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diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 03c3a883..244bbd8c 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -546,6 +546,7 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled * Inexact representation:: Numbers are not exactly represented. * Comparing FP Values:: How to compare floating point values. * Errors accumulate:: Errors get bigger as they go. +* Strange values:: A few words about infinities and NaNs. * Getting Accuracy:: Getting more accuracy takes some work. * Try To Round:: Add digits and round. * Setting precision:: How to set the precision. @@ -6926,8 +6927,8 @@ width. Here is a list of the format-control letters: On systems supporting IEEE 754 floating-point format, values representing negative infinity are formatted as '-inf' or '-infinity', and positive infinity as 'inf' or 'infinity'. The - special "not a number" value formats as '-nan' or 'nan' (*note Math - Definitions::). + special "not a number" value formats as '-nan' or 'nan' (*note + Strange values::). '%F' Like '%f', but the infinity and "not a number" values are spelled @@ -12819,7 +12820,7 @@ brackets ([ ]): 'log(X)' Return the natural logarithm of X, if X is positive; otherwise, - return 'NaN' ("not a number") on IEEE 754 systems. Additionally, + return NaN ("not a number") on IEEE 754 systems. Additionally, 'gawk' prints a warning message when 'x' is negative. 'rand()' @@ -24153,18 +24154,10 @@ material here: another number and infinity produce infinity. "NaN" - "Not a number."(1) A special value that results from attempting a - calculation that has no answer as a real number. In such a case, - programs can either receive a floating-point exception, or get - 'NaN' back as the result. The IEEE 754 standard recommends that - systems return 'NaN'. Some examples: - - 'sqrt(-1)' - This makes sense in the range of complex numbers, but not in - the range of real numbers, so the result is 'NaN'. - - 'log(-8)' - -8 is out of the domain of 'log()', so the result is 'NaN'. + "Not a number." A special value that results from attempting a + calculation that has no answer as a real number. *Note Strange + values::, for more information about infinity and not-a-number + values. "Normalized" How the significand (see later in this list) is usually stored. @@ -24223,11 +24216,6 @@ Table 16.3: Basic IEEE format values NOTE: The precision numbers include the implied leading one that gives them one extra bit of significand. - ---------- Footnotes ---------- - - (1) Thanks to Michael Brennan for this description, which we have -paraphrased, and for the examples. - File: gawk.info, Node: MPFR features, Next: FP Math Caution, Prev: Math Definitions, Up: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic @@ -24320,6 +24308,7 @@ be sure of the number of significant decimal places in the final result. * Inexact representation:: Numbers are not exactly represented. * Comparing FP Values:: How to compare floating point values. * Errors accumulate:: Errors get bigger as they go. +* Strange values:: A few words about infinities and NaNs. File: gawk.info, Node: Inexact representation, Next: Comparing FP Values, Up: Inexactness of computations @@ -24384,7 +24373,7 @@ values with a delta, you should be sure to use 'difference < abs(delta)' in case someone passes in a negative delta value. -File: gawk.info, Node: Errors accumulate, Prev: Comparing FP Values, Up: Inexactness of computations +File: gawk.info, Node: Errors accumulate, Next: Strange values, Prev: Comparing FP Values, Up: Inexactness of computations 16.4.1.3 Errors Accumulate .......................... @@ -24432,6 +24421,58 @@ representations yield an unexpected result: -| 4 +File: gawk.info, Node: Strange values, Prev: Errors accumulate, Up: Inexactness of computations + +16.4.1.4 Floating Point Values They Didn't Talk About In School +............................................................... + +Both IEEE 754 floating-point hardware, and MPFR, support two kinds of +values that you probably didn't learn about in school. The first is +"infinity", a special value, that can be either negative or positive, +and which is either smaller than any other value (negative infinity), or +larger than any other value (positive infinity). When such values are +generated, 'gawk' prints them as either '-inf' or '+inf', respectively. +It accepts those strings as data input and converts them to the proper +floating-point values internally. + + Infinity values of the same sign compare as equal to each other. +Otherwise, operations (addition, subtraction, etc.) involving another +number and infinity produce infinity. + + The second kind of value is "not a number", or NaN for short.(1) +This is a special value that results from attempting a calculation that +has no answer as a real number. In such a case, programs can either +receive a floating-point exception, or get NaN back as the result. The +IEEE 754 standard recommends that systems return NaN. Some examples: + +'sqrt(-1)' + This makes sense in the range of complex numbers, but not in the + range of real numbers, so the result is NaN. + +'log(-8)' + -8 is out of the domain of 'log()', so the result is NaN. + + NaN values are strange. In particular, they cannot be compared with +other floating point values; any such comparison, except for "is not +equal to", returns false. NaN values are so much unequal to other +values that even comparing two identical NaN values with '!