diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'doc/gawk.info')
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gawk.info | 2092 |
1 files changed, 1321 insertions, 771 deletions
diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 7c8ad56d..897151d3 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -175,6 +175,7 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled * Computed Regexps:: Using Dynamic Regexps. * GNU Regexp Operators:: Operators specific to GNU software. * Case-sensitivity:: How to do case-insensitive matching. +* Strong Regexp Constants:: Strongly typed regexp constants. * Regexp Summary:: Regular expressions summary. * Records:: Controlling how data is split into records. @@ -217,6 +218,7 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled 'getline'. * Getline Summary:: Summary of 'getline' Variants. * Read Timeout:: Reading input with a timeout. +* Retrying Input:: Retrying input after certain errors. * Command-line directories:: What happens if you put a directory on the command line. * Input Summary:: Input summary. @@ -246,6 +248,7 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled * Special Caveats:: Things to watch out for. * Close Files And Pipes:: Closing Input and Output Files and Pipes. +* Nonfatal:: Enabling Nonfatal Output. * Output Summary:: Output summary. * Output Exercises:: Exercises. * Values:: Constants, Variables, and Regular @@ -557,6 +560,7 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled * Array Functions:: Functions for working with arrays. * Flattening Arrays:: How to flatten arrays. * Creating Arrays:: How to create and populate arrays. +* Redirection API:: How to access and manipulate redirections. * Extension API Variables:: Variables provided by the API. * Extension Versioning:: API Version information. * Extension API Informational Variables:: Variables providing information about @@ -615,6 +619,7 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled * Unix Installation:: Installing 'gawk' under various versions of Unix. * Quick Installation:: Compiling 'gawk' under Unix. +* Shell Startup Files:: Shell convenience functions. * Additional Configuration Options:: Other compile-time options. * Configuration Philosophy:: How it's all supposed to work. * Non-Unix Installation:: Installation on Other Operating @@ -2631,10 +2636,8 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: different file name for the output. No space is allowed between the '-o' and FILE, if FILE is supplied. - NOTE: Due to the way 'gawk' has evolved, with this option your - program still executes. This will change in the next major - release, such that 'gawk' will only pretty-print the program - and not run it. + NOTE: In the past, this option would also execute your + program. This is no longer the case. '-O' '--optimize' @@ -2662,9 +2665,6 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: extensions in 'gawk' that are disabled by this option. Also, the following additional restrictions apply: - * Newlines do not act as whitespace to separate fields when 'FS' - is equal to a single space (*note Fields::). - * Newlines are not allowed after '?' or ':' (*note Conditional Exp::). @@ -2933,6 +2933,9 @@ Since '.' is included at the beginning, 'gawk' searches first in the current directory and then in '/usr/local/share/awk'. In practice, this means that you will rarely need to change the value of 'AWKPATH'. + *Note Shell Startup Files::, for information on functions that help +to manipulate the 'AWKPATH' variable. + 'gawk' places the value of the search path that it used into 'ENVIRON["AWKPATH"]'. This provides access to the actual search path value from within an 'awk' program. @@ -2972,6 +2975,9 @@ empty value, 'gawk' uses a default path; this is typically '/usr/local/lib/gawk', although it can vary depending upon how 'gawk' was built. + *Note Shell Startup Files::, for information on functions that help +to manipulate the 'AWKLIBPATH' variable. + 'gawk' places the value of the search path that it used into 'ENVIRON["AWKLIBPATH"]'. This provides access to the actual search path value from within an 'awk' program. @@ -2998,7 +3004,8 @@ used by regular users: 'GAWK_SOCK_RETRIES' Controls the number of times 'gawk' attempts to retry a two-way TCP/IP (socket) connection before giving up. *Note TCP/IP - Networking::. + Networking::. Note that when nonfatal I/O is enabled (*note + Nonfatal::), 'gawk' only tries to open a TCP/IP socket once. 'POSIXLY_CORRECT' Causes 'gawk' to switch to POSIX-compatibility mode, disabling all @@ -3043,13 +3050,6 @@ change. The variables are: supposed to be differences, but occasionally theory and practice don't coordinate with each other.) -'GAWK_NO_PP_RUN' - When 'gawk' is invoked with the '--pretty-print' option, it will - not run the program if this environment variable exists. - - CAUTION: This variable will not survive into the next major - release. - 'GAWK_STACKSIZE' This specifies the amount by which 'gawk' should grow its internal evaluation stack, when needed. @@ -3314,6 +3314,7 @@ you specify more complicated classes of strings. * Computed Regexps:: Using Dynamic Regexps. * GNU Regexp Operators:: Operators specific to GNU software. * Case-sensitivity:: How to do case-insensitive matching. +* Strong Regexp Constants:: Strongly typed regexp constants. * Regexp Summary:: Regular expressions summary. @@ -3440,15 +3441,18 @@ sequences apply to both string constants and regexp constants: '\xHH...' The hexadecimal value HH, where HH stands for a sequence of - hexadecimal digits ('0'-'9', and either 'A'-'F' or 'a'-'f'). Like - the same construct in ISO C, the escape sequence continues until - the first nonhexadecimal digit is seen. (c.e.) However, using - more than two hexadecimal digits produces undefined results. (The - '\x' escape sequence is not allowed in POSIX 'awk'.) - - CAUTION: The next major release of 'gawk' will change, such - that a maximum of two hexadecimal digits following the '\x' - will be used. + hexadecimal digits ('0'-'9', and either 'A'-'F' or 'a'-'f'). A + maximum of two digts are allowed after the '\x'. Any further + hexadecimal digits are treated as simple letters or numbers. + (c.e.) (The '\x' escape sequence is not allowed in POSIX awk.) + + CAUTION: In ISO C, the escape sequence continues until the + first nonhexadecimal digit is seen. For many years, 'gawk' + would continue incorporating hexadecimal digits into the value + until a non-hexadecimal digit or the end of the string was + encountered. However, using more than two hexadecimal digits + produced undefined results. As of version 4.2, only two + digits are processed. '\/' A literal slash (necessary for regexp constants only). This @@ -4013,7 +4017,7 @@ No options default. -File: gawk.info, Node: Case-sensitivity, Next: Regexp Summary, Prev: GNU Regexp Operators, Up: Regexp +File: gawk.info, Node: Case-sensitivity, Next: Strong Regexp Constants, Prev: GNU Regexp Operators, Up: Regexp 3.8 Case Sensitivity in Matching ================================ @@ -4087,10 +4091,77 @@ and we don't recommend it. that 'gawk' does the right thing. -File: gawk.info, Node: Regexp Summary, Prev: Case-sensitivity, Up: Regexp +File: gawk.info, Node: Strong Regexp Constants, Next: Regexp Summary, Prev: Case-sensitivity, Up: Regexp -3.9 Summary -=========== +3.9 Strongly Typed Regexp Constants +=================================== + +This minor node describes a 'gawk'-specific feature. + + Regexp constants ('/.../') hold a strange position in the 'awk' +language. In most contexts, they act like an expression: '$0 ~ /.../'. +In other contexts, they denote only a regexp to be matched. In no case +are they really a "first class citizen" of the language. That is, you +cannot define a scalar variable whose type is "regexp" in the same sense +that you can define a variable to be a number or a string: + + num = 42 Numeric variable + str = "hi" String variable + re = /foo/ Wrong! re is the result of $0 ~ /foo/ + + For a number of more advanced use cases (described later on in this +Info file), it would be nice to have regexp constants that are "strongly +typed"; in other words, that denote a regexp useful for matching, and +not an expression. + + 'gawk' provides this feature. A strongly typed regexp constant looks +almost like a regular regexp constant, except that it is preceded by an +'@' sign: + + re = @/foo/ Regexp variable + + Strongly typed regexp constants _cannot_ be used eveywhere that a +regular regexp constant can, because this would make the language even +more confusing. Instead, you may use them only in certain contexts: + + * On the righthand side of the '~' and '!~' operators: 'some_var ~ + @/foo/' (*note Regexp Usage::). + + * In the 'case' part of a 'switch' statement (*note Switch + Statement::). + + * As an argument to one of the built-in functions that accept regexp + constants: 'gensub()', 'gsub()', 'match()', 'patsplit()', + 'split()', and 'sub()' (*note String Functions::). + + * As a parameter in a call to a user-defined function (*note + User-defined::). + + * On the righthand side of an assignment to a variable: 'some_var = + @/foo/'. In this case, the type of 'some_var' is regexp. + Additionally, 'some_var' can be used with '~' and '!~', passed to + one of the built-in functions listed above, or passed as a + parameter to a user-defined function. + + You may use the 'typeof()' built-in function (*note Type Functions::) +to determine if a variable or function parameter is a regexp variable. + + The true power of this feature comes from the ability to create +variables that have regexp type. Such variables can be passed on to +user-defined functions, without the confusing aspects of computed +regular expressions created from strings or string constants. They may +also be passed through indirect function calls (*note Indirect Calls::) +onto the built-in functions that accept regexp constants. + + When used in numeric conversions, strongly typed regexp variables +convert to zero. When used in string conversions, they convert to the +string value of the original regexp text. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Regexp Summary, Prev: Strong Regexp Constants, Up: Regexp + +3.10 Summary +============ * Regular expressions describe sets of strings to be matched. In 'awk', regular expression constants are written enclosed between @@ -4123,6 +4194,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Regexp Summary, Prev: Case-sensitivity, Up: Regexp sensitivity of regexp matching. In other 'awk' versions, use 'tolower()' or 'toupper()'. + * Strongly typed regexp constants ('@/.../') enable certain advanced + use cases to be described later on in the Info file. + File: gawk.info, Node: Reading Files, Next: Printing, Prev: Regexp, Up: Top @@ -4161,6 +4235,7 @@ be named on the 'awk' command line (*note Getline::). * Getline:: Reading files under explicit program control using the 'getline' function. * Read Timeout:: Reading input with a timeout. +* Retrying Input:: Retrying input after certain errors. * Command-line directories:: What happens if you put a directory on the command line. * Input Summary:: Input summary. @@ -4422,7 +4497,7 @@ When 'awk' reads an input record, the record is automatically "parsed" or separated by the 'awk' utility into chunks called "fields". By default, fields are separated by "whitespace", like words in a line. Whitespace in 'awk' means any string of one or more spaces, TABs, or -newlines;(1) other characters that are considered whitespace by other +newlines; other characters that are considered whitespace by other languages (such as formfeed, vertical tab, etc.) are _not_ considered whitespace by 'awk'. @@ -4474,11 +4549,6 @@ record: -| Julie F -| Samuel A - ---------- Footnotes ---------- - - (1) In POSIX 'awk', newlines are not considered whitespace for -separating fields. - File: gawk.info, Node: Nonconstant Fields, Next: Changing Fields, Prev: Fields, Up: Reading Files @@ -5424,6 +5494,11 @@ record, such as a file that cannot be opened, then 'getline' returns -1. In this case, 'gawk' sets the variable 'ERRNO' to a string describing the error that occurred. + If 'ERRNO' indicates that the I/O operation may be retried, and +'PROCINFO["INPUT", "RETRY"]' is set, then 'getline' returns -2 instead +of -1, and further calls to 'getline' may be attemped. *Note Retrying +Input::, for further information about this feature. + In the following examples, COMMAND stands for a string value that represents a shell command. @@ -5859,7 +5934,7 @@ VAR Table 4.1: 'getline' variants and what they set -File: gawk.info, Node: Read Timeout, Next: Command-line directories, Prev: Getline, Up: Reading Files +File: gawk.info, Node: Read Timeout, Next: Retrying Input, Prev: Getline, Up: Reading Files 4.10 Reading Input with a Timeout ================================= @@ -5938,7 +6013,8 @@ per-command or per-connection basis. 'gawk' considers a timeout event to be an error even though the attempt to read from the underlying device may succeed in a later attempt. This is a limitation, and it also means that you cannot use -this to multiplex input from two or more sources. +this to multiplex input from two or more sources. *Note Retrying +Input::, for a way to enable later I/O attempts to succeed. Assigning a timeout value prevents read operations from blocking indefinitely. But bear in mind that there are other ways 'gawk' can @@ -5952,9 +6028,36 @@ can block indefinitely until some other process opens it for writing. (1) This assumes that standard input is the keyboard. -File: gawk.info, Node: Command-line directories, Next: Input Summary, Prev: Read Timeout, Up: Reading Files +File: gawk.info, Node: Retrying Input, Next: Command-line directories, Prev: Read Timeout, Up: Reading Files + +4.11 Retrying Reads After Certain Input Errors +============================================== + +This minor node describes a feature that is specific to 'gawk'. -4.11 Directories on the Command Line + When 'gawk' encounters an error while reading input, by default +'getline' returns -1, and subsequent attempts to read from that file +result in an end-of-file indication. However, you may optionally +instruct 'gawk' to allow I/O to be retried when certain errors are +encountered by setting a special element in the 'PROCINFO' array (*note +Auto-set::): + + PROCINFO["INPUT_NAME", "RETRY"] = 1 + + When this element exists, 'gawk' checks the value of the system (C +language) 'errno' variable when an I/O error occurs. If 'errno' +indicates a subsequent I/O attempt may succeed, 'getline' instead +returns -2 and further calls to 'getline' may succeed. This applies to +the 'errno' values 'EAGAIN', 'EWOULDBLOCK', 'EINTR', or 'ETIMEDOUT'. + + This feature is useful in conjunction with 'PROCINFO["INPUT_NAME", +"READ_TIMEOUT"]' or situations where a file descriptor has been +configured to behave in a non-blocking fashion. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Command-line directories, Next: Input Summary, Prev: Retrying Input, Up: Reading Files + +4.12 Directories on the Command Line ==================================== According to the POSIX standard, files named on the 'awk' command line @@ -5977,7 +6080,7 @@ usable data from an 'awk' program. File: gawk.info, Node: Input Summary, Next: Input Exercises, Prev: Command-line directories, Up: Reading Files -4.12 Summary +4.13 Summary ============ * Input is split into records based on the value of 'RS'. The @@ -6049,7 +6152,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Input Summary, Next: Input Exercises, Prev: Command-li File: gawk.info, Node: Input Exercises, Prev: Input Summary, Up: Reading Files -4.13 Exercises +4.14 Exercises ============== 1. Using the 'FIELDWIDTHS' variable (*note Constant Size::), write a @@ -6099,6 +6202,7 @@ function. 