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diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index cdb4ea49..17310b1c 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -175,6 +175,7 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled * Computed Regexps:: Using Dynamic Regexps. * GNU Regexp Operators:: Operators specific to GNU software. * Case-sensitivity:: How to do case-insensitive matching. +* Strong Regexp Constants:: Strongly typed regexp constants. * Regexp Summary:: Regular expressions summary. * Records:: Controlling how data is split into records. @@ -217,6 +218,7 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled 'getline'. * Getline Summary:: Summary of 'getline' Variants. * Read Timeout:: Reading input with a timeout. +* Retrying Input:: Retrying input after certain errors. * Command-line directories:: What happens if you put a directory on the command line. * Input Summary:: Input summary. @@ -246,6 +248,7 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled * Special Caveats:: Things to watch out for. * Close Files And Pipes:: Closing Input and Output Files and Pipes. +* Nonfatal:: Enabling Nonfatal Output. * Output Summary:: Output summary. * Output Exercises:: Exercises. * Values:: Constants, Variables, and Regular @@ -557,6 +560,7 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled * Array Functions:: Functions for working with arrays. * Flattening Arrays:: How to flatten arrays. * Creating Arrays:: How to create and populate arrays. +* Redirection API:: How to access and manipulate redirections. * Extension API Variables:: Variables provided by the API. * Extension Versioning:: API Version information. * Extension API Informational Variables:: Variables providing information about @@ -615,6 +619,7 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled * Unix Installation:: Installing 'gawk' under various versions of Unix. * Quick Installation:: Compiling 'gawk' under Unix. +* Shell Startup Files:: Shell convenience functions. * Additional Configuration Options:: Other compile-time options. * Configuration Philosophy:: How it's all supposed to work. * Non-Unix Installation:: Installation on Other Operating @@ -2625,30 +2630,33 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: '-o'[FILE] '--pretty-print'['='FILE] - Enable pretty-printing of 'awk' programs. By default, the output - program is created in a file named 'awkprof.out' (*note - Profiling::). The optional FILE argument allows you to specify a - different file name for the output. No space is allowed between - the '-o' and FILE, if FILE is supplied. + Enable pretty-printing of 'awk' programs. Implies '--no-optimize'. + By default, the output program is created in a file named + 'awkprof.out' (*note Profiling::). The optional FILE argument + allows you to specify a different file name for the output. No + space is allowed between the '-o' and FILE, if FILE is supplied. - NOTE: Due to the way 'gawk' has evolved, with this option your - program still executes. This will change in the next major - release, such that 'gawk' will only pretty-print the program - and not run it. + NOTE: In the past, this option would also execute your + program. This is no longer the case. '-O' '--optimize' - Enable some optimizations on the internal representation of the - program. At the moment, this includes just simple constant - folding. + Enable 'gawk''s default optimizations on the internal + representation of the program. At the moment, this includes simple + constant folding and tail recursion elimination in function calls. + + These optimizations are enabled by default. This option remains + primarily for backwards compatibilty. However, it may be used to + cancel the effect of an earlier '-s' option (see later in this + list). '-p'[FILE] '--profile'['='FILE] - Enable profiling of 'awk' programs (*note Profiling::). By - default, profiles are created in a file named 'awkprof.out'. The - optional FILE argument allows you to specify a different file name - for the profile file. No space is allowed between the '-p' and - FILE, if FILE is supplied. + Enable profiling of 'awk' programs (*note Profiling::). Implies + '--no-optimize'. By default, profiles are created in a file named + 'awkprof.out'. The optional FILE argument allows you to specify a + different file name for the profile file. No space is allowed + between the '-p' and FILE, if FILE is supplied. The profile contains execution counts for each statement in the program in the left margin, and function call counts for each @@ -2662,9 +2670,6 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: in 'gawk' that are disabled by this option. Also, the following additional restrictions apply: - * Newlines do not act as whitespace to separate fields when 'FS' - is equal to a single space (*note Fields::). - * Newlines are not allowed after '?' or ':' (*note Conditional Exp::). @@ -2685,6 +2690,11 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: remains (both for backward compatibility and for use in combination with '--traditional'). +'-s' +'--no-optimize' + Disable 'gawk''s default optimizations on the internal + representation of the program. + '-S' '--sandbox' Disable the 'system()' function, input redirections with 'getline', @@ -2933,6 +2943,9 @@ Since '.' is included at the beginning, 'gawk' searches first in the current directory and then in '/usr/local/share/awk'. In practice, this means that you will rarely need to change the value of 'AWKPATH'. + *Note Shell Startup Files::, for information on functions that help +to manipulate the 'AWKPATH' variable. + 'gawk' places the value of the search path that it used into 'ENVIRON["AWKPATH"]'. This provides access to the actual search path value from within an 'awk' program. @@ -2972,6 +2985,9 @@ empty value, 'gawk' uses a default path; this is typically '/usr/local/lib/gawk', although it can vary depending upon how 'gawk' was built. + *Note Shell Startup Files::, for information on functions that help +to manipulate the 'AWKLIBPATH' variable. + 'gawk' places the value of the search path that it used into 'ENVIRON["AWKLIBPATH"]'. This provides access to the actual search path value from within an 'awk' program. @@ -2998,7 +3014,8 @@ used by regular users: 'GAWK_SOCK_RETRIES' Controls the number of times 'gawk' attempts to retry a two-way TCP/IP (socket) connection before giving up. *Note TCP/IP - Networking::. + Networking::. Note that when nonfatal I/O is enabled (*note + Nonfatal::), 'gawk' only tries to open a TCP/IP socket once. 'POSIXLY_CORRECT' Causes 'gawk' to switch to POSIX-compatibility mode, disabling all @@ -3043,13 +3060,6 @@ change. The variables are: supposed to be differences, but occasionally theory and practice don't coordinate with each other.) -'GAWK_NO_PP_RUN' - When 'gawk' is invoked with the '--pretty-print' option, it will - not run the program if this environment variable exists. - - CAUTION: This variable will not survive into the next major - release. - 'GAWK_STACKSIZE' This specifies the amount by which 'gawk' should grow its internal evaluation stack, when needed. @@ -3314,6 +3324,7 @@ you specify more complicated classes of strings. * Computed Regexps:: Using Dynamic Regexps. * GNU Regexp Operators:: Operators specific to GNU software. * Case-sensitivity:: How to do case-insensitive matching. +* Strong Regexp Constants:: Strongly typed regexp constants. * Regexp Summary:: Regular expressions summary. @@ -3440,15 +3451,18 @@ sequences apply to both string constants and regexp constants: '\xHH...' The hexadecimal value HH, where HH stands for a sequence of - hexadecimal digits ('0'-'9', and either 'A'-'F' or 'a'-'f'). Like - the same construct in ISO C, the escape sequence continues until - the first nonhexadecimal digit is seen. (c.e.) However, using - more than two hexadecimal digits produces undefined results. (The - '\x' escape sequence is not allowed in POSIX 'awk'.) - - CAUTION: The next major release of 'gawk' will change, such - that a maximum of two hexadecimal digits following the '\x' - will be used. + hexadecimal digits ('0'-'9', and either 'A'-'F' or 'a'-'f'). A + maximum of two digts are allowed after the '\x'. Any further + hexadecimal digits are treated as simple letters or numbers. + (c.e.) (The '\x' escape sequence is not allowed in POSIX awk.) + + CAUTION: In ISO C, the escape sequence continues until the + first nonhexadecimal digit is seen. For many years, 'gawk' + would continue incorporating hexadecimal digits into the value + until a non-hexadecimal digit or the end of the string was + encountered. However, using more than two hexadecimal digits + produced undefined results. As of version 4.2, only two + digits are processed. '\/' A literal slash (necessary for regexp constants only). This @@ -4025,7 +4039,7 @@ No options default. -File: gawk.info, Node: Case-sensitivity, Next: Regexp Summary, Prev: GNU Regexp Operators, Up: Regexp +File: gawk.info, Node: Case-sensitivity, Next: Strong Regexp Constants, Prev: GNU Regexp Operators, Up: Regexp 3.8 Case Sensitivity in Matching ================================ @@ -4099,10 +4113,77 @@ and we don't recommend it. that 'gawk' does the right thing. -File: gawk.info, Node: Regexp Summary, Prev: Case-sensitivity, Up: Regexp +File: gawk.info, Node: Strong Regexp Constants, Next: Regexp Summary, Prev: Case-sensitivity, Up: Regexp -3.9 Summary -=========== +3.9 Strongly Typed Regexp Constants +=================================== + +This minor node describes a 'gawk'-specific feature. + + Regexp constants ('/.../') hold a strange position in the 'awk' +language. In most contexts, they act like an expression: '$0 ~ /.../'. +In other contexts, they denote only a regexp to be matched. In no case +are they really a "first class citizen" of the language. That is, you +cannot define a scalar variable whose type is "regexp" in the same sense +that you can define a variable to be a number or a string: + + num = 42 Numeric variable + str = "hi" String variable + re = /foo/ Wrong! re is the result of $0 ~ /foo/ + + For a number of more advanced use cases (described later on in this +Info file), it would be nice to have regexp constants that are "strongly +typed"; in other words, that denote a regexp useful for matching, and +not an expression. + + 'gawk' provides this feature. A strongly typed regexp constant looks +almost like a regular regexp constant, except that it is preceded by an +'@' sign: + + re = @/foo/ Regexp variable + + Strongly typed regexp constants _cannot_ be used eveywhere that a +regular regexp constant can, because this would make the language even +more confusing. Instead, you may use them only in certain contexts: + + * On the righthand side of the '~' and '!~' operators: 'some_var ~ + @/foo/' (*note Regexp Usage::). + + * In the 'case' part of a 'switch' statement (*note Switch + Statement::). + + * As an argument to one of the built-in functions that accept regexp + constants: 'gensub()', 'gsub()', 'match()', 'patsplit()', + 'split()', and 'sub()' (*note String Functions::). + + * As a parameter in a call to a user-defined function (*note + User-defined::). + + * On the righthand side of an assignment to a variable: 'some_var = + @/foo/'. In this case, the type of 'some_var' is regexp. + Additionally, 'some_var' can be used with '~' and '!~', passed to + one of the built-in functions listed above, or passed as a + parameter to a user-defined function. + + You may use the 'typeof()' built-in function (*note Type Functions::) +to determine if a variable or function parameter is a regexp variable. + + The true power of this feature comes from the ability to create +variables that have regexp type. Such variables can be passed on to +user-defined functions, without the confusing aspects of computed +regular expressions created from strings or string constants. They may +also be passed through indirect function calls (*note Indirect Calls::) +onto the built-in functions that accept regexp constants. + + When used in numeric conversions, strongly typed regexp variables +convert to zero. When used in string conversions, they convert to the +string value of the original regexp text. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Regexp Summary, Prev: Strong Regexp Constants, Up: Regexp + +3.10 Summary +============ * Regular expressions describe sets of strings to be matched. In 'awk', regular expression constants are written enclosed between @@ -4135,6 +4216,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Regexp Summary, Prev: Case-sensitivity, Up: Regexp sensitivity of regexp matching. In other 'awk' versions, use 'tolower()' or 'toupper()'. + * Strongly typed regexp constants ('@/.../') enable certain advanced + use cases to be described later on in the Info file. + File: gawk.info, Node: Reading Files, Next: Printing, Prev: Regexp, Up: Top @@ -4173,6 +4257,7 @@ be named on the 'awk' command line (*note Getline::). * Getline:: Reading files under explicit program control using the 'getline' function. * Read Timeout:: Reading input with a timeout. +* Retrying Input:: Retrying input after certain errors. * Command-line directories:: What happens if you put a directory on the command line. * Input Summary:: Input summary. @@ -4434,7 +4519,7 @@ When 'awk' reads an input record, the record is automatically "parsed" or separated by the 'awk' utility into chunks called "fields". By default, fields are separated by "whitespace", like words in a line. Whitespace in 'awk' means any string of one or more spaces, TABs, or -newlines;(1) other characters that are considered whitespace by other +newlines; other characters that are considered whitespace by other languages (such as formfeed, vertical tab, etc.) are _not_ considered whitespace by 'awk'. @@ -4486,11 +4571,6 @@ record: -| Julie F -| Samuel A - ---------- Footnotes ---------- - - (1) In POSIX 'awk', newlines are not considered whitespace for -separating fields. - File: gawk.info, Node: Nonconstant Fields, Next: Changing Fields, Prev: Fields, Up: Reading Files @@ -5436,6 +5516,11 @@ record, such as a file that cannot be opened, then 'getline' returns -1. In this case, 'gawk' sets the variable 'ERRNO' to a string describing the error that occurred. + If 'ERRNO' indicates that the I/O operation may be retried, and +'PROCINFO["INPUT", "RETRY"]' is set, then 'getline' returns -2 instead +of -1, and further calls to 'getline' may be attemped. *Note Retrying +Input:: for further information about this feature. + In the following examples, COMMAND stands for a string value that represents a shell command. @@ -5871,7 +5956,7 @@ VAR Table 4.1: 'getline' variants and what they set -File: gawk.info, Node: Read Timeout, Next: Command-line directories, Prev: Getline, Up: Reading Files +File: gawk.info, Node: Read Timeout, Next: Retrying Input, Prev: Getline, Up: Reading Files 4.10 Reading Input with a Timeout ================================= @@ -5950,7 +6035,8 @@ per-command or per-connection basis. 'gawk' considers a timeout event to be an error even though the attempt to read from the underlying device may succeed in a later attempt. This is a limitation, and it also means that you cannot use -this to multiplex input from two or more sources. +this to multiplex input from two or more sources. *Note Retrying +Input:: for a way to enable later I/O attempts to succeed. Assigning a timeout value prevents read operations from blocking indefinitely. But bear in mind that there are other ways 'gawk' can @@ -5964,9 +6050,36 @@ can block indefinitely until some other process opens it for writing. (1) This assumes that standard input is the keyboard. -File: gawk.info, Node: Command-line directories, Next: Input Summary, Prev: Read Timeout, Up: Reading Files +File: gawk.info, Node: Retrying Input, Next: Command-line directories, Prev: Read Timeout, Up: Reading Files + +4.11 Retrying Reads After Certain Input Errors +============================================== + +This minor node describes a feature that is specific to 'gawk'. + + When 'gawk' encounters an error while reading input, by default +'getline' returns -1, and subsequent attempts to read from that file +result in an end-of-file indication. However, you may optionally +instruct 'gawk' to allow I/O to be retried when certain errors are +encountered by setting a special element in the 'PROCINFO' array (*note +Auto-set::): + + PROCINFO["INPUT_NAME", "RETRY"] = 1 + + When this element exists, 'gawk' checks the value of the system (C +language) 'errno' variable when an I/O error occurs. If 'errno' +indicates a subsequent I/O attempt may succeed, 'getline' instead +returns -2 and further calls to 'getline' may succeed. This applies to +the 'errno' values 'EAGAIN', 'EWOULDBLOCK', 'EINTR', or 'ETIMEDOUT'. + + This feature is useful in conjunction with 'PROCINFO["INPUT_NAME", +"READ_TIMEOUT"]' or situations where a file descriptor has been +configured to behave in a non-blocking fashion. