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diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 10b146d7..9031d5e7 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Free Software Foundation, Inc. This is Edition 4.1 of 'GAWK: Effective AWK Programming: A User's -Guide for GNU Awk', for the 4.1.4 (or later) version of the GNU +Guide for GNU Awk', for the 4.2.0 (or later) version of the GNU implementation of AWK. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ Free Software Foundation, Inc. This is Edition 4.1 of 'GAWK: Effective AWK Programming: A User's -Guide for GNU Awk', for the 4.1.4 (or later) version of the GNU +Guide for GNU Awk', for the 4.2.0 (or later) version of the GNU implementation of AWK. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document @@ -573,6 +573,8 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled redirections. * Extension API Variables:: Variables provided by the API. * Extension Versioning:: API Version information. +* Extension GMP/MPFR Versioning:: Version information about GMP and + MPFR. * Extension API Informational Variables:: Variables providing information about 'gawk''s invocation. * Extension API Boilerplate:: Boilerplate code for using the API. @@ -12400,24 +12402,6 @@ brackets ([ ]): truncated toward zero. For example, 'int(3)' is 3, 'int(3.9)' is 3, 'int(-3.9)' is -3, and 'int(-3)' is -3 as well. -'intdiv(NUMERATOR, DENOMINATOR, RESULT)' - Perform integer division, similar to the standard C 'div()' - function. First, truncate 'numerator' and 'denominator' towards - zero, creating integer values. Clear the 'result' array, and then - set 'result["quotient"]' to the result of 'numerator / - denominator', truncated towards zero to an integer, and set - 'result["remainder"]' to the result of 'numerator % denominator', - truncated towards zero to an integer. Attempting division by zero - causes a fatal error. The function returns zero upon success, and - -1 upon error. - - This function is primarily intended for use with arbitrary length - integers; it avoids creating MPFR arbitrary precision - floating-point values (*note Arbitrary Precision Integers::). - - This function is a 'gawk' extension. It is not available in - compatibility mode (*note Options::). - 'log(X)' Return the natural logarithm of X, if X is positive; otherwise, return 'NaN' ("not a number") on IEEE 754 systems. Additionally, @@ -23223,59 +23207,7 @@ the following: When dividing two arbitrary precision integers with either '/' or '%', the result is typically an arbitrary precision floating point value -(unless the denominator evenly divides into the numerator). In order to -do integer division or remainder with arbitrary precision integers, use -the built-in 'intdiv()' function (*note Numeric Functions::). - - You can simulate the 'intdiv()' function in standard 'awk' using this -user-defined function: - - # intdiv --- do integer division - - function intdiv(numerator, denominator, result) - { - split("", result) - - numerator = int(numerator) - denominator = int(denominator) - result["quotient"] = int(numerator / denominator) - result["remainder"] = int(numerator % denominator) - - return 0.0 - } - - The following example program, contributed by Katie Wasserman, uses -'intdiv()' to compute the digits of pi to as many places as you choose -to set: - - # pi.awk --- compute the digits of pi - - BEGIN { - digits = 100000 - two = 2 * 10 ^ digits - pi = two - for (m = digits * 4; m > 0; --m) { - d = m * 2 + 1 - x = pi * m - intdiv(x, d, result) - pi = result["quotient"] - pi = pi + two - } - print pi - } - - When asked about the algorithm used, Katie replied: - - It's not that well known but it's not that obscure either. It's - Euler's modification to Newton's method for calculating pi. Take a - look at lines (23) - (25) here: - <http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PiFormulas.html>. - - The algorithm I wrote simply expands the multiply by 2 and works - from the innermost expression outwards. I used this to program HP - calculators because it's quite easy to modify for tiny memory - devices with smallish word sizes. See - <http://www.hpmuseum.org/cgi-sys/cgiwrap/hpmuseum/articles.cgi?read=899>. +(unless the denominator evenly divides into the numerator). ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -23759,6 +23691,10 @@ operations: order to keep 'gawkapi.h' clean, instead of becoming a portability hodge-podge as can be seen in some parts of the 'gawk' source code. + * If your extension uses MPFR facilities, and you wish to receive + such values from 'gawk' and/or pass such values to it, you must + include the '<mpfr.h>' header before including '<gawkapi.h>'. + * The 'gawkapi.h' file may be included more than once without ill effect. Doing so, however, is poor coding practice. @@ -23878,7 +23814,7 @@ use them. ' awk_valtype_t val_type;' ' union {' ' awk_string_t s;' -' double d;' +' awknum_t n;' ' awk_array_t a;' ' awk_scalar_t scl;' ' awk_value_cookie_t vc;' @@ -23891,13 +23827,36 @@ use them. '#define str_value u.s' '#define strnum_value str_value' '#define regex_value str_value' -'#define num_value u.d' +'#define num_value u.n.d' +'#define num_type u.n.type' +'#define num_ptr u.n.ptr' '#define array_cookie u.a' '#define scalar_cookie u.scl' '#define value_cookie u.vc' Using these macros makes accessing the fields of the 'awk_value_t' more readable. +'typedef struct awk_number {' +' double d;' +' enum AWK_NUMBER_TYPE {' +' AWK_NUMBER_TYPE_DOUBLE,' +' AWK_NUMBER_TYPE_MPFR,' +' AWK_NUMBER_TYPE_MPZ' +' } type;' +' void *ptr;' +'} awk_number_t;' + This represents a numeric value. Internally, 'gawk' stores every + number as either a C 'double', a GMP integer, or an MPFR + arbitrary-precision floating-point value. In order to allow + extensions to also support GMP and MPFR values, numeric values are + passed in this structure. + + The double-precision 'd' element is always populated in data + received from 'gawk'. In addition, by examining the 'type' member, + an extension can determine if the 'ptr' member is either a GMP + integer (type 'mpz_ptr'), or an MPFR floating-point value (type + 'mpfr_ptr_t'), and cast it appropriately. + 'typedef void *awk_scalar_t;' Scalars can be represented as an opaque type. These values are obtained from 'gawk' and then passed back into it. This is @@ -24061,6 +24020,28 @@ value: 'gawk_malloc()'. The arguments are the same as for the 'emalloc()' macro. + Two additional functions allocate MPFR and GMP objects for use by +extension functions that need to create and then return such values: + +'void *get_mpfr_ptr();' + Allocate and initialize an MPFR object and return a pointer to it. + If the allocation fails, 'gawk' exits with a fatal "out of memory" + error. If 'gawk' was compiled without MPFR support, calling this + function causes a fatal error. + +'void *get_mpz_ptr();' + Allocate and initialize a GMP object and return a pointer to it. + If the allocation fails, 'gawk' exits with a fatal "out of memory" + error. If 'gawk' was compiled without MPFR support, calling this + function causes a fatal error. + + Both of these functions return 'void *', since the 'gawkapi.h' header +file should not have dependency upon '<mpfr.h>' (and '<gmp.h>', which is +included from '<mpfr.h>'). The actual return values are of types +'mpfr_ptr' and 'mpz_ptr' respectively, and you should cast the return +values appropriately before assigning the results to variables of the +correct types. + ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) This is more common on MS-Windows systems, but it can happen on @@ -24105,6 +24086,18 @@ code would use them: variable pointed to by 'result'. 'static inline awk_value_t *' +'make_number_mpz(void *mpz, awk_value_t *result);' + This function creates a GMP number value in 'result'. The 'mpz' + must be from a call to 'get_mpz_ptr()' (and thus be or real + underlying type 'mpz_ptr'). 'gawk' takes ownership of this memory. + +'static inline awk_value_t *' +'make_number_mpfr(void *mpfr, awk_value_t *result);' + This function creates an MPFR number value in 'result'. The 'mpfr' + must be from a call to 'get_mpfr_ptr()'. (and thus be or real + underlying type 'mpfr_ptr') 'gawk' takes ownership of this memory. + +'static inline awk_value_t *' 'make_const_user_input(const char *string, size_t length, awk_value_t *result);' This function is identical to 'make_const_string()', but the string is flagged as user input that should be treated as a strnum value @@ -24578,10 +24571,10 @@ structure, which looks like this: provide the information for '$1', and so on through the 'fields[nf-1]' element containing the information for '$NF'. - A convenience macro 'awk_fieldwidth_info_size(NF)' is provided to -calculate the appropriate size of a variable-length -'awk_fieldwidth_info_t' structure containing 'NF' fields. This can be -used as an argument to 'malloc()' or in a union to allocate space + A convenience macro 'awk_fieldwidth_info_size(numfields)' is provided +to calculate the appropriate size of a variable-length +'awk_fieldwidth_info_t' structure containing 'numfields' fields. This +can be used as an argument to 'malloc()' or in a union to allocate space statically. Please refer to the 'readdir_test' sample extension for an example. @@ -25117,7 +25110,8 @@ using 'release_value()'. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) Numeric values are clearly less problematic, requiring only a C -'double' to store. +'double' to store. But of course, GMP and MPFR values _do_ take up more +memory. File: gawk.info, Node: Array Manipulation, Next: Redirection API, Prev: Symbol Table Access, Up: Extension API Description @@ -25277,7 +25271,10 @@ The following functions relate to individual array elements: array, but after calling this function, it has no elements. This is equivalent to using the 'delete' statement (*note Delete::). -'awk_bool_t flatten_array_typed(awk_array_t a_cookie, awk_flat_array_t **data, awk_valtype_t index_type, awk_valtype_t value_type);' +'awk_bool_t flatten_array_typed(awk_array_t a_cookie,' +' awk_flat_array_t **data,' +' awk_valtype_t index_type,' +' awk_valtype_t value_type);' For the array represented by 'a_cookie', create an 'awk_flat_array_t' structure and fill it in with indices and values of the requested types. Set the pointer whose address is passed as @@ -25393,7 +25390,8 @@ count of elements in the array and print it: double-check that the count in the 'awk_flat_array_t' is the same as the count just retrieved: - if (! flatten_array_typed(value2.array_cookie, & flat_array, AWK_STRING, AWK_UNDEFINED)) { + if (! flatten_array_typed(value2.array_cookie, & flat_array, + AWK_STRING, AWK_UNDEFINED)) { printf("dump_array_and_delete: could not flatten array\n"); goto out; } @@ -25652,13 +25650,14 @@ redirections. '"|&"' A two-way coprocess. - On error, return an 'awk_false' value. Otherwise, return - 'awk_true', and return additional information about the redirection - in the 'ibufp' and 'obufp' pointers. For input redirections, the - '*ibufp' value should be non-'NULL', and '*obufp' should be 'NULL'. - For output redirections, the '*obufp' value should be non-'NULL', - and '*ibufp' should be 'NULL'. For two-way coprocesses, both - values should be non-'NULL'. + On error, return 'awk_false'. Otherwise, return 'awk_true', and + return additional information about the redirection in the 'ibufp' + and 'obufp' pointers. + + For input redirections, the '*ibufp' value should be non-'NULL', + and '*obufp' should be 'NULL'. For output redirections, the + '*obufp' value should be non-'NULL', and '*ibufp' should be 'NULL'. + For two-way coprocesses, both values should be non-'NULL'. In the usual case, the extension is interested in '(*ibufp)->fd' and/or 'fileno((*obufp)->fp)'. If the file is not already open, @@ -25694,12 +25693,13 @@ information about how 'gawk' was invoked. * Menu: -* Extension Versioning:: API Version information. +* Extension Versioning:: API Version information. +* Extension GMP/MPFR Versioning:: Version information about GMP and MPFR. * Extension API Informational Variables:: Variables providing information about - 'gawk''s invocation. + 'gawk''s invocation. -File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Versioning, Next: Extension API Informational Variables, Up: Extension API Variables +File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Versioning, Next: Extension GMP/MPFR Versioning, Up: Extension API Variables 16.4.13.1 API Version Constants and Variables ............................................. @@ -25751,9 +25751,51 @@ provided in 'gawkapi.h' (discussed in *note Extension API Boilerplate::). -File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Informational Variables, Prev: Extension Versioning, Up: Extension API Variables +File: gawk.info, Node: Extension GMP/MPFR Versioning, Next: Extension API Informational Variables, Prev: Extension Versioning, Up: Extension API Variables + +16.4.13.2 GMP and MPFR Version Information +.......................................... + +The API also includes information about the versions of GMP and MPFR +with which the running 'gawk' was compiled (if any). They are included +in the API 'struct' as read-only constant integers: + +'api->gmp_major_version' + The major version of the GMP library used to compile 'gawk'. + +'api->gmp_minor_version' + The minor version of the GMP library used to compile 'gawk'. + +'api->mpfr_major_version' + The major version of the MPFR library used to compile 'gawk'. + +'api->mpfr_minor_version' + The minor version of the MPFR library used to compile 'gawk'. + + These fields are set to zero if 'gawk' was compiled without MPFR +support. + + You can check if the versions of MPFR and GMP that you are using +match those of 'gawk' with the following macro: + +'check_mpfr_version(extension)' + The 'extension' is the extension id passed to all the other macros + and functions defined in 'gawkapi.h'. If you have not included the + '<mpfr.h>' header file, then this macro will be defined to do + nothing. + + If you have included that file, then this macro compares the MPFR + and GMP major and minor versions against those of the library you + are compiling against. If your libraries are newer than 'gawk''s, + it produces a fatal error message. + + The 'dl_load_func()' macro (*note Extension API Boilerplate::) + calls 'check_mpfr_version()'. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Informational Variables, Prev: Extension GMP/MPFR Versioning, Up: Extension API Variables -16.4.13.2 Informational Variables +16.4.13.3 Informational Variables ................................. The API provides access to several variables that describe whether the @@ -25877,13 +25919,16 @@ does the following: match 'gawk''s, or if the extension minor version is greater than 'gawk''s, it prints a fatal error message and exits. - 2. Load the functions defined in 'func_table'. If any of them fails + 2. Check the MPFR and GMP versions. If there is a mismatch, it prints + a fatal error message and exits. + + 3. Load the functions defined in 'func_table'. If any of them fails to load, it prints a warning message but continues on. - 3. If the 'init_func' pointer is not 'NULL', call the function it + 4. If the 'init_func' pointer is not 'NULL', call the function it points to. If it returns 'awk_false', print a warning message. - 4. If 'ext_version' is not 'NULL', register the version string with + 5. If 'ext_version' is not 'NULL', register the version string with 'gawk'. @@ -27594,9 +27639,6 @@ current version of 'gawk'. - The 'bindtextdomain()', 'dcgettext()', and 'dcngettext()' functions for internationalization (*note Programmer i18n::) - - The 'intdiv()' function for doing integer division and - remainder (*note Numeric Functions::) - * Changes and/or additions in the command-line options: - The 'AWKPATH' environment variable for specifying a path @@ -28061,8 +28103,6 @@ POSIX 'awk', in the order they were added to 'gawk'. * The 'igawk' program and its manual page are no longer installed when 'gawk' is built. *Note Igawk Program::. - * The 'intdiv()' function. *Note Numeric Functions::. - * The maximum number of hexadecimal digits in '\x' escapes is now two. *Note Escape Sequences::. @@ -28446,7 +28486,7 @@ There are two ways to get GNU software: supported. If you have the 'wget' program, you can use a command like the following: - wget http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gawk/gawk-4.1.4.tar.gz + wget http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gawk/gawk-4.2.0.tar.gz The GNU software archive is mirrored around the world. The up-to-date list of mirror sites is available from the main FSF website @@ -28468,25 +28508,25 @@ compression programs: 'gzip', 'bzip2', and 'xz'. For simplicity, the rest of these instructions assume you are using the one compressed with the GNU Gzip program ('gzip'). - Once you have the distribution (e.g., 'gawk-4.1.4.tar.gz'), use + Once you have the distribution (e.g., 'gawk-4.2.0.tar.gz'), use 'gzip' to expand the file and then use 'tar' to extract it. You can use the following pipeline to produce the 'gawk' distribution: - gzip -d -c gawk-4.1.4.tar.gz | tar -xvpf - + gzip -d -c gawk-4.2.0.tar.gz | tar -xvpf - On a system with GNU 'tar', you can let 'tar' do the decompression for you: - tar -xvpzf gawk-4.1.4.tar.gz + tar -xvpzf gawk-4.2.0.tar.gz -Extracting the archive creates a directory named 'gawk-4.1.4' in the +Extracting the archive creates a directory named 'gawk-4.2.0' in the current directory. The distribution file name is of the form 'gawk-V.R.P.tar.gz'. The V represents the major version of 'gawk', the R represents the current release of version V, and the P represents a "patch level", meaning that minor bugs have been fixed in the release. The current patch level is -4, but when retrieving distributions, you should get the version with +0, but when retrieving distributions, you should get the version with the highest version, release, and patch level. (Note, however, that patch levels greater than or equal to 70 denote "beta" or nonproduction software; you might not want to retrieve such a version unless you don't @@ -28709,7 +28749,7 @@ Unix-derived systems, GNU/Linux, BSD-based systems, and the Cygwin environment for MS-Windows. After you have extracted the 'gawk' distribution, 'cd' to -'gawk-4.1.4'. As with most GNU software, you configure 'gawk' for your +'gawk-4.2.0'. As with most GNU software, you configure 'gawk' for your system by running the 'configure' program. This program is a Bourne shell script that is generated automatically using GNU Autoconf. (The Autoconf software is described fully starting with *note (Autoconf, @@ -29039,8 +29079,8 @@ environment provides an excellent simulation of GNU/Linux, using Bash, GCC, GNU Make, and other GNU programs. Compilation and installation for Cygwin is the same as for a Unix system: - tar -xvpzf gawk-4.1.4.tar.gz - cd gawk-4.1.4 + tar -xvpzf gawk-4.2.0.tar.gz + cd gawk-4.2.0 ./configure make && make check @@ -29650,9 +29690,9 @@ B.6 Summary * The 'gawk' distribution