'gawk' allows access to inherited file descriptors. * Close Files And Pipes:: Closing Input and Output Files and Pipes. +* Nonfatal:: Enabling Nonfatal Output. * Output Summary:: Output summary. * Output Exercises:: Exercises. @@ -7006,7 +7110,7 @@ that 'gawk' provides: behavior. -File: gawk.info, Node: Close Files And Pipes, Next: Output Summary, Prev: Special Files, Up: Printing +File: gawk.info, Node: Close Files And Pipes, Next: Nonfatal, Prev: Special Files, Up: Printing 5.9 Closing Input and Output Redirections ========================================= @@ -7174,9 +7278,68 @@ call. See the system manual pages for information on how to decode this value. -File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Next: Output Exercises, Prev: Close Files And Pipes, Up: Printing +File: gawk.info, Node: Nonfatal, Next: Output Summary, Prev: Close Files And Pipes, Up: Printing + +5.10 Enabling Nonfatal Output +============================= + +This minor node describes a 'gawk'-specific feature. + + In standard 'awk', output with 'print' or 'printf' to a nonexistent +file, or some other I/O error (such as filling up the disk) is a fatal +error. + + $ gawk 'BEGIN { print "hi" > "/no/such/file" }' + error-> gawk: cmd. line:1: fatal: can't redirect to `/no/such/file' (No such file or directory) + + 'gawk' makes it possible to detect that an error has occurred, +allowing you to possibly recover from the error, or at least print an +error message of your choosing before exiting. You can do this in one +of two ways: + + * For all output files, by assigning any value to + 'PROCINFO["NONFATAL"]'. + + * On a per-file basis, by assigning any value to 'PROCINFO[FILENAME, + "NONFATAL"]'. Here, FILENAME is the name of the file to which you + wish output to be nonfatal. + + Once you have enabled nonfatal output, you must check 'ERRNO' after +every relevant 'print' or 'printf' statement to see if something went +wrong. It is also a good idea to initialize 'ERRNO' to zero before +attempting the output. For example: + + $ gawk ' + > BEGIN { + > PROCINFO["NONFATAL"] = 1 + > ERRNO = 0 + > print "hi" > "/no/such/file" + > if (ERRNO) { + > print("Output failed:", ERRNO) > "/dev/stderr" + > exit 1 + > } + > }' + error-> Output failed: No such file or directory + + Here, 'gawk' did not produce a fatal error; instead it let the 'awk' +program code detect the problem and handle it. + + This mechanism works also for standard output and standard error. +For standard output, you may use 'PROCINFO["-", "NONFATAL"]' or +'PROCINFO["/dev/stdout", "NONFATAL"]'. For standard error, use +'PROCINFO["/dev/stderr", "NONFATAL"]'. + + When attempting to open a TCP/IP socket (*note TCP/IP Networking::), +'gawk' tries multiple times. The 'GAWK_SOCK_RETRIES' environment +variable (*note Other Environment Variables::) allows you to override +'gawk''s builtin default number of attempts. However, once nonfatal I/O +is enabled for a given socket, 'gawk' only retries once, relying on +'awk'-level code to notice that there was a problem. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Next: Output Exercises, Prev: Nonfatal, Up: Printing -5.10 Summary +5.11 Summary ============ * The 'print' statement prints comma-separated expressions. Each @@ -7198,10 +7361,15 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Next: Output Exercises, Prev: Close Fi For coprocesses, it is possible to close only one direction of the communications. + * Normally errors with 'print' or 'printf' are fatal. 'gawk' lets + you make output errors be nonfatal either for all files or on a + per-file basis. You must then check for errors after every + relevant output statement. + File: gawk.info, Node: Output Exercises, Prev: Output Summary, Up: Printing -5.11 Exercises +5.12 Exercises ============== 1. Rewrite the program: @@ -10121,7 +10289,7 @@ each variable.) The default value is '" "', a string consisting of a single space. As a special exception, this value means that any sequence of - spaces, TABs, and/or newlines is a single separator.(1) It also + spaces, TABs, and/or newlines is a single separator. It also causes spaces, TABs, and newlines at the beginning and end of a record to be ignored. @@ -10218,10 +10386,6 @@ each variable.) Internationalization::). The default value of 'TEXTDOMAIN' is '"messages"'. - ---------- Footnotes ---------- - - (1) In POSIX 'awk', newline does not count as whitespace. - File: gawk.info, Node: Auto-set, Next: ARGC and ARGV, Prev: User-modified, Up: Built-in Variables @@ -10285,10 +10449,24 @@ they are not special: An associative array containing the values of the environment. The array indices are the environment variable names; the elements are the values of the particular environment variables. For example, - 'ENVIRON["HOME"]' might be '"/home/arnold"'. Changing this array - does not affect the environment passed on to any programs that - 'awk' may spawn via redirection or the 'system()' function. (In a - future version of 'gawk', it may do so.) + 'ENVIRON["HOME"]' might be '/home/arnold'. + + For POSIX 'awk', changing this array does not affect the + environment passed on to any programs that 'awk' may spawn via + redirection or the 'system()' function. + + However, beginning with version 4.2, if not in POSIX compatibility + mode, 'gawk' does update its own environment when 'ENVIRON' is + changed, thus changing the environment seen by programs that it + creates. You should therefore be especially careful if you modify + 'ENVIRON["PATH"]', which is the search path for finding executable + programs. + + This can also affect the running 'gawk' program, since some of the + built-in functions may pay attention to certain environment + variables. The most notable instance of this is 'mktime()' (*note + Time Functions::), which pays attention the value of the 'TZ' + environment variable on many systems. Some operating systems may not have environment variables. On such systems, the 'ENVIRON' array is empty (except for @@ -10311,6 +10489,11 @@ they are not special: 'getline' returning -1. You are, of course, free to clear it yourself before doing an I/O operation. + If the value of 'ERRNO' corresponds to a system error in the C + 'errno' variable, then 'PROCINFO["errno"]' will be set to the value + of 'errno'. For non-system errors, 'PROCINFO["errno"]' will be + zero. + 'FILENAME' The name of the current input file. When no data files are listed on the command line, 'awk' reads from the standard input and @@ -10359,6 +10542,10 @@ they are not special: 'PROCINFO["egid"]' The value of the 'getegid()' system call. + 'PROCINFO["errno"]' + The value of the C 'errno' variable when 'ERRNO' is set to the + associated error message. + 'PROCINFO["euid"]' The value of the 'geteuid()' system call. @@ -10468,6 +10655,10 @@ they are not special: input file, pipe, or coprocess. *Note Read Timeout::, for more information. + * It may be used to indicate that input may be retried when it + fails due to certain errors. *Note Retrying Input::, for more + information. + * It may be used to cause coprocesses to communicate over pseudo-ttys instead of through two-way pipes; this is discussed further in *note Two-way I/O::. @@ -11858,6 +12049,21 @@ brackets ([ ]): truncated toward zero. For example, 'int(3)' is 3, 'int(3.9)' is 3, 'int(-3.9)' is -3, and 'int(-3)' is -3 as well. +'intdiv(NUMERATOR, DENOMINATOR, RESULT)' + Perform integer division, similar to the standard C function of the + same name. First, truncate 'numerator' and 'denominator' towards + zero, creating integer values. Clear the 'result' array, and then + set 'result["quotient"]' to the result of 'numerator / + denominator', truncated towards zero to an integer, and set + 'result["remainder"]' to the result of 'numerator % denominator', + truncated towards zero to an integer. This function is primarily + intended for use with arbitrary length integers; it avoids creating + MPFR arbitrary precision floating-point values (*note Arbitrary + Precision Integers::). + + This function is a 'gawk' extension. It is not available in + compatibility mode (*note Options::). + 'log(X)' Return the natural logarithm of X, if X is positive; otherwise, return 'NaN' ("not a number") on IEEE 754 systems. Additionally, @@ -13295,14 +13501,56 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Type Functions, Next: I18N Functions, Prev: Bitwise Fu 9.1.7 Getting Type Information ------------------------------ -'gawk' provides a single function that lets you distinguish an array -from a scalar variable. This is necessary for writing code that -traverses every element of an array of arrays (*note Arrays of -Arrays::). +'gawk' provides two functions that lets you distinguish the type of a +variable. This is necessary for writing code that traverses every +element of an array of arrays (*note Arrays of Arrays::), and in other +contexts. 'isarray(X)' Return a true value if X is an array. Otherwise, return false. +'typeof(X)' + Return one of the following strings, depending upon the type of X: + + '"array"' + X is an array. + + '"regexp"' + X is a strongly typed regexp (*note Strong Regexp + Constants::). + + '"number"' + X is a number. + + '"string"' + X is a string. + + '"strnum"' + X is a string that might be a number, such as a field or the + result of calling 'split()'. (I.e., X has the STRNUM + attribute; *note Variable Typing::.) + + '"unassigned"' + X is a scalar variable that has not been assigned a value yet. + For example: + + BEGIN { + a[1] # creates a[1] but it has no assigned value + print typeof(a[1]) # scalar_u + } + + '"untyped"' + X has not yet been used yet at all; it can become a scalar or + an array. For example: + + BEGIN { + print typeof(x) # x never used --> untyped + mk_arr(x) + print typeof(x) # x now an array --> array + } + + function mk_arr(a) { a[1] = 1 } + 'isarray()' is meant for use in two circumstances. The first is when traversing a multidimensional array: you can test if an element is itself an array or not. The second is inside the body of a user-defined @@ -13316,6 +13564,14 @@ parameter is an array or not. that has not been previously used to 'isarray()', 'gawk' ends up turning it into a scalar. + The 'typeof()' function is general; it allows you to determine if a +variable or function parameter is a scalar, an array, or a strongly +typed regexp. + + 'isarray()' is deprecated; you should use 'typeof()' instead. You +should replace any existing uses of 'isarray(var)' in your code with +'typeof(var) == "array"'. + File: gawk.info, Node: I18N Functions, Prev: Type Functions, Up: Built-in @@ -19818,8 +20074,7 @@ output. They are as follows: you typed when you wrote it. This is because 'gawk' creates the profiled version by "pretty-printing" its internal representation of the program. The advantage to this is that 'gawk' can produce a standard -representation. The disadvantage is that all source code comments are -lost. Also, things such as: +representation. Also, things such as: /foo/ @@ -19878,8 +20133,24 @@ the 'Ctrl-\' key. called this way, 'gawk' "pretty-prints" the program into 'awkprof.out', without any execution counts. - NOTE: The '--pretty-print' option still runs your program. This - will change in the next major release. + NOTE: Once upon a time, the '--pretty-print' option would also run + your program. This is is no longer the case. + + There is a significant difference between the output created when +profiling, and that created when pretty-printing. Pretty-printed output +preserves the original comments that were in the program, although their +placement may not correspond exactly to their original locations in the +source code. + + However, as a deliberate design decision, profiling output _omits_ +the original program's comments. This allows you to focus on the +execution count data and helps you avoid the temptation to use the +profiler for pretty-printing. + + Additionally, pretty-printed output does not have the leading +indentation that the profiling output does. This makes it easy to +pretty-print your code once development is completed, and then use the +result as the final version of your program. File: gawk.info, Node: Advanced Features Summary, Prev: Profiling, Up: Advanced Features @@ -21596,6 +21867,62 @@ some limitations. A few that it's worth being aware of are: * The 'gawk' debugger only accepts source code supplied with the '-f' option. + One other point is worth disucssing. Conventional debuggers run in a +separate process (and thus address space) from the programs that they +debug (the "debuggee", if you will). + + The 'gawk' debugger is different; it is an integrated part of 'gawk' +itself. This makes it possible, in rare cases, for 'gawk' to become an +excellent demonstrator of Heisenburg Uncertainty physics, where the mere +act of observing something can change it. Consider the following:(1) + + $ cat test.awk + -| { print typeof($1), typeof($2) } + $ cat test.data + -| abc 123 + $ gawk -f test.awk test.data + -| strnum strnum + + This is all as expected: field data has the STRNUM attribute (*note +Variable Typing::). Now watch what happens when we run this program +under the debugger: + + $ gawk -D -f test.awk test.data + gawk> w $1 Set watchpoint on $1 + -| Watchpoint 1: $1 + gawk> w $2 Set watchpoint on $2 + -| Watchpoint 2: $2 + gawk> r Start the program + -| Starting program: + -| Stopping in Rule ... + -| Watchpoint 1: $1 Watchpoint fires + -| Old value: "" + -| New value: "abc" + -| main() at `test.awk':1 + -| 1 { print typeof($1), typeof($2) } + gawk> n Keep going ... + -| Watchpoint 2: $2 Watchpoint fires + -| Old value: "" + -| New value: "123" + -| main() at `test.awk':1 + -| 1 { print typeof($1), typeof($2) } + gawk> n Get result from typeof() + -| strnum string Result for $2 isn't right + -| Program exited normally with exit value: 0 + gawk> quit + + In this case, the act of comparing the new value of '$2' with the old +one caused 'gawk' to evaluate it and determine that it is indeed a +string, and this is reflected in the result of 'typeof()'. + + Cases like this where the debugger is not transparent to the +program's execution should be rare. If you encounter one, please report +it (*note Bugs::). + + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) Thanks to Hermann Peifer for this example. + File: gawk.info, Node: Debugging Summary, Prev: Limitations, Up: Debugger @@ -21624,6 +21951,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Debugging Summary, Prev: Limitations, Up: Debugger it is used by the debugger to provide command-line history and editing. + * Usually, the debugger does not not affect the program being + debugged, but occasionally it can. + File: gawk.info, Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic, Next: Dynamic Extensions, Prev: Debugger, Up: Top @@ -22357,6 +22687,62 @@ the following: gawk -M 'BEGIN { n = 13; print n % 2 }' + When dividing two arbitrary precision integers with either '/' or +'%', the result is typically an arbitrary precision floating point value +(unless the denominator evenly divides into the numerator). In order to +do integer division or remainder with arbitrary precision integers, use +the built-in 'intdiv()' function (*note Numeric Functions::). + + You can simulate the 'intdiv()' function in standard 'awk' using this +user-defined function: + + # intdiv --- do integer division + + function intdiv(numerator, denominator, result) + { + split("", result) + + numerator = int(numerator) + denominator = int(denominator) + result["quotient"] = int(numerator / denominator) + result["remainder"] = int(numerator % denominator) + + return 0.0 + } + + The following example program, contributed by Katie Wasserman, uses +'intdiv()' to compute the digits of pi to as many places as you choose +to set: + + # pi.awk --- compute the digits of pi + + BEGIN { + digits = 100000 + two = 2 * 10 ^ digits + pi = two + for (m = digits * 4; m > 0; --m) { + d = m * 2 + 1 + x = pi * m + intdiv(x, d, result) + pi = result["quotient"] + pi = pi + two + } + print pi + } + + When asked about the algorithm used, Katie replied: + + It's not that well known but it's not that obscure either. It's + Euler's modification to Newton's method for calculating pi. Take a + look at lines (23) - (25) here: + <http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PiFormulas.html>. + + The algorithm I wrote simply expands the multiply by 2 and works + from the innermost expression outwards. I used this to program HP + calculators because it's quite easy to modify for tiny memory + devices with smallish word sizes. See + <http://www.hpmuseum.org/cgi-sys/cgiwrap/hpmuseum/articles.cgi?read=899>. + ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) Weisstein, Eric W. 