011069 -Node: Internal File Ops1015149 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11026911 -Node: Using Internal File Ops1027051 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11029434 -Node: Extension Samples1029708 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions1031237 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1038886 -Node: Extension Sample Fork1040373 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace1041591 -Node: Extension Sample Ord1044801 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir1045637 -Ref: table-readdir-file-types1046526 -Node: Extension Sample Revout1047331 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1047920 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array1048660 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile1050602 -Node: Extension Sample Time1051697 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests1053045 -Node: gawkextlib1053537 -Node: Extension summary1055961 -Node: Extension Exercises1059653 -Node: Language History1061151 -Node: V7/SVR3.11062807 -Node: SVR41064959 -Node: POSIX1066393 -Node: BTL1067772 -Node: POSIX/GNU1068501 -Node: Feature History1074022 -Node: Common Extensions1087351 -Node: Ranges and Locales1088634 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11093250 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21093277 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31093512 -Node: Contributors1093733 -Node: History summary1099293 -Node: Installation1100673 -Node: Gawk Distribution1101617 -Node: Getting1102101 -Node: Extracting1103062 -Node: Distribution contents1104700 -Node: Unix Installation1110442 -Node: Quick Installation1111058 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1113485 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1115289 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1117658 -Node: PC Installation1118118 -Node: PC Binary Installation1118956 -Node: PC Compiling1119391 -Node: PC Using1120508 -Node: Cygwin1123553 -Node: MSYS1124323 -Node: VMS Installation1124824 -Node: VMS Compilation1125615 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11126844 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1126902 -Node: VMS Installation Details1128587 -Node: VMS Running1130840 -Node: VMS GNV1135119 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1135854 -Node: Bugs1136325 -Node: Bug address1136988 -Node: Usenet1139385 -Node: Maintainers1140160 -Node: Other Versions1141536 -Node: Installation summary1148120 -Node: Notes1149155 -Node: Compatibility Mode1150020 -Node: Additions1150802 -Node: Accessing The Source1151727 -Node: Adding Code1153162 -Node: New Ports1159381 -Node: Derived Files1163869 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11169354 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21169389 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31169987 -Node: Future Extensions1170101 -Node: Implementation Limitations1170759 -Node: Extension Design1171942 -Node: Old Extension Problems1173096 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11174614 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1174671 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11178035 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1178224 -Node: Extension Future Growth1180337 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1181173 -Node: Notes summary1182936 -Node: Basic Concepts1184118 -Node: Basic High Level1184799 -Ref: figure-general-flow1185081 -Ref: figure-process-flow1185766 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11189067 -Node: Basic Data Typing1189252 -Node: Glossary1192580 -Node: Copying1224527 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1262066 -Node: Index1287184 +Node: Foreword342726 +Node: Foreword447168 +Node: Preface48700 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-151559 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-251666 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-351900 +Node: History52042 +Node: Names54394 +Ref: Names-Footnote-155488 +Node: This Manual55635 +Ref: This Manual-Footnote-162120 +Node: Conventions62220 +Node: Manual History64574 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-167569 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-267610 +Node: How To Contribute67684 +Node: Acknowledgments68813 +Node: Getting Started73699 +Node: Running gawk76138 +Node: One-shot77328 +Node: Read Terminal78591 +Node: Long80584 +Node: Executable Scripts82097 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-184892 +Node: Comments84995 +Node: Quoting87479 +Node: DOS Quoting92996 +Node: Sample Data Files93671 +Node: Very Simple96266 +Node: Two Rules101168 +Node: More Complex103053 +Node: Statements/Lines105919 +Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1110378 +Node: Other Features110643 +Node: When111579 +Ref: When-Footnote-1113333 +Node: Intro Summary113398 +Node: Invoking Gawk114282 +Node: Command Line115796 +Node: Options116594 +Ref: Options-Footnote-1132693 +Ref: Options-Footnote-2132923 +Node: Other Arguments132948 +Node: Naming Standard Input135895 +Node: Environment Variables136988 +Node: AWKPATH Variable137546 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1140957 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2140991 +Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable141252 +Node: Other Environment Variables142509 +Node: Exit Status146330 +Node: Include Files147007 +Node: Loading Shared Libraries150602 +Node: Obsolete152030 +Node: Undocumented152722 +Node: Invoking Summary153019 +Node: Regexp154679 +Node: Regexp Usage156133 +Node: Escape Sequences158170 +Node: Regexp Operators164402 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1171818 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2171965 +Node: Bracket Expressions172063 +Ref: table-char-classes174539 +Node: Leftmost Longest177676 +Node: Computed Regexps178979 +Node: GNU Regexp Operators182406 +Node: Case-sensitivity186085 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1188972 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2189207 +Node: Regexp Summary189315 +Node: Reading Files190781 +Node: Records192944 +Node: awk split records193677 +Node: gawk split records198608 +Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1203148 +Node: Fields203185 +Node: Nonconstant Fields205926 +Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1208162 +Node: Changing Fields208366 +Node: Field Separators214294 +Node: Default Field Splitting216992 +Node: Regexp Field Splitting218110 +Node: Single Character Fields221463 +Node: Command Line Field Separator222523 +Node: Full Line Fields225741 +Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1227263 +Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2227309 +Node: Field Splitting Summary227410 +Node: Constant Size229484 +Node: Splitting By Content234062 +Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1238033 +Node: Multiple Line238196 +Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1244078 +Node: Getline244257 +Node: Plain Getline246724 +Node: 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Goals1203260 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11206624 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1206813 +Node: Extension Future Growth1208926 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1209762 +Node: Notes summary1211525 +Node: Basic Concepts1212707 +Node: Basic High Level1213388 +Ref: figure-general-flow1213670 +Ref: figure-process-flow1214355 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11217656 +Node: Basic Data Typing1217841 +Node: Glossary1221169 +Node: Copying1253116 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1290655 +Node: Index1315773 End Tag Table |