is available from the GNU Project's main distribution site, 'ftp.gnu.org'. The canonical build recipe is: - wget http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gawk/gawk-4.1.4.tar.gz - tar -xvpzf gawk-4.1.4.tar.gz - cd gawk-4.1.4 + wget http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gawk/gawk-4.2.0.tar.gz + tar -xvpzf gawk-4.2.0.tar.gz + cd gawk-4.2.0 ./configure && make && make check * 'gawk' may be built on non-POSIX systems as well. The currently @@ -34475,8 +34515,6 @@ Index * instruction tracing, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 90) * int: Numeric Functions. (line 24) * INT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 212) -* intdiv: Numeric Functions. (line 29) -* intdiv <1>: Numeric Functions. (line 29) * integer array indices: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 31) * integers, arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Integers. @@ -34626,9 +34664,9 @@ Index * localization: I18N and L10N. (line 6) * localization, See internationalization, localization: I18N and L10N. (line 6) -* log: Numeric Functions. (line 47) +* log: Numeric Functions. (line 29) * log files, timestamps in: Time Functions. (line 6) -* logarithm: Numeric Functions. (line 47) +* logarithm: Numeric Functions. (line 29) * logical false/true: Truth Values. (line 6) * logical operators, See Boolean expressions: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * login information: Passwd Functions. (line 16) @@ -35092,12 +35130,12 @@ Index * Rakitzis, Byron: History Sorting. (line 25) * Ramey, Chet: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Ramey, Chet <1>: General Data Types. (line 6) -* rand: Numeric Functions. (line 52) +* rand: Numeric Functions. (line 34) * random numbers, Cliff: Cliff Random Function. (line 6) * random numbers, rand()/srand() functions: Numeric Functions. - (line 52) -* random numbers, seed of: Numeric Functions. (line 82) + (line 34) +* random numbers, seed of: Numeric Functions. (line 64) * range expressions (regexps): Bracket Expressions. (line 6) * range patterns: Ranges. (line 6) * range patterns, line continuation and: Ranges. (line 64) @@ -35275,7 +35313,7 @@ Index * sed utility: Full Line Fields. (line 22) * sed utility <1>: Simple Sed. (line 6) * sed utility <2>: Glossary. (line 16) -* seeding random number generator: Numeric Functions. (line 82) +* seeding random number generator: Numeric Functions. (line 64) * semicolon (;), AWKPATH variable and: PC Using. (line 9) * semicolon (;), separating statements in actions: Statements/Lines. (line 90) @@ -35379,8 +35417,8 @@ Index * SIGUSR1 signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 186) * silent debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 10) -* sin: Numeric Functions. (line 93) -* sine: Numeric Functions. (line 93) +* sin: Numeric Functions. (line 75) +* sine: Numeric Functions. (line 75) * single quote ('): One-shot. (line 15) * single quote (') in gawk command lines: Long. (line 35) * single quote ('), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 48) @@ -35430,10 +35468,10 @@ Index * sprintf() function, OFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 116) * sprintf() function, print/printf statements and: Round Function. (line 6) -* sqrt: Numeric Functions. (line 96) +* sqrt: Numeric Functions. (line 78) * square brackets ([]), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 56) -* square root: Numeric Functions. (line 96) -* srand: Numeric Functions. (line 100) +* square root: Numeric Functions. (line 78) +* srand: Numeric Functions. (line 82) * stack frame: Debugging Terms. (line 10) * Stallman, Richard: Manual History. (line 6) * Stallman, Richard <1>: Acknowledgments. (line 18) @@ -35759,580 +35797,581 @@ Index Tag Table: Node: Top1200 -Node: Foreword343279 -Node: Foreword447721 -Node: Preface49253 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-152112 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-252219 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-352453 -Node: History52595 -Node: Names54947 -Ref: Names-Footnote-156041 -Node: This Manual56188 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-162673 -Node: Conventions62773 -Node: Manual History65127 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-168122 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-268163 -Node: How To Contribute68237 -Node: Acknowledgments68888 -Node: Getting Started73774 -Node: Running gawk76213 -Node: One-shot77403 -Node: Read Terminal78666 -Node: Long80659 -Node: Executable Scripts82172 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-184967 -Node: Comments85070 -Node: Quoting87554 -Node: DOS Quoting93071 -Node: Sample Data Files95127 -Node: Very Simple97722 -Node: Two Rules102624 -Node: More