'Sylvester's Sequence'. From MathWorld--A @@ -22719,6 +23105,7 @@ API in detail. * Symbol Table Access:: Functions for accessing global variables. * Array Manipulation:: Functions for working with arrays. +* Redirection API:: How to access and manipulate redirections. * Extension API Variables:: Variables provided by the API. * Extension API Boilerplate:: Boilerplate code for using the API. @@ -22774,6 +23161,8 @@ operations: - Flattening an array for easy C-style looping over all its indices and elements + * Accessing and manipulating redirections. + Some points about using the API: * The following types, macros, and/or functions are referenced in @@ -23979,7 +24368,7 @@ using 'release_value()'. 'double' to store. -File: gawk.info, Node: Array Manipulation, Next: Extension API Variables, Prev: Symbol Table Access, Up: Extension API Description +File: gawk.info, Node: Array Manipulation, Next: Redirection API, Prev: Symbol Table Access, Up: Extension API Description 16.4.11 Array Manipulation -------------------------- @@ -24463,9 +24852,78 @@ array: environment variable.) -File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Variables, Next: Extension API Boilerplate, Prev: Array Manipulation, Up: Extension API Description +File: gawk.info, Node: Redirection API, Next: Extension API Variables, Prev: Array Manipulation, Up: Extension API Description + +16.4.12 Accessing and Manipulating Redirections +----------------------------------------------- + +The following function allows extensions to access and manipulate +redirections. + +'awk_bool_t get_file(const char *name,' +' size_t name_len,' +' const char *filetype,' +' int fd,' +' const awk_input_buf_t **ibufp,' +' const awk_output_buf_t **obufp);' + Look up a file in 'gawk''s internal redirection table. If 'name' + is 'NULL' or 'name_len' is zero, return data for the currently open + input file corresponding to 'FILENAME'. (This does not access the + 'filetype' argument, so that may be undefined). If the file is not + already open, attempt to open it. The 'filetype' argument must be + zero-terminated and should be one of: + + '">"' + A file opened for output. + + '">>"' + A file opened for append. + + '"<"' + A file opened for input. + + '"|>"' + A pipe opened for output. + + '"|<"' + A pipe opened for input. + + '"|&"' + A two-way coprocess. + + On error, return a 'false' value. Otherwise, return 'true', and + return additional information about the redirection in the 'ibufp' + and 'obufp' pointers. For input redirections, the '*ibufp' value + should be non-'NULL', and '*obufp' should be 'NULL'. For output + redirections, the '*obufp' value should be non-'NULL', and '*ibufp' + should be 'NULL'. For two-way coprocesses, both values should be + non-'NULL'. -16.4.12 API Variables + In the usual case, the extension is interested in '(*ibufp)->fd' + and/or 'fileno((*obufp)->fp)'. If the file is not already open, + and the 'fd' argument is non-negative, 'gawk' will use that file + descriptor instead of opening the file in the usual way. If 'fd' + is non-negative, but the file exists already, 'gawk' ignores 'fd' + and returns the existing file. It is the caller's responsibility + to notice that neither the 'fd' in the returned 'awk_input_buf_t' + nor the 'fd' in the returned 'awk_output_buf_t' matches the + requested value. + + Note that supplying a file descriptor is currently _not_ supported + for pipes. However, supplying a file descriptor should work for + input, output, append, and two-way (coprocess) sockets. If + 'filetype' is two-way, 'gawk' assumes that it is a socket! Note + that in the two-way case, the input and output file descriptors may + differ. To check for success, you must check whether either + matches. + + It is anticipated that this API function will be used to implement +I/O multiplexing and a socket library. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Variables, Next: Extension API Boilerplate, Prev: Redirection API, Up: Extension API Description + +16.4.13 API Variables --------------------- The API provides two sets of variables. The first provides information @@ -24482,7 +24940,7 @@ information about how 'gawk' was invoked. File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Versioning, Next: Extension API Informational Variables, Up: Extension API Variables -16.4.12.1 API Version Constants and Variables +16.4.13.1 API Version Constants and Variables ............................................. The API provides both a "major" and a "minor" version number. The API @@ -24531,7 +24989,7 @@ Boilerplate::). File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Informational Variables, Prev: Extension Versioning, Up: Extension API Variables -16.4.12.2 Informational Variables +16.4.13.2 Informational Variables ................................. The API provides access to several variables that describe whether the @@ -24566,7 +25024,7 @@ change during execution. File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Boilerplate, Prev: Extension API Variables, Up: Extension API Description -16.4.13 Boilerplate Code +16.4.14 Boilerplate Code ------------------------ As mentioned earlier (*note Extension Mechanism Outline::), the function @@ -25894,15 +26352,17 @@ project. * GD graphics library extension + * MPFR library extension (this provides access to a number of MPFR + functions that 'gawk''s native MPFR support does not) + * PDF extension * PostgreSQL extension - * MPFR library extension (this provides access to a number of MPFR - functions that 'gawk''s native MPFR support does not) - * Redis extension + * Select extension + * XML parser extension, using the Expat (http://expat.sourceforge.net) XML parsing library @@ -26315,6 +26775,9 @@ current version of 'gawk'. - Directories on the command line produce a warning and are skipped (*note Command-line directories::) + - Output with 'print' and 'printf' need not be fatal (*note + Nonfatal::) + * New keywords: - The 'BEGINFILE' and 'ENDFILE' special patterns (*note @@ -26364,6 +26827,9 @@ current version of 'gawk'. - The 'bindtextdomain()', 'dcgettext()', and 'dcngettext()' functions for internationalization (*note Programmer i18n::) + - The 'intdiv()' function for doing integer division and + remainder (*note Numeric Functions::) + * Changes and/or additions in the command-line options: - The 'AWKPATH' environment variable for specifying a path @@ -26417,6 +26883,11 @@ current version of 'gawk'. - Ultrix + * Support for the following systems was removed from the code for + 'gawk' version 4.2: + + - MirBSD + File: gawk.info, Node: Feature History, Next: Common Extensions, Prev: POSIX/GNU, Up: Language History @@ -26808,6 +27279,32 @@ POSIX 'awk', in the order they were added to 'gawk'. * Support for Ultrix was removed. + Version 4.2 introduced the following changes: + + * Changes to 'ENVIRON' are reflected into 'gawk''s environment and + that of programs that it runs. *Note Auto-set::. + + * The '--pretty-print' option no longer runs the 'awk' program too. + *Note Options::. + + * The 'igawk' program and its manual page are no longer installed + when 'gawk' is built. *Note Igawk Program::. + + * The 'intdiv()' function. *Note Numeric Functions::. + + * The maximum number of hexadecimal digits in '\x' escapes is now + two. *Note Escape Sequences::. + + * Nonfatal output with 'print' and 'printf'. *Note Nonfatal::. + + * For many years, POSIX specified that default field splitting only + allowed spaces and tabs to separate fields, and this was how 'gawk' + behaved with '--posix'. As of 2013, the standard restored + historical behavior, and now default field splitting with '--posix' + also allows newlines to separate fields. + + * Support for MirBSD was removed. + File: gawk.info, Node: Common Extensions, Next: Ranges and Locales, Prev: Feature History, Up: Language History @@ -27326,7 +27823,9 @@ Various '.c', '.y', and '.h' files 'doc/igawk.1' The 'troff' source for a manual page describing the 'igawk' program - presented in *note Igawk Program::. + presented in *note Igawk Program::. (Since 'gawk' can do its own + '@include' processing, neither 'igawk' nor 'igawk.1' are + installed.) 'doc/Makefile.in' The input file used during the configuration process to generate @@ -27368,17 +27867,22 @@ Various '.c', '.y', and '.h' files contains a 'Makefile.in' file, which 'configure' uses to generate a 'Makefile'. 'Makefile.am' is used by GNU Automake to create 'Makefile.in'. The library functions from *note Library - Functions::, and the 'igawk' program from *note Igawk Program::, - are included as ready-to-use files in the 'gawk' distribution. - They are installed as part of the installation process. The rest - of the programs in this Info file are available in appropriate - subdirectories of 'awklib/eg'. + Functions::, are included as ready-to-use files in the 'gawk' + distribution. They are installed as part of the installation + process. The rest of the programs in this Info file are available + in appropriate subdirectories of 'awklib/eg'. 'extension/*' The source code, manual pages, and infrastructure files for the sample extensions included with 'gawk'. *Note Dynamic Extensions::, for more information. +'extras/*' + Additional non-essential files. Currently, this directory contains + some shell startup files to be installed in '/etc/profile.d' to aid + in manipulating the 'AWKPATH' and 'AWKLIBPATH' environment + variables. *Note Shell Startup Files::, for more information. + 'posix/*' Files needed for building 'gawk' on POSIX-compliant systems. @@ -27409,11 +27913,12 @@ for your system yourself. * Menu: * Quick Installation:: Compiling 'gawk' under Unix. +* Shell Startup Files:: Shell convenience functions. * Additional Configuration Options:: Other compile-time options. * Configuration Philosophy:: How it's all supposed to work. -File: gawk.info, Node: Quick Installation, Next: Additional Configuration Options, Up: Unix Installation +File: gawk.info, Node: Quick Installation, Next: Shell Startup Files, Up: Unix Installation B.2.1 Compiling 'gawk' for Unix-Like Systems -------------------------------------------- @@ -27468,9 +27973,42 @@ will be asked for your password, and you will have to have been set up previously as a user who is allowed to run the 'sudo' command. -File: gawk.info, Node: Additional Configuration Options, Next: Configuration Philosophy, Prev: Quick Installation, Up: Unix Installation +File: gawk.info, Node: Shell Startup Files, Next: Additional Configuration Options, Prev: Quick Installation, Up: Unix Installation + +B.2.2 Shell Startup Files +------------------------- + +The distribution contains shell startup files 'gawk.sh' and 'gawk.csh' +containing functions to aid in manipulating the 'AWKPATH' and +'AWKLIBPATH' environment variables. On a Fedora system, these files +should be installed in '/etc/profile.d'; on other platforms, the +appropriate location may be different. + +'gawkpath_default' + Reset the 'AWKPATH' environment variable to its default value. + +'gawkpath_prepend' + Add the argument to the front of the 'AWKPATH' environment + variable. + +'gawkpath_append' + Add the argument to the end of the 'AWKPATH' environment variable. -B.2.2 Additional Configuration Options +'gawklibpath_default' + Reset the 'AWKLIBPATH' environment variable to its default value. + +'gawklibpath_prepend' + Add the argument to the front of the 'AWKLIBPATH' environment + variable. + +'gawklibpath_append' + Add the argument to the end of the 'AWKLIBPATH' environment + variable. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Additional Configuration Options, Next: Configuration Philosophy, Prev: Shell Startup Files, Up: Unix Installation + +B.2.3 Additional Configuration Options -------------------------------------- There are several additional options you may use on the 'configure' @@ -27514,7 +28052,7 @@ supplied by 'configure'. File: gawk.info, Node: Configuration Philosophy, Prev: Additional Configuration Options, Up: Unix Installation -B.2.3 The Configuration Process +B.2.4 The Configuration Process ------------------------------- This minor node is of interest only if you know something about using @@ -31465,20 +32003,20 @@ Index * --include option: Options. (line 159) * --lint option: Command Line. (line 20) * --lint option <1>: Options. (line 184) -* --lint-old option: Options. (line 294) +* --lint-old option: Options. (line 289) * --load option: Options. (line 172) * --non-decimal-data option: Options. (line 209) * --non-decimal-data option <1>: Nondecimal Data. (line 6) * --non-decimal-data option, strtonum() function and: Nondecimal Data. (line 35) -* --optimize option: Options. (line 236) -* --posix option: Options. (line 254) -* --posix option, --traditional option and: Options. (line 272) +* --optimize option: Options. (line 234) +* --posix option: Options. (line 252) +* --posix option, --traditional option and: Options. (line 267) * --pretty-print option: Options. (line 223) -* --profile option: Options. (line 242) +* --profile option: Options. (line 240) * --profile option <1>: Profiling. (line 12) -* --re-interval option: Options. (line 278) -* --sandbox option: Options. (line 285) +* --re-interval option: Options. (line 273) +* --sandbox option: Options. (line 280) * --sandbox option, disabling system() function: I/O Functions. (line 129) * --sandbox option, input redirection with getline: Getline. (line 19) @@ -31486,9 +32024,9 @@ Index (line 6) * --source option: Options. (line 117) * --traditional option: Options. (line 82) -* --traditional option, --posix option and: Options. (line 272) +* --traditional option, --posix option and: Options. (line 267) * --use-lc-numeric option: Options. (line 218) -* --version option: Options. (line 299) +* --version option: Options. (line 294) * --with-whiny-user-strftime configuration option: Additional Configuration Options. (line 37) * -b option: Options. (line 69) @@ -31498,31 +32036,31 @@ Index * -D option: Options. (line 108) * -e option: Options. (line 117) * -E option: Options. (line 125) -* -e option <1>: Options. (line 335) +* -e option <1>: Options. (line 330) * -f option: Long. (line 12) * -F option: Options. (line 21) * -f option <1>: Options. (line 25) -* -F option, -Ft sets FS to TAB: Options. (line 307) +* -F option, -Ft sets FS to TAB: Options. (line 302) * -F option, command-line: Command Line Field Separator. (line 6) -* -f option, multiple uses: Options. (line 312) +* -f option, multiple uses: Options. (line 307) * -g option: Options. (line 147) * -h option: Options. (line 154) * -i option: Options. (line 159) * -l option: Options. (line 172) * -l option <1>: Options. (line 184) -* -L option: Options. (line 294) +* -L option: Options. (line 289) * -M option: Options. (line 203) * -n option: Options. (line 209) * -N option: Options. (line 218) * -o option: Options. (line 223) -* -O option: Options. (line 236) -* -p option: Options. (line 242) -* -P option: Options. (line 254) -* -r option: Options. (line 278) -* -S option: Options. (line 285) +* -O option: Options. (line 234) +* -p option: Options. (line 240) +* -P option: Options. (line 252) +* -r option: Options. (line 273) +* -S option: Options. (line 280) * -v option: Options. (line 32) -* -V option: Options. (line 299) +* -V option: Options. (line 294) * -v option <1>: Assignment Options. (line 12) * -W option: Options. (line 47) * . (period), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 44) @@ -31595,16 +32133,16 @@ Index (line 6) * \ (backslash), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17) * \ (backslash), in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 6) -* \ (backslash), in escape sequences <1>: Escape Sequences. (line 100) +* \ (backslash), in escape sequences <1>: Escape Sequences. (line 103) * \ (backslash), in escape sequences, POSIX and: Escape Sequences. - (line 105) + (line 108) * \ (backslash), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 30) * \ (backslash), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 48) * \ (backslash), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 18) -* \ (backslash), \" escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 82) +* \ (backslash), \" escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 