diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'doc/gawk.info')
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gawk.info | 2092 |
1 files changed, 1321 insertions, 771 deletions
diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index d073efbb..d2192343 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -175,6 +175,7 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled * Computed Regexps:: Using Dynamic Regexps. * GNU Regexp Operators:: Operators specific to GNU software. * Case-sensitivity:: How to do case-insensitive matching. +* Strong Regexp Constants:: Strongly typed regexp constants. * Regexp Summary:: Regular expressions summary. * Records:: Controlling how data is split into records. @@ -217,6 +218,7 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled 'getline'. * Getline Summary:: Summary of 'getline' Variants. * Read Timeout:: Reading input with a timeout. +* Retrying Input:: Retrying input after certain errors. * Command-line directories:: What happens if you put a directory on the command line. * Input Summary:: Input summary. @@ -246,6 +248,7 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled * Special Caveats:: Things to watch out for. * Close Files And Pipes:: Closing Input and Output Files and Pipes. +* Nonfatal:: Enabling Nonfatal Output. * Output Summary:: Output summary. * Output Exercises:: Exercises. * Values:: Constants, Variables, and Regular @@ -557,6 +560,7 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled * Array Functions:: Functions for working with arrays. * Flattening Arrays:: How to flatten arrays. * Creating Arrays:: How to create and populate arrays. +* Redirection API:: How to access and manipulate redirections. * Extension API Variables:: Variables provided by the API. * Extension Versioning:: API Version information. * Extension API Informational Variables:: Variables providing information about @@ -615,6 +619,7 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled * Unix Installation:: Installing 'gawk' under various versions of Unix. * Quick Installation:: Compiling 'gawk' under Unix. +* Shell Startup Files:: Shell convenience functions. * Additional Configuration Options:: Other compile-time options. * Configuration Philosophy:: How it's all supposed to work. * Non-Unix Installation:: Installation on Other Operating @@ -2630,10 +2635,8 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: different file name for the output. No space is allowed between the '-o' and FILE, if FILE is supplied. - NOTE: Due to the way 'gawk' has evolved, with this option your - program still executes. This will change in the next major - release, such that 'gawk' will only pretty-print the program - and not run it. + NOTE: In the past, this option would also execute your + program. This is no longer the case. '-O' '--optimize' @@ -2661,9 +2664,6 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: extensions in 'gawk' that are disabled by this option. Also, the following additional restrictions apply: - * Newlines do not act as whitespace to separate fields when 'FS' - is equal to a single space (*note Fields::). - * Newlines are not allowed after '?' or ':' (*note Conditional Exp::). @@ -2932,6 +2932,9 @@ Since '.' is included at the beginning, 'gawk' searches first in the current directory and then in '/usr/local/share/awk'. In practice, this means that you will rarely need to change the value of 'AWKPATH'. + *Note Shell Startup Files::, for information on functions that help +to manipulate the 'AWKPATH' variable. + 'gawk' places the value of the search path that it used into 'ENVIRON["AWKPATH"]'. This provides access to the actual search path value from within an 'awk' program. @@ -2971,6 +2974,9 @@ empty value, 'gawk' uses a default path; this is typically '/usr/local/lib/gawk', although it can vary depending upon how 'gawk' was built. + *Note Shell Startup Files::, for information on functions that help +to manipulate the 'AWKLIBPATH' variable. + 'gawk' places the value of the search path that it used into 'ENVIRON["AWKLIBPATH"]'. This provides access to the actual search path value from within an 'awk' program. @@ -2997,7 +3003,8 @@ used by regular users: 'GAWK_SOCK_RETRIES' Controls the number of times 'gawk' attempts to retry a two-way TCP/IP (socket) connection before giving up. *Note TCP/IP - Networking::. + Networking::. Note that when nonfatal I/O is enabled (*note + Nonfatal::), 'gawk' only tries to open a TCP/IP socket once. 'POSIXLY_CORRECT' Causes 'gawk' to switch to POSIX-compatibility mode, disabling all @@ -3042,13 +3049,6 @@ change. The variables are: supposed to be differences, but occasionally theory and practice don't coordinate with each other.) -'GAWK_NO_PP_RUN' - When 'gawk' is invoked with the '--pretty-print' option, it will - not run the program if this environment variable exists. - - CAUTION: This variable will not survive into the next major - release. - 'GAWK_STACKSIZE' This specifies the amount by which 'gawk' should grow its internal evaluation stack, when needed. @@ -3313,6 +3313,7 @@ you specify more complicated classes of strings. * Computed Regexps:: Using Dynamic Regexps. * GNU Regexp Operators:: Operators specific to GNU software. * Case-sensitivity:: How to do case-insensitive matching. +* Strong Regexp Constants:: Strongly typed regexp constants. * Regexp Summary:: Regular expressions summary. @@ -3439,15 +3440,18 @@ sequences apply to both string constants and regexp constants: '\xHH...' The hexadecimal value HH, where HH stands for a sequence of - hexadecimal digits ('0'-'9', and either 'A'-'F' or 'a'-'f'). Like - the same construct in ISO C, the escape sequence continues until - the first nonhexadecimal digit is seen. (c.e.) However, using - more than two hexadecimal digits produces undefined results. (The - '\x' escape sequence is not allowed in POSIX 'awk'.) - - CAUTION: The next major release of 'gawk' will change, such - that a maximum of two hexadecimal digits following the '\x' - will be used. + hexadecimal digits ('0'-'9', and either 'A'-'F' or 'a'-'f'). A + maximum of two digts are allowed after the '\x'. Any further + hexadecimal digits are treated as simple letters or numbers. + (c.e.) (The '\x' escape sequence is not allowed in POSIX awk.) + + CAUTION: In ISO C, the escape sequence continues until the + first nonhexadecimal digit is seen. For many years, 'gawk' + would continue incorporating hexadecimal digits into the value + until a non-hexadecimal digit or the end of the string was + encountered. However, using more than two hexadecimal digits + produced undefined results. As of version 4.2, only two + digits are processed. '\/' A literal slash (necessary for regexp constants only). This @@ -4012,7 +4016,7 @@ No options default. -File: gawk.info, Node: Case-sensitivity, Next: Regexp Summary, Prev: GNU Regexp Operators, Up: Regexp +File: gawk.info, Node: Case-sensitivity, Next: Strong Regexp Constants, Prev: GNU Regexp Operators, Up: Regexp 3.8 Case Sensitivity in Matching ================================ @@ -4086,10 +4090,77 @@ and we don't recommend it. that 'gawk' does the right thing. -File: gawk.info, Node: Regexp Summary, Prev: Case-sensitivity, Up: Regexp +File: gawk.info, Node: Strong Regexp Constants, Next: Regexp Summary, Prev: Case-sensitivity, Up: Regexp -3.9 Summary -=========== +3.9 Strongly Typed Regexp Constants +=================================== + +This minor node describes a 'gawk'-specific feature. + + Regexp constants ('/.../') hold a strange position in the 'awk' +language. In most contexts, they act like an expression: '$0 ~ /.../'. +In other contexts, they denote only a regexp to be matched. In no case +are they really a "first class citizen" of the language. That is, you +cannot define a scalar variable whose type is "regexp" in the same sense +that you can define a variable to be a number or a string: + + num = 42 Numeric variable + str = "hi" String variable + re = /foo/ Wrong! re is the result of $0 ~ /foo/ + + For a number of more advanced use cases (described later on in this +Info file), it would be nice to have regexp constants that are "strongly +typed"; in other words, that denote a regexp useful for matching, and +not an expression. + + 'gawk' provides this feature. A strongly typed regexp constant looks +almost like a regular regexp constant, except that it is preceded by an +'@' sign: + + re = @/foo/ Regexp variable + + Strongly typed regexp constants _cannot_ be used eveywhere that a +regular regexp constant can, because this would make the language even +more confusing. Instead, you may use them only in certain contexts: + + * On the righthand side of the '~' and '!~' operators: 'some_var ~ + @/foo/' (*note Regexp Usage::). + + * In the 'case' part of a 'switch' statement (*note Switch + Statement::). + + * As an argument to one of the built-in functions that accept regexp + constants: 'gensub()', 'gsub()', 'match()', 'patsplit()', + 'split()', and 'sub()' (*note String Functions::). + + * As a parameter in a call to a user-defined function (*note + User-defined::). + + * On the righthand side of an assignment to a variable: 'some_var = + @/foo/'. In this case, the type of 'some_var' is regexp. + Additionally, 'some_var' can be used with '~' and '!~', passed to + one of the built-in functions listed above, or passed as a + parameter to a user-defined function. + + You may use the 'typeof()' built-in function (*note Type Functions::) +to determine if a variable or function parameter is a regexp variable. + + The true power of this feature comes from the ability to create +variables that have regexp type. Such variables can be passed on to +user-defined functions, without the confusing aspects of computed +regular expressions created from strings or string constants. They may +also be passed through indirect function calls (*note Indirect Calls::) +onto the built-in functions that accept regexp constants. + + When used in numeric conversions, strongly typed regexp variables +convert to zero. When used in string conversions, they convert to the +string value of the original regexp text. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Regexp Summary, Prev: Strong Regexp Constants, Up: Regexp + +3.10 Summary +============ * Regular expressions describe sets of strings to be matched. In 'awk', regular expression constants are written enclosed between @@ -4122,6 +4193,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Regexp Summary, Prev: Case-sensitivity, Up: Regexp sensitivity of regexp matching. In other 'awk' versions, use 'tolower()' or 'toupper()'. + * Strongly typed regexp constants ('@/.../') enable certain advanced + use cases to be described later on in the Info file. + File: gawk.info, Node: Reading Files, Next: Printing, Prev: Regexp, Up: Top @@ -4160,6 +4234,7 @@ be named on the 'awk' command line (*note Getline::). * Getline:: Reading files under explicit program control using the 'getline' function. * Read Timeout:: Reading input with a timeout. +* Retrying Input:: Retrying input after certain errors. * Command-line directories:: What happens if you put a directory on the command line. * Input Summary:: Input summary. @@ -4421,7 +4496,7 @@ When 'awk' reads an input record, the record is automatically "parsed" or separated by the 'awk' utility into chunks called "fields". By default, fields are separated by "whitespace", like words in a line. Whitespace in 'awk' means any string of one or more spaces, TABs, or -newlines;(1) other characters that are considered whitespace by other +newlines; other characters that are considered whitespace by other languages (such as formfeed, vertical tab, etc.) are _not_ considered whitespace by 'awk'. @@ -4473,11 +4548,6 @@ record: -| Julie F -| Samuel A - ---------- Footnotes ---------- - - (1) In POSIX 'awk', newlines are not considered whitespace for -separating fields. - File: gawk.info, Node: Nonconstant Fields, Next: Changing Fields, Prev: Fields, Up: Reading Files @@ -5423,6 +5493,11 @@ record, such as a file that cannot be opened, then 'getline' returns -1. In this case, 'gawk' sets the variable 'ERRNO' to a string describing the error that occurred. + If 'ERRNO' indicates that the I/O operation may be retried, and +'PROCINFO["INPUT", "RETRY"]' is set, then 'getline' returns -2 instead +of -1, and further calls to 'getline' may be attemped. *Note Retrying +Input::, for further information about this feature. + In the following examples, COMMAND stands for a string value that represents a shell command. @@ -5858,7 +5933,7 @@ VAR Table 4.1: 'getline' variants and what they set -File: gawk.info, Node: Read Timeout, Next: Command-line directories, Prev: Getline, Up: Reading Files +File: gawk.info, Node: Read Timeout, Next: Retrying Input, Prev: Getline, Up: Reading Files 4.10 Reading Input with a Timeout ================================= @@ -5937,7 +6012,8 @@ per-command or per-connection basis. 'gawk' considers a timeout event to be an error even though the attempt to read from the underlying device may succeed in a later attempt. This is a limitation, and it also means that you cannot use -this to multiplex input from two or more sources. +this to multiplex input from two or more sources. *Note Retrying +Input::, for a way to enable later I/O attempts to succeed. Assigning a timeout value prevents read operations from blocking indefinitely. But bear in mind that there are other ways 'gawk' can @@ -5951,9 +6027,36 @@ can block indefinitely until some other process opens it for writing. (1) This assumes that standard input is the keyboard. -File: gawk.info, Node: Command-line directories, Next: Input Summary, Prev: Read Timeout, Up: Reading Files +File: gawk.info, Node: Retrying Input, Next: Command-line directories, Prev: Read Timeout, Up: Reading Files -4.11 Directories on the Command Line +4.11 Retrying Reads After Certain Input Errors +============================================== + +This minor node describes a feature that is specific to 'gawk'. + + When 'gawk' encounters an error while reading input, by default +'getline' returns -1, and subsequent attempts to read from that file +result in an end-of-file indication. However, you may optionally +instruct 'gawk' to allow I/O to be retried when certain errors are +encountered by setting a special element in the 'PROCINFO' array (*note +Auto-set::): + + PROCINFO["INPUT_NAME", "RETRY"] = 1 + + When this element exists, 'gawk' checks the value of the system (C +language) 'errno' variable when an I/O error occurs. If 'errno' +indicates a subsequent I/O attempt may succeed, 'getline' instead +returns -2 and further calls to 'getline' may succeed. This applies to +the 'errno' values 'EAGAIN', 'EWOULDBLOCK', 'EINTR', or 'ETIMEDOUT'. + + This feature is useful in conjunction with 'PROCINFO["INPUT_NAME", +"READ_TIMEOUT"]' or situations where a file descriptor has been +configured to behave in a non-blocking fashion. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Command-line directories, Next: Input Summary, Prev: Retrying Input, Up: Reading Files + +4.12 Directories on the Command Line ==================================== According to the POSIX standard, files named on the 'awk' command line @@ -5976,7 +6079,7 @@ usable data from an 'awk' program. File: gawk.info, Node: Input Summary, Next: Input Exercises, Prev: Command-line directories, Up: Reading Files -4.12 Summary +4.13 Summary ============ * Input is split into records based on the value of 'RS'. The @@ -6048,7 +6151,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Input Summary, Next: Input Exercises, Prev: Command-li File: gawk.info, Node: Input Exercises, Prev: Input Summary, Up: Reading Files -4.13 Exercises +4.14 Exercises ============== 1. Using the 'FIELDWIDTHS' variable (*note Constant Size::), write a @@ -6098,6 +6201,7 @@ function. 'gawk' allows access to inherited file descriptors. * Close Files And Pipes:: Closing Input and Output Files and Pipes. +* Nonfatal:: Enabling Nonfatal Output. * Output Summary:: Output summary. * Output Exercises:: Exercises. @@ -7005,7 +7109,7 @@ that 'gawk' provides: behavior. -File: gawk.info, Node: Close Files And Pipes, Next: Output Summary, Prev: Special Files, Up: Printing +File: gawk.info, Node: Close Files And Pipes, Next: Nonfatal, Prev: Special Files, Up: Printing 5.9 Closing Input and Output Redirections ========================================= @@ -7173,9 +7277,68 @@ call. See the system manual pages for information on how to decode this value. -File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Next: Output Exercises, Prev: Close Files And Pipes, Up: Printing +File: gawk.info, Node: Nonfatal, Next: Output Summary, Prev: Close Files And Pipes, Up: Printing + +5.10 Enabling Nonfatal Output +============================= + +This minor node describes a 'gawk'-specific feature. + + In standard 'awk', output with 'print' or 'printf' to a nonexistent +file, or some other I/O error (such as filling up the disk) is a fatal +error. + + $ gawk 'BEGIN { print "hi" > "/no/such/file" }' + error-> gawk: cmd. line:1: fatal: can't redirect to `/no/such/file' (No such file or directory) + + 'gawk' makes it possible to detect that an error has occurred, +allowing you to possibly recover from the error, or at least print an +error message of your choosing before exiting. You can do this in one +of two ways: + + * For all output files, by assigning any value to + 'PROCINFO["NONFATAL"]'. + + * On a per-file basis, by assigning any value to 'PROCINFO[FILENAME, + "NONFATAL"]'. Here, FILENAME is the name of the file to which you + wish output to be nonfatal. + + Once you have enabled nonfatal output, you must check 'ERRNO' after +every relevant 'print' or 'printf' statement to see if something went +wrong. It is also a good idea to initialize 'ERRNO' to zero before +attempting the output. For example: + + $ gawk ' + > BEGIN { + > PROCINFO["NONFATAL"] = 1 + > ERRNO = 0 + > print "hi" > "/no/such/file" + > if (ERRNO) { + > print("Output failed:", ERRNO) > "/dev/stderr" + > exit 1 + > } + > }' + error-> Output failed: No such file or directory + + Here, 'gawk' did not produce a fatal error; instead it let the 'awk' +program code detect the problem and handle it. + + This mechanism works also for standard output and standard error. +For standard output, you may use 'PROCINFO["-", "NONFATAL"]' or +'PROCINFO["/dev/stdout", "NONFATAL"]'. For standard error, use +'PROCINFO["/dev/stderr", "NONFATAL"]'. + + When attempting to open a TCP/IP socket (*note TCP/IP Networking::), +'gawk' tries multiple times. The 'GAWK_SOCK_RETRIES' environment +variable (*note Other Environment Variables::) allows you to override +'gawk''s builtin default number of attempts. However, once nonfatal I/O +is enabled for a given socket, 'gawk' only retries once, relying on +'awk'-level code to notice that there was a problem. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Next: Output Exercises, Prev: Nonfatal, Up: Printing -5.10 Summary +5.11 Summary ============ * The 'print' statement prints comma-separated expressions. Each @@ -7197,10 +7360,15 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Next: Output Exercises, Prev: Close Fi For coprocesses, it is possible to close only one direction of the communications. + * Normally errors with 'print' or 'printf' are fatal. 'gawk' lets + you make output errors be nonfatal either for all files or on a + per-file basis. You must then check for errors after every + relevant output statement. + File: gawk.info, Node: Output Exercises, Prev: Output Summary, Up: Printing -5.11 Exercises +5.12 Exercises ============== 1. Rewrite the program: @@ -10120,7 +10288,7 @@ each variable.) The default value is '" "', a string consisting of a single space. As a special exception, this value means that any sequence of - spaces, TABs, and/or newlines is a single separator.(1) It also + spaces, TABs, and/or newlines is a single separator. It also causes spaces, TABs, and newlines at the beginning and end of a record to be ignored. @@ -10217,10 +10385,6 @@ each variable.) Internationalization::). The default value of 'TEXTDOMAIN' is '"messages"'. - ---------- Footnotes ---------- - - (1) In POSIX 'awk', newline does not count as whitespace. - File: gawk.info, Node: Auto-set, Next: ARGC and ARGV, Prev: User-modified, Up: Built-in Variables @@ -10284,10 +10448,24 @@ they are not special: An associative array containing the values of the environment. The array indices are the environment variable names; the elements are the values of the particular environment variables. For example, - 'ENVIRON["HOME"]' might be '"/home/arnold"'. Changing this array - does not affect the environment passed on to any programs that - 'awk' may spawn via redirection or the 'system()' function. (In a - future version of 'gawk', it may do so.) + 'ENVIRON["HOME"]' might be '/home/arnold'. + + For POSIX 'awk', changing this array does not affect the + environment passed on to any programs that 'awk' may spawn via + redirection or the 'system()' function. + + However, beginning with version 4.2, if not in POSIX compatibility + mode, 'gawk' does update its own environment when 'ENVIRON' is + changed, thus changing the environment seen by programs that it + creates. You should therefore be especially careful if you modify + 'ENVIRON["PATH"]', which is the search path for finding executable + programs. + + This can also affect the running 'gawk' program, since some of the + built-in functions may pay attention to certain environment + variables. The most notable instance of this is 'mktime()' (*note + Time Functions::), which pays attention the value of the 'TZ' + environment variable on many systems. Some operating systems may not have environment variables. On such systems, the 'ENVIRON' array is empty (except for 'ENVIRON["AWKPATH"]' @@ -10310,6 +10488,11 @@ they are not special: 'getline' returning -1. You are, of course, free to clear it yourself before doing an I/O operation. + If the value of 'ERRNO' corresponds to a system error in the C + 'errno' variable, then 'PROCINFO["errno"]' will be set to the value + of 'errno'. For non-system errors, 'PROCINFO["errno"]' will be + zero. + 'FILENAME' The name of the current input file. When no data files are listed on the command line, 