Complex104509 -Node: Statements/Lines107375 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1111834 -Node: Other Features112099 -Node: When113035 -Ref: When-Footnote-1114789 -Node: Intro Summary114854 -Node: Invoking Gawk115738 -Node: Command Line117252 -Node: Options118050 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1134669 -Ref: Options-Footnote-2134899 -Node: Other Arguments134924 -Node: Naming Standard Input137871 -Node: Environment Variables138964 -Node: AWKPATH Variable139522 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1142933 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2142967 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable143228 -Node: Other Environment Variables144485 -Node: Exit Status148306 -Node: Include Files148983 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries152578 -Node: Obsolete154006 -Node: Undocumented154698 -Node: Invoking Summary154995 -Node: Regexp156655 -Node: Regexp Usage158109 -Node: Escape Sequences160146 -Node: Regexp Operators166378 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1173794 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2173941 -Node: Bracket Expressions174039 -Ref: table-char-classes176515 -Node: Leftmost Longest179652 -Node: Computed Regexps180955 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators184382 -Node: Case-sensitivity188061 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1190948 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2191183 -Node: Regexp Summary191291 -Node: Reading Files192757 -Node: Records195026 -Node: awk split records195759 -Node: gawk split records200690 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1205230 -Node: Fields205267 -Node: Nonconstant Fields208008 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1210244 -Node: Changing Fields210448 -Node: Field Separators216376 -Node: Default Field Splitting219074 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting220192 -Node: Single Character Fields223545 -Node: Command Line Field Separator224605 -Node: Full Line Fields227823 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1229345 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2229391 -Node: Field Splitting Summary229492 -Node: Constant Size231566 -Node: Fixed width data232298 -Node: Skipping intervening235765 -Node: Allowing trailing data236563 -Node: Fields with fixed data237600 -Node: Splitting By Content239118 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1242768 -Node: Testing field creation242931 -Node: Multiple Line244552 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1250436 -Node: Getline250615 -Node: Plain Getline253084 -Node: Getline/Variable255725 -Node: Getline/File256876 -Node: Getline/Variable/File258264 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1259869 -Node: Getline/Pipe259957 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe262664 -Node: Getline/Coprocess263799 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess265066 -Node: Getline Notes265808 -Node: Getline Summary268605 -Ref: table-getline-variants269029 -Node: Read Timeout269777 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1273683 -Node: Retrying Input273741 -Node: Command-line directories274940 -Node: Input Summary275846 -Node: Input Exercises279018 -Node: Printing279746 -Node: Print281580 -Node: Print Examples283037 -Node: Output Separators285817 -Node: OFMT287834 -Node: Printf289190 -Node: Basic Printf289975 -Node: Control Letters291549 -Node: Format Modifiers295537 -Node: Printf Examples301552 -Node: Redirection304038 -Node: Special FD310879 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1314047 -Node: Special Files314121 -Node: Other Inherited Files314738 -Node: Special Network315739 -Node: Special Caveats316599 -Node: Close Files And Pipes317548 -Ref: table-close-pipe-return-values324455 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1325238 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2325386 -Node: Nonfatal325538 -Node: Output Summary327863 -Node: Output Exercises329085 -Node: Expressions329764 -Node: Values330952 -Node: Constants331630 -Node: Scalar Constants332321 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1333185 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers333435 -Node: Regexp Constants336436 -Node: Using Constant Regexps336962 -Node: Standard Regexp Constants337584 -Node: Strong Regexp Constants340772 -Node: Variables343730 -Node: Using Variables344387 -Node: Assignment Options346297 -Node: Conversion348170 -Node: Strings And Numbers348694 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1351757 -Node: Locale influences conversions351866 -Ref: table-locale-affects354624 -Node: All Operators355242 -Node: 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