=' returns +true! + + NaN values can also be signed, although it depends upon the +implementation as to which sign you get for any operation that returns a +NaN. For example, on some systems, 'sqrt(-1)' returns a negative NaN. On +others, it returns a positive NaN. + + When such values are generated, 'gawk' prints them as either '-nan' +or '+nan', respectively. Here too, 'gawk' accepts those strings as data +input and converts them to the proper floating-point values internally. + + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) Thanks to Michael Brennan for this description, which we have +paraphrased, and for the examples. + + File: gawk.info, Node: Getting Accuracy, Next: Try To Round, Prev: Inexactness of computations, Up: FP Math Caution 16.4.2 Getting the Accuracy You Need @@ -37934,602 +37975,603 @@ Index Tag Table: Node: Top1200 -Node: Foreword344474 -Node: Foreword448916 -Node: Preface50448 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-153307 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-253416 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-353650 -Node: History53792 -Node: Names56144 -Ref: Names-Footnote-157248 -Node: This Manual57395 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-164034 -Node: Conventions64134 -Node: Manual History66503 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-169500 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-269541 -Node: How To Contribute69615 -Node: Acknowledgments70541 -Node: Getting Started75478 -Node: Running gawk77917 -Node: One-shot79107 -Node: Read Terminal80370 -Node: Long82363 -Node: Executable Scripts83876 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-186509 -Node: Comments86612 -Node: Quoting89096 -Node: DOS Quoting94622 -Node: Sample Data Files96678 -Node: Very Simple99273 -Node: Two Rules105375 -Node: More Complex107260 -Node: Statements/Lines109592 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1114076 -Node: Other Features114341 -Node: When115277 -Ref: When-Footnote-1117031 -Node: Intro Summary117096 -Node: Invoking Gawk117980 -Node: Command Line119494 -Node: Options120292 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1138206 -Ref: Options-Footnote-2138437 -Node: Other Arguments138462 -Node: Naming Standard Input142473 -Node: Environment Variables143683 -Node: AWKPATH Variable144241 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1147653 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2147687 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable148058 -Ref: AWKLIBPATH Variable-Footnote-1149755 -Node: Other Environment Variables150130 -Node: Exit Status153951 -Node: Include Files154628 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries158318 -Node: Obsolete159746 -Node: Undocumented160438 -Node: Invoking Summary160735 -Node: Regexp163576 -Node: Regexp Usage165030 -Node: Escape Sequences167067 -Node: Regexp Operators173308 -Node: Regexp Operator Details173793 -Ref: Regexp Operator Details-Footnote-1180225 -Node: Interval Expressions180372 -Ref: Interval Expressions-Footnote-1181793 -Node: Bracket Expressions181891 -Ref: table-char-classes184367 -Node: Leftmost Longest187693 -Node: Computed Regexps188996 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators192423 -Node: Case-sensitivity196160 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1199026 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2199261 -Node: Regexp Summary199369 -Node: Reading Files200835 -Node: Records203104 -Node: awk split records204179 -Node: gawk split records209454 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1214187 -Node: Fields214224 -Node: Nonconstant Fields216965 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1219201 -Node: Changing Fields219405 -Node: Field Separators225436 -Node: Default Field Splitting228134 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting229252 -Node: Single Character Fields232605 -Node: Command Line Field Separator233665 -Node: Full Line Fields236883 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1238405 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2238451 -Node: Field Splitting Summary238552 -Node: Constant Size240626 -Node: Fixed width data241358 -Node: Skipping intervening244825 -Node: Allowing trailing data245623 -Node: Fields with fixed data246660 -Node: Splitting By Content248178 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1251961 -Node: More CSV252124 -Node: Testing field creation253434 -Node: Multiple Line255059 -Node: Getline261336 -Node: Plain Getline263805 -Node: Getline/Variable266378 -Node: Getline/File267529 -Node: Getline/Variable/File268917 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1270522 -Node: Getline/Pipe270610 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe273314 -Node: Getline/Coprocess274449 