85) * \ (backslash), \' operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 59) -* \ (backslash), \/ escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 73) +* \ (backslash), \/ escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 76) * \ (backslash), \< operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 33) * \ (backslash), \> operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. @@ -31821,7 +32359,7 @@ Index * awf (amazingly workable formatter) program: Glossary. (line 24) * awk debugging, enabling: Options. (line 108) * awk language, POSIX version: Assignment Ops. (line 138) -* awk profiling, enabling: Options. (line 242) +* awk profiling, enabling: Options. (line 240) * awk programs: Getting Started. (line 12) * awk programs <1>: Executable Scripts. (line 6) * awk programs <2>: Two Rules. (line 6) @@ -31892,16 +32430,16 @@ Index (line 6) * backslash (\), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17) * backslash (\), in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 6) -* backslash (\), in escape sequences <1>: Escape Sequences. (line 100) +* backslash (\), in escape sequences <1>: Escape Sequences. (line 103) * backslash (\), in escape sequences, POSIX and: Escape Sequences. - (line 105) + (line 108) * backslash (\), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 30) * backslash (\), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 48) * backslash (\), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 18) -* backslash (\), \" escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 82) +* backslash (\), \" escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 85) * backslash (\), \' operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 59) -* backslash (\), \/ escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 73) +* backslash (\), \/ escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 76) * backslash (\), \< operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 33) * backslash (\), \> operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. @@ -32020,7 +32558,7 @@ Index * Brennan, Michael <5>: Other Versions. (line 6) * Brennan, Michael <6>: Other Versions. (line 48) * Brian Kernighan's awk: When. (line 21) -* Brian Kernighan's awk <1>: Escape Sequences. (line 109) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <1>: Escape Sequences. (line 112) * Brian Kernighan's awk <2>: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 85) * Brian Kernighan's awk <3>: Regexp Field Splitting. @@ -32228,7 +32766,7 @@ Index * cosine: Numeric Functions. (line 16) * counting: Wc Program. (line 6) * csh utility: Statements/Lines. (line 43) -* csh utility, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 353) +* csh utility, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 348) * csh utility, |& operator, comparison with: Two-way I/O. (line 27) * ctime() user-defined function: Function Example. (line 74) * currency symbols, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 104) @@ -32258,12 +32796,12 @@ Index * dark corner, CONVFMT variable: Strings And Numbers. (line 39) * dark corner, escape sequences: Other Arguments. (line 38) * dark corner, escape sequences, for metacharacters: Escape Sequences. - (line 141) + (line 144) * dark corner, exit statement: Exit Statement. (line 30) * dark corner, field separators: Full Line Fields. (line 22) * dark corner, FILENAME variable: Getline Notes. (line 19) -* dark corner, FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 89) -* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 312) +* dark corner, FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 108) +* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 339) * dark corner, format-control characters: Control Letters. (line 18) * dark corner, format-control characters <1>: Control Letters. (line 93) @@ -32417,7 +32955,7 @@ Index * debugger, read commands from a file: Debugger Info. (line 97) * debugging awk programs: Debugger. (line 6) * debugging gawk, bug reports: Bugs. (line 9) -* decimal point character, locale specific: Options. (line 269) +* decimal point character, locale specific: Options. (line 264) * decrement operators: Increment Ops. (line 35) * default keyword: Switch Statement. (line 6) * Deifik, Scott: Acknowledgments. (line 60) @@ -32458,12 +32996,12 @@ Index (line 132) * differences in awk and gawk, command-line directories: Command-line directories. (line 6) -* differences in awk and gawk, ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 73) +* differences in awk and gawk, ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 87) * differences in awk and gawk, error messages: Special FD. (line 19) * differences in awk and gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable: User-modified. (line 37) * differences in awk and gawk, FPAT variable: User-modified. (line 43) -* differences in awk and gawk, FUNCTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 115) +* differences in awk and gawk, FUNCTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 134) * differences in awk and gawk, function arguments (gawk): Calling Built-in. (line 16) * differences in awk and gawk, getline command: Getline. (line 19) @@ -32486,7 +33024,7 @@ Index (line 262) * differences in awk and gawk, print/printf statements: Format Modifiers. (line 13) -* differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 129) +* differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 148) * differences in awk and gawk, read timeouts: Read Timeout. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, record separators: awk split records. (line 124) @@ -32494,9 +33032,11 @@ Index (line 43) * differences in awk and gawk, regular expressions: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) +* differences in awk and gawk, retrying input: Retrying Input. + (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, RS/RT variables: gawk split records. (line 58) -* differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 263) +* differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 290) * differences in awk and gawk, single-character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, split() function: String Functions. @@ -32504,7 +33044,7 @@ Index * differences in awk and gawk, strings: Scalar Constants. (line 20) * differences in awk and gawk, strings, storing: gawk split records. (line 76) -* differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 267) +* differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 294) * differences in awk and gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. (line 152) * differences in awk and gawk, trunc-mod operation: Arithmetic Ops. @@ -32540,12 +33080,12 @@ Index * dump debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 9) * dupword.awk program: Dupword Program. (line 31) -* dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 178) +* dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 177) * dynamically loaded extensions: Dynamic Extensions. (line 6) * e debugger command (alias for enable): Breakpoint Control. (line 73) * EBCDIC: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) -* effective group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 134) -* effective user ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 138) +* effective group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 153) +* effective user ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 161) * egrep utility: Bracket Expressions. (line 26) * egrep utility <1>: Egrep Program. (line 6) * egrep.awk program: Egrep Program. (line 53) @@ -32599,14 +33139,14 @@ Index (line 11) * equals sign (=), == operator <1>: Precedence. (line 64) * EREs (Extended Regular Expressions): Bracket Expressions. (line 26) -* ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 73) +* ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 87) * ERRNO variable <1>: TCP/IP Networking. (line 54) * ERRNO variable, with BEGINFILE pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26) * ERRNO variable, with close() function: Close Files And Pipes. (line 140) * ERRNO variable, with getline command: Getline. (line 19) * error handling: Special FD. (line 19) -* error handling, ERRNO variable and: Auto-set. (line 73) +* error handling, ERRNO variable and: Auto-set. (line 87) * error output: Special FD. (line 6) * escape processing, gsub()/gensub()/sub() functions: Gory Details. (line 6) @@ -32643,7 +33183,7 @@ Index (line 99) * exp: Numeric Functions. (line 19) * expand utility: Very Simple. (line 73) -* Expat XML parser library: gawkextlib. (line 35) +* Expat XML parser library: gawkextlib. (line 37) * exponent: Numeric Functions. (line 19) * expressions: Expressions. (line 6) * expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 6) @@ -32662,7 +33202,7 @@ Index (line 6) * extension API version: Extension Versioning. (line 6) -* extension API, version number: Auto-set. (line 230) +* extension API, version number: Auto-set. (line 253) * extension example: Extension Example. (line 6) * extension registration: Registration Functions. (line 6) @@ -32718,7 +33258,6 @@ Index * field separators, choice of: Field Separators. (line 50) * field separators, FIELDWIDTHS variable and: User-modified. (line 37) * field separators, FPAT variable and: User-modified. (line 43) -* field separators, POSIX and: Fields. (line 6) * field separators, regular expressions as: Field Separators. (line 50) * field separators, regular expressions as <1>: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 6) @@ -32746,7 +33285,7 @@ Index * file names, in compatibility mode: Special Caveats. (line 9) * file names, standard streams in gawk: Special FD. (line 48) * FILENAME variable: Reading Files. (line 6) -* FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 89) +* FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 108) * FILENAME variable, getline, setting with: Getline Notes. (line 19) * filenames, assignments as: Ignoring Assigns. (line 6) * files, .gmo: Explaining gettext. (line 42) @@ -32814,8 +33353,8 @@ Index * fnmatch() extension function: Extension Sample Fnmatch. (line 12) * FNR variable: Records. (line 6) -* FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 99) -* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 312) +* FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 118) +* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 339) * for statement: For Statement. (line 6) * for statement, looping over arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 20) * fork() extension function: Extension Sample Fork. @@ -32853,7 +33392,7 @@ Index * FS variable, --field-separator option and: Options. (line 21) * FS variable, as null string: Single Character Fields. (line 20) -* FS variable, as TAB character: Options. (line 266) +* FS variable, as TAB character: Options. (line 261) * FS variable, changing value of: Field Separators. (line 34) * FS variable, running awk programs and: Cut Program. (line 63) * FS variable, setting from command line: Command Line Field Separator. @@ -32867,7 +33406,7 @@ Index * FSF (Free Software Foundation) <3>: Glossary. (line 405) * fts() extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. (line 60) -* FUNCTAB array: Auto-set. (line 115) +* FUNCTAB array: Auto-set. (line 134) * function calls: Function Calls. (line 6) * function calls, indirect: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * function calls, indirect, @-notation for: Indirect Calls. (line 47) @@ -32918,8 +33457,8 @@ Index * G., Daniel Richard: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * G., Daniel Richard <1>: Bugs. (line 73) * Garfinkle, Scott: Contributors. (line 35) -* gawk program, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 178) -* gawk version: Auto-set. (line 205) +* gawk program, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 177) +* gawk version: Auto-set. (line 228) * gawk, ARGIND variable in: Other Arguments. (line 15) * gawk, awk and: Preface. (line 21) * gawk, awk and <1>: This Manual. (line 14) @@ -32940,10 +33479,10 @@ Index * gawk, ERRNO variable in <1>: Close Files And Pipes. (line 140) * gawk, ERRNO variable in <2>: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26) -* gawk, ERRNO variable in <3>: Auto-set. (line 73) +* gawk, ERRNO variable in <3>: Auto-set. (line 87) * gawk, ERRNO variable in <4>: TCP/IP Networking. (line 54) -* gawk, escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 118) -* gawk, extensions, disabling: Options. (line 254) +* gawk, escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 121) +* gawk, extensions, disabling: Options. (line 252) * gawk, features, adding: Adding Code. (line 6) * gawk, features, advanced: Advanced Features. (line 6) * gawk, field separators and: User-modified. (line 71) @@ -32955,7 +33494,7 @@ Index * gawk, FPAT variable in: Splitting By Content. (line 25) * gawk, FPAT variable in <1>: User-modified. (line 43) -* gawk, FUNCTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 115) +* gawk, FUNCTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 134) * gawk, function arguments and: Calling Built-in. (line 16) * gawk, hexadecimal numbers and: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 41) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) @@ -32985,8 +33524,8 @@ Index * gawk, octal numbers and: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 41) * gawk, OS/2 version of: PC Using. (line 17) * gawk, predefined variables and: Built-in Variables. (line 14) -* gawk, PROCINFO array in: Auto-set. (line 129) -* gawk, PROCINFO array in <1>: Auto-set. (line 240) +* gawk, PROCINFO array in: Auto-set. (line 148) +* gawk, PROCINFO array in <1>: Auto-set. (line 263) * gawk, PROCINFO array in <2>: Time Functions. (line 47) * gawk, PROCINFO array in <3>: Two-way I/O. (line 99) * gawk, regexp constants and: Using Constant Regexps. @@ -32998,21 +33537,27 @@ Index * gawk, regular expressions, precedence: Regexp Operators. (line 161) * gawk, RT variable in: awk split records. (line 124) * gawk, RT variable in <1>: Multiple Line. (line 130) -* gawk, RT variable in <2>: Auto-set. (line 263) +* gawk, RT variable in <2>: Auto-set. (line 290) * gawk, See Also awk: Preface. (line 34) * gawk, source code, obtaining: Getting. (line 6) * gawk, splitting fields and: Constant Size. (line 86) * gawk, string-translation functions: I18N Functions. (line 6) -* gawk, SYMTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 267) +* gawk, SYMTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 294) * gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable in: User-modified. (line 152) * gawk, timestamps: Time Functions. (line 6) * gawk, uses for: Preface. (line 34) -* gawk, versions of, information about, printing: Options. (line 299) +* gawk, versions of, information about, printing: Options. (line 294) * gawk, VMS version of: VMS Installation. (line 6) * gawk, word-boundary operator: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 66) * gawkextlib: gawkextlib. (line 6) * gawkextlib project: gawkextlib. (line 6) +* gawklibpath_append shell function: Shell Startup Files. (line 29) +* gawklibpath_default shell function: Shell Startup Files. (line 22) +* gawklibpath_prepend shell function: Shell Startup Files. (line 25) +* gawkpath_append shell function: Shell Startup Files. (line 19) +* gawkpath_default shell function: Shell Startup Files. (line 12) +* gawkpath_prepend shell function: Shell Startup Files. (line 15) * General Public License (GPL): Glossary. (line 396) * General Public License, See GPL: Manual History. (line 11) * generate time values: Time Functions. (line 25) @@ -33066,7 +33611,7 @@ Index * gettext() function (C library): Explaining gettext. (line 63) * gettimeofday() extension function: Extension Sample Time. (line 12) -* git utility: gawkextlib. (line 29) +* git utility: gawkextlib. (line 31) * git utility <1>: Other Versions. (line 29) * git utility <2>: Accessing The Source. (line 10) @@ -33094,7 +33639,7 @@ Index * Grigera, Juan: Contributors. (line 58) * group database, reading: Group Functions. (line 6) * group file: Group Functions. (line 6) -* group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 