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Command-line directories, Next: Input Summary, Prev: Retrying Input, Up: Reading Files -4.11 Directories on the Command Line +4.12 Directories on the Command Line ==================================== According to the POSIX standard, files named on the 'awk' command line @@ -5989,7 +6102,7 @@ usable data from an 'awk' program. File: gawk.info, Node: Input Summary, Next: Input Exercises, Prev: Command-line directories, Up: Reading Files -4.12 Summary +4.13 Summary ============ * Input is split into records based on the value of 'RS'. The @@ -6061,7 +6174,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Input Summary, Next: Input Exercises, Prev: Command-li File: gawk.info, Node: Input Exercises, Prev: Input Summary, Up: Reading Files -4.13 Exercises +4.14 Exercises ============== 1. Using the 'FIELDWIDTHS' variable (*note Constant Size::), write a @@ -6111,6 +6224,7 @@ function. 'gawk' allows access to inherited file descriptors. * Close Files And Pipes:: Closing Input and Output Files and Pipes. +* Nonfatal:: Enabling Nonfatal Output. * Output Summary:: Output summary. * Output Exercises:: Exercises. @@ -7018,7 +7132,7 @@ that 'gawk' provides: behavior. -File: gawk.info, Node: Close Files And Pipes, Next: Output Summary, Prev: Special Files, Up: Printing +File: gawk.info, Node: Close Files And Pipes, Next: Nonfatal, Prev: Special Files, Up: Printing 5.9 Closing Input and Output Redirections ========================================= @@ -7186,9 +7300,68 @@ call. See the system manual pages for information on how to decode this value. -File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Next: Output Exercises, Prev: Close Files And Pipes, Up: Printing +File: gawk.info, Node: Nonfatal, Next: Output Summary, Prev: Close Files And Pipes, Up: Printing -5.10 Summary +5.10 Enabling Nonfatal Output +============================= + +This minor node describes a 'gawk'-specific feature. + + In standard 'awk', output with 'print' or 'printf' to a nonexistent +file, or some other I/O error (such as filling up the disk) is a fatal +error. + + $ gawk 'BEGIN { print "hi" > "/no/such/file" }' + error-> gawk: cmd. line:1: fatal: can't redirect to `/no/such/file' (No such file or directory) + + 'gawk' makes it possible to detect that an error has occurred, +allowing you to possibly recover from the error, or at least print an +error message of your choosing before exiting. You can do this in one +of two ways: + + * For all output files, by assigning any value to + 'PROCINFO["NONFATAL"]'. + + * On a per-file basis, by assigning any value to 'PROCINFO[FILENAME, + "NONFATAL"]'. Here, FILENAME is the name of the file to which you + wish output to be nonfatal. + + Once you have enabled nonfatal output, you must check 'ERRNO' after +every relevant 'print' or 'printf' statement to see if something went +wrong. It is also a good idea to initialize 'ERRNO' to zero before +attempting the output. For example: + + $ gawk ' + > BEGIN { + > PROCINFO["NONFATAL"] = 1 + > ERRNO = 0 + > print "hi" > "/no/such/file" + > if (ERRNO) { + > print("Output failed:", ERRNO) > "/dev/stderr" + > exit 1 + > } + > }' + error-> Output failed: No such file or directory + + Here, 'gawk' did not produce a fatal error; instead it let the 'awk' +program code detect the problem and handle it. + + This mechanism works also for standard output and standard error. +For standard output, you may use 'PROCINFO["-", "NONFATAL"]' or +'PROCINFO["/dev/stdout", "NONFATAL"]'. For standard error, use +'PROCINFO["/dev/stderr", "NONFATAL"]'. + + When attempting to open a TCP/IP socket (*note TCP/IP Networking::), +'gawk' tries multiple times. The 'GAWK_SOCK_RETRIES' environment +variable (*note Other Environment Variables::) allows you to override +'gawk''s builtin default number of attempts. However, once nonfatal I/O +is enabled for a given socket, 'gawk' only retries once, relying on +'awk'-level code to notice that there was a problem. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Next: Output Exercises, Prev: Nonfatal, Up: Printing + +5.11 Summary ============ * The 'print' statement prints comma-separated expressions. Each @@ -7210,10 +7383,15 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Next: Output Exercises, Prev: Close Fi For coprocesses, it is possible to close only one direction of the communications. + * Normally errors with 'print' or 'printf' are fatal. 'gawk' lets + you make output errors be nonfatal either for all files or on a + per-file basis. You must then check for errors after every + relevant output statement. + File: gawk.info, Node: Output Exercises, Prev: Output Summary, Up: Printing -5.11 Exercises +5.12 Exercises ============== 1. Rewrite the program: @@ -10133,7 +10311,7 @@ each variable.) The default value is '" "', a string consisting of a single space. As a special exception, this value means that any sequence of - spaces, TABs, and/or newlines is a single separator.(1) It also + spaces, TABs, and/or newlines is a single separator. It also causes spaces, TABs, and newlines at the beginning and end of a record to be ignored. @@ -10230,10 +10408,6 @@ each variable.) Internationalization::). The default value of 'TEXTDOMAIN' is '"messages"'. - ---------- Footnotes ---------- - - (1) In POSIX 'awk', newline does not count as whitespace. - File: gawk.info, Node: Auto-set, Next: ARGC and ARGV, Prev: User-modified, Up: Built-in Variables @@ -10297,10 +10471,24 @@ they are not special: An associative array containing the values of the environment. The array indices are the environment variable names; the elements are the values of the particular environment variables. For example, - 'ENVIRON["HOME"]' might be '"/home/arnold"'. Changing this array - does not affect the environment passed on to any programs that - 'awk' may spawn via redirection or the 'system()' function. (In a - future version of 'gawk', it may do so.) + 'ENVIRON["HOME"]' might be '/home/arnold'. + + For POSIX 'awk', changing this array does not affect the + environment passed on to any programs that 'awk' may spawn via + redirection or the 'system()' function. + + However, beginning with version 4.2, if not in POSIX compatibility + mode, 'gawk' does update its own environment when 'ENVIRON' is + changed, thus changing the environment seen by programs that it + creates. You should therefore be especially careful if you modify + 'ENVIRON["PATH"]', which is the search path for finding executable + programs. + + This can also affect the running 'gawk' program, since some of the + built-in functions may pay attention to certain environment + variables. The most notable instance of this is 'mktime()' (*note + Time Functions::), which pays attention the value of the 'TZ' + environment variable on many systems. Some operating systems may not have environment variables. On such systems, the 'ENVIRON' array is empty (except for @@ -10323,6 +10511,11 @@ they are not special: 'getline' returning -1. You are, of course, free to clear it yourself before doing an I/O operation. + If the value of 'ERRNO' corresponds to a system error in the C + 'errno' variable, then 'PROCINFO["errno"]' will be set to the value + of 'errno'. For non-system errors, 'PROCINFO["errno"]' will be + zero. + 'FILENAME' The name of the current input file. When no data files are listed on the command line, 'awk' reads from the standard input and @@ -10371,6 +10564,10 @@ they are not special: 'PROCINFO["egid"]' The value of the 'getegid()' system call. + 'PROCINFO["errno"]' + The value of the C 'errno' variable when 'ERRNO' is set to the + associated error message. + 'PROCINFO["euid"]' The value of the 'geteuid()' system call. @@ -10469,6 +10666,14 @@ they are not special: The following elements allow you to change 'gawk''s behavior: + 'PROCINFO["NONFATAL"]' + If this element exists, then I/O errors for all output + redirections become nonfatal. *Note Nonfatal::. + + 'PROCINFO["OUTPUT_NAME", "NONFATAL"]' + Make output errors for OUTPUT_NAME be nonfatal. *Note + Nonfatal::. + 'PROCINFO["COMMAND", "pty"]' For two-way communication to COMMAND, use a pseudo-tty instead of setting up a two-way pipe. *Note Two-way I/O:: for more @@ -11870,6 +12075,21 @@ brackets ([ ]): truncated toward zero. For example, 'int(3)' is 3, 'int(3.9)' is 3, 'int(-3.9)' is -3, and 'int(-3)' is -3 as well. +'intdiv(NUMERATOR, DENOMINATOR, RESULT)' + Perform integer division, similar to the standard C function of the + same name. First, truncate 'numerator' and 'denominator' towards + zero, creating integer values. Clear the 'result' array, and then + set 'result["quotient"]' to the result of 'numerator / + denominator', truncated towards zero to an integer, and set + 'result["remainder"]' to the result of 'numerator % denominator', + truncated towards zero to an integer. This function is primarily + intended for use with arbitrary length integers; it avoids creating + MPFR arbitrary precision floating-point values (*note Arbitrary + Precision Integers::). + + This function is a 'gawk' extension. It is not available in + compatibility mode (*note Options::). + 'log(X)' Return the natural logarithm of X, if X is positive; otherwise, return 'NaN' ("not a number") on IEEE 754 systems. Additionally, @@ -13337,14 +13557,56 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Type Functions, Next: I18N Functions, Prev: Bitwise Fu 9.1.7 Getting Type Information ------------------------------ -'gawk' provides a single function that lets you distinguish an array -from a scalar variable. This is necessary for writing code that -traverses every element of an array of arrays (*note Arrays of -Arrays::). +'gawk' provides two functions that lets you distinguish the type of a +variable. This is necessary for writing code that traverses every +element of an array of arrays (*note Arrays of Arrays::), and in other +contexts. 'isarray(X)' Return a true value if X is an array. Otherwise, return false. +'typeof(X)' + Return one of the following strings, depending upon the type of X: + + '"array"' + X is an array. + + '"regexp"' + X is a strongly typed regexp (*note Strong Regexp + Constants::). + + '"number"' + X is a number. + + '"string"' + X is a string. + + '"strnum"' + X is a string that might be a number, such as a field or the + result of calling 'split()'. (I.e., X has the STRNUM + attribute; *note Variable Typing::.) + + '"unassigned"' + X is a scalar variable that has not been assigned a value yet. + For example: + + BEGIN { + a[1] # creates a[1] but it has no assigned value + print typeof(a[1]) # scalar_u + } + + '"untyped"' + X has not yet been used yet at all; it can become a scalar or + an array. For example: + + BEGIN { + print typeof(x) # x never used --> untyped + mk_arr(x) + print typeof(x) # x now an array --> array + } + + function mk_arr(a) { a[1] = 1 } + 'isarray()' is meant for use in two circumstances. The first is when traversing a multidimensional array: you can test if an element is itself an array or not. The second is inside the body of a user-defined @@ -13358,6 +13620,14 @@ parameter is an array or not. that has not been previously used to 'isarray()', 'gawk' ends up turning it into a scalar. + The 'typeof()' function is general; it allows you to determine if a +variable or function parameter is a scalar, an array, or a strongly +typed regexp. + + 'isarray()' is deprecated; you should use 'typeof()' instead. You +should replace any existing uses of 'isarray(var)' in your code with +'typeof(var) == "array"'. + File: gawk.info, Node: I18N Functions, Prev: Type Functions, Up: Built-in @@ -19673,9 +19943,15 @@ case 'gawk' waits for the child process to exit, which may cause your program to hang. (Thus, this particular feature is of much less use in practice than being able to close the '"to"' end.) - CAUTION: It is a fatal error to write to the '"to"' end of a - two-way pipe which has been closed. It is also a fatal error to - read from the '"from"' end of a two-way pipe that has been closed. + CAUTION: Normally, it is a fatal error to write to the '"to"' end + of a two-way pipe which has been closed, and it is also a fatal + error to read from the '"from"' end of a two-way pipe that has been + closed. + + You may set 'PROCINFO["COMMAND", "NONFATAL"]' to make such + operations become nonfatal, in which case you then need to check + 'ERRNO' after each 'print', 'printf', or 'getline'. *Note + Nonfatal::, for more information. You may also use pseudo-ttys (ptys) for two-way communication instead of pipes, if your system supports them. This is done on a per-command @@ -19963,8 +20239,7 @@ output. They are as follows: you typed when you wrote it. This is because 'gawk' creates the profiled version by "pretty-printing" its internal representation of the program. The advantage to this is that 'gawk' can produce a standard -representation. The disadvantage is that all source code comments are -lost. Also, things such as: +representation. Also, things such as: /foo/ @@ -20023,8 +20298,36 @@ the 'Ctrl-\' key. called this way, 'gawk' "pretty-prints" the program into 'awkprof.out', without any execution counts. - NOTE: The '--pretty-print' option still runs your program. This - will change in the next major release. + NOTE: Once upon a time, the '--pretty-print' option would also run + your program. This is is no longer the case. + + There is a significant difference between the output created when +profiling, and that created when pretty-printing. Pretty-printed output +preserves the original comments that were in the program, although their +placement may not correspond exactly to their original locations in the +source code.(1) + + However, as a deliberate design decision, profiling output _omits_ +the original program's comments. This allows you to focus on the +execution count data and helps you avoid the temptation to use the +profiler for pretty-printing. + + Additionally, pretty-printed output does not have the leading +indentation that the profiling output does. This makes it easy to +pretty-print your code once development is completed, and then use the +result as the final version of your program. + + Because the internal representation of your program is formatted to +recreate an 'awk' program, profiling and pretty-printing automatically +disable 'gawk''s default optimizations. + + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) 'gawk' does the best it can to preserve the distinction between +comments at the end of a statement and comments on lines by themselves. +Due to implementation constraints, it does not always do so correctly, +particularly for 'switch' statements. The 'gawk' maintainers hope to +improve this in a subsequent release. File: gawk.info, Node: Advanced Features Summary, Prev: Profiling, Up: Advanced Features @@ -20065,8 +20368,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Advanced Features Summary, Prev: Profiling, Up: Advanc 'USR1' signal while profiling causes 'gawk' to dump the profile and keep going, including a function call stack. - * You can also just "pretty-print" the program. This currently also - runs the program, but that will change in the next major release. + * You can also just "pretty-print" the program. File: gawk.info, Node: Internationalization, Next: Debugger, Prev: Advanced Features, Up: Top @@ -21744,6 +22046,62 @@ some limitations. A few that it's worth being aware of are: * The 'gawk' debugger only accepts source code supplied with the '-f' option. + One other point is worth disucssing. Conventional debuggers run in a +separate process (and thus address space) from the programs that they +debug (the "debuggee", if you will). + + The 'gawk' debugger is different; it is an integrated part of 'gawk' +itself. This makes it possible, in rare cases, for 'gawk' to become an +excellent demonstrator of Heisenberg Uncertainty physics, where the mere +act of observing something can change it. Consider the following:(1) + + $ cat test.awk + -| { print typeof($1), typeof($2) } + $ cat test.data + -| abc 123 + $ gawk -f test.awk test.data + -| strnum strnum + + This is all as expected: field data has the STRNUM attribute (*note +Variable Typing::). Now watch what happens when we run this program +under the debugger: + + $ gawk -D -f test.awk test.data + gawk> w $1 Set watchpoint on $1 + -| Watchpoint 1: $1 + gawk> w $2 Set watchpoint on $2 + -| Watchpoint 2: $2 + gawk> r Start the program + -| Starting program: + -| Stopping in Rule ... + -| Watchpoint 1: $1 Watchpoint fires + -| Old value: "" + -| New value: "abc" + -| main() at `test.awk':1 + -| 1 { print typeof($1), typeof($2) } + gawk> n Keep going ... + -| Watchpoint 2: $2 Watchpoint fires + -| Old value: "" + -| New value: "123" + -| main() at `test.awk':1 + -| 1 { print typeof($1), typeof($2) } + gawk> n Get result from typeof() + -| strnum number Result for $2 isn't right + -| Program exited normally with exit value: 0 + gawk> quit + + In this case, the act of comparing the new value of '$2' with the old +one caused 'gawk' to evaluate it and determine that it is indeed a +number, and this is reflected in the result of 'typeof()'. + + Cases like this where the debugger is not transparent to the +program's execution should be rare. If you encounter one, please report +it (*note Bugs::). + + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) Thanks to Hermann Peifer for this example. + File: gawk.info, Node: Debugging Summary, Prev: Limitations, Up: Debugger @@ -21772,6 +22130,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Debugging Summary, Prev: Limitations, Up: Debugger it is used by the debugger to provide command-line history and editing. + * Usually, the debugger does not not affect the program being + debugged, but occasionally it can. + File: gawk.info, Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic, Next: Dynamic Extensions, Prev: Debugger, Up: Top @@ -22505,6 +22866,62 @@ the following: gawk -M 'BEGIN { n = 13; print n % 2 }' + When dividing two arbitrary precision integers with either '/' or +'%', the result is typically an arbitrary precision floating point value +(unless the denominator evenly divides into the numerator). In order to +do integer division or remainder with arbitrary precision integers, use +the built-in 'intdiv()' function (*note Numeric Functions::). + + You can simulate the 'intdiv()' function in standard 'awk' using this +user-defined function: + + # intdiv --- do integer division + + function intdiv(numerator, denominator, result) + { + split("", result) + + numerator = int(numerator) + denominator = int(denominator) + result["quotient"] = int(numerator / denominator) + result["remainder"] = int(numerator % denominator) + + return 0.0 + } + + The following example program, contributed by Katie Wasserman, uses +'intdiv()' to compute the digits of pi to as many places as you choose +to set: + + # pi.awk --- compute the digits of pi + + BEGIN { + digits = 100000 + two = 2 * 10 ^ digits + pi = two + for (m = digits * 4; m > 0; --m) { + d = m * 2 + 1 + x = pi * m + intdiv(x, d, result) + pi = result["quotient"] + pi = pi + two + } + print pi + } + + When asked about the algorithm used, Katie replied: + + It's not that well known but it's not that obscure either. It's + Euler's modification to Newton's method for calculating pi. Take a + look at lines (23) - (25) here: + <http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PiFormulas.html>. + + The algorithm I wrote simply expands the multiply by 2 and works + from the innermost expression outwards. I used this to program HP + calculators because it's quite easy to modify for tiny memory + devices with smallish word sizes. See + <http://www.hpmuseum.org/cgi-sys/cgiwrap/hpmuseum/articles.cgi?read=899>. + ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) Weisstein, Eric W. 'Sylvester's Sequence'. From MathWorld--A @@ -22867,6 +23284,7 @@ API in detail. * Symbol Table Access:: Functions for accessing global variables. * Array Manipulation:: Functions for working with arrays. +* Redirection API:: How to access and manipulate redirections. * Extension API Variables:: Variables provided by the API. * Extension API Boilerplate:: Boilerplate code for using the API. @@ -22922,6 +23340,8 @@ operations: - Flattening an array for easy C-style looping over all its indices and elements + * Accessing and manipulating redirections. + Some points about using the API: * The following types, macros, and/or functions are referenced in @@ -23763,6 +24183,9 @@ extension ID received from 'gawk' when the extension was loaded:(1) 'void fatal(awk_ext_id_t id, const char *format, ...);' Print a message and then cause 'gawk' to exit immediately. +'void nonfatal(awk_ext_id_t id, const char *format, ...);' + Print a nonfatal error message. + 'void warning(awk_ext_id_t id, const char *format, ...);' Print a warning message. @@ -24127,7 +24550,7 @@ using 'release_value()'. 'double' to store. -File: gawk.info, Node: Array Manipulation, Next: Extension API Variables, Prev: Symbol Table Access, Up: Extension API Description +File: gawk.info, Node: Array Manipulation, Next: Redirection API, Prev: Symbol Table Access, Up: Extension API Description 16.4.11 Array Manipulation -------------------------- @@ -24611,9 +25034,78 @@ array: environment variable.) -File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Variables, Next: Extension API Boilerplate, Prev: Array Manipulation, Up: Extension API Description +File: gawk.info, Node: Redirection API, Next: Extension API Variables, Prev: Array Manipulation, Up: Extension API Description + +16.4.12 Accessing and Manipulating Redirections +----------------------------------------------- + +The following function allows extensions to access and manipulate +redirections. + +'awk_bool_t get_file(const char *name,' +' size_t name_len,' +' const char *filetype,' +' int fd,' +' const awk_input_buf_t **ibufp,' +' const awk_output_buf_t **obufp);' + Look up a file in 'gawk''s internal redirection table. If 'name' + is 'NULL' or 'name_len' is zero, return data for the currently open + input file corresponding to 'FILENAME'. (This does not access the + 'filetype' argument, so that may be undefined). If the file is not + already open, attempt to open it. The 'filetype' argument must be + zero-terminated and should be one of: + + '">"' + A file opened for output. + + '">>"' + A file opened for append. + + '"<"' + A file opened for input. + + '"|>"' + A pipe opened for output. + + '"|<"' + A pipe opened for input. + + '"|&"' + A two-way coprocess. + + On error, return a 'false' value. Otherwise, return 'true', and + return additional information about the redirection in the 'ibufp' + and 'obufp' pointers. For input redirections, the '*ibufp' value + should be non-'NULL', and '*obufp' should be 'NULL'. For output + redirections, the '*obufp' value should be non-'NULL', and '*ibufp' + should be 'NULL'. For two-way coprocesses, both values should be + non-'NULL'. + + In the usual case, the extension is interested in '(*ibufp)->fd' + and/or 'fileno((*obufp)->fp)'. If the file is not already open, + and the 'fd' argument is non-negative, 'gawk' will use that file + descriptor instead of opening the file in the usual way. If 'fd' + is non-negative, but the file exists already, 'gawk' ignores 'fd' + and returns the existing file. It is the caller's responsibility + to notice that neither the 'fd' in the returned 'awk_input_buf_t' + nor the 'fd' in the returned 'awk_output_buf_t' matches the + requested value. + + Note that supplying a file descriptor is currently _not_ supported + for pipes. However, supplying a file descriptor should work for + input, output, append, and two-way (coprocess) sockets. If + 'filetype' is two-way, 'gawk' assumes that it is a socket! Note + that in the two-way case, the input and output file descriptors may + differ. To check for success, you must check whether either + matches. + + It is anticipated that this API function will be used to implement +I/O multiplexing and a socket library. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Variables, Next: Extension API Boilerplate, Prev: Redirection API, Up: Extension API Description -16.4.12 API Variables +16.4.13 API Variables --------------------- The API provides two sets of variables. The first provides information @@ -24630,7 +25122,7 @@ information about how 'gawk' was invoked. File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Versioning, Next: Extension API Informational Variables, Up: Extension API Variables -16.4.12.1 API Version Constants and Variables +16.4.13.1 API Version Constants and Variables ............................................. The API provides both a "major" and a "minor" version number. The API @@ -24682,7 +25174,7 @@ Boilerplate::). File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Informational Variables, Prev: Extension Versioning, Up: Extension API Variables -16.4.12.2 Informational Variables +16.4.13.2 Informational Variables ................................. The API provides access to several variables that describe whether the @@ -24717,7 +25209,7 @@ change during execution. File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Boilerplate, Prev: Extension API Variables, Up: Extension API Description -16.4.13 Boilerplate Code +16.4.14 Boilerplate Code ------------------------ As mentioned earlier (*note Extension Mechanism Outline::), the function @@ -26045,15 +26537,17 @@ project. * GD graphics library extension + * MPFR library extension (this provides access to a number of MPFR + functions that 'gawk''s native MPFR support does not) + * PDF extension * PostgreSQL extension - * MPFR library extension (this provides access to a number of MPFR - functions that 'gawk''s native MPFR support does not) - * Redis extension + * Select extension + * XML parser extension, using the Expat (http://expat.sourceforge.net) XML parsing library @@ -26131,7 +26625,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension summary, Next: Extension Exercises, Prev: ga exit callbacks, a version string, input parsers, output wrappers, and two-way processors) - * Printing fatal, warning, and "lint" warning messages + * Printing fatal, nonfatal, warning, and "lint" warning messages * Updating 'ERRNO', or unsetting it @@ -26466,6 +26960,9 @@ current version of 'gawk'. - Directories on the command line produce a warning and are skipped (*note Command-line directories::) + - Output with 'print' and 'printf' need not be fatal (*note + Nonfatal::) + * New keywords: - The 'BEGINFILE' and 'ENDFILE' special patterns (*note @@ -26515,6 +27012,9 @@ current version of 'gawk'. - The 'bindtextdomain()', 'dcgettext()', and 'dcngettext()' functions for internationalization (*note Programmer i18n::) + - The 'intdiv()' function for doing integer division and + remainder (*note Numeric Functions::) + * Changes and/or additions in the command-line options: - The 'AWKPATH' environment variable for specifying a path @@ -26525,16 +27025,16 @@ current version of 'gawk'. - The '-b', '-c', '-C', '-d', '-D', '-e', '-E', '-g', '-h', '-i', '-l', '-L', '-M', '-n', '-N', '-o', '-O', '-p', '-P', - '-r', '-S', '-t', and '-V' short options. Also, the ability - to use GNU-style long-named options that start with '--', and - the '--assign', '--bignum', '--characters-as-bytes', + '-r', '-s', '-S', '-t', and '-V' short options. Also, the + ability to use GNU-style long-named options that start with + '--', and the '--assign', '--bignum', '--characters-as-bytes', '--copyright', '--debug', '--dump-variables', '--exec', '--field-separator', '--file', '--gen-pot', '--help', '--include', '--lint', '--lint-old', '--load', - '--non-decimal-data', '--optimize', '--posix', - '--pretty-print', '--profile', '--re-interval', '--sandbox', - '--source', '--traditional', '--use-lc-numeric', and - '--version' long options (*note Options::). + '--non-decimal-data', '--optimize', '--no-optimize', + '--posix', '--pretty-print', '--profile', '--re-interval', + '--sandbox', '--source', '--traditional', '--use-lc-numeric', + and '--version' long options (*note Options::). * Support for the following obsolete systems was removed from the code and the documentation for 'gawk' version 4.0: @@ -26568,6 +27068,11 @@ current version of 'gawk'. - Ultrix + * Support for the following systems was removed from the code for + 'gawk' version 4.2: + + - MirBSD + File: gawk.info, Node: Feature History, Next: Common Extensions, Prev: POSIX/GNU, Up: Language History @@ -26959,6 +27464,34 @@ POSIX 'awk', in the order they were added to 'gawk'. * Support for Ultrix was removed. + Version 4.2 introduced the following changes: + + * Changes to 'ENVIRON' are reflected into 'gawk''s environment and + that of programs that it runs. *Note Auto-set::. + + * The '--pretty-print' option no longer runs the 'awk' program too. + *Note Options::. + + * The 'igawk' program and its manual page are no longer installed + when 'gawk' is built. *Note Igawk Program::. + + * The 'intdiv()' function. *Note Numeric Functions::. + + * The maximum number of hexadecimal digits in '\x' escapes is now + two. *Note Escape Sequences::. + + * Nonfatal output with 'print' and 'printf'. *Note Nonfatal::. + + * For many years, POSIX specified that default field splitting only + allowed spaces and tabs to separate fields, and this was how 'gawk' + behaved with '--posix'. As of 2013, the standard restored + historical behavior, and now default field splitting with '--posix' + also allows newlines to separate fields. + + * Support for MirBSD was removed. + + * Support for GNU/Linux on Alpha was removed. + File: gawk.info, Node: Common Extensions, Next: Ranges and Locales, Prev: Feature History, Up: Language History @@ -27477,7 +28010,9 @@ Various '.c', '.y', and '.h' files 'doc/igawk.1' The 'troff' source for a manual page describing the 'igawk' program - presented in *note Igawk Program::. + presented in *note Igawk Program::. (Since 'gawk' can do its own + '@include' processing, neither 'igawk' nor 'igawk.1' are + installed.) 'doc/Makefile.in' The input file used during the configuration process to generate @@ -27519,17 +28054,22 @@ Various '.c', '.y', and '.h' files contains a 'Makefile.in' file, which 'configure' uses to generate a 'Makefile'. 'Makefile.am' is used by GNU Automake to create 'Makefile.in'. The library functions from *note Library - Functions::, and the 'igawk' program from *note Igawk Program:: are - included as ready-to-use files in the 'gawk' distribution. They - are installed as part of the installation process. The rest of the - programs in this Info file are available in appropriate - subdirectories of 'awklib/eg'. + Functions::, are included as ready-to-use files in the 'gawk' + distribution. They are installed as part of the installation + process. The rest of the programs in this Info file are available + in appropriate subdirectories of 'awklib/eg'. 'extension/*' The source code, manual pages, and infrastructure files for the sample extensions included with 'gawk'. *Note Dynamic Extensions::, for more information. +'extras/*' + Additional non-essential files. Currently, this directory contains + some shell startup files to be installed in '/etc/profile.d' to aid + in manipulating the 'AWKPATH' and 'AWKLIBPATH' environment + variables. *Note Shell Startup Files::, for more information. + 'posix/*' Files needed for building 'gawk' on POSIX-compliant systems. @@ -27560,11 +28100,12 @@ for your system yourself. * Menu: * Quick Installation:: Compiling 'gawk' under Unix. +* Shell Startup Files:: Shell convenience functions. * Additional Configuration Options:: Other compile-time options. * Configuration Philosophy:: How it's all supposed to work. -File: gawk.info, Node: Quick Installation, Next: Additional Configuration Options, Up: Unix Installation +File: gawk.info, Node: Quick Installation, Next: Shell Startup Files, Up: Unix Installation B.2.1 Compiling 'gawk' for Unix-Like Systems -------------------------------------------- @@ -27619,9 +28160,42 @@ will be asked for your password, and you will have to have been set up previously as a user who is allowed to run the 'sudo' command. -File: gawk.info, Node: Additional Configuration Options, Next: Configuration Philosophy, Prev: Quick Installation, Up: Unix Installation +File: gawk.info, Node: Shell Startup Files, Next: Additional Configuration Options, Prev: Quick Installation, Up: Unix Installation + +B.2.2 Shell Startup Files +------------------------- + +The distribution contains shell startup files 'gawk.sh' and 'gawk.csh' +containing functions to aid in manipulating the 'AWKPATH' and +'AWKLIBPATH' environment variables. On a Fedora system, these files +should be installed in '/etc/profile.d'; on other platforms, the +appropriate location may be different. + +'gawkpath_default' + Reset the 'AWKPATH' environment variable to its default value. -B.2.2 Additional Configuration Options +'gawkpath_prepend' + Add the argument to the front of the 'AWKPATH' environment + variable. + +'gawkpath_append' + Add the argument to the end of the 'AWKPATH' environment variable. + +'gawklibpath_default' + Reset the 'AWKLIBPATH' environment variable to its default value. + +'gawklibpath_prepend' + Add the argument to the front of the 'AWKLIBPATH' environment + variable. + +'gawklibpath_append' + Add the argument to the end of the 'AWKLIBPATH' environment + variable. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Additional Configuration Options, Next: Configuration Philosophy, Prev: Shell Startup Files, Up: Unix Installation + +B.2.3 Additional Configuration Options -------------------------------------- There are several additional options you may use on the 'configure' @@ -27665,7 +28239,7 @@ supplied by 'configure'. File: gawk.info, Node: Configuration Philosophy, Prev: Additional Configuration Options, Up: Unix Installation -B.2.3 The Configuration Process +B.2.4 The Configuration Process ------------------------------- This minor node is of interest only if you know something about using @@ -31656,20 +32230,21 @@ Index * --include option: Options. (line 159) * --lint option: Command Line. (line 20) * --lint option <1>: Options. (line 184) -* --lint-old option: Options. (line 294) +* --lint-old option: Options. (line 299) * --load option: Options. (line 172) +* --no-optimize option: Options. (line 285) * --non-decimal-data option: Options. (line 209) * --non-decimal-data option <1>: Nondecimal Data. (line 6) * --non-decimal-data option, strtonum() function and: Nondecimal Data. (line 35) -* --optimize option: Options. (line 236) -* --posix option: Options. (line 254) +* --optimize option: Options. (line 234) +* --posix option: Options. (line 257) * --posix option, --traditional option and: Options. (line 272) * --pretty-print option: Options. (line 223) -* --profile option: Options. (line 242) +* --profile option: Options. (line 245) * --profile option <1>: Profiling. (line 12) * --re-interval option: Options. (line 278) -* --sandbox option: Options. (line 285) +* --sandbox option: Options. (line 290) * --sandbox option, disabling system() function: I/O Functions. (line 129) * --sandbox option, input redirection with getline: Getline. (line 19) @@ -31679,7 +32254,7 @@ Index * --traditional option: Options. (line 82) * --traditional option, --posix option and: Options. (line 272) * --use-lc-numeric option: Options. (line 218) -* --version option: Options. (line 299) +* --version option: Options. (line 304) * --with-whiny-user-strftime configuration option: Additional Configuration Options. (line 37) * -b option: Options. (line 69) @@ -31689,31 +32264,32 @@ Index * -D option: Options. (line 108) * -e option: Options. (line 117) * -E option: Options. (line 125) -* -e option <1>: Options. (line 335) +* -e option <1>: Options. (line 340) * -f option: Long. (line 12) * -F option: Options. (line 21) * -f option <1>: Options. (line 25) -* -F option, -Ft sets FS to TAB: Options. (line 307) +* -F option, -Ft sets FS to TAB: Options. (line 312) * -F option, command-line: Command Line Field Separator. (line 6) -* -f option, multiple uses: Options. (line 312) +* -f option, multiple uses: Options. (line 317) * -g option: Options. (line 147) * -h option: Options. (line 154) * -i option: Options. (line 159) * -l option: Options. (line 172) * -l option <1>: Options. (line 184) -* -L option: Options. (line 294) +* -L option: Options. (line 299) * -M option: Options. (line 203) * -n option: Options. (line 209) * -N option: Options. (line 218) * -o option: Options. (line 223) -* -O option: Options. (line 236) -* -p option: Options. (line 242) -* -P option: Options. (line 254) +* -O option: Options. (line 234) +* -p option: Options. (line 245) +* -P option: Options. (line 257) * -r option: Options. (line 278) -* -S option: Options. (line 285) +* -s option: Options. (line 285) +* -S option: Options. (line 290) * -v option: Options. (line 32) -* -V option: Options. (line 299) +* -V option: Options. (line 304) * -v option <1>: Assignment Options. (line 12) * -W option: Options. (line 47) * . (period), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 44) @@ -31786,16 +32362,16 @@ Index (line 6) * \ (backslash), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 25) * \ (backslash), in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 6) -* \ (backslash), in escape sequences <1>: Escape Sequences. (line 100) +* \ (backslash), in escape sequences <1>: Escape Sequences. (line 103) * \ (backslash), in escape sequences, POSIX and: Escape Sequences. - (line 105) + (line 108) * \ (backslash), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 30) * \ (backslash), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 48) * \ (backslash), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 18) -* \ (backslash), \" escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 82) +* \ (backslash), \" escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 85) * \ (backslash), \' operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 59) -* \ (backslash), \/ escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 73) +* \ (backslash), \/ escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 76) * \ (backslash), \< operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 33) * \ (backslash), \> operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. @@ -32012,7 +32588,7 @@ Index * awf (amazingly workable formatter) program: Glossary. (line 24) * awk debugging, enabling: Options. (line 108) * awk language, POSIX version: Assignment Ops. (line 138) -* awk profiling, enabling: Options. (line 242) +* awk profiling, enabling: Options. (line 245) * awk programs: Getting Started. (line 12) * awk programs <1>: Executable Scripts. (line 6) * awk programs <2>: Two Rules. (line 6) @@ -32083,16 +32659,16 @@ Index (line 6) * backslash (\), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 25) * backslash (\), in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 6) -* backslash (\), in escape sequences <1>: Escape Sequences. (line 100) +* backslash (\), in escape sequences <1>: Escape Sequences. (line 103) * backslash (\), in escape sequences, POSIX and: Escape Sequences. - (line 105) + (line 108) * backslash (\), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 30) * backslash (\), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 48) * backslash (\), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 18) -* backslash (\), \" escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 82) +* backslash (\), \" escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 85) * backslash (\), \' operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 59) -* backslash (\), \/ escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 73) +* backslash (\), \/ escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 76) * backslash (\), \< operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 33) * backslash (\), \> operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. @@ -32211,7 +32787,7 @@ Index * Brennan, Michael <5>: Other Versions. (line 6) * Brennan, Michael <6>: Other Versions. (line 48) * Brian Kernighan's awk: When. (line 21) -* Brian Kernighan's awk <1>: Escape Sequences. (line 109) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <1>: Escape Sequences. (line 112) * Brian Kernighan's awk <2>: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 85) * Brian Kernighan's awk <3>: Regexp Field Splitting. @@ -32419,7 +32995,7 @@ Index * cosine: Numeric Functions. (line 16) * counting: Wc Program. (line 6) * csh utility: Statements/Lines. (line 43) -* csh utility, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 353) +* csh utility, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 358) * csh utility, |& operator, comparison with: Two-way I/O. (line 27) * ctime() user-defined function: Function Example. (line 74) * currency symbols, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 104) @@ -32449,12 +33025,12 @@ Index * dark corner, CONVFMT variable: Strings And Numbers. (line 39) * dark corner, escape sequences: Other Arguments. (line 38) * dark corner, escape sequences, for metacharacters: Escape Sequences. - (line 141) + (line 144) * dark corner, exit statement: Exit Statement. (line 30) * dark corner, field separators: Full Line Fields. (line 22) * dark corner, FILENAME variable: Getline Notes. (line 19) -* dark corner, FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 89) -* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 313) +* dark corner, FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 108) +* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 344) * dark corner, format-control characters: Control Letters. (line 18) * dark corner, format-control characters <1>: Control Letters. (line 93) @@ -32649,12 +33225,12 @@ Index (line 132) * differences in awk and gawk, command-line directories: Command-line directories. (line 6) -* differences in awk and gawk, ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 73) +* differences in awk and gawk, ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 87) * differences in awk and gawk, error messages: Special FD. (line 19) * differences in awk and gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable: User-modified. (line 37) * differences in awk and gawk, FPAT variable: User-modified. (line 43) -* differences in awk and gawk, FUNCTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 115) +* differences in awk and gawk, FUNCTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 134) * differences in awk and gawk, function arguments (gawk): Calling Built-in. (line 16) * differences in awk and gawk, getline command: Getline. (line 19) @@ -32677,7 +33253,7 @@ Index (line 262) * differences in awk and gawk, print/printf statements: Format Modifiers. (line 13) -* differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 129) +* differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 148) * differences in awk and gawk, read timeouts: Read Timeout. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, record separators: awk split records. (line 124) @@ -32685,9 +33261,11 @@ Index (line 43) * differences in awk and gawk, regular expressions: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) +* differences in awk and gawk, retrying input: Retrying Input. + (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, RS/RT variables: gawk split records. (line 58) -* differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 264) +* differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 295) * differences in awk and gawk, single-character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, split() function: String Functions. @@ -32695,7 +33273,7 @@ Index * differences in awk and gawk, strings: Scalar Constants. (line 20) * differences in awk and gawk, strings, storing: gawk split records. (line 76) -* differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 268) +* differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 299) * differences in awk and gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. (line 152) * differences in awk and gawk, trunc-mod operation: Arithmetic Ops. @@ -32731,12 +33309,12 @@ Index * dump debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 9) * dupword.awk program: Dupword Program. (line 31) -* dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 178) +* dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 177) * dynamically loaded extensions: Dynamic Extensions. (line 6) * e debugger command (alias for enable): Breakpoint Control. (line 73) * EBCDIC: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) -* effective group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 134) -* effective user ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 138) +* effective group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 153) +* effective user ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 161) * egrep utility: Bracket Expressions. (line 34) * egrep utility <1>: Egrep Program. (line 6) * egrep.awk program: Egrep Program. (line 53) @@ -32790,14 +33368,14 @@ Index (line 11) * equals sign (=), == operator <1>: Precedence. (line 64) * EREs (Extended Regular Expressions): Bracket Expressions. (line 34) -* ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 73) +* ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 87) * ERRNO variable <1>: TCP/IP Networking. (line 54) * ERRNO variable, with BEGINFILE pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26) * ERRNO variable, with close() function: Close Files And Pipes. (line 140) * ERRNO variable, with getline command: Getline. (line 19) * error handling: Special FD. (line 19) -* error handling, ERRNO variable and: Auto-set. (line 73) +* error handling, ERRNO variable and: Auto-set. (line 87) * error output: Special FD. (line 6) * escape processing, gsub()/gensub()/sub() functions: Gory Details. (line 6) @@ -32838,7 +33416,7 @@ Index (line 102) * exp: Numeric Functions. (line 19) * expand utility: Very Simple. (line 73) -* Expat XML parser library: gawkextlib. (line 35) +* Expat XML parser library: gawkextlib. (line 37) * exponent: Numeric Functions. (line 19) * expressions: Expressions. (line 6) * expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 6) @@ -32857,7 +33435,7 @@ Index (line 6) * extension API version: Extension Versioning. (line 6) -* extension API, version number: Auto-set. (line 223) +* extension API, version number: Auto-set. (line 246) * extension example: Extension Example. (line 6) * extension registration: Registration Functions. (line 6) @@ -32913,7 +33491,6 @@ Index * field separators, choice of: Field Separators. (line 50) * field separators, FIELDWIDTHS variable and: User-modified. (line 37) * field separators, FPAT variable and: User-modified. (line 43) -* field separators, POSIX and: Fields. (line 6) * field separators, regular expressions as: Field Separators. (line 50) * field separators, regular expressions as <1>: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 6) @@ -32941,7 +33518,7 @@ Index * file names, in compatibility mode: Special Caveats. (line 9) * file names, standard streams in gawk: Special FD. (line 48) * FILENAME variable: Reading Files. (line 6) -* FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 89) +* FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 108) * FILENAME variable, getline, setting with: Getline Notes. (line 19) * filenames, assignments as: Ignoring Assigns. (line 6) * files, .gmo: Explaining gettext. (line 42) @@ -33009,8 +33586,8 @@ Index * fnmatch() extension function: Extension Sample Fnmatch. (line 12) * FNR variable: Records. (line 6) -* FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 99) -* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 313) +* FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 118) +* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 344) * for statement: For Statement. (line 6) * for statement, looping over arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 20) * fork() extension function: Extension Sample Fork. @@ -33062,7 +33639,7 @@ Index * FSF (Free Software Foundation) <3>: Glossary. (line 405) * fts() extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. (line 60) -* FUNCTAB array: Auto-set. (line 115) +* FUNCTAB array: Auto-set. (line 134) * function calls: Function Calls. (line 6) * function calls, indirect: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * function calls, indirect, @-notation for: Indirect Calls. (line 47) @@ -33113,8 +33690,8 @@ Index * G., Daniel Richard: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * G., Daniel Richard <1>: Bugs. (line 73) * Garfinkle, Scott: Contributors. (line 35) -* gawk program, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 178) -* gawk version: Auto-set. (line 198) +* gawk program, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 177) +* gawk version: Auto-set. (line 221) * gawk, ARGIND variable in: Other Arguments. (line 15) * gawk, awk and: Preface. (line 21) * gawk, awk and <1>: This Manual. (line 14) @@ -33135,10 +33712,10 @@ Index * gawk, ERRNO variable in <1>: Close Files And Pipes. (line 140) * gawk, ERRNO variable in <2>: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26) -* gawk, ERRNO variable in <3>: Auto-set. (line 73) +* gawk, ERRNO variable in <3>: Auto-set. (line 87) * gawk, ERRNO variable in <4>: TCP/IP Networking. (line 54) -* gawk, escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 118) -* gawk, extensions, disabling: Options. (line 254) +* gawk, escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 121) +* gawk, extensions, disabling: Options. (line 257) * gawk, features, adding: Adding Code. (line 6) * gawk, features, advanced: Advanced Features. (line 6) * gawk, field separators and: User-modified. (line 71) @@ -33150,7 +33727,7 @@ Index * gawk, FPAT variable in: Splitting By Content. (line 25) * gawk, FPAT variable in <1>: User-modified. (line 43) -* gawk, FUNCTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 115) +* gawk, FUNCTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 134) * gawk, function arguments and: Calling Built-in. (line 16) * gawk, hexadecimal numbers and: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 41) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) @@ -33180,9 +33757,9 @@ Index * gawk, octal numbers and: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 41) * gawk, OS/2 version