'awk' reads from the standard input and @@ -10358,6 +10541,10 @@ they are not special: 'PROCINFO["egid"]' The value of the 'getegid()' system call. + 'PROCINFO["errno"]' + The value of the C 'errno' variable when 'ERRNO' is set to the + associated error message. + 'PROCINFO["euid"]' The value of the 'geteuid()' system call. @@ -10467,6 +10654,10 @@ they are not special: input file, pipe, or coprocess. *Note Read Timeout::, for more information. + * It may be used to indicate that input may be retried when it + fails due to certain errors. *Note Retrying Input::, for more + information. + * It may be used to cause coprocesses to communicate over pseudo-ttys instead of through two-way pipes; this is discussed further in *note Two-way I/O::. @@ -11856,6 +12047,21 @@ with numbers. Optional parameters are enclosed in square brackets ([ ]): truncated toward zero. For example, 'int(3)' is 3, 'int(3.9)' is 3, 'int(-3.9)' is -3, and 'int(-3)' is -3 as well. +'intdiv(NUMERATOR, DENOMINATOR, RESULT)' + Perform integer division, similar to the standard C function of the + same name. First, truncate 'numerator' and 'denominator' towards + zero, creating integer values. Clear the 'result' array, and then + set 'result["quotient"]' to the result of 'numerator / + denominator', truncated towards zero to an integer, and set + 'result["remainder"]' to the result of 'numerator % denominator', + truncated towards zero to an integer. This function is primarily + intended for use with arbitrary length integers; it avoids creating + MPFR arbitrary precision floating-point values (*note Arbitrary + Precision Integers::). + + This function is a 'gawk' extension. It is not available in + compatibility mode (*note Options::). + 'log(X)' Return the natural logarithm of X, if X is positive; otherwise, return 'NaN' ("not a number") on IEEE 754 systems. Additionally, @@ -13293,14 +13499,56 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Type Functions, Next: I18N Functions, Prev: Bitwise Fu 9.1.7 Getting Type Information ------------------------------ -'gawk' provides a single function that lets you distinguish an array -from a scalar variable. This is necessary for writing code that -traverses every element of an array of arrays (*note Arrays of -Arrays::). +'gawk' provides two functions that lets you distinguish the type of a +variable. This is necessary for writing code that traverses every +element of an array of arrays (*note Arrays of Arrays::), and in other +contexts. 'isarray(X)' Return a true value if X is an array. Otherwise, return false. +'typeof(X)' + Return one of the following strings, depending upon the type of X: + + '"array"' + X is an array. + + '"regexp"' + X is a strongly typed regexp (*note Strong Regexp + Constants::). + + '"number"' + X is a number. + + '"string"' + X is a string. + + '"strnum"' + X is a string that might be a number, such as a field or the + result of calling 'split()'. (I.e., X has the STRNUM + attribute; *note Variable Typing::.) + + '"unassigned"' + X is a scalar variable that has not been assigned a value yet. + For example: + + BEGIN { + a[1] # creates a[1] but it has no assigned value + print typeof(a[1]) # scalar_u + } + + '"untyped"' + X has not yet been used yet at all; it can become a scalar or + an array. For example: + + BEGIN { + print typeof(x) # x never used --> untyped + mk_arr(x) + print typeof(x) # x now an array --> array + } + + function mk_arr(a) { a[1] = 1 } + 'isarray()' is meant for use in two circumstances. The first is when traversing a multidimensional array: you can test if an element is itself an array or not. The second is inside the body of a user-defined @@ -13314,6 +13562,14 @@ parameter is an array or not. that has not been previously used to 'isarray()', 'gawk' ends up turning it into a scalar. + The 'typeof()' function is general; it allows you to determine if a +variable or function parameter is a scalar, an array, or a strongly +typed regexp. + + 'isarray()' is deprecated; you should use 'typeof()' instead. You +should replace any existing uses of 'isarray(var)' in your code with +'typeof(var) == "array"'. + File: gawk.info, Node: I18N Functions, Prev: Type Functions, Up: Built-in @@ -19816,8 +20072,7 @@ output. They are as follows: you typed when you wrote it. This is because 'gawk' creates the profiled version by "pretty-printing" its internal representation of the program. The advantage to this is that 'gawk' can produce a standard -representation. The disadvantage is that all source code comments are -lost. Also, things such as: +representation. Also, things such as: /foo/ @@ -19876,8 +20131,24 @@ the 'Ctrl-\' key. called this way, 'gawk' "pretty-prints" the program into 'awkprof.out', without any execution counts. - NOTE: The '--pretty-print' option still runs your program. This - will change in the next major release. + NOTE: Once upon a time, the '--pretty-print' option would also run + your program. This is is no longer the case. + + There is a significant difference between the output created when +profiling, and that created when pretty-printing. Pretty-printed output +preserves the original comments that were in the program, although their +placement may not correspond exactly to their original locations in the +source code. + + However, as a deliberate design decision, profiling output _omits_ +the original program's comments. This allows you to focus on the +execution count data and helps you avoid the temptation to use the +profiler for pretty-printing. + + Additionally, pretty-printed output does not have the leading +indentation that the profiling output does. This makes it easy to +pretty-print your code once development is completed, and then use the +result as the final version of your program. File: gawk.info, Node: Advanced Features Summary, Prev: Profiling, Up: Advanced Features @@ -21594,6 +21865,62 @@ some limitations. A few that it's worth being aware of are: * The 'gawk' debugger only accepts source code supplied with the '-f' option. + One other point is worth disucssing. Conventional debuggers run in a +separate process (and thus address space) from the programs that they +debug (the "debuggee", if you will). + + The 'gawk' debugger is different; it is an integrated part of 'gawk' +itself. This makes it possible, in rare cases, for 'gawk' to become an +excellent demonstrator of Heisenburg Uncertainty physics, where the mere +act of observing something can change it. Consider the following:(1) + + $ cat test.awk + -| { print typeof($1), typeof($2) } + $ cat test.data + -| abc 123 + $ gawk -f test.awk test.data + -| strnum strnum + + This is all as expected: field data has the STRNUM attribute (*note +Variable Typing::). Now watch what happens when we run this program +under the debugger: + + $ gawk -D -f test.awk test.data + gawk> w $1 Set watchpoint on $1 + -| Watchpoint 1: $1 + gawk> w $2 Set watchpoint on $2 + -| Watchpoint 2: $2 + gawk> r Start the program + -| Starting program: + -| Stopping in Rule ... + -| Watchpoint 1: $1 Watchpoint fires + -| Old value: "" + -| New value: "abc" + -| main() at `test.awk':1 + -| 1 { print typeof($1), typeof($2) } + gawk> n Keep going ... + -| Watchpoint 2: $2 Watchpoint fires + -| Old value: "" + -| New value: "123" + -| main() at `test.awk':1 + -| 1 { print typeof($1), typeof($2) } + gawk> n Get result from typeof() + -| strnum string Result for $2 isn't right + -| Program exited normally with exit value: 0 + gawk> quit + + In this case, the act of comparing the new value of '$2' with the old +one caused 'gawk' to evaluate it and determine that it is indeed a +string, and this is reflected in the result of 'typeof()'. + + Cases like this where the debugger is not transparent to the +program's execution should be rare. If you encounter one, please report +it (*note Bugs::). + + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) Thanks to Hermann Peifer for this example. + File: gawk.info, Node: Debugging Summary, Prev: Limitations, Up: Debugger @@ -21622,6 +21949,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Debugging Summary, Prev: Limitations, Up: Debugger it is used by the debugger to provide command-line history and editing. + * Usually, the debugger does not not affect the program being + debugged, but occasionally it can. + File: gawk.info, Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic, Next: Dynamic Extensions, Prev: Debugger, Up: Top @@ -22355,6 +22685,62 @@ the following: gawk -M 'BEGIN { n = 13; print n % 2 }' + When dividing two arbitrary precision integers with either '/' or +'%', the result is typically an arbitrary precision floating point value +(unless the denominator evenly divides into the numerator). In order to +do integer division or remainder with arbitrary precision integers, use +the built-in 'intdiv()' function (*note Numeric Functions::). + + You can simulate the 'intdiv()' function in standard 'awk' using this +user-defined function: + + # intdiv --- do integer division + + function intdiv(numerator, denominator, result) + { + split("", result) + + numerator = int(numerator) + denominator = int(denominator) + result["quotient"] = int(numerator / denominator) + result["remainder"] = int(numerator % denominator) + + return 0.0 + } + + The following example program, contributed by Katie Wasserman, uses +'intdiv()' to compute the digits of pi to as many places as you choose +to set: + + # pi.awk --- compute the digits of pi + + BEGIN { + digits = 100000 + two = 2 * 10 ^ digits + pi = two + for (m = digits * 4; m > 0; --m) { + d = m * 2 + 1 + x = pi * m + intdiv(x, d, result) + pi = result["quotient"] + pi = pi + two + } + print pi + } + + When asked about the algorithm used, Katie replied: + + It's not that well known but it's not that obscure either. It's + Euler's modification to Newton's method for calculating pi. Take a + look at lines (23) - (25) here: + <http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PiFormulas.html>. + + The algorithm I wrote simply expands the multiply by 2 and works + from the innermost expression outwards. I used this to program HP + calculators because it's quite easy to modify for tiny memory + devices with smallish word sizes. See + <http://www.hpmuseum.org/cgi-sys/cgiwrap/hpmuseum/articles.cgi?read=899>. + ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) Weisstein, Eric W. 'Sylvester's Sequence'. From MathWorld--A @@ -22716,6 +23102,7 @@ API in detail. * Symbol Table Access:: Functions for accessing global variables. * Array Manipulation:: Functions for working with arrays. +* Redirection API:: How to access and manipulate redirections. * Extension API Variables:: Variables provided by the API. * Extension API Boilerplate:: Boilerplate code for using the API. @@ -22771,6 +23158,8 @@ operations: - Flattening an array for easy C-style looping over all its indices and elements + * Accessing and manipulating redirections. + Some points about using the API: * The following types, macros, and/or functions are referenced in @@ -23976,7 +24365,7 @@ using 'release_value()'. 