178) +* group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 201) * groups, information about: Group Functions. (line 6) * gsub: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) @@ -33116,7 +33661,7 @@ Index * history expansion, in debugger: Readline Support. (line 6) * histsort.awk program: History Sorting. (line 25) * Hughes, Phil: Acknowledgments. (line 43) -* HUP signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 210) +* HUP signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 209) * hyphen (-), - operator: Precedence. (line 51) * hyphen (-), - operator <1>: Precedence. (line 57) * hyphen (-), -- operator: Increment Ops. (line 48) @@ -33198,7 +33743,9 @@ Index * installing gawk: Installation. (line 6) * instruction tracing, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 90) * int: Numeric Functions. (line 24) -* INT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) +* INT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 212) +* intdiv: Numeric Functions. (line 29) +* intdiv <1>: Numeric Functions. (line 29) * integer array indices: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 31) * integers, arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Integers. @@ -33254,7 +33801,7 @@ Index * Kernighan, Brian <8>: Other Versions. (line 13) * Kernighan, Brian <9>: Basic Data Typing. (line 54) * Kernighan, Brian <10>: Glossary. (line 206) -* kill command, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 187) +* kill command, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 186) * Knights, jedi: Undocumented. (line 6) * Kwok, Conrad: Contributors. (line 35) * l debugger command (alias for list): Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. @@ -33326,7 +33873,7 @@ Index * lint checking, empty programs: Command Line. (line 16) * lint checking, issuing warnings: Options. (line 184) * lint checking, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. - (line 338) + (line 333) * lint checking, undefined functions: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 85) * LINT variable: User-modified. (line 87) @@ -33342,14 +33889,14 @@ Index * loading, extensions: Options. (line 172) * local variables, in a function: Variable Scope. (line 6) * locale categories: Explaining gettext. (line 81) -* locale decimal point character: Options. (line 269) +* locale decimal point character: Options. (line 264) * locale, definition of: Locales. (line 6) * localization: I18N and L10N. (line 6) * localization, See internationalization, localization: I18N and L10N. (line 6) -* log: Numeric Functions. (line 29) +* log: Numeric Functions. (line 44) * log files, timestamps in: Time Functions. (line 6) -* logarithm: Numeric Functions. (line 29) +* logarithm: Numeric Functions. (line 44) * logical false/true: Truth Values. (line 6) * logical operators, See Boolean expressions: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * login information: Passwd Functions. (line 16) @@ -33386,12 +33933,12 @@ Index (line 9) * matching, leftmost longest: Multiple Line. (line 26) * matching, null strings: String Functions. (line 537) -* mawk utility: Escape Sequences. (line 118) +* mawk utility: Escape Sequences. (line 121) * mawk utility <1>: Getline/Pipe. (line 62) * mawk utility <2>: Concatenation. (line 36) * mawk utility <3>: Nextfile Statement. (line 47) * mawk utility <4>: Other Versions. (line 48) -* maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 219) +* maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 242) * McIlroy, Doug: Glossary. (line 257) * McPhee, Patrick: Contributors. (line 101) * message object files: Explaining gettext. (line 42) @@ -33403,8 +33950,8 @@ Index (line 48) * messages from extensions: Printing Messages. (line 6) * metacharacters in regular expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 6) -* metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 137) -* minimum precision required by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 222) +* metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 140) +* minimum precision required by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 245) * mktime: Time Functions. (line 25) * modifiers, in format specifiers: Format Modifiers. (line 6) * monetary information, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 104) @@ -33424,10 +33971,8 @@ Index * networks, programming: TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * networks, support for: Special Network. (line 6) * newlines: Statements/Lines. (line 6) -* newlines <1>: Options. (line 260) +* newlines <1>: Options. (line 258) * newlines <2>: Boolean Ops. (line 69) -* newlines, as field separators: Default Field Splitting. - (line 6) * newlines, as record separators: awk split records. (line 12) * newlines, in dynamic regexps: Computed Regexps. (line 60) * newlines, in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 70) @@ -33454,7 +33999,7 @@ Index * nexti debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 49) * NF variable: Fields. (line 33) -* NF variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 104) +* NF variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 123) * NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 107) * ni debugger command (alias for nexti): Debugger Execution Control. (line 49) @@ -33463,8 +34008,8 @@ Index (line 23) * not Boolean-logic operator: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * NR variable: Records. (line 6) -* NR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 124) -* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 312) +* NR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 143) +* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 339) * null strings: awk split records. (line 114) * null strings <1>: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 43) @@ -33584,7 +34129,7 @@ Index * p debugger command (alias for print): Viewing And Changing Data. (line 35) * Papadopoulos, Panos: Contributors. (line 129) -* parent process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 187) +* parent process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 210) * parentheses (), in a profile: Profiling. (line 146) * parentheses (), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 81) * password file: Passwd Functions. (line 16) @@ -33628,14 +34173,14 @@ Index * plus sign (+), += operator <1>: Precedence. (line 94) * plus sign (+), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 105) * pointers to functions: Indirect Calls. (line 6) -* portability: Escape Sequences. (line 100) +* portability: Escape Sequences. (line 103) * portability, #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. (line 33) * portability, ** operator and: Arithmetic Ops. (line 81) * portability, **= operator and: Assignment Ops. (line 144) * portability, ARGV variable: Executable Scripts. (line 59) * portability, backslash continuation and: Statements/Lines. (line 30) * portability, backslash in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. - (line 105) + (line 108) * portability, close() function and: Close Files And Pipes. (line 81) * portability, data files as single record: gawk split records. @@ -33653,7 +34198,7 @@ Index * portability, NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 115) * portability, operators: Increment Ops. (line 60) * portability, operators, not in POSIX awk: Precedence. (line 97) -* portability, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 358) +* portability, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 353) * portability, substr() function: String Functions. (line 513) * portable object files: Explaining gettext. (line 37) * portable object files <1>: Translator i18n. (line 6) @@ -33674,7 +34219,7 @@ Index * POSIX awk, < operator and: Getline/File. (line 26) * POSIX awk, arithmetic operators and: Arithmetic Ops. (line 30) * POSIX awk, backslashes in string constants: Escape Sequences. - (line 105) + (line 108) * POSIX awk, BEGIN/END patterns: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 15) * POSIX awk, bracket expressions and: Bracket Expressions. (line 26) * POSIX awk, bracket expressions and, character classes: Bracket Expressions. @@ -33686,9 +34231,7 @@ Index * POSIX awk, continue statement and: Continue Statement. (line 44) * POSIX awk, CONVFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 30) * POSIX awk, date utility and: Time Functions. (line 253) -* POSIX awk, field separators and: Fields. (line 6) -* POSIX awk, field separators and <1>: Full Line Fields. (line 16) -* POSIX awk, FS variable and: User-modified. (line 60) +* POSIX awk, field separators and: Full Line Fields. (line 16) * POSIX awk, function keyword in: Definition Syntax. (line 99) * POSIX awk, functions and, gsub()/sub(): Gory Details. (line 90) * POSIX awk, functions and, length(): String Functions. (line 179) @@ -33703,12 +34246,12 @@ Index * POSIX awk, regular expressions and: Regexp Operators. (line 161) * POSIX awk, timestamps and: Time Functions. (line 6) * POSIX awk, | I/O operator and: Getline/Pipe. (line 56) -* POSIX mode: Options. (line 254) -* POSIX mode <1>: Options. (line 338) +* POSIX mode: Options. (line 252) +* POSIX mode <1>: Options. (line 333) * POSIX, awk and: Preface. (line 21) * POSIX, gawk extensions not included in: POSIX/GNU. (line 6) * POSIX, programs, implementing in awk: Clones. (line 6) -* POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 338) +* POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 333) * PREC variable: User-modified. (line 124) * precedence: Increment Ops. (line 60) * precedence <1>: Precedence. (line 6) @@ -33755,11 +34298,11 @@ Index * printing, unduplicated lines of text: Uniq Program. (line 6) * printing, user information: Id Program. (line 6) * private variables: Library Names. (line 11) -* process group ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 181) -* process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 184) +* process group ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 204) +* process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 207) * processes, two-way communications with: Two-way I/O. (line 6) * processing data: Basic High Level. (line 6) -* PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 129) +* PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 148) * PROCINFO array <1>: Time Functions. (line 47) * PROCINFO array <2>: Passwd Functions. (line 6) * PROCINFO array, and communications via ptys: Two-way I/O. (line 99) @@ -33767,12 +34310,12 @@ Index * PROCINFO array, and user and group ID numbers: Id Program. (line 15) * PROCINFO array, testing the field splitting: Passwd Functions. (line 154) -* PROCINFO array, uses: Auto-set. (line 240) +* PROCINFO array, uses: Auto-set. (line 263) * PROCINFO, values of sorted_in: Controlling Scanning. (line 26) * profiling awk programs: Profiling. (line 6) -* profiling awk programs, dynamically: Profiling. (line 178) -* program identifiers: Auto-set. (line 147) +* profiling awk programs, dynamically: Profiling. (line 177) +* program identifiers: Auto-set. (line 170) * program, definition of: Getting Started. (line 21) * programming conventions, --non-decimal-data option: Nondecimal Data. (line 35) @@ -33808,7 +34351,7 @@ Index * QuikTrim Awk: Other Versions. (line 139) * quit debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 99) -* QUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) +* QUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 212) * quoting in gawk command lines: Long. (line 26) * quoting in gawk command lines, tricks for: Quoting. (line 91) * quoting, for small awk programs: Comments. (line 27) @@ -33817,12 +34360,12 @@ Index * Rakitzis, Byron: History Sorting. (line 25) * Ramey, Chet: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Ramey, Chet <1>: General Data Types. (line 6) -* rand: Numeric Functions. (line 34) +* rand: Numeric Functions. (line 49) * random numbers, Cliff: Cliff Random Function. (line 6) * random numbers, rand()/srand() functions: Numeric Functions. - (line 34) -* random numbers, seed of: Numeric Functions. (line 64) + (line 49) +* random numbers, seed of: Numeric Functions. (line 79) * range expressions (regexps): Bracket Expressions. (line 6) * range patterns: Ranges. (line 6) * range patterns, line continuation and: Ranges. (line 64) @@ -33891,7 +34434,7 @@ Index (line 60) * regular expressions, gawk, command-line options: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 73) -* regular expressions, interval expressions and: Options. (line 278) +* regular expressions, interval expressions and: Options. (line 273) * regular expressions, leftmost longest match: Leftmost Longest. (line 6) * regular expressions, operators: Regexp Usage. (line 19) @@ -33908,6 +34451,7 @@ Index * relational operators, See comparison operators: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) * replace in string: String Functions. (line 409) +* retrying input: Retrying Input. (line 6) * return debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 54) * return statement, user-defined functions: Return Statement. (line 6) @@ -33931,7 +34475,7 @@ Index * right shift: Bitwise Functions. (line 54) * right shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) * Ritchie, Dennis: Basic Data Typing. (line 54) -* RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 250) +* RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 277) * RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 227) * Robbins, Arnold: Command Line Field Separator. (line 71) @@ -33957,11 +34501,11 @@ Index * RS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 133) * RS variable, multiline records and: Multiple Line. (line 17) * rshift: Bitwise Functions. (line 54) -* RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 256) +* RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 283) * RSTART variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 227) * RT variable: awk split records. (line 124) * RT variable <1>: Multiple Line. (line 130) -* RT variable <2>: Auto-set. (line 263) +* RT variable <2>: Auto-set. (line 290) * Rubin, Paul: History. (line 30) * Rubin, Paul <1>: Contributors. (line 16) * rule, definition of: Getting Started. (line 21) @@ -33972,14 +34516,14 @@ Index (line 68) * sample debugging session: Sample Debugging Session. (line 6) -* sandbox mode: Options. (line 285) +* sandbox mode: Options. (line 280) * save debugger options: Debugger Info. (line 85) * scalar or array: Type Functions. (line 11) * scalar values: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) * scanning arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 6) * scanning multidimensional arrays: Multiscanning. (line 11) * Schorr, Andrew: Acknowledgments. (line 60) -* Schorr, Andrew <1>: Auto-set. (line 295) +* Schorr, Andrew <1>: Auto-set. (line 322) * Schorr, Andrew <2>: Contributors. (line 134) * Schreiber, Bert: Acknowledgments. (line 38) * Schreiber, Rita: Acknowledgments. (line 38) @@ -33998,7 +34542,7 @@ Index * sed utility: Full Line Fields. (line 22) * sed utility <1>: Simple Sed. (line 6) * sed utility <2>: Glossary. (line 16) -* seeding random number generator: Numeric Functions. (line 64) +* seeding random number generator: Numeric Functions. (line 79) * semicolon (;), AWKPATH variable and: PC Using. (line 10) * semicolon (;), separating statements in actions: Statements/Lines. (line 90) @@ -34010,7 +34554,6 @@ Index * separators, field <1>: User-modified. (line 113) * separators, field, FIELDWIDTHS variable and: User-modified. (line 37) * separators, field, FPAT variable and: User-modified. (line 43) -* separators, field, POSIX and: Fields. (line 6) * separators, for records: awk split records. (line 6) * separators, for records <1>: awk split records. (line 85) * separators, for records <2>: User-modified. (line 133) @@ -34062,14 +34605,14 @@ Index * sidebar, A Constant's Base Does Not Affect Its Value: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 63) * sidebar, Backslash Before Regular Characters: Escape Sequences. - (line 103) + (line 106) * sidebar, Changing FS Does Not Affect the Fields: Full Line Fields. (line 14) -* sidebar, Changing NR and FNR: Auto-set. (line 310) +* sidebar, Changing NR