of: PC Using. (line 17) * gawk, predefined variables and: Built-in Variables. (line 14) -* gawk, PROCINFO array in: Auto-set. (line 129) +* gawk, PROCINFO array in: Auto-set. (line 148) * gawk, PROCINFO array in <1>: Time Functions. (line 47) -* gawk, PROCINFO array in <2>: Two-way I/O. (line 108) +* gawk, PROCINFO array in <2>: Two-way I/O. (line 114) * gawk, regexp constants and: Using Constant Regexps. (line 28) * gawk, regular expressions, case sensitivity: Case-sensitivity. @@ -33192,21 +33769,27 @@ Index * gawk, regular expressions, precedence: Regexp Operators. (line 161) * gawk, RT variable in: awk split records. (line 124) * gawk, RT variable in <1>: Multiple Line. (line 130) -* gawk, RT variable in <2>: Auto-set. (line 264) +* gawk, RT variable in <2>: Auto-set. (line 295) * gawk, See Also awk: Preface. (line 34) * gawk, source code, obtaining: Getting. (line 6) * gawk, splitting fields and: Constant Size. (line 86) * gawk, string-translation functions: I18N Functions. (line 6) -* gawk, SYMTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 268) +* gawk, SYMTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 299) * gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable in: User-modified. (line 152) * gawk, timestamps: Time Functions. (line 6) * gawk, uses for: Preface. (line 34) -* gawk, versions of, information about, printing: Options. (line 299) +* gawk, versions of, information about, printing: Options. (line 304) * gawk, VMS version of: VMS Installation. (line 6) * gawk, word-boundary operator: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 66) * gawkextlib: gawkextlib. (line 6) * gawkextlib project: gawkextlib. (line 6) +* gawklibpath_append shell function: Shell Startup Files. (line 29) +* gawklibpath_default shell function: Shell Startup Files. (line 22) +* gawklibpath_prepend shell function: Shell Startup Files. (line 25) +* gawkpath_append shell function: Shell Startup Files. (line 19) +* gawkpath_default shell function: Shell Startup Files. (line 12) +* gawkpath_prepend shell function: Shell Startup Files. (line 15) * General Public License (GPL): Glossary. (line 396) * General Public License, See GPL: Manual History. (line 11) * generate time values: Time Functions. (line 25) @@ -33260,7 +33843,7 @@ Index * gettext() function (C library): Explaining gettext. (line 63) * gettimeofday() extension function: Extension Sample Time. (line 12) -* git utility: gawkextlib. (line 29) +* git utility: gawkextlib. (line 31) * git utility <1>: Other Versions. (line 29) * git utility <2>: Accessing The Source. (line 10) @@ -33288,7 +33871,7 @@ Index * Grigera, Juan: Contributors. (line 58) * group database, reading: Group Functions. (line 6) * group file: Group Functions. (line 6) -* group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 147) +* group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 170) * groups, information about: Group Functions. (line 6) * gsub: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) @@ -33310,7 +33893,7 @@ Index * history expansion, in debugger: Readline Support. (line 6) * histsort.awk program: History Sorting. (line 25) * Hughes, Phil: Acknowledgments. (line 43) -* HUP signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 210) +* HUP signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 209) * hyphen (-), - operator: Precedence. (line 51) * hyphen (-), - operator <1>: Precedence. (line 57) * hyphen (-), -- operator: Increment Ops. (line 48) @@ -33392,7 +33975,9 @@ Index * installing gawk: Installation. (line 6) * instruction tracing, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 90) * int: Numeric Functions. (line 24) -* INT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) +* INT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 212) +* intdiv: Numeric Functions. (line 29) +* intdiv <1>: Numeric Functions. (line 29) * integer array indices: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 31) * integers, arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Integers. @@ -33448,7 +34033,7 @@ Index * Kernighan, Brian <8>: Other Versions. (line 13) * Kernighan, Brian <9>: Basic Data Typing. (line 54) * Kernighan, Brian <10>: Glossary. (line 206) -* kill command, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 187) +* kill command, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 186) * Knights, jedi: Undocumented. (line 6) * Kwok, Conrad: Contributors. (line 35) * l debugger command (alias for list): Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. @@ -33520,7 +34105,7 @@ Index * lint checking, empty programs: Command Line. (line 16) * lint checking, issuing warnings: Options. (line 184) * lint checking, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. - (line 338) + (line 343) * lint checking, undefined functions: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 85) * LINT variable: User-modified. (line 87) @@ -33541,9 +34126,9 @@ Index * localization: I18N and L10N. (line 6) * localization, See internationalization, localization: I18N and L10N. (line 6) -* log: Numeric Functions. (line 29) +* log: Numeric Functions. (line 44) * log files, timestamps in: Time Functions. (line 6) -* logarithm: Numeric Functions. (line 29) +* logarithm: Numeric Functions. (line 44) * logical false/true: Truth Values. (line 6) * logical operators, See Boolean expressions: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * login information: Passwd Functions. (line 16) @@ -33580,12 +34165,12 @@ Index (line 9) * matching, leftmost longest: Multiple Line. (line 26) * matching, null strings: String Functions. (line 537) -* mawk utility: Escape Sequences. (line 118) +* mawk utility: Escape Sequences. (line 121) * mawk utility <1>: Getline/Pipe. (line 62) * mawk utility <2>: Concatenation. (line 36) * mawk utility <3>: Nextfile Statement. (line 47) * mawk utility <4>: Other Versions. (line 48) -* maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 212) +* maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 235) * McIlroy, Doug: Glossary. (line 257) * McPhee, Patrick: Contributors. (line 101) * message object files: Explaining gettext. (line 42) @@ -33597,8 +34182,8 @@ Index (line 48) * messages from extensions: Printing Messages. (line 6) * metacharacters in regular expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 6) -* metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 137) -* minimum precision required by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 215) +* metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 140) +* minimum precision required by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 238) * mktime: Time Functions. (line 25) * modifiers, in format specifiers: Format Modifiers. (line 6) * monetary information, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 104) @@ -33618,10 +34203,8 @@ Index * networks, programming: TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * networks, support for: Special Network. (line 6) * newlines: Statements/Lines. (line 6) -* newlines <1>: Options. (line 260) +* newlines <1>: Options. (line 263) * newlines <2>: Boolean Ops. (line 69) -* newlines, as field separators: Default Field Splitting. - (line 6) * newlines, as record separators: awk split records. (line 12) * newlines, in dynamic regexps: Computed Regexps. (line 60) * newlines, in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 70) @@ -33648,7 +34231,7 @@ Index * nexti debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 49) * NF variable: Fields. (line 33) -* NF variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 104) +* NF variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 123) * NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 107) * ni debugger command (alias for nexti): Debugger Execution Control. (line 49) @@ -33657,8 +34240,8 @@ Index (line 23) * not Boolean-logic operator: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * NR variable: Records. (line 6) -* NR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 124) -* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 313) +* NR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 143) +* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 344) * null strings: awk split records. (line 114) * null strings <1>: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 43) @@ -33778,7 +34361,7 @@ Index * p debugger command (alias for print): Viewing And Changing Data. (line 35) * Papadopoulos, Panos: Contributors. (line 129) -* parent process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 187) +* parent process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 210) * parentheses (), in a profile: Profiling. (line 146) * parentheses (), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 81) * password file: Passwd Functions. (line 16) @@ -33822,14 +34405,14 @@ Index * plus sign (+), += operator <1>: Precedence. (line 94) * plus sign (+), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 105) * pointers to functions: Indirect Calls. (line 6) -* portability: Escape Sequences. (line 100) +* portability: Escape Sequences. (line 103) * portability, #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. (line 33) * portability, ** operator and: Arithmetic Ops. (line 81) * portability, **= operator and: Assignment Ops. (line 144) * portability, ARGV variable: Executable Scripts. (line 59) * portability, backslash continuation and: Statements/Lines. (line 30) * portability, backslash in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. - (line 105) + (line 108) * portability, close() function and: Close Files And Pipes. (line 81) * portability, data files as single record: gawk split records. @@ -33847,7 +34430,7 @@ Index * portability, NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 115) * portability, operators: Increment Ops. (line 60) * portability, operators, not in POSIX awk: Precedence. (line 97) -* portability, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 358) +* portability, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 363) * portability, substr() function: String Functions. (line 513) * portable object files: Explaining gettext. (line 37) * portable object files <1>: Translator i18n. (line 6) @@ -33868,7 +34451,7 @@ Index * POSIX awk, < operator and: Getline/File. (line 26) * POSIX awk, arithmetic operators and: Arithmetic Ops. (line 30) * POSIX awk, backslashes in string constants: Escape Sequences. - (line 105) + (line 108) * POSIX awk, BEGIN/END patterns: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 15) * POSIX awk, bracket expressions and: Bracket Expressions. (line 34) * POSIX awk, bracket expressions and, character classes: Bracket Expressions. @@ -33880,9 +34463,7 @@ Index * POSIX awk, continue statement and: Continue Statement. (line 44) * POSIX awk, CONVFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 30) * POSIX awk, date utility and: Time Functions. (line 253) -* POSIX awk, field separators and: Fields. (line 6) -* POSIX awk, field separators and <1>: Full Line Fields. (line 16) -* POSIX awk, FS variable and: User-modified. (line 60) +* POSIX awk, field separators and: Full Line Fields. (line 16) * POSIX awk, function keyword in: Definition Syntax. (line 99) * POSIX awk, functions and, gsub()/sub(): Gory Details. (line 90) * POSIX awk, functions and, length(): String Functions. (line 179) @@ -33897,12 +34478,12 @@ Index * POSIX awk, regular expressions and: Regexp Operators. (line 161) * POSIX awk, timestamps and: Time Functions. (line 6) * POSIX awk, | I/O operator and: Getline/Pipe. (line 56) -* POSIX mode: Options. (line 254) -* POSIX mode <1>: Options. (line 338) +* POSIX mode: Options. (line 257) +* POSIX mode <1>: Options. (line 343) * POSIX, awk and: Preface. (line 21) * POSIX, gawk extensions not included in: POSIX/GNU. (line 6) * POSIX, programs, implementing in awk: Clones. (line 6) -* POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 338) +* POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 343) * PREC variable: User-modified. (line 124) * precedence: Increment Ops. (line 60) * precedence <1>: Precedence. (line 6) @@ -33949,14 +34530,14 @@ Index * printing, unduplicated lines of text: Uniq Program. (line 6) * printing, user information: Id Program. (line 6) * private variables: Library Names. (line 11) -* process group ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 181) -* process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 184) +* process group ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 204) +* process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 207) * processes, two-way communications with: Two-way I/O. (line 6) * processing data: Basic High Level. (line 6) -* PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 129) +* PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 148) * PROCINFO array <1>: Time Functions. (line 47) * PROCINFO array <2>: Passwd Functions. (line 6) -* PROCINFO array, and communications via ptys: Two-way I/O. (line 108) +* PROCINFO array, and communications via ptys: Two-way I/O. (line 114) * PROCINFO array, and group membership: Group Functions. (line 6) * PROCINFO array, and user and group ID numbers: Id Program. (line 15) * PROCINFO array, testing the field splitting: Passwd Functions. @@ -33964,8 +34545,8 @@ Index * PROCINFO, values of sorted_in: Controlling Scanning. (line 26) * profiling awk programs: Profiling. (line 6) -* profiling awk programs, dynamically: Profiling. (line 178) -* program identifiers: Auto-set. (line 150) +* profiling awk programs, dynamically: Profiling. (line 177) +* program identifiers: Auto-set. (line 173) * program, definition of: Getting Started. (line 21) * programming conventions, --non-decimal-data option: Nondecimal Data. (line 35) @@ -34001,7 +34582,7 @@ Index * QuikTrim Awk: Other Versions. (line 139) * quit debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 102) -* QUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) +* QUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 212) * quoting in gawk command lines: Long. (line 26) * quoting in gawk command lines, tricks for: Quoting. (line 91) * quoting, for small awk programs: Comments. (line 27) @@ -34010,12 +34591,12 @@ Index * Rakitzis, Byron: History Sorting. (line 25) * Ramey, Chet: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Ramey, Chet <1>: General Data Types. (line 6) -* rand: Numeric Functions. (line 34) +* rand: Numeric Functions. (line 49) * random numbers, Cliff: Cliff Random Function. (line 6) * random numbers, rand()/srand() functions: Numeric Functions. - (line 34) -* random numbers, seed of: Numeric Functions. (line 64) + (line 49) +* random numbers, seed of: Numeric Functions. (line 79) * range expressions (regexps): Bracket Expressions. (line 6) * range patterns: Ranges. (line 6) * range patterns, line continuation and: Ranges. (line 64) @@ -34102,6 +34683,7 @@ Index * relational operators, See comparison operators: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) * replace in string: String Functions. (line 409) +* retrying input: Retrying Input. (line 6) * return debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 54) * return statement, user-defined functions: Return Statement. (line 6) @@ -34125,7 +34707,7 @@ Index * right shift: Bitwise Functions. (line 54) * right shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) * Ritchie, Dennis: Basic Data Typing. (line 54) -* RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 251) +* RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 282) * RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 227) * Robbins, Arnold: Command Line Field Separator. (line 71) @@ -34151,11 +34733,11 @@ Index * RS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 133) * RS variable, multiline records and: Multiple Line. (line 17) * rshift: Bitwise Functions. (line 54) -* RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 257) +* RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 288) * RSTART variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 227) * RT variable: awk split records. (line 124) * RT variable <1>: Multiple Line. (line 130) -* RT variable <2>: Auto-set. (line 264) +* RT variable <2>: Auto-set. (line 295) * Rubin, Paul: History. (line 30) * Rubin, Paul <1>: Contributors. (line 16) * rule, definition of: Getting Started. (line 21) @@ -34166,14 +34748,14 @@ Index (line 68) * sample debugging session: Sample Debugging Session. (line 6) -* sandbox mode: Options. (line 285) +* sandbox mode: Options. (line 290) * save debugger options: Debugger Info. (line 85) * scalar or array: Type Functions. (line 11) * scalar values: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) * scanning arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 6) * scanning multidimensional arrays: Multiscanning. (line 11) * Schorr, Andrew: Acknowledgments. (line 60) -* Schorr, Andrew <1>: Auto-set. (line 296) +* Schorr, Andrew <1>: Auto-set. (line 327) * Schorr, Andrew <2>: Contributors. (line 134) * Schreiber, Bert: Acknowledgments. (line 38) * Schreiber, Rita: Acknowledgments. (line 38) @@ -34192,7 +34774,7 @@ Index * sed utility: Full Line Fields. (line 22) * sed utility <1>: Simple Sed. (line 6) * sed utility <2>: Glossary. (line 16) -* seeding random number generator: Numeric Functions. (line 64) +* seeding random number generator: Numeric Functions. (line 79) * semicolon (;), AWKPATH variable and: PC Using. (line 10) * semicolon (;), separating statements in actions: Statements/Lines. (line 90) @@ -34204,7 +34786,6 @@ Index * separators, field <1>: User-modified. (line 113) * separators, field, FIELDWIDTHS variable and: User-modified. (line 37) * separators, field, FPAT variable and: User-modified. (line 43) -* separators, field, POSIX and: Fields. (line 6) * separators, for records: awk split records. (line 6) * separators, for records <1>: awk split records. (line 85) * separators, for records <2>: User-modified. (line 133) @@ -34256,14 +34837,14 @@ Index * sidebar, A Constant's Base Does Not Affect Its Value: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 63) * sidebar, Backslash Before Regular Characters: Escape Sequences. - (line 103) + (line 106) * sidebar, Changing FS Does Not Affect the Fields: Full Line Fields. (line 14) -* sidebar, Changing NR and FNR: Auto-set. (line 311) +* sidebar, Changing NR and FNR: Auto-set. (line 342) * sidebar, Controlling Output Buffering with system(): I/O Functions. (line 164) * sidebar, Escape Sequences for Metacharacters: Escape Sequences. - (line 135) + (line 138) * sidebar, FS and IGNORECASE: Field Splitting Summary. (line 37) * sidebar, Interactive Versus Noninteractive Buffering: I/O Functions. @@ -34285,19 +34866,19 @@ Index (line 130) * sidebar, Using \n in Bracket Expressions of Dynamic Regexps: Computed Regexps. (line 58) -* SIGHUP signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 210) -* SIGINT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) -* signals, HUP/SIGHUP, for profiling: Profiling. (line 210) -* signals, INT/SIGINT (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) -* signals, QUIT/SIGQUIT (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) -* signals, USR1/SIGUSR1, for profiling: Profiling. (line 187) +* SIGHUP signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 209) +* SIGINT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 212) +* signals, HUP/SIGHUP, for profiling: Profiling. (line 209) +* signals, INT/SIGINT (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 212) +* signals, QUIT/SIGQUIT (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 212) +* signals, USR1/SIGUSR1, for profiling: Profiling. (line 186) * signature program: Signature Program. (line 6) -* SIGQUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) -* SIGUSR1 signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 187) +* SIGQUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 212) +* SIGUSR1 signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 186) * silent debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 10) -* sin: Numeric Functions. (line 75) -* sine: Numeric Functions. (line 75) +* sin: Numeric Functions. (line 90) +* sine: Numeric Functions. (line 90) * single quote ('): One-shot. (line 15) * single quote (') in gawk command lines: Long. (line 35) * single quote ('), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 48) @@ -34347,10 +34928,10 @@ Index * sprintf() function, OFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 113) * sprintf() function, print/printf statements and: Round Function. (line 6) -* sqrt: Numeric Functions. (line 78) +* sqrt: Numeric Functions. (line 93) * square brackets ([]), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 56) -* square root: Numeric Functions. (line 78) -* srand: Numeric Functions. (line 82) +* square root: Numeric Functions. (line 93) +* srand: Numeric Functions. (line 97) * stack frame: Debugging Terms. (line 10) * Stallman, Richard: Manual History. (line 6) * Stallman, Richard <1>: Acknowledgments. (line 18) @@ -34422,9 +35003,9 @@ Index * substr: String Functions. (line 482) * substring: String Functions. (line 482) * Sumner, Andrew: Other Versions. (line 68) -* supplementary groups of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 228) +* supplementary groups of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 251) * switch statement: Switch Statement. (line 6) -* SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 268) +* SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 299) * syntactic ambiguity: /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. (line 149) * system: I/O Functions. (line 107) @@ -34494,7 +35075,7 @@ Index (line 37) * troubleshooting, awk uses FS not IFS: Field Separators. (line 29) * troubleshooting, backslash before nonspecial character: Escape Sequences. - (line 105) + (line 108) * troubleshooting, division: Arithmetic Ops. (line 44) * troubleshooting, fatal errors, field widths, specifying: Constant Size. (line 22) @@ -34528,6 +35109,8 @@ Index * trunc-mod operation: Arithmetic Ops. (line 66) * truth values: Truth Values. (line 6) * type conversion: Strings And Numbers. (line 21) +* type, of variable: Type Functions. (line 14) +* typeof: Type Functions. (line 14) * u debugger command (alias for until): Debugger Execution Control. (line 82) * unassigned array elements: Reference to Elements. @@ -34550,7 +35133,7 @@ Index * uniq.awk program: Uniq Program. (line 65) * Unix: Glossary. (line 748) * Unix awk, backslashes in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. - (line 118) + (line 121) * Unix awk, close() function and: Close Files And Pipes. (line 132) * Unix awk, password files, field separators and: Command Line Field Separator. @@ -34570,10 +35153,11 @@ Index * user-modifiable variables: User-modified. (line 6) * users, information about, printing: Id Program. (line 6) * users, information about, retrieving: Passwd Functions. (line 16) -* USR1 signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 187) +* USR1 signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 186) * values, numeric: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) * values, string: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) * variable assignments and input files: Other Arguments. (line 26) +* variable type: Type Functions. (line 14) * variable typing: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) * variables: Other Features. (line 6) @@ -34604,10 +35188,10 @@ Index * variables, uninitialized, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 6) * variables, user-defined: Variables. (line 6) -* version of gawk: Auto-set. (line 198) -* version of gawk extension API: Auto-set. (line 223) -* version of GNU MP library: Auto-set. (line 206) -* version of GNU MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 208) +* version of gawk: Auto-set. (line 221) +* version of gawk extension API: Auto-set. (line 246) +* version of GNU MP library: Auto-set. (line 229) +* version of GNU MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 231) * vertical bar (|): Regexp Operators. (line 70) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O): Getline/Pipe. (line 10) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 64) @@ -34644,7 +35228,7 @@ Index * whitespace, as field separators: Default Field Splitting. (line 6) * whitespace, functions, calling: Calling Built-in. (line 10) -* whitespace, newlines as: Options. (line 260) +* whitespace, newlines as: Options. (line 263) * Williams, Kent: Contributors. (line 35) * Woehlke, Matthew: Contributors. (line 80) * Woods, John: Contributors. (line 28) @@ -34674,562 +35258,567 @@ Index Tag Table: Node: Top1200 -Node: Foreword342138 -Node: Foreword446580 -Node: Preface48112 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-150984 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-251091 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-351325 -Node: History51467 -Node: Names53819 -Ref: Names-Footnote-154913 -Node: This Manual55060 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-161542 -Node: Conventions61642 -Node: Manual History63996 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-166991 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-267032 -Node: How To Contribute67106 -Node: Acknowledgments68235 -Node: Getting Started73121 -Node: Running gawk75560 -Node: One-shot76750 -Node: Read Terminal78013 -Node: Long80045 -Node: Executable Scripts81558 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-184353 -Node: Comments84456 -Node: Quoting86940 -Node: DOS Quoting92457 -Node: Sample Data Files93132 -Node: Very Simple95727 -Node: Two Rules100629 -Node: More Complex102514 -Node: Statements/Lines105377 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1109836 -Node: Other Features110101 -Node: When111037 -Ref: When-Footnote-1112791 -Node: Intro Summary112856 -Node: Invoking Gawk113740 -Node: Command Line115254 -Node: Options116052 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1131959 -Ref: Options-Footnote-2132189 -Node: Other Arguments132214 -Node: Naming Standard Input135161 -Node: Environment Variables136254 -Node: AWKPATH Variable136812 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1140113 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2140158 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable140419 -Node: Other Environment Variables141563 -Node: Exit Status145328 -Node: Include Files146005 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries149600 -Node: Obsolete151028 -Node: Undocumented151720 -Node: Invoking Summary152017 -Node: Regexp153677 -Node: Regexp Usage155131 -Node: Escape Sequences157168 -Node: Regexp Operators163182 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1170598 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2170745 -Node: Bracket Expressions170843 -Ref: table-char-classes173319 -Node: Leftmost Longest176456 -Node: Computed Regexps177759 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators181186 -Node: Case-sensitivity184865 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1187752 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2187987 -Node: Regexp Summary188095 -Node: Reading Files189561 -Node: Records191655 -Node: awk split records192388 -Node: gawk split records197319 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1201859 -Node: Fields201896 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1204676 -Node: Nonconstant Fields204762 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1206998 -Node: Changing Fields207202 -Node: Field Separators213130 -Node: Default Field Splitting215828 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting216946 -Node: Single Character Fields220299 -Node: Command Line Field Separator221359 -Node: Full Line Fields224577 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1226099 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2226145 -Node: Field Splitting Summary226246 -Node: Constant Size228320 -Node: Splitting By Content232898 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1236869 -Node: Multiple Line237032 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1242914 -Node: Getline243093 -Node: Plain Getline245297 -Node: Getline/Variable247936 -Node: Getline/File249085 -Node: Getline/Variable/File250471 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1252074 -Node: Getline/Pipe252162 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe254867 -Node: Getline/Coprocess256000 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess257265 -Node: Getline Notes258005 -Node: Getline Summary260800 -Ref: table-getline-variants261222 -Node: Read Timeout261970 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1265811 -Node: Command-line directories265869 -Node: Input Summary266773 -Node: Input Exercises269945 -Node: Printing270673 -Node: Print272449 -Node: Print Examples273906 -Node: Output Separators276686 -Node: OFMT278703 -Node: Printf280059 -Node: Basic Printf280844 -Node: Control Letters282418 -Node: Format Modifiers286406 -Node: Printf Examples292421 -Node: Redirection294907 -Node: Special FD301748 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1304916 -Node: Special Files304990 -Node: Other Inherited Files305607 -Node: Special Network306608 -Node: Special Caveats307468 -Node: Close Files And Pipes308417 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1315610 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2315758 -Node: Output Summary315909 -Node: Output Exercises316907 -Node: Expressions317586 -Node: Values318774 -Node: Constants319452 -Node: Scalar Constants320143 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1321007 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers321257 -Node: Regexp Constants324270 -Node: Using Constant Regexps324796 -Node: Variables327959 -Node: Using Variables328616 -Node: Assignment Options330526 -Node: Conversion332399 -Node: Strings And Numbers332923 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1335986 -Node: Locale influences conversions336095 -Ref: table-locale-affects338853 -Node: All Operators339471 -Node: Arithmetic Ops340100 -Node: Concatenation342606 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1345453 -Node: Assignment Ops345560 -Ref: table-assign-ops350551 -Node: Increment Ops351864 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions355324 -Node: Truth Values356398 -Node: Typing and Comparison357446 -Node: Variable Typing358266 -Node: Comparison Operators361890 -Ref: table-relational-ops362309 -Node: POSIX String Comparison365804 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1366878 -Node: Boolean Ops367017 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1371499 -Node: Conditional Exp371591 -Node: Function Calls373327 -Node: Precedence377204 -Node: Locales380863 -Node: Expressions Summary382495 -Node: Patterns and Actions385068 -Node: Pattern Overview386188 -Node: Regexp Patterns387865 -Node: Expression Patterns388407 -Node: Ranges392188 -Node: BEGIN/END395296 -Node: Using BEGIN/END396057 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1398793 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END398899 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE401213 -Node: Empty404120 -Node: Using Shell Variables404437 -Node: Action Overview406711 -Node: Statements409036 -Node: If Statement410884 -Node: While Statement412379 -Node: Do Statement414407 -Node: For Statement415555 -Node: Switch Statement418713 -Node: Break Statement421099 -Node: Continue Statement423191 -Node: Next Statement425018 -Node: Nextfile Statement427401 -Node: Exit Statement430053 -Node: Built-in Variables432456 -Node: User-modified433589 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1441214 -Node: Auto-set441276 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1454366 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2454572 -Node: ARGC and ARGV454628 -Node: Pattern Action Summary458841 -Node: Arrays461271 -Node: Array Basics462600 -Node: Array Intro463444 -Ref: figure-array-elements465419 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1468123 -Node: Reference to Elements468251 -Node: Assigning Elements470715 -Node: Array Example471206 -Node: Scanning an Array472965 -Node: Controlling Scanning475987 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1481386 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts481702 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts483886 -Node: Delete485505 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1488257 -Node: Multidimensional488314 -Node: Multiscanning491409 -Node: Arrays of Arrays493000 -Node: Arrays Summary497767 -Node: Functions499860 -Node: Built-in500898 -Node: Calling Built-in501976 -Node: Numeric Functions503972 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1508000 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2508357 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3508405 -Node: String Functions508677 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1532181 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2532309 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3532557 -Node: Gory Details532644 -Ref: table-sub-escapes534435 -Ref: table-sub-proposed535954 -Ref: table-posix-sub537317 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes538858 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1539681 -Node: I/O Functions539832 -Ref: table-system-return-values546414 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1548394 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-2548542 -Node: Time Functions548662 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1559167 