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess275716 -Node: Getline Notes276458 -Node: Getline Summary279255 -Ref: table-getline-variants279679 -Node: Read Timeout280427 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1284333 -Node: Retrying Input284391 -Node: Command-line directories285590 -Node: Input Summary286496 -Node: Input Exercises289668 -Node: Printing290102 -Node: Print291936 -Node: Print Examples293393 -Node: Output Separators296173 -Node: OFMT298190 -Node: Printf299546 -Node: Basic Printf300331 -Node: Control Letters301905 -Node: Format Modifiers307069 -Node: Printf Examples313084 -Node: Redirection315570 -Node: Special FD322411 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1325579 -Node: Special Files325653 -Node: Other Inherited Files326270 -Node: Special Network327271 -Node: Special Caveats328131 -Node: Close Files And Pipes329080 -Ref: table-close-pipe-return-values335987 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1336800 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2336948 -Node: Nonfatal337100 -Node: Output Summary339438 -Node: Output Exercises340660 -Node: Expressions341339 -Node: Values342527 -Node: Constants343205 -Node: Scalar Constants343896 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1346406 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers346656 -Node: Regexp Constants349657 -Node: Using Constant Regexps350183 -Node: Standard Regexp Constants350805 -Node: Strong Regexp Constants353993 -Node: Variables357005 -Node: Using Variables357662 -Node: Assignment Options359572 -Node: Conversion362043 -Node: Strings And Numbers362567 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1365630 -Node: Locale influences conversions365739 -Ref: table-locale-affects368497 -Node: All Operators369115 -Node: Arithmetic Ops369744 -Node: Concatenation372460 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1375307 -Node: Assignment Ops375414 -Ref: table-assign-ops380405 -Node: Increment Ops381718 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions385178 -Node: Truth Values386252 -Node: Typing and Comparison387300 -Node: Variable Typing388120 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1394583 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-2394655 -Node: Comparison Operators394732 -Ref: table-relational-ops395151 -Node: POSIX String Comparison398646 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1400341 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-2400480 -Node: Boolean Ops400564 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1405046 -Node: Conditional Exp405138 -Node: Function Calls406874 -Node: Precedence410751 -Node: Locales414410 -Node: Expressions Summary416042 -Node: Patterns and Actions418615 -Node: Pattern Overview419735 -Node: Regexp Patterns421412 -Node: Expression Patterns421954 -Node: Ranges425735 -Node: BEGIN/END428843 -Node: Using BEGIN/END429604 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1432358 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END432464 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE434777 -Node: Empty438008 -Node: Using Shell Variables438325 -Node: Action Overview440599 -Node: Statements442924 -Node: If Statement444772 -Node: While Statement446267 -Node: Do Statement448295 -Node: For Statement449443 -Node: Switch Statement452614 -Node: Break Statement455055 -Node: Continue Statement457147 -Node: Next Statement458974 -Node: Nextfile Statement461357 -Node: Exit Statement464009 -Node: Built-in Variables466412 -Node: User-modified467545 -Node: Auto-set475312 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1492119 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2492325 -Node: ARGC and ARGV492381 -Node: Pattern Action Summary496594 -Node: Arrays499024 -Node: Array Basics500353 -Node: Array Intro501197 -Ref: figure-array-elements503172 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1505876 -Node: Reference to Elements506004 -Node: Assigning Elements508468 -Node: Array Example508959 -Node: Scanning an Array510718 -Node: Controlling Scanning513740 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1520196 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts520512 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts522696 -Node: Delete524315 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1527067 -Node: Multidimensional527124 -Node: Multiscanning530219 -Node: Arrays of Arrays531810 -Node: Arrays Summary536578 -Node: Functions538671 -Node: Built-in539709 -Node: Calling Built-in540790 -Node: Numeric Functions542786 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1546814 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2547462 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3547510 -Node: String Functions547782 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1571923 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2572051 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3572299 -Node: Gory Details572386 -Ref: table-sub-escapes574177 -Ref: table-sub-proposed575696 -Ref: table-posix-sub577059 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes578600 