'double' to store. -File: gawk.info, Node: Array Manipulation, Next: Extension API Variables, Prev: Symbol Table Access, Up: Extension API Description +File: gawk.info, Node: Array Manipulation, Next: Redirection API, Prev: Symbol Table Access, Up: Extension API Description 16.4.11 Array Manipulation -------------------------- @@ -24460,9 +24849,78 @@ array: environment variable.) -File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Variables, Next: Extension API Boilerplate, Prev: Array Manipulation, Up: Extension API Description +File: gawk.info, Node: Redirection API, Next: Extension API Variables, Prev: Array Manipulation, Up: Extension API Description + +16.4.12 Accessing and Manipulating Redirections +----------------------------------------------- + +The following function allows extensions to access and manipulate +redirections. + +'awk_bool_t get_file(const char *name,' +' size_t name_len,' +' const char *filetype,' +' int fd,' +' const awk_input_buf_t **ibufp,' +' const awk_output_buf_t **obufp);' + Look up a file in 'gawk''s internal redirection table. If 'name' + is 'NULL' or 'name_len' is zero, return data for the currently open + input file corresponding to 'FILENAME'. (This does not access the + 'filetype' argument, so that may be undefined). If the file is not + already open, attempt to open it. The 'filetype' argument must be + zero-terminated and should be one of: + + '">"' + A file opened for output. + + '">>"' + A file opened for append. + + '"<"' + A file opened for input. + + '"|>"' + A pipe opened for output. + + '"|<"' + A pipe opened for input. + + '"|&"' + A two-way coprocess. + + On error, return a 'false' value. Otherwise, return 'true', and + return additional information about the redirection in the 'ibufp' + and 'obufp' pointers. For input redirections, the '*ibufp' value + should be non-'NULL', and '*obufp' should be 'NULL'. For output + redirections, the '*obufp' value should be non-'NULL', and '*ibufp' + should be 'NULL'. For two-way coprocesses, both values should be + non-'NULL'. + + In the usual case, the extension is interested in '(*ibufp)->fd' + and/or 'fileno((*obufp)->fp)'. If the file is not already open, + and the 'fd' argument is non-negative, 'gawk' will use that file + descriptor instead of opening the file in the usual way. If 'fd' + is non-negative, but the file exists already, 'gawk' ignores 'fd' + and returns the existing file. It is the caller's responsibility + to notice that neither the 'fd' in the returned 'awk_input_buf_t' + nor the 'fd' in the returned 'awk_output_buf_t' matches the + requested value. + + Note that supplying a file descriptor is currently _not_ supported + for pipes. However, supplying a file descriptor should work for + input, output, append, and two-way (coprocess) sockets. If + 'filetype' is two-way, 'gawk' assumes that it is a socket! Note + that in the two-way case, the input and output file descriptors may + differ. To check for success, you must check whether either + matches. + + It is anticipated that this API function will be used to implement +I/O multiplexing and a socket library. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Variables, Next: Extension API Boilerplate, Prev: Redirection API, Up: Extension API Description -16.4.12 API Variables +16.4.13 API Variables --------------------- The API provides two sets of variables. The first provides information @@ -24479,7 +24937,7 @@ information about how 'gawk' was invoked. File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Versioning, Next: Extension API Informational Variables, Up: Extension API Variables -16.4.12.1 API Version Constants and Variables +16.4.13.1 API Version Constants and Variables ............................................. The API provides both a "major" and a "minor" version number. The API @@ -24528,7 +24986,7 @@ Boilerplate::). File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Informational Variables, Prev: Extension Versioning, Up: Extension API Variables -16.4.12.2 Informational Variables +16.4.13.2 Informational Variables ................................. The API provides access to several variables that describe whether the @@ -24563,7 +25021,7 @@ change during execution. File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Boilerplate, Prev: Extension API Variables, Up: Extension API Description -16.4.13 Boilerplate Code +16.4.14 Boilerplate Code ------------------------ As mentioned earlier (*note Extension Mechanism Outline::), the function @@ -25891,15 +26349,17 @@ project. * GD graphics library extension + * MPFR library extension (this provides access to a number of MPFR + functions that 'gawk''s native MPFR support does not) + * PDF extension * PostgreSQL extension - * MPFR library extension (this provides access to a number of MPFR - functions that 'gawk''s native MPFR support does not) - * Redis extension + * Select extension + * XML parser extension, using the Expat (http://expat.sourceforge.net) XML parsing library @@ -26312,6 +26772,9 @@ current version of 'gawk'. - Directories on the command line produce a warning and are skipped (*note Command-line directories::) + - Output with 'print' and 'printf' need not be fatal (*note + Nonfatal::) + * New keywords: - The 'BEGINFILE' and 'ENDFILE' special patterns (*note @@ -26361,6 +26824,9 @@ current version of 'gawk'. - The 'bindtextdomain()', 'dcgettext()', and 'dcngettext()' functions for internationalization (*note Programmer i18n::) + - The 'intdiv()' function for doing integer division and + remainder (*note Numeric Functions::) + * Changes and/or additions in the command-line options: - The 'AWKPATH' environment variable for specifying a path @@ -26414,6 +26880,11 @@ current version of 'gawk'. - Ultrix + * Support for the following systems was removed from the code for + 'gawk' version 4.2: + + - MirBSD + File: gawk.info, Node: Feature History, Next: Common Extensions, Prev: POSIX/GNU, Up: Language History @@ -26805,6 +27276,32 @@ POSIX 'awk', in the order they were added to 'gawk'. * Support for Ultrix was removed. + Version 4.2 introduced the following changes: + + * Changes to 'ENVIRON' are reflected into 'gawk''s environment and + that of programs that it runs. *Note Auto-set::. + + * The '--pretty-print' option no longer runs the 'awk' program too. + *Note Options::. + + * The 'igawk' program and its manual page are no longer installed + when 'gawk' is built. *Note Igawk Program::. + + * The 'intdiv()' function. *Note Numeric Functions::. + + * The maximum number of hexadecimal digits in '\x' escapes is now + two. *Note Escape Sequences::. + + * Nonfatal output with 'print' and 'printf'. *Note Nonfatal::. + + * For many years, POSIX specified that default field splitting only + allowed spaces and tabs to separate fields, and this was how 'gawk' + behaved with '--posix'. As of 2013, the standard restored + historical behavior, and now default field splitting with '--posix' + also allows newlines to separate fields. + + * Support for MirBSD was removed. + File: gawk.info, Node: Common Extensions, Next: Ranges and Locales, Prev: Feature History, Up: Language History @@ -27320,7 +27817,9 @@ Various '.c', '.y', and '.h' files 'doc/igawk.1' The 'troff' source for a manual page describing the 'igawk' program - presented in *note Igawk Program::. + presented in *note Igawk Program::. (Since 'gawk' can do its own + '@include' processing, neither 'igawk' nor 'igawk.1' are + installed.) 'doc/Makefile.in' The input file used during the configuration process to generate @@ -27362,17 +27861,22 @@ Various '.c', '.y', and '.h' files contains a 'Makefile.in' file, which 'configure' uses to generate a 'Makefile'. 'Makefile.am' is used by GNU Automake to create 'Makefile.in'. The library functions from *note Library - Functions::, and the 'igawk' program from *note Igawk Program::, - are included as ready-to-use files in the 'gawk' distribution. - They are installed as part of the installation process. The rest - of the programs in this Info file are available in appropriate - subdirectories of 'awklib/eg'. + Functions::, are included as ready-to-use files in the 'gawk' + distribution. They are installed as part of the installation + process. The rest of the programs in this Info file are available + in appropriate subdirectories of 'awklib/eg'. 'extension/*' The source code, manual pages, and infrastructure files for the sample extensions included with 'gawk'. *Note Dynamic Extensions::, for more information. +'extras/*' + Additional non-essential files. Currently, this directory contains + some shell startup files to be installed in '/etc/profile.d' to aid + in manipulating the 'AWKPATH' and 'AWKLIBPATH' environment + variables. *Note Shell Startup Files::, for more information. + 'posix/*' Files needed for building 'gawk' on POSIX-compliant systems. @@ -27403,11 +27907,12 @@ for your system yourself. * Menu: * Quick Installation:: Compiling 'gawk' under Unix. +* Shell Startup Files:: Shell convenience functions. * Additional Configuration Options:: Other compile-time options. * Configuration Philosophy:: How it's all supposed to work. -File: gawk.info, Node: Quick Installation, Next: Additional Configuration Options, Up: Unix Installation +File: gawk.info, Node: Quick Installation, Next: Shell Startup Files, Up: Unix Installation B.2.1 Compiling 'gawk' for Unix-Like Systems -------------------------------------------- @@ -27462,9 +27967,42 @@ will be asked for your password, and you will have to have been set up previously as a user who is allowed to run the 'sudo' command. -File: gawk.info, Node: Additional Configuration Options, Next: Configuration Philosophy, Prev: Quick Installation, Up: Unix Installation +File: gawk.info, Node: Shell Startup Files, Next: Additional Configuration Options, Prev: Quick Installation, Up: Unix Installation + +B.2.2 Shell Startup Files +------------------------- + +The distribution contains shell startup files 'gawk.sh' and 'gawk.csh' +containing functions to aid in manipulating the 'AWKPATH' and +'AWKLIBPATH' environment variables. On a Fedora system, these files +should be installed in '/etc/profile.d'; on other platforms, the +appropriate location may be different. + +'gawkpath_default' + Reset the 'AWKPATH' environment variable to its default value. -B.2.2 Additional Configuration Options +'gawkpath_prepend' + Add the argument to the front of the 'AWKPATH' environment + variable. + +'gawkpath_append' + Add the argument to the end of the 'AWKPATH' environment variable. + +'gawklibpath_default' + Reset the 'AWKLIBPATH' environment variable to its default value. + +'gawklibpath_prepend' + Add the argument to the front of the 'AWKLIBPATH' environment + variable. + +'gawklibpath_append' + Add the argument to the end of the 'AWKLIBPATH' environment + variable. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Additional Configuration Options, Next: Configuration Philosophy, Prev: Shell Startup Files, Up: Unix Installation + +B.2.3 Additional Configuration Options -------------------------------------- There are several additional options you may use on the 'configure' @@ -27508,7 +28046,7 @@ supplied by 'configure'. File: gawk.info, Node: Configuration Philosophy, Prev: Additional Configuration Options, Up: Unix Installation -B.2.3 The Configuration Process +B.2.4 The Configuration Process ------------------------------- This minor node is of interest only if you know something about using @@ -31459,20 +31997,20 @@ Index * '--include' option: Options. (line 159) * '--lint' option: Command Line. (line 20) * '--lint' option <1>: Options. (line 184) -* '--lint-old' option: Options. (line 294) +* '--lint-old' option: Options. (line 289) * '--load' option: Options. (line 172) * '--non-decimal-data' option: Options. (line 209) * '--non-decimal-data' option <1>: Nondecimal Data. (line 6) * '--non-decimal-data' option, 'strtonum()' function and: Nondecimal Data. (line 35) -* '--optimize' option: Options. (line 236) -* '--posix' option: Options. (line 254) -* '--posix' option, '--traditional' option and: Options. (line 272) +* '--optimize' option: Options. (line 234) +* '--posix' option: Options. (line 252) +* '--posix' option, '--traditional' option and: Options. (line 267) * '--pretty-print' option: Options. (line 223) -* '--profile' option: Options. (line 242) +* '--profile' option: Options. (line 240) * '--profile' option <1>: Profiling. (line 12) -* '--re-interval' option: Options. (line 278) -* '--sandbox' option: Options. (line 285) +* '--re-interval' option: Options. (line 273) +* '--sandbox' option: Options. (line 280) * '--sandbox' option, disabling 'system()' function: I/O Functions. (line 129) * '--sandbox' option, input redirection with 'getline': Getline. @@ -31481,9 +32019,9 @@ Index (line 6) * '--source' option: Options. (line 117) * '--traditional' option: Options. (line 82) -* '--traditional' option, '--posix' option and: Options. (line 272) +* '--traditional' option, '--posix' option and: Options. (line 267) * '--use-lc-numeric' option: Options. (line 218) -* '--version' option: Options. (line 299) +* '--version' option: Options. (line 294) * '--with-whiny-user-strftime' configuration option: Additional Configuration Options. (line 37) * '-b' option: Options. (line 69) @@ -31493,31 +32031,31 @@ Index * '-D' option: Options. (line 108) * '-e' option: Options. (line 117) * '-E' option: Options. (line 125) -* '-e' option <1>: Options. (line 335) +* '-e' option <1>: Options. (line 330) * '-f' option: Long. (line 12) * '-F' option: Options. (line 21) * '-f' option <1>: Options. (line 25) -* '-F' option, '-Ft' sets 'FS' to TAB: Options. (line 307) +* '-F' option, '-Ft' sets 'FS' to TAB: Options. (line 302) * '-F' option, command-line: Command Line Field Separator. (line 6) -* '-f' option, multiple uses: Options. (line 312) +* '-f' option, multiple uses: Options. (line 307) * '-g' option: Options. (line 147) * '-h' option: Options. (line 154) * '-i' option: Options. (line 159) * '-l' option: Options. (line 172) * '-l' option <1>: Options. (line 184) -* '-L' option: Options. (line 294) +* '-L' option: Options. (line 289) * '-M' option: Options. (line 203) * '-n' option: Options. (line 209) * '-N' option: Options. (line 218) * '-o' option: Options. (line 223) -* '-O' option: Options. (line 236) -* '-p' option: Options. (line 242) -* '-P' option: Options. (line 254) -* '-r' option: Options. (line 278) -* '-S' option: Options. (line 285) +* '-O' option: Options. (line 234) +* '-p' option: Options. (line 240) +* '-P' option: Options. (line 252) +* '-r' option: Options. (line 273) +* '-S' option: Options. (line 280) * '-v' option: Options. (line 32) -* '-V' option: Options. (line 299) +* '-V' option: Options. (line 294) * '-v' option <1>: Assignment Options. (line 12) * '-W' option: Options. (line 47) * '.' (period), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 44) @@ -31593,16 +32131,16 @@ Index * '\' (backslash), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17) * '\' (backslash), in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 6) -* '\' (backslash), in escape sequences <1>: Escape Sequences. (line 100) +* '\' (backslash), in escape sequences <1>: Escape Sequences. (line 103) * '\' (backslash), in escape sequences, POSIX and: Escape Sequences. - (line 105) + (line 108) * '\' (backslash), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 30) * '\' (backslash), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 48) * '\' (backslash), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 18) -* '\' (backslash), '\"' escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 82) +* '\' (backslash), '\"' escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 85) * '\' (backslash), '\'' operator ('gawk'): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 59) -* '\' (backslash), '\/' escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 73) +* '\' (backslash), '\/' escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 76) * '\' (backslash), '\<' operator ('gawk'): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 33) * '\' (backslash), '\>' operator ('gawk'): GNU Regexp Operators. @@ -31820,7 +32358,7 @@ Index * 'awf' (amazingly workable formatter) program: Glossary. (line 24) * 'awk' debugging, enabling: Options. (line 108) * 'awk' language, POSIX version: Assignment Ops. (line 138) -* 'awk' profiling, enabling: Options. (line 242) +* 'awk' profiling, enabling: Options. (line 240) * 'awk' programs: Getting Started. (line 12) * 'awk' programs <1>: Executable Scripts. (line 6) * 'awk' programs <2>: Two Rules. (line 6) @@ -31895,16 +32433,16 @@ Index * backslash ('\'), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17) * backslash ('\'), in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 6) -* backslash ('\'), in escape sequences <1>: Escape Sequences. (line 100) +* backslash ('\'), in escape sequences <1>: Escape Sequences. (line 103) * backslash ('\'), in escape sequences, POSIX and: Escape Sequences. - (line 105) + (line 108) * backslash ('\'), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 30) * backslash ('\'), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 48) * backslash ('\'), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 18) -* backslash ('\'), '\"' escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 82) +* backslash ('\'), '\"' escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 85) * backslash ('\'), '\'' operator ('gawk'): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 59) -* backslash ('\'), '\/' escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 73) +* backslash ('\'), '\/' escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 76) * backslash ('\'), '\<' operator ('gawk'): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 33) * backslash ('\'), '\>' operator ('gawk'): GNU Regexp Operators. @@ -32025,7 +32563,7 @@ Index * Brennan, Michael <5>: Other Versions. (line 6) * Brennan, Michael <6>: Other Versions. (line 48) * Brian Kernighan's 'awk': When. (line 21) -* Brian Kernighan's 'awk' <1>: Escape Sequences. (line 109) +* Brian Kernighan's 'awk' <1>: Escape Sequences. (line 112) * Brian Kernighan's 'awk' <2>: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 85) * Brian Kernighan's 'awk' <3>: Regexp Field Splitting. @@ -32236,7 +32774,7 @@ Index * counting: Wc Program. (line 6) * 'csh' utility: Statements/Lines. (line 43) * 'csh' utility, 'POSIXLY_CORRECT' environment variable: Options. - (line 353) + (line 348) * 'csh' utility, '|&' operator, comparison with: Two-way I/O. (line 27) * 'ctime()' user-defined function: Function Example. (line 74) * currency symbols, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 104) @@ -32267,12 +32805,12 @@ Index * dark corner, 'CONVFMT' variable: Strings And Numbers. (line 39) * dark corner, escape sequences: Other Arguments. (line 38) * dark corner, escape sequences, for metacharacters: Escape Sequences. - (line 140) + (line 143) * dark corner, 'exit' statement: Exit Statement. (line 30) * dark corner, field separators: Full Line Fields. (line 22) * dark corner, 'FILENAME' variable: Getline Notes. (line 19) -* dark corner, 'FILENAME' variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 90) -* dark corner, 'FNR'/'NR' variables: Auto-set. (line 313) +* dark corner, 'FILENAME' variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 109) +* dark corner, 'FNR'/'NR' variables: Auto-set. (line 340) * dark corner, format-control characters: Control Letters. (line 18) * dark corner, format-control characters <1>: Control Letters. (line 93) @@ -32426,7 +32964,7 @@ Index * debugger, read commands from a file: Debugger Info. (line 97) * debugging 'awk' programs: Debugger. (line 6) * debugging 'gawk', bug reports: Bugs. (line 9) -* decimal point character, locale specific: Options. (line 269) +* decimal point character, locale specific: Options. (line 264) * decrement operators: Increment Ops. (line 35) * 'default' keyword: Switch Statement. (line 6) * Deifik, Scott: Acknowledgments. (line 60) @@ -32469,7 +33007,7 @@ Index * differences in 'awk' and 'gawk', command-line directories: Command-line directories. (line 6) * differences in 'awk' and 'gawk', 'ERRNO' variable: Auto-set. - (line 74) + (line 88) * differences in 'awk' and 'gawk', error messages: Special FD. (line 19) * differences in 'awk' and 'gawk', 'FIELDWIDTHS' variable: User-modified. @@ -32477,7 +33015,7 @@ Index * differences in 'awk' and 'gawk', 'FPAT' variable: User-modified. (line 43) * differences in 'awk' and 'gawk', 'FUNCTAB' variable: Auto-set. - (line 116) + (line 135) * differences in 'awk' and 'gawk', function arguments ('gawk'): Calling Built-in. (line 16) * differences in 'awk' and 'gawk', 'getline' command: Getline. @@ -32503,7 +33041,7 @@ Index * differences in 'awk' and 'gawk', 'print'/'printf' statements: Format Modifiers. (line 13) * differences in 'awk' and 'gawk', 'PROCINFO' array: Auto-set. - (line 130) + (line 149) * differences in 'awk' and 'gawk', read timeouts: Read Timeout. (line 6) * differences in 'awk' and 'gawk', record separators: awk split records. @@ -32512,9 +33050,11 @@ Index (line 43) * differences in 'awk' and 'gawk', regular expressions: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) +* differences in 'awk' and 'gawk', retrying input: Retrying Input. + (line 6) * differences in 'awk' and 'gawk', 'RS'/'RT' variables: gawk split records. (line 58) -* differences in 'awk' and 'gawk', 'RT' variable: Auto-set. (line 264) +* differences in 'awk' and 'gawk', 'RT' variable: Auto-set. (line 291) * differences in 'awk' and 'gawk', single-character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * differences in 'awk' and 'gawk', 'split()' function: String Functions. @@ -32523,7 +33063,7 @@ Index * differences in 'awk' and 'gawk', strings, storing: gawk split records. (line 76) * differences in 'awk' and 'gawk', 'SYMTAB' variable: Auto-set. - (line 268) + (line 295) * differences in 'awk' and 'gawk', 'TEXTDOMAIN' variable: User-modified. (line 152) * differences in 'awk' and 'gawk', trunc-mod operation: Arithmetic Ops. @@ -32559,13 +33099,13 @@ Index * 'dump' debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 9) * 'dupword.awk' program: Dupword Program. (line 31) -* dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 178) +* dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 