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2559235 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3559393 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4559504 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5559616 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6559843 -Node: Bitwise Functions560109 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops560703 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1565041 -Node: Type Functions565214 -Node: I18N Functions566370 -Node: User-defined568021 -Node: Definition Syntax568826 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1574513 -Node: Function Example574584 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1577506 -Node: Function Caveats577528 -Node: Calling A Function578046 -Node: Variable Scope579004 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference581998 -Node: Return Statement585497 -Node: Dynamic Typing588476 -Node: Indirect Calls589406 -Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1599657 -Node: Functions Summary599785 -Node: Library Functions602490 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1606097 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2606240 -Node: Library Names606411 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1609871 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2610094 -Node: General Functions610180 -Node: Strtonum Function611283 -Node: Assert Function614305 -Node: Round Function617631 -Node: Cliff Random Function619172 -Node: Ordinal Functions620188 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1623251 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2623503 -Node: Join Function623713 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1625483 -Node: Getlocaltime Function625683 -Node: Readfile Function629425 -Node: Shell Quoting631397 -Node: Data File Management632798 -Node: Filetrans Function633430 -Node: Rewind Function637526 -Node: File Checking639431 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1640765 -Node: Empty Files640966 -Node: Ignoring Assigns642945 -Node: Getopt Function644495 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1655964 -Node: Passwd Functions656164 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1665003 -Node: Group Functions665091 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1672988 -Node: Walking Arrays673195 -Node: Library Functions Summary676203 -Node: Library Exercises677609 -Node: Sample Programs678074 -Node: Running Examples678844 -Node: Clones679572 -Node: Cut Program680796 -Node: Egrep Program690725 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1698237 -Node: Id Program698347 -Node: Split Program702027 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1705486 -Node: Tee Program705615 -Node: Uniq Program708405 -Node: Wc Program715831 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1720086 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs720180 -Node: Dupword Program721393 -Node: Alarm Program723423 -Node: Translate Program728278 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1732843 -Node: Labels Program733113 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1736464 -Node: Word Sorting736548 -Node: History Sorting740620 -Node: Extract Program742455 -Node: Simple Sed749984 -Node: Igawk Program753058 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1767389 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2767591 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3767713 -Node: Anagram Program767828 -Node: Signature Program770890 -Node: Programs Summary772137 -Node: Programs Exercises773351 -Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1777480 -Node: Advanced Features777571 -Node: Nondecimal Data779561 -Node: Array Sorting781152 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal781852 -Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1790219 -Node: Array Sorting Functions790337 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1795428 -Node: Two-way I/O795624 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1801918 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2802105 -Node: TCP/IP Networking802187 -Node: Profiling805305 -Node: Advanced Features Summary812844 -Node: Internationalization814780 -Node: I18N and L10N816260 -Node: Explaining gettext816947 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1821970 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2822155 -Node: Programmer i18n822320 -Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1827175 -Node: Translator i18n827224 -Node: String Extraction828018 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1829150 -Node: Printf Ordering829236 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1832022 -Node: I18N Portability832086 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1834542 -Node: I18N Example834605 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1837411 -Node: Gawk I18N837484 -Node: I18N Summary838129 -Node: Debugger839470 -Node: Debugging840492 -Node: Debugging Concepts840933 -Node: Debugging Terms842742 -Node: Awk Debugging845317 -Node: Sample Debugging Session846223 -Node: Debugger Invocation846757 -Node: Finding The Bug848143 -Node: List of Debugger Commands854621 -Node: Breakpoint Control855954 -Node: Debugger Execution Control859648 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data863010 -Node: Execution Stack866384 -Node: Debugger Info868021 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands872092 -Node: Readline Support877180 -Node: Limitations878076 -Node: Debugging Summary880185 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic881358 -Node: Computer Arithmetic882774 -Ref: table-numeric-ranges886365 -Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1887087 -Node: Math Definitions887144 -Ref: table-ieee-formats890458 -Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1891061 -Node: MPFR features891166 -Node: FP Math Caution892883 -Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1893955 -Node: Inexactness of computations894324 -Node: Inexact representation895284 -Node: Comparing FP Values896644 -Node: Errors accumulate897726 -Node: Getting Accuracy899159 -Node: Try To Round901869 -Node: Setting precision902768 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings903465 -Node: Setting the rounding mode905295 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes905669 -Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1909077 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers909256 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1912240 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems912389 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1916271 -Node: Floating point summary916309 -Node: Dynamic Extensions918499 -Node: Extension Intro920052 -Node: Plugin License921318 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline922115 -Ref: figure-load-extension922554 -Ref: figure-register-new-function924119 -Ref: figure-call-new-function925211 -Node: Extension API Description927273 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction928721 -Node: General Data Types933533 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1939488 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions939787 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1942632 -Node: Constructor Functions942731 -Node: Registration Functions944476 -Node: Extension Functions945161 -Node: Exit Callback Functions947460 -Node: Extension Version String948710 -Node: Input Parsers949373 -Node: Output Wrappers959258 -Node: Two-way processors963770 -Node: Printing Messages966034 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1967108 -Node: Updating ERRNO967261 -Node: Requesting Values968000 -Ref: table-value-types-returned968737 -Node: Accessing Parameters969620 -Node: Symbol Table Access970855 -Node: Symbol table by name971367 -Node: Symbol table by cookie973388 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1977537 -Node: Cached values977601 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1981102 -Node: Array Manipulation981193 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1982292 -Node: Array Data Types982329 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1984987 -Node: Array Functions985079 -Node: Flattening Arrays988937 -Node: Creating Arrays995845 -Node: Extension API Variables1000614 -Node: Extension Versioning1001250 -Ref: gawk-api-version1001687 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables1003443 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate1004507 -Node: Finding Extensions1008321 -Node: Extension Example1008880 -Node: Internal File Description1009678 -Node: Internal File Ops1013758 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11025520 -Node: Using Internal File Ops1025660 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11028043 -Node: Extension Samples1028317 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions1029846 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1037495 -Node: Extension Sample Fork1038982 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace1040200 -Node: Extension Sample Ord1043410 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir1044246 -Ref: table-readdir-file-types1045135 -Node: Extension Sample Revout1045940 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1046529 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array1047269 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile1049211 -Node: Extension Sample Time1050306 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests1051654 -Node: gawkextlib1052146 -Node: Extension summary1054570 -Node: Extension Exercises1058262 -Node: Language History1059759 -Node: V7/SVR3.11061415 -Node: SVR41063567 -Node: POSIX1065001 -Node: BTL1066380 -Node: POSIX/GNU1067109 -Node: Feature History1072630 -Node: Common Extensions1085959 -Node: Ranges and Locales1087242 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11091858 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21091885 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31092120 -Node: Contributors1092341 -Node: History summary1097910 -Node: Installation1099290 -Node: Gawk Distribution1100234 -Node: Getting1100718 -Node: Extracting1101679 -Node: Distribution contents1103317 -Node: Unix Installation1109068 -Node: Quick Installation1109684 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1112111 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1113915 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1116284 -Node: PC Installation1116742 -Node: PC Binary Installation1118062 -Node: PC Compiling1119914 -Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11122938 -Node: PC Testing1123047 -Node: PC Using1124227 -Node: Cygwin1128341 -Node: MSYS1129111 -Node: VMS Installation1129612 -Node: VMS Compilation1130403 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11131632 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1131690 -Node: VMS Installation Details1133375 -Node: VMS Running1135628 -Node: VMS GNV1139907 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1140642 -Node: Bugs1141113 -Node: Other Versions1145310 -Node: Installation summary1151894 -Node: Notes1152952 -Node: Compatibility Mode1153817 -Node: Additions1154599 -Node: Accessing The Source1155524 -Node: Adding Code1156959 -Node: New Ports1163178 -Node: Derived Files1167666 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11173151 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21173186 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31173784 -Node: Future Extensions1173898 -Node: Implementation Limitations1174556 -Node: Extension Design1175739 -Node: Old Extension Problems1176893 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11178411 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1178468 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11181832 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1182021 -Node: Extension Future Growth1184134 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1184970 -Node: Notes summary1186733 -Node: Basic Concepts1187915 -Node: Basic High Level1188596 -Ref: figure-general-flow1188878 -Ref: figure-process-flow1189563 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11192864 -Node: Basic Data Typing1193049 -Node: Glossary1196377 -Node: Copying1228323 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1265862 -Node: Index1290980 +Node: Foreword342506 +Node: Foreword446948 +Node: Preface48480 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-151352 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-251459 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-351693 +Node: History51835 +Node: Names54187 +Ref: Names-Footnote-155281 +Node: This Manual55428 +Ref: This Manual-Footnote-161910 +Node: Conventions62010 +Node: Manual History64364 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-167359 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-267400 +Node: How To Contribute67474 +Node: Acknowledgments68603 +Node: Getting Started73489 +Node: Running gawk75928 +Node: One-shot77118 +Node: Read Terminal78381 +Node: Long80413 +Node: Executable Scripts81926 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-184721 +Node: Comments84824 +Node: Quoting87308 +Node: DOS Quoting92825 +Node: Sample Data Files93500 +Node: Very Simple96095 +Node: Two Rules100997 +Node: More Complex102882 +Node: Statements/Lines105745 +Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1110204 +Node: Other Features110469 +Node: When111405 +Ref: When-Footnote-1113159 +Node: Intro Summary113224 +Node: Invoking Gawk114108 +Node: Command Line115622 +Node: Options116420 +Ref: Options-Footnote-1132518 +Ref: Options-Footnote-2132748 +Node: Other Arguments132773 +Node: Naming Standard Input135720 +Node: Environment Variables136813 +Node: AWKPATH Variable137371 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1140782 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2140827 +Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable141088 +Node: Other Environment Variables142345 +Node: Exit Status145983 +Node: Include Files146660 +Node: Loading Shared Libraries150255 +Node: Obsolete151683 +Node: Undocumented152375 +Node: Invoking Summary152672 +Node: Regexp154332 +Node: Regexp Usage155851 +Node: Escape Sequences157888 +Node: Regexp Operators164120 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1171536 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2171683 +Node: Bracket Expressions171781 +Ref: table-char-classes174257 +Node: Leftmost Longest177394 +Node: Computed Regexps178697 +Node: GNU Regexp Operators182124 +Node: Case-sensitivity185803 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1188699 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2188934 +Node: Strong Regexp Constants189042 +Node: Regexp Summary191984 +Node: Reading Files193590 +Node: Records195753 +Node: awk split records196486 +Node: gawk split records201417 +Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1205957 +Node: Fields205994 +Node: Nonconstant Fields208735 +Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1210971 +Node: Changing Fields211175 +Node: Field Separators217103 +Node: Default Field Splitting219801 +Node: Regexp Field Splitting220919 +Node: Single Character Fields224272 +Node: Command Line Field Separator225332 +Node: Full Line Fields228550 +Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1230072 +Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2230118 +Node: Field Splitting Summary230219 +Node: Constant Size232293 +Node: Splitting By Content236871 +Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1240842 +Node: Multiple Line241005 +Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1246887 +Node: Getline247066 +Node: Plain Getline249532 +Node: Getline/Variable252171 +Node: Getline/File253320 +Node: Getline/Variable/File254706 +Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1256309 +Node: Getline/Pipe256397 +Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe259102 +Node: Getline/Coprocess260235 +Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess261500 +Node: Getline Notes262240 +Node: Getline Summary265035 +Ref: table-getline-variants265457 +Node: Read Timeout266205 +Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1270111 +Node: Retrying Input270169 +Node: Command-line directories271368 +Node: Input Summary272274 +Node: Input Exercises275446 +Node: Printing276174 +Node: Print278008 +Node: Print Examples279465 +Node: Output Separators282245 +Node: OFMT284262 +Node: Printf285618 +Node: Basic Printf286403 +Node: Control Letters287977 +Node: Format Modifiers291965 +Node: Printf Examples297980 +Node: Redirection300466 +Node: Special FD307307 +Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1310475 +Node: Special Files310549 +Node: Other