and FNR: Auto-set. (line 337) * sidebar, Controlling Output Buffering with system(): I/O Functions. (line 137) * sidebar, Escape Sequences for Metacharacters: Escape Sequences. - (line 135) + (line 138) * sidebar, FS and IGNORECASE: Field Splitting Summary. (line 37) * sidebar, Interactive Versus Noninteractive Buffering: I/O Functions. @@ -34091,19 +34634,19 @@ Index (line 130) * sidebar, Using \n in Bracket Expressions of Dynamic Regexps: Computed Regexps. (line 58) -* SIGHUP signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 210) -* SIGINT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) -* signals, HUP/SIGHUP, for profiling: Profiling. (line 210) -* signals, INT/SIGINT (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) -* signals, QUIT/SIGQUIT (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) -* signals, USR1/SIGUSR1, for profiling: Profiling. (line 187) +* SIGHUP signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 209) +* SIGINT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 212) +* signals, HUP/SIGHUP, for profiling: Profiling. (line 209) +* signals, INT/SIGINT (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 212) +* signals, QUIT/SIGQUIT (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 212) +* signals, USR1/SIGUSR1, for profiling: Profiling. (line 186) * signature program: Signature Program. (line 6) -* SIGQUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) -* SIGUSR1 signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 187) +* SIGQUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 212) +* SIGUSR1 signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 186) * silent debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 10) -* sin: Numeric Functions. (line 75) -* sine: Numeric Functions. (line 75) +* sin: Numeric Functions. (line 90) +* sine: Numeric Functions. (line 90) * single quote ('): One-shot. (line 15) * single quote (') in gawk command lines: Long. (line 35) * single quote ('), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 48) @@ -34153,10 +34696,10 @@ Index * sprintf() function, OFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 113) * sprintf() function, print/printf statements and: Round Function. (line 6) -* sqrt: Numeric Functions. (line 78) +* sqrt: Numeric Functions. (line 93) * square brackets ([]), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 56) -* square root: Numeric Functions. (line 78) -* srand: Numeric Functions. (line 82) +* square root: Numeric Functions. (line 93) +* srand: Numeric Functions. (line 97) * stack frame: Debugging Terms. (line 10) * Stallman, Richard: Manual History. (line 6) * Stallman, Richard <1>: Acknowledgments. (line 18) @@ -34228,9 +34771,9 @@ Index * substr: String Functions. (line 482) * substring: String Functions. (line 482) * Sumner, Andrew: Other Versions. (line 68) -* supplementary groups of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 235) +* supplementary groups of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 258) * switch statement: Switch Statement. (line 6) -* SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 267) +* SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 294) * syntactic ambiguity: /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. (line 149) * system: I/O Functions. (line 107) @@ -34300,7 +34843,7 @@ Index (line 37) * troubleshooting, awk uses FS not IFS: Field Separators. (line 29) * troubleshooting, backslash before nonspecial character: Escape Sequences. - (line 105) + (line 108) * troubleshooting, division: Arithmetic Ops. (line 44) * troubleshooting, fatal errors, field widths, specifying: Constant Size. (line 22) @@ -34334,6 +34877,8 @@ Index * trunc-mod operation: Arithmetic Ops. (line 66) * truth values: Truth Values. (line 6) * type conversion: Strings And Numbers. (line 21) +* type, of variable: Type Functions. (line 14) +* typeof: Type Functions. (line 14) * u debugger command (alias for until): Debugger Execution Control. (line 82) * unassigned array elements: Reference to Elements. @@ -34356,7 +34901,7 @@ Index * uniq.awk program: Uniq Program. (line 65) * Unix: Glossary. (line 748) * Unix awk, backslashes in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. - (line 118) + (line 121) * Unix awk, close() function and: Close Files And Pipes. (line 132) * Unix awk, password files, field separators and: Command Line Field Separator. @@ -34376,10 +34921,11 @@ Index * user-modifiable variables: User-modified. (line 6) * users, information about, printing: Id Program. (line 6) * users, information about, retrieving: Passwd Functions. (line 16) -* USR1 signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 187) +* USR1 signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 186) * values, numeric: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) * values, string: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) * variable assignments and input files: Other Arguments. (line 26) +* variable type: Type Functions. (line 14) * variable typing: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) * variables: Other Features. (line 6) @@ -34410,10 +34956,10 @@ Index * variables, uninitialized, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 6) * variables, user-defined: Variables. (line 6) -* version of gawk: Auto-set. (line 205) -* version of gawk extension API: Auto-set. (line 230) -* version of GNU MP library: Auto-set. (line 213) -* version of GNU MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 215) +* version of gawk: Auto-set. (line 228) +* version of gawk extension API: Auto-set. (line 253) +* version of GNU MP library: Auto-set. (line 236) +* version of GNU MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 238) * vertical bar (|): Regexp Operators. (line 70) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O): Getline/Pipe. (line 10) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 64) @@ -34450,7 +34996,7 @@ Index * whitespace, as field separators: Default Field Splitting. (line 6) * whitespace, functions, calling: Calling Built-in. (line 10) -* whitespace, newlines as: Options. (line 260) +* whitespace, newlines as: Options. (line 258) * Williams, Kent: Contributors. (line 35) * Woehlke, Matthew: Contributors. (line 80) * Woods, John: Contributors. (line 28) @@ -34480,559 +35026,563 @@ Index Tag Table: Node: Top1203 -Node: Foreword342141 -Node: Foreword446583 -Node: Preface48115 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-150987 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-251094 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-351328 -Node: History51470 -Node: Names53823 -Ref: Names-Footnote-154917 -Node: This Manual55064 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-161546 -Node: Conventions61646 -Node: Manual History64001 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-166997 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-267038 -Node: How To Contribute67112 -Node: Acknowledgments68241 -Node: Getting Started73128 -Node: Running gawk75567 -Node: One-shot76757 -Node: Read Terminal78020 -Node: Long80052 -Node: Executable Scripts81565 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-184360 -Node: Comments84463 -Node: Quoting86947 -Node: DOS Quoting92465 -Node: Sample Data Files93140 -Node: Very Simple95735 -Node: Two Rules100637 -Node: More Complex102523 -Node: Statements/Lines105386 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1109845 -Node: Other Features110110 -Node: When111047 -Ref: When-Footnote-1112801 -Node: Intro Summary112866 -Node: Invoking Gawk113750 -Node: Command Line115264 -Node: Options116062 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1131969 -Ref: Options-Footnote-2132199 -Node: Other Arguments132224 -Node: Naming Standard Input135171 -Node: Environment Variables136264 -Node: AWKPATH Variable136822 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1140123 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2140168 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable140429 -Node: Other Environment Variables141573 -Node: Exit Status145338 -Node: Include Files146015 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries149610 -Node: Obsolete151038 -Node: Undocumented151730 -Node: Invoking Summary152027 -Node: Regexp153687 -Node: Regexp Usage155141 -Node: Escape Sequences157178 -Node: Regexp Operators163193 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1170610 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2170757 -Node: Bracket Expressions170855 -Ref: table-char-classes172878 -Node: Leftmost Longest175824 -Node: Computed Regexps177127 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators180554 -Node: Case-sensitivity184233 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1187120 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2187355 -Node: Regexp Summary187463 -Node: Reading Files188929 -Node: Records191023 -Node: awk split records191756 -Node: gawk split records196688 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1201232 -Node: Fields201269 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1204049 -Node: Nonconstant Fields204135 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1206371 -Node: Changing Fields206575 -Node: Field Separators212505 -Node: Default Field Splitting215203 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting216321 -Node: Single Character Fields219674 -Node: Command Line Field Separator220734 -Node: Full Line Fields223952 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1225474 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2225520 -Node: Field Splitting Summary225621 -Node: Constant Size227695 -Node: Splitting By Content232274 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1236245 -Node: Multiple Line236408 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1242291 -Node: Getline242470 -Node: Plain Getline244674 -Node: Getline/Variable247313 -Node: Getline/File248462 -Node: Getline/Variable/File249848 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1251452 -Node: Getline/Pipe251540 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe254245 -Node: Getline/Coprocess255378 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess256643 -Node: Getline Notes257383 -Node: Getline Summary260178 -Ref: table-getline-variants260600 -Node: Read Timeout261348 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1265189 -Node: Command-line directories265247 -Node: Input Summary266152 -Node: Input Exercises269324 -Node: Printing270052 -Node: Print271829 -Node: Print Examples273286 -Node: Output Separators276066 -Node: OFMT278083 -Node: Printf279439 -Node: Basic Printf280224 -Node: Control Letters281798 -Node: Format Modifiers285786 -Node: Printf Examples291801 -Node: Redirection294287 -Node: Special FD301130 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1304298 -Node: Special Files304372 -Node: Other Inherited Files304989 -Node: Special Network305990 -Node: Special Caveats306850 -Node: Close Files And Pipes307799 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1314992 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2315140 -Node: Output Summary315291 -Node: Output Exercises316289 -Node: Expressions316968 -Node: Values318156 -Node: Constants318834 -Node: Scalar Constants319525 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1320389 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers320639 -Node: Regexp Constants323653 -Node: Using Constant Regexps324179 -Node: Variables327342 -Node: Using Variables327999 -Node: Assignment Options329910 -Node: Conversion331784 -Node: Strings And Numbers332308 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1335372 -Node: Locale influences conversions335481 -Ref: table-locale-affects338239 -Node: All Operators338857 -Node: Arithmetic Ops339486 -Node: Concatenation341992 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1344839 -Node: Assignment Ops344946 -Ref: table-assign-ops349938 -Node: Increment Ops351251 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions354711 -Node: Truth Values355785 -Node: Typing and Comparison356833 -Node: Variable Typing357653 -Node: Comparison Operators361277 -Ref: table-relational-ops361696 -Node: POSIX String Comparison365191 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1366265 -Node: Boolean Ops366404 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1370886 -Node: Conditional Exp370978 -Node: Function Calls372714 -Node: Precedence376594 -Node: Locales380253 -Node: Expressions Summary381885 -Node: Patterns and Actions384458 -Node: Pattern Overview385578 -Node: Regexp Patterns387255 -Node: Expression Patterns387797 -Node: Ranges391578 -Node: BEGIN/END394686 -Node: Using BEGIN/END395447 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1398184 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END398290 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE400606 -Node: Empty403513 -Node: Using Shell Variables403830 -Node: Action Overview406104 -Node: Statements408429 -Node: If Statement410277 -Node: While Statement411772 -Node: Do Statement413800 -Node: For Statement414948 -Node: Switch Statement418107 -Node: Break Statement420493 -Node: Continue Statement422585 -Node: Next Statement424412 -Node: Nextfile Statement426795 -Node: Exit Statement429447 -Node: Built-in Variables431852 -Node: User-modified432985 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1440612 -Node: Auto-set440674 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1453742 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2453948 -Node: ARGC and ARGV454004 -Node: Pattern Action Summary458223 -Node: Arrays460653 -Node: Array Basics461982 -Node: Array Intro462826 -Ref: figure-array-elements464801 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1467505 -Node: Reference to Elements467633 -Node: Assigning Elements470097 -Node: Array Example470588 -Node: Scanning an Array472347 -Node: Controlling Scanning475371 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1480770 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts481086 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts483270 -Node: Delete484889 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1487641 -Node: Multidimensional487698 -Node: Multiscanning490793 -Node: Arrays of Arrays492384 -Node: Arrays Summary497152 -Node: Functions499245 -Node: Built-in500283 -Node: Calling Built-in501361 -Node: Numeric Functions503357 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1507385 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2507742 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3507790 -Node: String Functions508062 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1531570 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2531699 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3531947 -Node: Gory Details532034 -Ref: table-sub-escapes533825 -Ref: table-sub-proposed535344 -Ref: table-posix-sub536707 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes538248 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1539071 -Node: I/O Functions539222 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1546443 -Node: Time Functions546591 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1557096 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2557164 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3557322 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4557433 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5557545 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6557772 -Node: Bitwise Functions558038 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops558632 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1562970 -Node: Type Functions563143 -Node: I18N Functions564299 -Node: User-defined565950 -Node: Definition Syntax566755 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1572442 -Node: Function Example572513 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1575435 -Node: Function Caveats575457 -Node: Calling A Function575975 -Node: Variable Scope576933 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference579927 -Node: Return Statement583426 -Node: Dynamic Typing586405 -Node: Indirect Calls587335 -Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1597586 -Node: Functions Summary597714 -Node: Library Functions600419 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1604028 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2604171 -Node: Library Names604342 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1607803 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2608026 -Node: General Functions608112 -Node: Strtonum Function609215 -Node: Assert Function612237 -Node: Round Function615563 -Node: Cliff Random Function617104 -Node: Ordinal Functions618120 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1621183 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2621435 -Node: Join Function621645 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1623415 -Node: Getlocaltime Function623615 -Node: Readfile Function627359 -Node: Shell Quoting629333 -Node: Data File Management630734 -Node: Filetrans Function631366 -Node: Rewind Function635463 -Node: File Checking636849 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1638183 -Node: Empty Files638384 -Node: Ignoring Assigns640363 -Node: Getopt Function641913 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1653383 -Node: Passwd Functions653583 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1662424 -Node: Group Functions662512 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1670411 -Node: Walking Arrays670618 -Node: Library Functions Summary673628 -Node: Library Exercises675034 -Node: Sample Programs675499 -Node: Running Examples676269 -Node: Clones676997 -Node: Cut Program678221 -Node: Egrep Program687942 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1695454 -Node: Id Program695564 -Node: Split Program699244 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1702703 -Node: Tee Program702832 -Node: Uniq Program705622 -Node: Wc Program713048 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1717303 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs717397 -Node: Dupword Program718610 -Node: Alarm Program720640 -Node: Translate Program725495 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1730060 -Node: Labels Program730330 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1733681 -Node: Word Sorting733765 -Node: History Sorting737837 -Node: Extract Program739672 -Node: Simple Sed747203 -Node: Igawk Program750277 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1764608 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2764810 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3764932 -Node: Anagram Program765047 -Node: Signature Program768109 -Node: Programs Summary769356 -Node: Programs Exercises770571 -Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1774700 -Node: Advanced Features774791 -Node: Nondecimal Data776781 -Node: Array Sorting778372 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal779072 -Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1787441 -Node: Array Sorting Functions787559 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1791446 -Node: Two-way I/O791642 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1796593 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2796780 -Node: TCP/IP Networking796862 -Node: Profiling799980 -Node: Advanced Features Summary807519 -Node: Internationalization809455 -Node: I18N and L10N810935 -Node: Explaining gettext811622 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1816645 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2816830 -Node: Programmer i18n816995 -Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1821851 -Node: Translator i18n821900 -Node: String Extraction822694 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1823827 -Node: Printf Ordering823913 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1826699 -Node: I18N Portability826763 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1829219 -Node: I18N Example829282 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1832088 -Node: Gawk I18N832161 -Node: I18N Summary832806 -Node: Debugger834147 -Node: Debugging835169 -Node: Debugging Concepts835610 -Node: Debugging Terms837419 -Node: Awk Debugging839994 -Node: Sample Debugging Session840900 -Node: Debugger Invocation841434 -Node: Finding The Bug842820 -Node: List of Debugger Commands849298 -Node: Breakpoint Control850631 -Node: Debugger Execution Control854325 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data857687 -Node: Execution Stack861061 -Node: Debugger Info862698 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands866769 -Node: Readline Support871778 -Node: Limitations872674 -Node: Debugging Summary874783 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic875956 -Node: Computer Arithmetic877372 -Ref: table-numeric-ranges880963 -Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1881685 -Node: Math Definitions881742 -Ref: table-ieee-formats885056 -Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1885659 -Node: MPFR features885764 -Node: FP Math Caution887437 -Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1888509 -Node: Inexactness of computations888878 -Node: Inexact representation889838 -Node: Comparing FP Values891198 -Node: Errors accumulate892280 -Node: Getting Accuracy893713 -Node: Try To Round896423 -Node: Setting precision897322 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings898019 -Node: Setting the rounding mode899849 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes900223 -Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1903631 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers903810 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1906794 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems906943 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1910825 -Node: Floating point summary910863 -Node: Dynamic Extensions913053 -Node: Extension Intro914606 -Node: Plugin License915872 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline916669 -Ref: figure-load-extension917108 -Ref: figure-register-new-function918673 -Ref: figure-call-new-function919765 -Node: Extension API Description921828 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction923276 -Node: General Data Types928088 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1934043 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions934342 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1937187 -Node: Constructor Functions937286 -Node: Registration Functions939031 -Node: Extension Functions939716 -Node: Exit Callback Functions942015 -Node: Extension Version String943265 -Node: Input Parsers943928 -Node: Output Wrappers953813 -Node: Two-way processors958325 -Node: Printing Messages960589 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1961663 -Node: Updating ERRNO961816 -Node: Requesting Values962555 -Ref: table-value-types-returned963292 -Node: Accessing Parameters964175 -Node: Symbol Table Access965411 -Node: Symbol table by name965923 -Node: Symbol table by cookie967944 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1972093 -Node: Cached values972157 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1975658 -Node: Array Manipulation975749 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1976848 -Node: Array Data Types976885 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1979543 -Node: Array Functions979635 -Node: Flattening Arrays983494 -Node: Creating Arrays990402 -Node: Extension API Variables995174 -Node: Extension Versioning995810 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables997701 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate998765 -Node: Finding Extensions1002579 -Node: Extension Example1003139 -Node: Internal File Description1003937 -Node: Internal File Ops1008017 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11019779 -Node: Using Internal File Ops1019919 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11022302 -Node: Extension Samples1022577 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions1024106 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1031755 -Node: Extension Sample Fork1033242 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace1034460 -Node: Extension Sample Ord1037670 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir1038506 -Ref: table-readdir-file-types1039395 -Node: Extension Sample Revout1040200 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1040789 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array1041529 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile1043471 -Node: Extension Sample Time1044566 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests1045914 -Node: gawkextlib1046406 -Node: Extension summary1048830 -Node: Extension Exercises1052522 -Node: Language History1054019 -Node: V7/SVR3.11055675 -Node: SVR41057827 -Node: POSIX1059261 -Node: BTL1060641 -Node: POSIX/GNU1061371 -Node: Feature History1066892 -Node: Common Extensions1080221 -Node: Ranges and Locales1081504 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11086120 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21086147 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31086382 -Node: Contributors1086603 -Node: History summary1092172 -Node: Installation1093552 -Node: Gawk Distribution1094497 -Node: Getting1094981 -Node: Extracting1095942 -Node: Distribution contents1097580 -Node: Unix Installation1103333 -Node: Quick Installation1103949 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1106376 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1108180 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1110550 -Node: PC Installation1111008 -Node: PC Binary Installation1112328 -Node: PC Compiling1114180 -Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11117204 -Node: PC Testing1117313 -Node: PC Using1118493 -Node: Cygwin1122607 -Node: MSYS1123377 -Node: VMS Installation1123878 -Node: VMS Compilation1124669 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11125899 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1125957 -Node: VMS Installation Details1127642 -Node: VMS Running1129895 -Node: VMS GNV1132736 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1133471 -Node: Bugs1133942 -Node: Other Versions1138139 -Node: Installation summary1144725 -Node: Notes1145783 -Node: Compatibility Mode1146648 -Node: Additions1147430 -Node: Accessing The Source1148355 -Node: Adding Code1149791 -Node: New Ports1156010 -Node: Derived Files1160498 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11165983 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21166018 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31166616 -Node: Future Extensions1166730 -Node: Implementation Limitations1167388 -Node: Extension Design1168571 -Node: Old Extension Problems1169725 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11171243 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1171300 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11174664 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1174853 -Node: Extension Future Growth1176966 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1177802 -Node: Notes summary1179565 -Node: Basic Concepts1180747 -Node: Basic High Level1181428 -Ref: figure-general-flow1181710 -Ref: figure-process-flow1182395 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11185696 -Node: Basic Data Typing1185881 -Node: Glossary1189209 -Node: Copying1221155 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1258694 -Node: Index1283812 +Node: Foreword342509 +Node: Foreword446951 +Node: Preface48483 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-151355 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-251462 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-351696 +Node: History51838 +Node: Names54191 +Ref: Names-Footnote-155285 +Node: This Manual55432 +Ref: This Manual-Footnote-161914 +Node: Conventions62014 +Node: Manual History64369 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-167365 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-267406 +Node: How To Contribute67480 +Node: Acknowledgments68609 +Node: Getting Started73496 +Node: Running gawk75935 +Node: One-shot77125 +Node: Read Terminal78388 +Node: Long80420 +Node: Executable Scripts81933 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-184728 +Node: Comments84831 +Node: Quoting87315 +Node: DOS Quoting92833 +Node: Sample Data Files93508 +Node: Very Simple96103 +Node: Two Rules101005 +Node: More Complex102891 +Node: Statements/Lines105754 +Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1110213 +Node: Other Features110478 +Node: When111415 +Ref: When-Footnote-1113169 +Node: Intro Summary113234 +Node: Invoking Gawk114118 +Node: Command Line115632 +Node: Options116430 +Ref: Options-Footnote-1132081 +Ref: Options-Footnote-2132311 +Node: Other Arguments132336 +Node: Naming Standard Input135283 +Node: Environment Variables136376 +Node: AWKPATH Variable136934 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1140345 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2140390 +Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable140651 +Node: Other Environment Variables141908 +Node: Exit Status145546 +Node: Include Files146223 +Node: Loading Shared Libraries149818 +Node: Obsolete151246 +Node: Undocumented151938 +Node: Invoking Summary152235 +Node: Regexp153895 +Node: Regexp Usage155414 +Node: Escape Sequences157451 +Node: Regexp Operators163684 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1171101 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2171248 +Node: Bracket Expressions171346 +Ref: table-char-classes173369 +Node: Leftmost Longest176315 +Node: Computed Regexps177618 +Node: GNU Regexp Operators181045 +Node: Case-sensitivity184724 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1187620 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2187855 +Node: Strong Regexp Constants187963 +Node: Regexp Summary190905 +Node: Reading Files192511 +Node: Records194674 +Node: awk split records195407 +Node: gawk split records200339 +Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1204883 +Node: Fields204920 +Node: Nonconstant Fields207661 +Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1209897 +Node: Changing Fields210101 +Node: Field Separators216031 +Node: Default Field Splitting218729 +Node: Regexp Field Splitting219847 +Node: Single Character Fields223200 +Node: Command Line Field Separator224260 +Node: Full Line Fields227478 +Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1229000 +Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2229046 +Node: Field Splitting Summary229147 +Node: Constant Size231221 +Node: Splitting By Content235800 +Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1239771 +Node: Multiple Line239934 +Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1245817 +Node: Getline245996 +Node: Plain Getline248463 +Node: Getline/Variable251102 +Node: Getline/File252251 +Node: Getline/Variable/File253637 +Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1255241 +Node: Getline/Pipe255329 +Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe258034 +Node: Getline/Coprocess259167 +Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess260432 +Node: Getline Notes261172 +Node: Getline Summary263967 +Ref: table-getline-variants264389 +Node: Read Timeout265137 +Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1269044 +Node: Retrying Input269102 +Node: Command-line directories270301 +Node: Input Summary271208 +Node: Input Exercises274380 +Node: Printing275108 +Node: Print276943 +Node: Print Examples278400 +Node: Output Separators281180 +Node: OFMT283197 +Node: Printf284553 +Node: Basic Printf285338 +Node: Control Letters286912 +Node: Format Modifiers290900 +Node: Printf Examples296915 +Node: Redirection299401 +Node: Special FD306244 +Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1309412 +Node: Special Files309486 +Node: Other Inherited Files310103 +Node: Special Network311104 +Node: Special Caveats311964 +Node: Close Files And Pipes312913 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1320100 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2320248 +Node: Nonfatal320399 +Node: Output Summary322724 +Node: Output Exercises323946 +Node: Expressions324625 +Node: Values325813 +Node: Constants326491 +Node: Scalar Constants327182 +Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1328046 +Node: Nondecimal-numbers328296 +Node: Regexp Constants331310 +Node: Using Constant Regexps331836 +Node: Variables334999 +Node: Using Variables335656 +Node: Assignment Options337567 +Node: Conversion339441 +Node: Strings And Numbers339965 +Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1343029 +Node: Locale influences conversions343138 +Ref: table-locale-affects345896 +Node: All Operators346514 +Node: Arithmetic Ops347143 +Node: Concatenation349649 +Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1352496 +Node: Assignment Ops352603 +Ref: table-assign-ops357595 +Node: Increment Ops358908 +Node: Truth Values and Conditions362368 +Node: Truth Values363442 +Node: Typing and Comparison364490 +Node: Variable Typing365310 +Node: Comparison Operators368934 +Ref: table-relational-ops369353 +Node: POSIX String Comparison372848 +Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1373922 +Node: Boolean Ops374061 +Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1378543 +Node: Conditional Exp378635 +Node: Function Calls380371 +Node: Precedence384251 +Node: Locales387910 +Node: Expressions Summary389542 +Node: Patterns and Actions392115 +Node: Pattern Overview393235 +Node: Regexp Patterns394912 +Node: Expression Patterns395454 +Node: Ranges399235 +Node: BEGIN/END402343 +Node: Using BEGIN/END403104 +Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1405841 +Node: I/O And BEGIN/END405947 +Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE408263 +Node: Empty411170 +Node: Using Shell Variables411487 +Node: Action Overview413761 +Node: Statements416086 +Node: If Statement417934 +Node: While Statement419429 +Node: Do Statement421457 +Node: For Statement422605 +Node: Switch Statement425764 +Node: Break Statement428150 +Node: Continue Statement430242 +Node: Next Statement432069 +Node: Nextfile Statement434452 +Node: Exit Statement437104 +Node: Built-in Variables439509 +Node: User-modified440642 +Node: Auto-set448230 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1462479 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2462685 +Node: ARGC and ARGV462741 +Node: Pattern Action Summary466960 +Node: Arrays469390 +Node: Array Basics470719 +Node: Array Intro471563 +Ref: figure-array-elements473538 +Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1476242 +Node: Reference to Elements476370 +Node: Assigning Elements478834 +Node: Array Example479325 +Node: Scanning an Array481084 +Node: Controlling Scanning484108 +Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1489507 +Node: Numeric Array Subscripts489823 +Node: Uninitialized Subscripts492007 +Node: Delete493626 +Ref: Delete-Footnote-1496378 +Node: Multidimensional496435 +Node: Multiscanning499530 +Node: Arrays of Arrays501121 +Node: Arrays Summary505889 +Node: Functions507982 +Node: Built-in509020 +Node: Calling Built-in510098 +Node: Numeric Functions512094 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1516927 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2517284 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3517332 +Node: String Functions517604 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1541112 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2541241 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3541489 +Node: Gory Details541576 +Ref: table-sub-escapes543367 +Ref: table-sub-proposed544886 +Ref: table-posix-sub546249 +Ref: table-gensub-escapes547790 +Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1548613 +Node: I/O Functions548764 +Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1555985 +Node: Time Functions556133 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1566638 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2566706 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3566864 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4566975 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5567087 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6567314 +Node: Bitwise Functions567580 +Ref: table-bitwise-ops568174 +Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1572512 +Node: Type Functions572685 +Node: I18N Functions575346 +Node: User-defined576997 +Node: Definition Syntax577802 +Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1583489 +Node: Function Example583560 +Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1586482 +Node: Function Caveats586504 +Node: Calling A Function587022 +Node: Variable Scope587980 +Node: Pass By Value/Reference590974 +Node: Return Statement594473 +Node: Dynamic Typing597452 +Node: Indirect Calls598382 +Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1608633 +Node: Functions Summary608761 +Node: Library Functions611466 +Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1615075 +Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2615218 +Node: Library Names615389 +Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1618850 +Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2619073 +Node: General Functions619159 +Node: Strtonum Function620262 +Node: Assert Function623284 +Node: Round Function626610 +Node: Cliff Random Function628151 +Node: Ordinal Functions629167 +Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1632230 +Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2632482 +Node: Join Function632692 +Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1634462 +Node: Getlocaltime Function634662 +Node: Readfile Function638406 +Node: Shell Quoting640380 +Node: Data File Management641781 +Node: Filetrans Function642413 +Node: Rewind Function646510 +Node: File Checking647896 +Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1649230 +Node: Empty Files649431 +Node: Ignoring Assigns651410 +Node: Getopt Function652960 +Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1664430 +Node: Passwd Functions664630 +Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1673471 +Node: Group Functions673559 +Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1681458 +Node: Walking Arrays681665 +Node: Library Functions Summary684675 +Node: Library Exercises686081 +Node: Sample Programs686546 +Node: Running Examples687316 +Node: Clones688044 +Node: Cut Program689268 +Node: Egrep Program698989 +Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1706501 +Node: Id Program706611 +Node: Split Program710291 +Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1713750 +Node: Tee Program713879 +Node: Uniq Program716669 +Node: Wc Program724095 +Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1728350 +Node: Miscellaneous Programs728444 +Node: Dupword Program729657 +Node: Alarm Program731687 +Node: Translate Program736542 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1741107 +Node: Labels Program741377 +Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1744728 +Node: Word Sorting744812 +Node: History Sorting748884 +Node: Extract Program750719 +Node: Simple Sed758250 +Node: Igawk Program761324 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1775655 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2775857 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3775979 +Node: Anagram Program776094 +Node: Signature Program779156 +Node: Programs Summary780403 +Node: Programs Exercises781618 +Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1785747 +Node: Advanced Features785838 +Node: Nondecimal Data787828 +Node: Array Sorting789419 +Node: Controlling Array Traversal790119 +Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1798488 +Node: Array Sorting Functions798606 +Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1802493 +Node: Two-way I/O802689 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1807640 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2807827 +Node: TCP/IP Networking807909 +Node: Profiling811027 +Node: Advanced Features Summary819298 +Node: Internationalization821234 +Node: I18N and L10N822714 +Node: Explaining gettext823401 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1828424 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2828609 +Node: Programmer i18n828774 +Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1833630 +Node: Translator i18n833679 +Node: String Extraction834473 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1835606 +Node: Printf Ordering835692 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1838478 +Node: I18N Portability838542 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1840998 +Node: I18N Example841061 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1843867 +Node: Gawk I18N843940 +Node: I18N Summary844585 +Node: Debugger845926 +Node: Debugging846948 +Node: Debugging Concepts847389 +Node: Debugging Terms849198 +Node: Awk Debugging851773 +Node: Sample Debugging Session852679 +Node: Debugger Invocation853213 +Node: Finding The Bug854599 +Node: List of Debugger Commands861077 +Node: Breakpoint Control862410 +Node: Debugger Execution Control866104 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data869466 +Node: Execution Stack872840 +Node: Debugger Info874477 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands878548 +Node: Readline Support883557 +Node: Limitations884453 +Ref: Limitations-Footnote-1888684 +Node: Debugging Summary888735 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic890014 +Node: Computer Arithmetic891430 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges895021 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1895743 +Node: Math Definitions895800 +Ref: table-ieee-formats899114 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1899717 +Node: MPFR features899822 +Node: FP Math Caution901495 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1902567 +Node: Inexactness of computations902936 +Node: Inexact representation903896 +Node: Comparing FP Values905256 +Node: Errors accumulate906338 +Node: Getting Accuracy907771 +Node: Try To Round910481 +Node: Setting precision911380 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings912077 +Node: Setting the rounding mode913907 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes914281 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1917689 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers917868 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1922785 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems922934 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1926816 +Node: Floating point summary926854 +Node: Dynamic Extensions929044 +Node: Extension Intro930597 +Node: Plugin License931863 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline932660 +Ref: figure-load-extension933099 +Ref: figure-register-new-function934664 +Ref: figure-call-new-function935756 +Node: Extension API Description937819 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction939351 +Node: General Data Types944210 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1950165 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions950464 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1953309 +Node: Constructor Functions953408 +Node: Registration Functions955153 +Node: Extension Functions955838 +Node: Exit Callback Functions958137 +Node: Extension Version String959387 +Node: Input Parsers960050 +Node: Output Wrappers969935 +Node: Two-way processors974447 +Node: Printing Messages976711 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1977785 +Node: Updating ERRNO977938 +Node: Requesting Values978677 +Ref: table-value-types-returned979414 +Node: Accessing Parameters980297 +Node: Symbol Table Access981533 +Node: Symbol table by name982045 +Node: Symbol table by cookie984066 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1988215 +Node: Cached values988279 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1991780 +Node: Array Manipulation991871 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1992962 +Node: Array Data Types992999 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1995657 +Node: Array Functions995749 +Node: Flattening Arrays999608 +Node: Creating Arrays1006516 +Node: Redirection API1011288 +Node: Extension API Variables1014119 +Node: Extension Versioning1014752 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables1016643 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate1017707 +Node: Finding Extensions1021521 +Node: Extension Example1022081 +Node: Internal File Description1022879 +Node: Internal File Ops1026959 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11038721 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1038861 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11041244 +Node: Extension Samples1041519 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1043048 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1050697 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1052184 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1053402 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1056612 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1057448 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1058337 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1059142 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1059731 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1060471 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1062413 +Node: Extension Sample Time1063508 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1064856 +Node: gawkextlib1065348 +Node: Extension summary1067795 +Node: Extension Exercises1071487 +Node: Language History1072984 +Node: V7/SVR3.11074640 +Node: SVR41076792 +Node: POSIX1078226 +Node: BTL1079606 +Node: POSIX/GNU1080336 +Node: Feature History1086175 +Node: Common Extensions1100495 +Node: Ranges and Locales1101778 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11106394 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21106421 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31106656 +Node: Contributors1106877 +Node: History summary1112446 +Node: Installation1113826 +Node: Gawk Distribution1114771 +Node: Getting1115255 +Node: Extracting1116216 +Node: Distribution contents1117854 +Node: Unix Installation1123950 +Node: Quick Installation1124632 +Node: Shell Startup Files1127046 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1128124 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1129929 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1132299 +Node: PC Installation1132757 +Node: PC Binary Installation1134077 +Node: PC Compiling1135929 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11138953 +Node: PC Testing1139062 +Node: PC Using1140242 +Node: Cygwin1144356 +Node: MSYS1145126 +Node: VMS Installation1145627 +Node: VMS Compilation1146418 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11147648 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1147706 +Node: VMS Installation Details1149391 +Node: VMS Running1151644 +Node: VMS GNV1154485 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1155220 +Node: Bugs1155691 +Node: Other Versions1159888 +Node: Installation summary1166474 +Node: Notes1167532 +Node: Compatibility Mode1168397 +Node: Additions1169179 +Node: Accessing The Source1170104 +Node: Adding Code1171540 +Node: New Ports1177759 +Node: Derived Files1182247 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11187732 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21187767 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31188365 +Node: Future Extensions1188479 +Node: Implementation Limitations1189137 +Node: Extension Design1190320 +Node: Old Extension Problems1191474 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11192992 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1193049 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11196413 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1196602 +Node: Extension Future Growth1198715 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1199551 +Node: Notes summary1201314 +Node: Basic Concepts1202496 +Node: Basic High Level1203177 +Ref: figure-general-flow1203459 +Ref: figure-process-flow1204144 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11207445 +Node: Basic Data Typing1207630 +Node: Glossary1210958 +Node: Copying1242904 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1280443 +Node: Index1305561 End Tag Table |