177) * dynamically loaded extensions: Dynamic Extensions. (line 6) * 'e' debugger command (alias for 'enable'): Breakpoint Control. (line 73) * EBCDIC: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) -* effective group ID of 'gawk' user: Auto-set. (line 135) -* effective user ID of 'gawk' user: Auto-set. (line 139) +* effective group ID of 'gawk' user: Auto-set. (line 154) +* effective user ID of 'gawk' user: Auto-set. (line 162) * 'egrep' utility: Bracket Expressions. (line 26) * 'egrep' utility <1>: Egrep Program. (line 6) * 'egrep.awk' program: Egrep Program. (line 53) @@ -32620,7 +33160,7 @@ Index (line 11) * equals sign ('='), '==' operator <1>: Precedence. (line 64) * EREs (Extended Regular Expressions): Bracket Expressions. (line 26) -* 'ERRNO' variable: Auto-set. (line 74) +* 'ERRNO' variable: Auto-set. (line 88) * 'ERRNO' variable <1>: TCP/IP Networking. (line 54) * 'ERRNO' variable, with 'BEGINFILE' pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26) @@ -32628,7 +33168,7 @@ Index (line 140) * 'ERRNO' variable, with 'getline' command: Getline. (line 19) * error handling: Special FD. (line 19) -* error handling, 'ERRNO' variable and: Auto-set. (line 74) +* error handling, 'ERRNO' variable and: Auto-set. (line 88) * error output: Special FD. (line 6) * escape processing, 'gsub()'/'gensub()'/'sub()' functions: Gory Details. (line 6) @@ -32668,7 +33208,7 @@ Index (line 99) * 'exp': Numeric Functions. (line 17) * 'expand' utility: Very Simple. (line 72) -* Expat XML parser library: gawkextlib. (line 35) +* Expat XML parser library: gawkextlib. (line 37) * exponent: Numeric Functions. (line 17) * expressions: Expressions. (line 6) * expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 6) @@ -32687,7 +33227,7 @@ Index (line 6) * extension API version: Extension Versioning. (line 6) -* extension API, version number: Auto-set. (line 231) +* extension API, version number: Auto-set. (line 254) * extension example: Extension Example. (line 6) * extension registration: Registration Functions. (line 6) @@ -32745,7 +33285,6 @@ Index * field separators, 'FIELDWIDTHS' variable and: User-modified. (line 37) * field separators, 'FPAT' variable and: User-modified. (line 43) -* field separators, POSIX and: Fields. (line 6) * field separators, regular expressions as: Field Separators. (line 50) * field separators, regular expressions as <1>: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 6) @@ -32773,7 +33312,7 @@ Index * file names, in compatibility mode: Special Caveats. (line 9) * file names, standard streams in 'gawk': Special FD. (line 48) * 'FILENAME' variable: Reading Files. (line 6) -* 'FILENAME' variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 90) +* 'FILENAME' variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 109) * 'FILENAME' variable, 'getline', setting with: Getline Notes. (line 19) * filenames, assignments as: Ignoring Assigns. (line 6) @@ -32843,8 +33382,8 @@ Index * 'fnmatch()' extension function: Extension Sample Fnmatch. (line 12) * 'FNR' variable: Records. (line 6) -* 'FNR' variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 100) -* 'FNR' variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 313) +* 'FNR' variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 119) +* 'FNR' variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 340) * 'for' statement: For Statement. (line 6) * 'for' statement, looping over arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 20) * 'fork()' extension function: Extension Sample Fork. @@ -32882,7 +33421,7 @@ Index * 'FS' variable, '--field-separator' option and: Options. (line 21) * 'FS' variable, as null string: Single Character Fields. (line 20) -* 'FS' variable, as TAB character: Options. (line 266) +* 'FS' variable, as TAB character: Options. (line 261) * 'FS' variable, changing value of: Field Separators. (line 34) * 'FS' variable, running 'awk' programs and: Cut Program. (line 63) * 'FS' variable, setting from command line: Command Line Field Separator. @@ -32896,7 +33435,7 @@ Index * FSF (Free Software Foundation) <3>: Glossary. (line 405) * 'fts()' extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. (line 60) -* 'FUNCTAB' array: Auto-set. (line 116) +* 'FUNCTAB' array: Auto-set. (line 135) * function calls: Function Calls. (line 6) * function calls, indirect: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * function calls, indirect, '@'-notation for: Indirect Calls. (line 47) @@ -32947,8 +33486,8 @@ Index * G., Daniel Richard: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * G., Daniel Richard <1>: Bugs. (line 73) * Garfinkle, Scott: Contributors. (line 35) -* 'gawk' program, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 178) -* 'gawk' version: Auto-set. (line 206) +* 'gawk' program, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 177) +* 'gawk' version: Auto-set. (line 229) * 'gawk', 'ARGIND' variable in: Other Arguments. (line 15) * 'gawk', 'awk' and: Preface. (line 21) * 'gawk', 'awk' and <1>: This Manual. (line 14) @@ -32969,10 +33508,10 @@ Index * 'gawk', 'ERRNO' variable in <1>: Close Files And Pipes. (line 140) * 'gawk', 'ERRNO' variable in <2>: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26) -* 'gawk', 'ERRNO' variable in <3>: Auto-set. (line 74) +* 'gawk', 'ERRNO' variable in <3>: Auto-set. (line 88) * 'gawk', 'ERRNO' variable in <4>: TCP/IP Networking. (line 54) -* 'gawk', escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 117) -* 'gawk', extensions, disabling: Options. (line 254) +* 'gawk', escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 120) +* 'gawk', extensions, disabling: Options. (line 252) * 'gawk', features, adding: Adding Code. (line 6) * 'gawk', features, advanced: Advanced Features. (line 6) * 'gawk', field separators and: User-modified. (line 71) @@ -32984,7 +33523,7 @@ Index * 'gawk', 'FPAT' variable in: Splitting By Content. (line 25) * 'gawk', 'FPAT' variable in <1>: User-modified. (line 43) -* 'gawk', 'FUNCTAB' array in: Auto-set. (line 116) +* 'gawk', 'FUNCTAB' array in: Auto-set. (line 135) * 'gawk', function arguments and: Calling Built-in. (line 16) * 'gawk', hexadecimal numbers and: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 41) * 'gawk', 'IGNORECASE' variable in: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) @@ -33015,8 +33554,8 @@ Index * 'gawk', octal numbers and: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 41) * 'gawk', OS/2 version of: PC Using. (line 16) * 'gawk', predefined variables and: Built-in Variables. (line 14) -* 'gawk', 'PROCINFO' array in: Auto-set. (line 130) -* 'gawk', 'PROCINFO' array in <1>: Auto-set. (line 241) +* 'gawk', 'PROCINFO' array in: Auto-set. (line 149) +* 'gawk', 'PROCINFO' array in <1>: Auto-set. (line 264) * 'gawk', 'PROCINFO' array in <2>: Time Functions. (line 47) * 'gawk', 'PROCINFO' array in <3>: Two-way I/O. (line 99) * 'gawk', regexp constants and: Using Constant Regexps. @@ -33028,21 +33567,27 @@ Index * 'gawk', regular expressions, precedence: Regexp Operators. (line 161) * 'gawk', 'RT' variable in: awk split records. (line 124) * 'gawk', 'RT' variable in <1>: Multiple Line. (line 129) -* 'gawk', 'RT' variable in <2>: Auto-set. (line 264) +* 'gawk', 'RT' variable in <2>: Auto-set. (line 291) * 'gawk', See Also 'awk': Preface. (line 34) * 'gawk', source code, obtaining: Getting. (line 6) * 'gawk', splitting fields and: Constant Size. (line 86) * 'gawk', string-translation functions: I18N Functions. (line 6) -* 'gawk', 'SYMTAB' array in: Auto-set. (line 268) +* 'gawk', 'SYMTAB' array in: Auto-set. (line 295) * 'gawk', 'TEXTDOMAIN' variable in: User-modified. (line 152) * 'gawk', timestamps: Time Functions. (line 6) * 'gawk', uses for: Preface. (line 34) -* 'gawk', versions of, information about, printing: Options. (line 299) +* 'gawk', versions of, information about, printing: Options. (line 294) * 'gawk', VMS version of: VMS Installation. (line 6) * 'gawk', word-boundary operator: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 66) * 'gawkextlib': gawkextlib. (line 6) * 'gawkextlib' project: gawkextlib. (line 6) +* 'gawklibpath_append' shell function: Shell Startup Files. (line 29) +* 'gawklibpath_default' shell function: Shell Startup Files. (line 22) +* 'gawklibpath_prepend' shell function: Shell Startup Files. (line 25) +* 'gawkpath_append' shell function: Shell Startup Files. (line 19) +* 'gawkpath_default' shell function: Shell Startup Files. (line 12) +* 'gawkpath_prepend' shell function: Shell Startup Files. (line 15) * General Public License (GPL): Glossary. (line 396) * General Public License, See GPL: Manual History. (line 11) * generate time values: Time Functions. (line 25) @@ -33097,7 +33642,7 @@ Index * 'gettext()' function (C library): Explaining gettext. (line 63) * 'gettimeofday()' extension function: Extension Sample Time. (line 12) -* 'git' utility: gawkextlib. (line 29) +* 'git' utility: gawkextlib. (line 31) * 'git' utility <1>: Other Versions. (line 29) * 'git' utility <2>: Accessing The Source. (line 10) @@ -33125,7 +33670,7 @@ Index * Grigera, Juan: Contributors. (line 58) * group database, reading: Group Functions. (line 6) * group file: Group Functions. (line 6) -* group ID of 'gawk' user: Auto-set. (line 179) +* group ID of 'gawk' user: Auto-set. (line 202) * groups, information about: Group Functions. (line 6) * 'gsub': Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) @@ -33147,7 +33692,7 @@ Index * history expansion, in debugger: Readline Support. (line 6) * 'histsort.awk' program: History Sorting. (line 25) * Hughes, Phil: Acknowledgments. (line 43) -* 'HUP' signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 210) +* 'HUP' signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 209) * hyphen ('-'), '-' operator: Precedence. (line 51) * hyphen ('-'), '-' operator <1>: Precedence. (line 57) * hyphen ('-'), '--' operator: Increment Ops. (line 48) @@ -33230,7 +33775,9 @@ Index * installing 'gawk': Installation. (line 6) * instruction tracing, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 90) * 'int': Numeric Functions. (line 22) -* 'INT' signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) +* 'INT' signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 212) +* 'intdiv': Numeric Functions. (line 27) +* intdiv: Numeric Functions. (line 27) * integer array indices: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 31) * integers, arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Integers. @@ -33286,7 +33833,7 @@ Index * Kernighan, Brian <8>: Other Versions. (line 13) * Kernighan, Brian <9>: Basic Data Typing. (line 54) * Kernighan, Brian <10>: Glossary. (line 206) -* 'kill' command, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 187) +* 'kill' command, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 186) * Knights, jedi: Undocumented. (line 6) * Kwok, Conrad: Contributors. (line 35) * 'l' debugger command (alias for 'list'): Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. @@ -33358,7 +33905,7 @@ Index * lint checking, empty programs: Command Line. (line 16) * lint checking, issuing warnings: Options. (line 184) * lint checking, 