Inherited Files311166 +Node: Special Network312167 +Node: Special Caveats313027 +Node: Close Files And Pipes313976 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1321163 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2321311 +Node: Nonfatal321462 +Node: Output Summary323787 +Node: Output Exercises325009 +Node: Expressions325688 +Node: Values326876 +Node: Constants327554 +Node: Scalar Constants328245 +Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1329109 +Node: Nondecimal-numbers329359 +Node: Regexp Constants332372 +Node: Using Constant Regexps332898 +Node: Variables336061 +Node: Using Variables336718 +Node: Assignment Options338628 +Node: Conversion340501 +Node: Strings And Numbers341025 +Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1344088 +Node: Locale influences conversions344197 +Ref: table-locale-affects346955 +Node: All Operators347573 +Node: Arithmetic Ops348202 +Node: Concatenation350708 +Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1353555 +Node: Assignment Ops353662 +Ref: table-assign-ops358653 +Node: Increment Ops359966 +Node: Truth Values and Conditions363426 +Node: Truth Values364500 +Node: Typing and Comparison365548 +Node: Variable Typing366368 +Node: Comparison Operators369992 +Ref: table-relational-ops370411 +Node: POSIX String Comparison373906 +Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1374980 +Node: Boolean Ops375119 +Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1379601 +Node: Conditional Exp379693 +Node: Function Calls381429 +Node: Precedence385306 +Node: Locales388965 +Node: Expressions Summary390597 +Node: Patterns and Actions393170 +Node: Pattern Overview394290 +Node: Regexp Patterns395967 +Node: Expression Patterns396509 +Node: Ranges400290 +Node: BEGIN/END403398 +Node: Using BEGIN/END404159 +Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1406895 +Node: I/O And BEGIN/END407001 +Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE409315 +Node: Empty412222 +Node: Using Shell Variables412539 +Node: Action Overview414813 +Node: Statements417138 +Node: If Statement418986 +Node: While Statement420481 +Node: Do Statement422509 +Node: For Statement423657 +Node: Switch Statement426815 +Node: Break Statement429201 +Node: Continue Statement431293 +Node: Next Statement433120 +Node: Nextfile Statement435503 +Node: Exit Statement438155 +Node: Built-in Variables440558 +Node: User-modified441691 +Node: Auto-set449277 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1463664 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2463870 +Node: ARGC and ARGV463926 +Node: Pattern Action Summary468139 +Node: Arrays470569 +Node: Array Basics471898 +Node: Array Intro472742 +Ref: figure-array-elements474717 +Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1477421 +Node: Reference to Elements477549 +Node: Assigning Elements480013 +Node: Array Example480504 +Node: Scanning an Array482263 +Node: Controlling Scanning485285 +Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1490684 +Node: Numeric Array Subscripts491000 +Node: Uninitialized Subscripts493184 +Node: Delete494803 +Ref: Delete-Footnote-1497555 +Node: Multidimensional497612 +Node: Multiscanning500707 +Node: Arrays of Arrays502298 +Node: Arrays Summary507065 +Node: Functions509158 +Node: Built-in510196 +Node: Calling Built-in511274 +Node: Numeric Functions513270 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1518103 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2518460 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3518508 +Node: String Functions518780 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1542284 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2542412 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3542660 +Node: Gory Details542747 +Ref: table-sub-escapes544538 +Ref: table-sub-proposed546057 +Ref: table-posix-sub547420 +Ref: table-gensub-escapes548961 +Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1549784 +Node: I/O Functions549935 +Ref: table-system-return-values556517 +Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1558497 +Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-2558645 +Node: Time Functions558765 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1569270 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2569338 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3569496 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4569607 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5569719 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6569946 +Node: Bitwise Functions570212 +Ref: table-bitwise-ops570806 +Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1575144 +Node: Type Functions575317 +Node: I18N Functions577978 +Node: User-defined579629 +Node: Definition Syntax580434 +Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1586121 +Node: Function Example586192 +Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1589114 +Node: Function Caveats589136 +Node: Calling A Function589654 +Node: Variable Scope590612 +Node: Pass By Value/Reference593606 +Node: Return Statement597105 +Node: Dynamic Typing600084 +Node: Indirect Calls601014 +Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1611265 +Node: Functions Summary611393 +Node: Library Functions614098 +Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1617705 +Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2617848 +Node: Library Names618019 +Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1621479 +Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2621702 +Node: General Functions621788 +Node: Strtonum Function622891 +Node: Assert Function625913 +Node: Round Function629239 +Node: Cliff Random Function630780 +Node: Ordinal Functions631796 +Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1634859 +Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2635111 +Node: Join Function635321 +Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1637091 +Node: Getlocaltime Function637291 +Node: Readfile Function641033 +Node: Shell Quoting643005 +Node: Data File Management644406 +Node: Filetrans Function645038 +Node: Rewind Function649134 +Node: File Checking651039 +Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1652373 +Node: Empty Files652574 +Node: Ignoring Assigns654553 +Node: Getopt Function656103 +Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1667572 +Node: Passwd Functions667772 +Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1676611 +Node: Group Functions676699 +Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1684596 +Node: Walking Arrays684803 +Node: Library Functions Summary687811 +Node: Library Exercises689217 +Node: Sample Programs689682 +Node: Running Examples690452 +Node: Clones691180 +Node: Cut Program692404 +Node: Egrep Program702333 +Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1709845 +Node: Id Program709955 +Node: Split Program713635 +Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1717094 +Node: Tee Program717223 +Node: Uniq Program720013 +Node: Wc Program727439 +Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1731694 +Node: Miscellaneous Programs731788 +Node: Dupword Program733001 +Node: Alarm Program735031 +Node: Translate Program739886 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1744451 +Node: Labels Program744721 +Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1748072 +Node: Word Sorting748156 +Node: History Sorting752228 +Node: Extract Program754063 +Node: Simple Sed761592 +Node: Igawk Program764666 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1778997 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2779199 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3779321 +Node: Anagram Program779436 +Node: Signature Program782498 +Node: Programs Summary783745 +Node: Programs Exercises784959 +Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1789088 +Node: Advanced Features789179 +Node: Nondecimal Data791169 +Node: Array Sorting792760 +Node: Controlling Array Traversal793460 +Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1801827 +Node: Array Sorting Functions801945 +Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1807036 +Node: Two-way I/O807232 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1813782 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2813969 +Node: TCP/IP Networking814051 +Node: Profiling817169 +Ref: Profiling-Footnote-1825662 +Node: Advanced Features Summary825985 +Node: Internationalization827829 +Node: I18N and L10N829309 +Node: Explaining gettext829996 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1835019 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2835204 +Node: Programmer i18n835369 +Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1840224 +Node: Translator i18n840273 +Node: String Extraction841067 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1842199 +Node: Printf Ordering842285 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1845071 +Node: I18N Portability845135 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1847591 +Node: I18N Example847654 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1850460 +Node: Gawk I18N850533 +Node: I18N Summary851178 +Node: Debugger852519 +Node: Debugging853541 +Node: Debugging Concepts853982 +Node: Debugging Terms855791 +Node: Awk Debugging858366 +Node: Sample Debugging Session859272 +Node: Debugger Invocation859806 +Node: Finding The Bug861192 +Node: List of Debugger Commands867670 +Node: Breakpoint Control869003 +Node: Debugger Execution Control872697 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data876059 +Node: Execution Stack879433 +Node: Debugger Info881070 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands885141 +Node: Readline Support890229 +Node: Limitations891125 +Ref: Limitations-Footnote-1895356 +Node: Debugging Summary895407 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic896686 +Node: Computer Arithmetic898102 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges901693 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1902415 +Node: Math Definitions902472 +Ref: table-ieee-formats905786 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1906389 +Node: MPFR features906494 +Node: FP Math Caution908211 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1909283 +Node: Inexactness of computations909652 +Node: Inexact representation910612 +Node: Comparing FP Values911972 +Node: Errors accumulate913054 +Node: Getting Accuracy914487 +Node: Try To Round917197 +Node: Setting precision918096 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings918793 +Node: Setting the rounding mode920623 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes920997 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1924405 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers924584 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1929501 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems929650 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1933532 +Node: Floating point summary933570 +Node: Dynamic Extensions935760 +Node: Extension Intro937313 +Node: Plugin License938579 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline939376 +Ref: figure-load-extension939815 +Ref: figure-register-new-function941380 +Ref: figure-call-new-function942472 +Node: Extension API Description944534 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction946066 +Node: General Data Types950925 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1956880 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions957179 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1960024 +Node: Constructor Functions960123 +Node: Registration Functions961868 +Node: Extension Functions962553 +Node: Exit Callback Functions964852 +Node: Extension Version String966102 +Node: Input Parsers966765 +Node: Output Wrappers976650 +Node: Two-way processors981162 +Node: Printing Messages983426 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1984597 +Node: Updating ERRNO984750 +Node: Requesting Values985489 +Ref: table-value-types-returned986226 +Node: Accessing Parameters987109 +Node: Symbol Table Access988344 +Node: Symbol table by name988856 +Node: Symbol table by cookie990877 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1995026 +Node: Cached values995090 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1998591 +Node: Array Manipulation998682 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1999773 +Node: Array Data Types999810 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-11002468 +Node: Array Functions1002560 +Node: Flattening Arrays1006418 +Node: Creating Arrays1013326 +Node: Redirection API1018095 +Node: Extension API Variables1020926 +Node: Extension Versioning1021559 +Ref: gawk-api-version1021996 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables1023752 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate1024816 +Node: Finding Extensions1028630 +Node: Extension Example1029189 +Node: Internal File Description1029987 +Node: Internal File Ops1034067 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11045829 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1045969 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11048352 +Node: Extension Samples1048626 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1050155 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1057804 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1059291 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1060509 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1063719 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1064555 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1065444 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1066249 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1066838 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1067578 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1069520 +Node: Extension Sample Time1070615 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1071963 +Node: gawkextlib1072455 +Node: Extension summary1074902 +Node: Extension Exercises1078604 +Node: Language History1080101 +Node: V7/SVR3.11081757 +Node: SVR41083909 +Node: POSIX1085343 +Node: BTL1086722 +Node: POSIX/GNU1087451 +Node: Feature History1093313 +Node: Common Extensions1107683 +Node: Ranges and Locales1108966 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11113582 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21113609 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31113844 +Node: Contributors1114065 +Node: History summary1119634 +Node: Installation1121014 +Node: Gawk Distribution1121958 +Node: Getting1122442 +Node: Extracting1123403 +Node: Distribution contents1125041 +Node: Unix Installation1131135 +Node: Quick Installation1131817 +Node: Shell Startup Files1134231 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1135309 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1137114 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1139483 +Node: PC Installation1139941 +Node: PC Binary Installation1141261 +Node: PC Compiling1143113 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11146137 +Node: PC Testing1146246 +Node: PC Using1147426 +Node: Cygwin1151540 +Node: MSYS1152310 +Node: VMS Installation1152811 +Node: VMS Compilation1153602 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11154831 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1154889 +Node: VMS Installation Details1156574 +Node: VMS Running1158827 +Node: VMS GNV1163106 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1163841 +Node: Bugs1164312 +Node: Other Versions1168509 +Node: Installation summary1175093 +Node: Notes1176151 +Node: Compatibility Mode1177016 +Node: Additions1177798 +Node: Accessing The Source1178723 +Node: Adding Code1180158 +Node: New Ports1186377 +Node: Derived Files1190865 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11196350 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21196385 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31196983 +Node: Future Extensions1197097 +Node: Implementation Limitations1197755 +Node: Extension Design1198938 +Node: Old Extension Problems1200092 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11201610 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1201667 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11205031 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1205220 +Node: Extension Future Growth1207333 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1208169 +Node: Notes summary1209932 +Node: Basic Concepts1211114 +Node: Basic High Level1211795 +Ref: figure-general-flow1212077 +Ref: figure-process-flow1212762 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11216063 +Node: Basic Data Typing1216248 +Node: Glossary1219576 +Node: Copying1251522 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1289061 +Node: Index1314179 End Tag Table |