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1579423 -Node: I/O Functions579577 -Ref: table-system-return-values586031 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1588111 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-2588259 -Node: Time Functions588379 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1599050 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2599118 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3599276 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4599387 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5599499 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6599726 -Node: Bitwise Functions599992 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops600586 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1606649 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-2606822 -Node: Type Functions607013 -Node: I18N Functions609876 -Node: User-defined611527 -Node: Definition Syntax612339 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1618033 -Node: Function Example618104 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1621026 -Node: Function Calling621048 -Node: Calling A Function621636 -Node: Variable Scope622594 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference625588 -Node: Function Caveats628232 -Ref: Function Caveats-Footnote-1630279 -Node: Return Statement630399 -Node: Dynamic Typing633378 -Node: Indirect Calls634308 -Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1644560 -Node: Functions Summary644688 -Node: Library Functions647393 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1651000 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2651143 -Node: Library Names651314 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1654981 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2655204 -Node: General Functions655290 -Node: Strtonum Function656393 -Node: Assert Function659415 -Node: Round Function662741 -Node: Cliff Random Function664281 -Node: Ordinal Functions665297 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1668360 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2668612 -Node: Join Function668822 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1670592 -Node: Getlocaltime Function670792 -Node: Readfile Function674534 -Node: Shell Quoting676511 -Node: Data File Management677912 -Node: Filetrans Function678544 -Node: Rewind Function682640 -Node: File Checking684549 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1685883 -Node: Empty Files686084 -Node: Ignoring Assigns688063 -Node: Getopt Function689613 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1704824 -Node: Passwd Functions705024 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1713863 -Node: Group Functions713951 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1721849 -Node: Walking Arrays722056 -Node: Library Functions Summary725064 -Node: Library Exercises726470 -Node: Sample Programs726935 -Node: Running Examples727705 -Node: Clones728433 -Node: Cut Program729657 -Node: Egrep Program739586 -Node: Id Program748597 -Node: Split Program758544 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1768318 -Node: Tee Program768491 -Node: Uniq Program771281 -Node: Wc Program778845 -Node: Bytes vs. Characters779242 -Node: Using extensions780790 -Node: wc program781548 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs786413 -Node: Dupword Program787626 -Node: Alarm Program789656 -Node: Translate Program794511 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1799076 -Node: Labels Program799346 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1802697 -Node: Word Sorting802781 -Node: History Sorting806853 -Node: Extract Program809078 -Node: Simple Sed817132 -Node: Igawk Program820206 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1834537 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2834739 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3834861 -Node: Anagram Program834976 -Node: Signature Program838038 -Node: Programs Summary839285 -Node: Programs Exercises840499 -Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1844629 -Node: Advanced Features844715 -Node: Nondecimal Data846705 -Node: Array Sorting848296 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal848996 -Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1857364 -Node: Array Sorting Functions857482 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1862573 -Node: Two-way I/O862769 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1870490 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2870677 -Node: TCP/IP Networking870759 -Node: Profiling873877 -Node: Advanced Features Summary883191 -Node: Internationalization885035 -Node: I18N and L10N886515 -Node: Explaining gettext887202 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1893094 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2893279 -Node: Programmer i18n893444 -Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1898393 -Node: Translator i18n898442 -Node: String Extraction899236 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1900368 -Node: Printf Ordering900454 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1903240 -Node: I18N Portability903304 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1905760 -Node: I18N Example905823 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1909098 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-2909171 -Node: Gawk I18N909280 -Node: I18N Summary909929 -Node: Debugger911270 -Node: Debugging912270 -Node: Debugging Concepts912711 -Node: Debugging Terms914520 -Node: Awk Debugging917095 -Ref: Awk Debugging-Footnote-1918040 -Node: Sample Debugging Session918172 -Node: Debugger Invocation918706 -Node: Finding The Bug920092 -Node: List of Debugger Commands926566 -Node: Breakpoint Control927899 -Node: Debugger Execution Control931593 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data934955 -Node: Execution Stack938496 -Node: Debugger Info940133 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands944204 -Node: Readline Support949266 -Node: Limitations950162 -Node: Debugging Summary952716 -Node: Namespaces953995 -Node: Global Namespace955106 -Node: Qualified Names956504 -Node: Default Namespace957503 -Node: Changing The Namespace958244 -Node: Naming Rules959858 -Node: Internal Name Management961706 -Node: Namespace Example962748 -Node: Namespace And Features965310 -Node: Namespace Summary966745 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic968222 -Node: Computer Arithmetic969709 -Ref: table-numeric-ranges973475 -Ref: table-floating-point-ranges973968 -Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1974626 -Node: Math Definitions974683 -Ref: table-ieee-formats977999 -Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1978602 -Node: MPFR features978707 -Node: FP Math Caution980425 -Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1981497 -Node: Inexactness of computations981866 -Node: Inexact representation982826 -Node: Comparing FP Values984186 -Node: Errors accumulate985427 -Node: Getting Accuracy986860 -Node: Try To Round989570 -Node: Setting precision990469 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings991166 -Node: Setting the rounding mode992996 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes993370 -Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1997301 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers997480 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-11000655 -Node: Checking for MPFR1000804 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems1002278 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-11006563 -Node: Floating point summary1006601 -Node: Dynamic Extensions1008791 -Node: Extension Intro1010344 -Node: Plugin License1011610 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline1012407 -Ref: figure-load-extension1012846 -Ref: figure-register-new-function1014411 -Ref: figure-call-new-function1015503 -Node: Extension API Description1017565 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction1019278 -Ref: table-api-std-headers1021114 -Node: General Data Types1025363 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-11033993 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions1034292 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-11038793 -Node: Constructor Functions1038892 -Node: API Ownership of MPFR and GMP Values1042358 -Node: Registration Functions1043671 -Node: Extension Functions1044371 -Node: Exit Callback Functions1049693 -Node: Extension Version String1050943 -Node: Input Parsers1051606 -Node: Output Wrappers1064327 -Node: Two-way processors1068839 -Node: Printing Messages1071104 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-11072275 -Node: Updating ERRNO1072428 -Node: Requesting Values1073167 -Ref: table-value-types-returned1073904 -Node: Accessing Parameters1074840 -Node: Symbol Table Access1076077 -Node: Symbol table by name1076589 -Ref: Symbol table by name-Footnote-11079613 -Node: Symbol table by cookie1079741 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-11083926 -Node: Cached values1083990 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-11087526 -Node: Array Manipulation1087679 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-11088770 -Node: Array Data Types1088807 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-11091465 -Node: Array Functions1091557 -Node: Flattening Arrays1096055 -Node: Creating Arrays1103031 -Node: Redirection API1107798 -Node: Extension API Variables1110631 -Node: Extension Versioning1111342 -Ref: gawk-api-version1111771 -Node: Extension GMP/MPFR Versioning1113502 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables1115130 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate1116203 -Node: Changes from API V11120177 -Node: Finding Extensions1121749 -Node: Extension Example1122308 -Node: Internal File Description1123106 -Node: Internal File Ops1127186 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11138536 -Node: Using Internal File Ops1138676 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11141059 -Node: Extension Samples1141333 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions1142862 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1150511 -Node: Extension Sample Fork1151998 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace1153216 -Node: Extension Sample Ord1156842 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir1157678 -Ref: table-readdir-file-types1158567 -Node: Extension Sample Revout1159634 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1160223 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array1160963 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile1162905 -Node: Extension Sample Time1164000 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests1165752 -Node: gawkextlib1166244 -Node: Extension summary1169162 -Node: Extension Exercises1172864 -Node: Language History1174106 -Node: V7/SVR3.11175762 -Node: SVR41177914 -Node: POSIX1179348 -Node: BTL1180729 -Node: POSIX/GNU1181458 -Node: Feature History1187236 -Node: Common Extensions1203555 -Node: Ranges and Locales1204838 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11209454 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21209481 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31209716 -Node: Contributors1209939 -Node: History summary1215936 -Node: Installation1217316 -Node: Gawk Distribution1218260 -Node: Getting1218744 -Node: Extracting1219707 -Node: Distribution contents1221345 -Node: Unix Installation1227825 -Node: Quick Installation1228507 -Node: Shell Startup Files1230921 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1232010 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1234325 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1236694 -Node: PC Installation1237154 -Node: PC Binary Installation1237992 -Node: PC Compiling1238427 -Node: PC Using1239544 -Node: Cygwin1243097 -Node: MSYS1244321 -Node: VMS Installation1244923 -Node: VMS Compilation1245714 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11246943 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1247001 -Node: VMS Installation Details1248686 -Node: VMS Running1250939 -Node: VMS GNV1255218 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1255953 -Node: Bugs1256424 -Node: Bug address1257087 -Node: Usenet1260069 -Node: Maintainers1261073 -Node: Other Versions1262258 -Node: Installation summary1269346 -Node: Notes1270555 -Node: Compatibility Mode1271349 -Node: Additions1272131 -Node: Accessing The Source1273056 -Node: Adding Code1274493 -Node: New Ports1280712 -Node: Derived Files1285087 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11290747 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21290782 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31291380 -Node: Future Extensions1291494 -Node: Implementation Limitations1292152 -Node: Extension Design1293362 -Node: Old Extension Problems1294506 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11296024 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1296081 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11299445 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1299634 -Node: Extension Future Growth1301747 -Node: Notes summary1302353 -Node: Basic Concepts1303511 -Node: Basic High Level1304192 -Ref: figure-general-flow1304474 -Ref: figure-process-flow1305159 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11308460 -Node: Basic Data Typing1308645 -Node: Glossary1311973 -Node: Copying1343858 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1381401 -Node: Index1406521 +Node: Foreword344553 +Node: Foreword448995 +Node: Preface50527 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-153386 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-253495 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-353729 +Node: History53871 +Node: Names56223 +Ref: Names-Footnote-157327 +Node: This Manual57474 +Ref: This Manual-Footnote-164113 +Node: Conventions64213 +Node: Manual History66582 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-169579 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-269620 +Node: How To Contribute69694 +Node: Acknowledgments70620 +Node: Getting Started75557 +Node: Running gawk77996 +Node: One-shot79186 +Node: Read Terminal80449 +Node: Long82442 +Node: Executable Scripts83955 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-186588 +Node: Comments86691 +Node: Quoting89175 +Node: DOS Quoting94701 +Node: Sample Data Files96757 +Node: Very Simple99352 +Node: Two Rules105454 +Node: More Complex107339 +Node: Statements/Lines109671 +Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1114155 +Node: Other Features114420 +Node: When115356 +Ref: When-Footnote-1117110 +Node: Intro Summary117175 +Node: Invoking Gawk118059 +Node: Command Line119573 +Node: Options120371 +Ref: Options-Footnote-1138285 +Ref: Options-Footnote-2138516 +Node: Other Arguments138541 +Node: Naming Standard Input142552 +Node: Environment Variables143762 +Node: AWKPATH Variable144320 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1147732 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2147766 +Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable148137 +Ref: AWKLIBPATH Variable-Footnote-1149834 +Node: Other Environment Variables150209 +Node: Exit Status154030 +Node: Include Files154707 +Node: Loading Shared Libraries158397 +Node: Obsolete159825 +Node: Undocumented160517 +Node: Invoking Summary160814 +Node: Regexp163655 +Node: Regexp Usage165109 +Node: Escape Sequences167146 +Node: Regexp Operators173387 +Node: Regexp Operator Details173872 +Ref: Regexp Operator Details-Footnote-1180304 +Node: Interval Expressions180451 +Ref: Interval Expressions-Footnote-1181872 +Node: Bracket Expressions181970 +Ref: table-char-classes184446 +Node: Leftmost Longest187772 +Node: Computed Regexps189075 +Node: GNU Regexp Operators192502 +Node: Case-sensitivity196239 +Ref: 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creation253513 +Node: Multiple Line255138 +Node: Getline261415 +Node: Plain Getline263884 +Node: Getline/Variable266457 +Node: Getline/File267608 +Node: Getline/Variable/File268996 +Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1270601 +Node: Getline/Pipe270689 +Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe273393 +Node: Getline/Coprocess274528 +Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess275795 +Node: Getline Notes276537 +Node: Getline Summary279334 +Ref: table-getline-variants279758 +Node: Read Timeout280506 +Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1284412 +Node: Retrying Input284470 +Node: Command-line directories285669 +Node: Input Summary286575 +Node: Input Exercises289747 +Node: Printing290181 +Node: Print292015 +Node: Print Examples293472 +Node: Output Separators296252 +Node: OFMT298269 +Node: Printf299625 +Node: Basic Printf300410 +Node: Control Letters301984 +Node: Format Modifiers307146 +Node: Printf Examples313161 +Node: Redirection315647 +Node: Special FD322488 +Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1325656 +Node: Special Files325730 +Node: Other Inherited Files326347 +Node: Special Network327348 +Node: Special Caveats328208 +Node: Close Files And Pipes329157 +Ref: table-close-pipe-return-values336064 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1336877 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2337025 +Node: Nonfatal337177 +Node: Output Summary339515 +Node: Output Exercises340737 +Node: Expressions341416 +Node: Values342604 +Node: Constants343282 +Node: Scalar Constants343973 +Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1346483 +Node: Nondecimal-numbers346733 +Node: Regexp Constants349734 +Node: Using Constant Regexps350260 +Node: Standard Regexp Constants350882 +Node: Strong Regexp Constants354070 +Node: Variables357082 +Node: Using Variables357739 +Node: Assignment Options359649 +Node: Conversion362120 +Node: Strings And Numbers362644 +Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1365707 +Node: Locale influences conversions365816 +Ref: table-locale-affects368574 +Node: All Operators369192 +Node: Arithmetic Ops369821 +Node: Concatenation372537 +Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1375384 +Node: Assignment Ops375491 +Ref: table-assign-ops380482 +Node: Increment Ops381795 +Node: Truth Values and Conditions385255 +Node: Truth Values386329 +Node: Typing and Comparison387377 +Node: Variable Typing388197 +Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1394660 +Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-2394732 +Node: Comparison Operators394809 +Ref: table-relational-ops395228 +Node: POSIX String Comparison398723 +Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1400418 +Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-2400557 +Node: Boolean Ops400641 +Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1405123 +Node: Conditional Exp405215 +Node: Function Calls406951 +Node: Precedence410828 +Node: Locales414487 +Node: Expressions Summary416119 +Node: Patterns and Actions418692 +Node: Pattern Overview419812 +Node: Regexp Patterns421489 +Node: Expression Patterns422031 +Node: Ranges425812 +Node: BEGIN/END428920 +Node: Using BEGIN/END429681 +Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1432435 +Node: I/O And BEGIN/END432541 +Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE434854 +Node: Empty438085 +Node: Using Shell Variables438402 +Node: Action Overview440676 +Node: Statements443001 +Node: If Statement444849 +Node: While Statement446344 +Node: Do Statement448372 +Node: For Statement449520 +Node: Switch Statement452691 +Node: Break Statement455132 +Node: Continue Statement457224 +Node: Next Statement459051 +Node: Nextfile Statement461434 +Node: Exit Statement464086 +Node: Built-in Variables466489 +Node: User-modified467622 +Node: Auto-set475389 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1492196 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2492402 +Node: ARGC and ARGV492458 +Node: Pattern Action Summary496671 +Node: Arrays499101 +Node: Array Basics500430 +Node: Array Intro501274 +Ref: figure-array-elements503249 +Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1505953 +Node: Reference to Elements506081 +Node: Assigning Elements508545 +Node: Array Example509036 +Node: Scanning an Array510795 +Node: Controlling Scanning513817 +Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1520273 +Node: Numeric Array Subscripts520589 +Node: Uninitialized Subscripts522773 +Node: Delete524392 +Ref: Delete-Footnote-1527144 +Node: Multidimensional527201 +Node: Multiscanning530296 +Node: Arrays of Arrays531887 +Node: Arrays Summary536655 +Node: Functions538748 +Node: Built-in539786 +Node: Calling Built-in540867 +Node: Numeric Functions542863 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1546889 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2547537 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3547585 +Node: String Functions547857 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1571998 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2572126 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3572374 +Node: Gory Details572461 +Ref: table-sub-escapes574252 +Ref: table-sub-proposed575771 +Ref: table-posix-sub577134 +Ref: table-gensub-escapes578675 +Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1579498 +Node: I/O Functions579652 +Ref: table-system-return-values586106 +Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1588186 +Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-2588334 +Node: Time Functions588454 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1599125 +Ref: Time 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Management961781 +Node: Namespace Example962823 +Node: Namespace And Features965385 +Node: Namespace Summary966820 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic968297 +Node: Computer Arithmetic969784 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges973550 +Ref: table-floating-point-ranges974043 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1974701 +Node: Math Definitions974758 +Ref: table-ieee-formats977734 +Node: MPFR features978301 +Node: FP Math Caution980019 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1981091 +Node: Inexactness of computations981460 +Node: Inexact representation982491 +Node: Comparing FP Values983851 +Node: Errors accumulate985092 +Node: Strange values986548 +Ref: Strange values-Footnote-1988828 +Node: Getting Accuracy988933 +Node: Try To Round991643 +Node: Setting precision992542 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings993239 +Node: Setting the rounding mode995069 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes995443 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1999374 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers999553 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision 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Exercises1174937 +Node: Language History1176179 +Node: V7/SVR3.11177835 +Node: SVR41179987 +Node: POSIX1181421 +Node: BTL1182802 +Node: POSIX/GNU1183531 +Node: Feature History1189309 +Node: Common Extensions1205628 +Node: Ranges and Locales1206911 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11211527 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21211554 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31211789 +Node: Contributors1212012 +Node: History summary1218009 +Node: Installation1219389 +Node: Gawk Distribution1220333 +Node: Getting1220817 +Node: Extracting1221780 +Node: Distribution contents1223418 +Node: Unix Installation1229898 +Node: Quick Installation1230580 +Node: Shell Startup Files1232994 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1234083 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1236398 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1238767 +Node: PC Installation1239227 +Node: PC Binary Installation1240065 +Node: PC Compiling1240500 +Node: PC Using1241617 +Node: Cygwin1245170 +Node: MSYS1246394 +Node: VMS Installation1246996 +Node: VMS Compilation1247787 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11249016 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1249074 +Node: VMS Installation Details1250759 +Node: VMS Running1253012 +Node: VMS GNV1257291 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1258026 +Node: Bugs1258497 +Node: Bug address1259160 +Node: Usenet1262142 +Node: Maintainers1263146 +Node: Other Versions1264331 +Node: Installation summary1271419 +Node: Notes1272628 +Node: Compatibility Mode1273422 +Node: Additions1274204 +Node: Accessing The Source1275129 +Node: Adding Code1276566 +Node: New Ports1282785 +Node: Derived Files1287160 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11292820 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21292855 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31293453 +Node: Future Extensions1293567 +Node: Implementation Limitations1294225 +Node: Extension Design1295435 +Node: Old Extension Problems1296579 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11298097 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1298154 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11301518 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1301707 +Node: Extension Future Growth1303820 +Node: Notes summary1304426 +Node: Basic Concepts1305584 +Node: Basic High Level1306265 +Ref: figure-general-flow1306547 +Ref: figure-process-flow1307232 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11310533 +Node: Basic Data Typing1310718 +Node: Glossary1314046 +Node: Copying1345931 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1383474 +Node: Index1408594 End Tag Table |