'POSIXLY_CORRECT' environment variable: Options. - (line 338) + (line 333) * lint checking, undefined functions: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 85) * 'LINT' variable: User-modified. (line 87) @@ -33374,14 +33921,14 @@ Index * loading, extensions: Options. (line 172) * local variables, in a function: Variable Scope. (line 6) * locale categories: Explaining gettext. (line 81) -* locale decimal point character: Options. (line 269) +* locale decimal point character: Options. (line 264) * locale, definition of: Locales. (line 6) * localization: I18N and L10N. (line 6) * localization, See internationalization, localization: I18N and L10N. (line 6) -* 'log': Numeric Functions. (line 27) +* 'log': Numeric Functions. (line 42) * log files, timestamps in: Time Functions. (line 6) -* logarithm: Numeric Functions. (line 27) +* logarithm: Numeric Functions. (line 42) * logical false/true: Truth Values. (line 6) * logical operators, See Boolean expressions: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * login information: Passwd Functions. (line 16) @@ -33418,12 +33965,12 @@ Index (line 9) * matching, leftmost longest: Multiple Line. (line 26) * matching, null strings: String Functions. (line 537) -* 'mawk' utility: Escape Sequences. (line 117) +* 'mawk' utility: Escape Sequences. (line 120) * 'mawk' utility <1>: Getline/Pipe. (line 62) * 'mawk' utility <2>: Concatenation. (line 36) * 'mawk' utility <3>: Nextfile Statement. (line 47) * 'mawk' utility <4>: Other Versions. (line 48) -* maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 220) +* maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 243) * McIlroy, Doug: Glossary. (line 257) * McPhee, Patrick: Contributors. (line 101) * message object files: Explaining gettext. (line 42) @@ -33435,8 +33982,8 @@ Index (line 48) * messages from extensions: Printing Messages. (line 6) * metacharacters in regular expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 6) -* metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 136) -* minimum precision required by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 223) +* metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 139) +* minimum precision required by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 246) * 'mktime': Time Functions. (line 25) * modifiers, in format specifiers: Format Modifiers. (line 6) * monetary information, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 104) @@ -33456,10 +34003,8 @@ Index * networks, programming: TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * networks, support for: Special Network. (line 6) * newlines: Statements/Lines. (line 6) -* newlines <1>: Options. (line 260) +* newlines <1>: Options. (line 258) * newlines <2>: Boolean Ops. (line 69) -* newlines, as field separators: Default Field Splitting. - (line 6) * newlines, as record separators: awk split records. (line 12) * newlines, in dynamic regexps: Computed Regexps. (line 60) * newlines, in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 70) @@ -33488,7 +34033,7 @@ Index * 'nexti' debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 49) * 'NF' variable: Fields. (line 33) -* 'NF' variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 105) +* 'NF' variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 124) * 'NF' variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 107) * 'ni' debugger command (alias for 'nexti'): Debugger Execution Control. (line 49) @@ -33497,8 +34042,8 @@ Index (line 23) * not Boolean-logic operator: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * 'NR' variable: Records. (line 6) -* 'NR' variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 125) -* 'NR' variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 313) +* 'NR' variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 144) +* 'NR' variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 340) * null strings: awk split records. (line 114) * null strings <1>: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 43) @@ -33619,7 +34164,7 @@ Index * 'p' debugger command (alias for 'print'): Viewing And Changing Data. (line 35) * Papadopoulos, Panos: Contributors. (line 129) -* parent process ID of 'gawk' process: Auto-set. (line 188) +* parent process ID of 'gawk' process: Auto-set. (line 211) * parentheses '()', in a profile: Profiling. (line 146) * parentheses '()', regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 81) * password file: Passwd Functions. (line 16) @@ -33664,14 +34209,14 @@ Index * plus sign ('+'), '+=' operator <1>: Precedence. (line 94) * plus sign ('+'), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 105) * pointers to functions: Indirect Calls. (line 6) -* portability: Escape Sequences. (line 100) +* portability: Escape Sequences. (line 103) * portability, '#!' (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. (line 33) * portability, '**' operator and: Arithmetic Ops. (line 81) * portability, '**=' operator and: Assignment Ops. (line 144) * portability, 'ARGV' variable: Executable Scripts. (line 59) * portability, backslash continuation and: Statements/Lines. (line 30) * portability, backslash in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. - (line 105) + (line 108) * portability, 'close()' function and: Close Files And Pipes. (line 81) * portability, data files as single record: gawk split records. @@ -33690,7 +34235,7 @@ Index * portability, operators: Increment Ops. (line 60) * portability, operators, not in POSIX 'awk': Precedence. (line 97) * portability, 'POSIXLY_CORRECT' environment variable: Options. - (line 358) + (line 353) * portability, 'substr()' function: String Functions. (line 513) * portable object files: Explaining gettext. (line 37) * portable object files <1>: Translator i18n. (line 6) @@ -33712,7 +34257,7 @@ Index * POSIX 'awk', '<' operator and: Getline/File. (line 26) * POSIX 'awk', arithmetic operators and: Arithmetic Ops. (line 30) * POSIX 'awk', backslashes in string constants: Escape Sequences. - (line 105) + (line 108) * POSIX 'awk', 'BEGIN'/'END' patterns: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 15) * POSIX 'awk', bracket expressions and: Bracket Expressions. (line 26) * POSIX 'awk', bracket expressions and, character classes: Bracket Expressions. @@ -33724,9 +34269,7 @@ Index * POSIX 'awk', 'continue' statement and: Continue Statement. (line 44) * POSIX 'awk', 'CONVFMT' variable and: User-modified. (line 30) * POSIX 'awk', 'date' utility and: Time Functions. (line 252) -* POSIX 'awk', field separators and: Fields. (line 6) -* POSIX 'awk', field separators and <1>: Full Line Fields. (line 16) -* POSIX 'awk', 'FS' variable and: User-modified. (line 60) +* POSIX 'awk', field separators and: Full Line Fields. (line 16) * POSIX 'awk', 'function' keyword in: Definition Syntax. (line 99) * POSIX 'awk', functions and, 'gsub()'/'sub()': Gory Details. (line 90) * POSIX 'awk', functions and, 'length()': String Functions. (line 179) @@ -33742,12 +34285,12 @@ Index * POSIX 'awk', regular expressions and: Regexp Operators. (line 161) * POSIX 'awk', timestamps and: Time Functions. (line 6) * POSIX 'awk', '|' I/O operator and: Getline/Pipe. (line 56) -* POSIX mode: Options. (line 254) -* POSIX mode <1>: Options. (line 338) +* POSIX mode: Options. (line 252) +* POSIX mode <1>: Options. (line 333) * POSIX, 'awk' and: Preface. (line 21) * POSIX, 'gawk' extensions not included in: POSIX/GNU. (line 6) * POSIX, programs, implementing in 'awk': Clones. (line 6) -* 'POSIXLY_CORRECT' environment variable: Options. (line 338) +* 'POSIXLY_CORRECT' environment variable: Options. (line 333) * 'PREC' variable: User-modified. (line 124) * precedence: Increment Ops. (line 60) * precedence <1>: Precedence. (line 6) @@ -33798,11 +34341,11 @@ Index * printing, unduplicated lines of text: Uniq Program. (line 6) * printing, user information: Id Program. (line 6) * private variables: Library Names. (line 11) -* process group ID of 'gawk' process: Auto-set. (line 182) -* process ID of 'gawk' process: Auto-set. (line 185) +* process group ID of 'gawk' process: Auto-set. (line 205) +* process ID of 'gawk' process: Auto-set. (line 208) * processes, two-way communications with: Two-way I/O. (line 6) * processing data: Basic High Level. (line 6) -* 'PROCINFO' array: Auto-set. (line 130) +* 'PROCINFO' array: Auto-set. (line 149) * 'PROCINFO' array <1>: Time Functions. (line 47) * 'PROCINFO' array <2>: Passwd Functions. (line 6) * 'PROCINFO' array, and communications via ptys: Two-way I/O. (line 99) @@ -33811,12 +34354,12 @@ Index (line 15) * 'PROCINFO' array, testing the field splitting: Passwd Functions. (line 154) -* 'PROCINFO' array, uses: Auto-set. (line 241) +* 'PROCINFO' array, uses: Auto-set. (line 264) * 'PROCINFO', values of 'sorted_in': Controlling Scanning. (line 26) * profiling 'awk' programs: Profiling. (line 6) -* profiling 'awk' programs, dynamically: Profiling. (line 178) -* program identifiers: Auto-set. (line 148) +* profiling 'awk' programs, dynamically: Profiling. (line 177) +* program identifiers: Auto-set. (line 171) * program, definition of: Getting Started. (line 21) * programming conventions, '--non-decimal-data' option: Nondecimal Data. (line 35) @@ -33852,7 +34395,7 @@ Index * QuikTrim Awk: Other Versions. (line 139) * 'quit' debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 99) -* 'QUIT' signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) +* 'QUIT' signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 212) * quoting in 'gawk' command lines: Long. (line 26) * quoting in 'gawk' command lines, tricks for: Quoting. (line 91) * quoting, for small awk programs: Comments. (line 27) @@ -33861,12 +34404,12 @@ Index * Rakitzis, Byron: History Sorting. (line 25) * Ramey, Chet: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Ramey, Chet <1>: General Data Types. (line 6) -* 'rand': Numeric Functions. (line 32) +* 'rand': Numeric Functions. (line 47) * random numbers, Cliff: Cliff Random Function. (line 6) * random numbers, 'rand()'/'srand()' functions: Numeric Functions. - (line 32) -* random numbers, seed of: Numeric Functions. (line 62) + (line 47) +* random numbers, seed of: Numeric Functions. (line 77) * range expressions (regexps): Bracket Expressions. (line 6) * range patterns: Ranges. (line 6) * range patterns, line continuation and: Ranges. (line 64) @@ -33936,7 +34479,7 @@ Index (line 60) * regular expressions, 'gawk', command-line options: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 73) -* regular expressions, interval expressions and: Options. (line 278) +* regular expressions, interval expressions and: Options. (line 273) * regular expressions, leftmost longest match: Leftmost Longest. (line 6) * regular expressions, operators: Regexp Usage. (line 19) @@ -33953,6 +34496,7 @@ Index * relational operators, See comparison operators: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) * replace in string: String Functions. (line 409) +* retrying input: Retrying Input. (line 6) * 'return' debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 54) * 'return' statement, user-defined functions: Return Statement. @@ -33979,7 +34523,7 @@ Index * right shift: Bitwise Functions. (line 54) * right shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) * Ritchie, Dennis: Basic Data Typing. (line 54) -* 'RLENGTH' variable: Auto-set. (line 251) +* 'RLENGTH' variable: Auto-set. (line 278) * 'RLENGTH' variable, 'match()' function and: String Functions. (line 227) * Robbins, Arnold: Command Line Field Separator. @@ -34006,12 +34550,12 @@ Index * 'RS' variable <1>: User-modified. (line 133) * 'RS' variable, multiline records and: Multiple Line. (line 17) * 'rshift': Bitwise Functions. (line 54) -* 'RSTART' variable: Auto-set. (line 257) +* 'RSTART' variable: Auto-set. (line 284) * 'RSTART' variable, 'match()' function and: String Functions. (line 227) * 'RT' variable: awk split records. (line 124) * 'RT' variable <1>: Multiple Line. (line 129) -* 'RT' variable <2>: Auto-set. (line 264) +* 'RT' variable <2>: Auto-set. (line 291) * Rubin, Paul: History. (line 30) * Rubin, Paul <1>: Contributors. (line 16) * rule, definition of: Getting Started. (line 21) @@ -34022,14 +34566,14 @@ Index (line 68) * sample debugging session: Sample Debugging Session. (line 6) -* sandbox mode: Options. (line 285) +* sandbox mode: Options. (line 280) * save debugger options: Debugger Info. (line 85) * scalar or array: Type Functions. (line 11) * scalar values: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) * scanning arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 6) * scanning multidimensional arrays: Multiscanning. (line 11) * Schorr, Andrew: Acknowledgments. (line 60) -* Schorr, Andrew <1>: Auto-set. (line 296) +* Schorr, Andrew <1>: Auto-set. (line 323) * Schorr, Andrew <2>: Contributors. (line 134) * Schreiber, Bert: Acknowledgments. (line 38) * Schreiber, Rita: Acknowledgments. (line 38) @@ -34048,7 +34592,7 @@ Index * 'sed' utility: Full Line Fields. (line 22) * 'sed' utility <1>: Simple Sed. (line 6) * 'sed' utility <2>: Glossary. (line 16) -* seeding random number generator: Numeric Functions. (line 62) +* seeding random number generator: Numeric Functions. (line 77) * semicolon (';'), 'AWKPATH' variable and: PC Using. (line 10) * semicolon (';'), separating statements in actions: Statements/Lines. (line 90) @@ -34061,7 +34605,6 @@ Index * separators, field, 'FIELDWIDTHS' variable and: User-modified. (line 37) * separators, field, 'FPAT' variable and: User-modified. (line 43) -* separators, field, POSIX and: Fields. (line 6) * separators, for records: awk split records. (line 6) * separators, for records <1>: awk split records. (line 85) * separators, for records <2>: User-modified. (line 133) @@ -34113,14 +34656,14 @@ Index * sidebar, A Constant's Base Does Not Affect Its Value: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 63) * sidebar, Backslash Before Regular Characters: Escape Sequences. - (line 103) + (line 106) * sidebar, Changing 'FS' Does Not Affect the Fields: Full Line Fields. (line 14) -* sidebar, Changing 'NR' and 'FNR': Auto-set. (line 311) +* sidebar, Changing 'NR' and 'FNR': Auto-set. (line 338) * sidebar, Controlling Output Buffering with 'system()': I/O Functions. (line 137) * sidebar, Escape Sequences for Metacharacters: Escape Sequences. - (line 134) + (line 137) * sidebar, 'FS' and 'IGNORECASE': Field Splitting Summary. (line 37) * sidebar, Interactive Versus Noninteractive Buffering: I/O Functions. @@ -34142,19 +34685,19 @@ Index (line 130) * sidebar, Using '\n' in Bracket Expressions of Dynamic Regexps: Computed Regexps. (line 58) -* 'SIGHUP' signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 210) -* 'SIGINT' signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) -* signals, 'HUP'/'SIGHUP', for profiling: Profiling. (line 210) -* signals, 'INT'/'SIGINT' (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) -* signals, 'QUIT'/'SIGQUIT' (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) -* signals, 'USR1'/'SIGUSR1', for profiling: Profiling. (line 187) +* 'SIGHUP' signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 209) +* 'SIGINT' signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 212) +* signals, 'HUP'/'SIGHUP', for profiling: Profiling. (line 209) +* signals, 'INT'/'SIGINT' (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 212) +* signals, 'QUIT'/'SIGQUIT' (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 212) +* signals, 'USR1'/'SIGUSR1', for profiling: Profiling. (line 186) * signature program: Signature Program. (line 6) -* 'SIGQUIT' signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 213) -* 'SIGUSR1' signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 187) +* 'SIGQUIT' signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 212) +* 'SIGUSR1' signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 186) * 'silent' debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 10) -* 'sin': Numeric Functions. (line 73) -* sine: Numeric Functions. (line 73) +* 'sin': Numeric Functions. (line 88) +* sine: Numeric Functions. (line 88) * single quote ('''): One-shot. (line 15) * single quote (''') in 'gawk' command lines: Long. (line 35) * single quote ('''), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 48) @@ -34204,10 +34747,10 @@ Index * 'sprintf()' function, 'OFMT' variable and: User-modified. (line 113) * 'sprintf()' function, 'print'/'printf' statements and: Round Function. (line 6) -* 'sqrt': Numeric Functions. (line 76) +* 'sqrt': Numeric Functions. (line 91) * square brackets ('[]'), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 56) -* square root: Numeric Functions. (line 76) -* 'srand': Numeric Functions. (line 80) +* square root: Numeric Functions. (line 91) +* 'srand': Numeric Functions. (line 95) * stack frame: Debugging Terms. (line 10) * Stallman, Richard: Manual History. (line 6) * Stallman, Richard <1>: Acknowledgments. (line 18) @@ -34279,9 +34822,9 @@ Index * 'substr': String Functions. (line 482) * substring: String Functions. (line 482) * Sumner, Andrew: Other Versions. (line 68) -* supplementary groups of 'gawk' process: Auto-set. (line 236) +* supplementary groups of 'gawk' process: Auto-set. (line 259) * 'switch' statement: Switch Statement. (line 6) -* 'SYMTAB' array: Auto-set. (line 268) +* 'SYMTAB' array: Auto-set. (line 295) * syntactic ambiguity: '/=' operator vs. '/=.../' regexp constant: Assignment Ops. (line 149) * 'system': I/O Functions. (line 107) @@ -34354,7 +34897,7 @@ Index * troubleshooting, 'awk' uses 'FS' not 'IFS': Field Separators. (line 29) * troubleshooting, backslash before nonspecial character: Escape Sequences. - (line 105) + (line 108) * troubleshooting, division: Arithmetic Ops. (line 44) * troubleshooting, fatal errors, field widths, specifying: Constant Size. (line 22) @@ -34389,6 +34932,8 @@ Index * trunc-mod operation: Arithmetic Ops. (line 66) * truth values: Truth Values. (line 6) * type conversion: Strings And Numbers. (line 21) +* type, of variable: Type Functions. (line 14) +* 'typeof': Type Functions. (line 14) * 'u' debugger command (alias for 'until'): Debugger Execution Control. (line 82) * unassigned array elements: Reference to Elements. @@ -34411,7 +34956,7 @@ Index * 'uniq.awk' program: Uniq Program. (line 65) * Unix: Glossary. (line 748) * Unix 'awk', backslashes in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. - (line 117) + (line 120) * Unix 'awk', 'close()' function and: Close Files And Pipes. (line 132) * Unix 'awk', password files, field separators and: Command Line Field Separator. @@ -34431,10 +34976,11 @@ Index * user-modifiable variables: User-modified. (line 6) * users, information about, printing: Id Program. (line 6) * users, information about, retrieving: Passwd Functions. (line 16) -* 'USR1' signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 187) +* 'USR1' signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 186) * values, numeric: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) * values, string: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) * variable assignments and input files: Other Arguments. (line 26) +* variable type: Type Functions. (line 14) * variable typing: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) * variables: Other Features. (line 6) @@ -34465,10 +35011,10 @@ Index * variables, uninitialized, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 6) * variables, user-defined: Variables. (line 6) -* version of 'gawk': Auto-set. (line 206) -* version of 'gawk' extension API: Auto-set. (line 231) -* version of GNU MP library: Auto-set. (line 217) -* version of GNU MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 213) +* version of 'gawk': Auto-set. (line 229) +* version of 'gawk' extension API: Auto-set. (line 254) +* version of GNU MP library: Auto-set. (line 240) +* version of GNU MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 236) * vertical bar ('|'): Regexp Operators. (line 70) * vertical bar ('|'), '|' operator (I/O): Getline/Pipe. (line 10) * vertical bar ('|'), '|' operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 64) @@ -34505,7 +35051,7 @@ Index * whitespace, as field separators: Default Field Splitting. (line 6) * whitespace, functions, calling: Calling Built-in. (line 10) -* whitespace, newlines as: Options. (line 260) +* whitespace, newlines as: Options. (line 258) * Williams, Kent: Contributors. (line 35) * Woehlke, Matthew: Contributors. (line 80) * Woods, John: Contributors. (line 28) @@ -34535,559 +35081,563 @@ Index Tag Table: Node: Top1200 -Node: Foreword342140 -Node: Foreword446582 -Node: Preface48114 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-150986 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-251093 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-351327 -Node: History51469 -Node: Names53822 -Ref: Names-Footnote-154916 -Node: This Manual55063 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-161545 -Node: Conventions61645 -Node: Manual History64000 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-166996 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-267037 -Node: How To Contribute67111 -Node: Acknowledgments68240 -Node: Getting Started73127 -Node: Running gawk75566 -Node: One-shot76756 -Node: Read Terminal78019 -Node: Long80051 -Node: Executable Scripts81564 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-184359 -Node: Comments84462 -Node: Quoting86946 -Node: DOS Quoting92464 -Node: Sample Data Files93139 -Node: Very Simple95734 -Node: Two Rules100636 -Node: More Complex102522 -Node: Statements/Lines105385 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1109844 -Node: Other Features110109 -Node: When111046 -Ref: When-Footnote-1112800 -Node: Intro Summary112865 -Node: Invoking Gawk113749 -Node: Command Line115263 -Node: Options116061 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1131968 -Ref: Options-Footnote-2132198 -Node: Other Arguments132223 -Node: Naming Standard Input135170 -Node: Environment Variables136263 -Node: AWKPATH Variable136821 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1140122 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2140167 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable140428 -Node: Other Environment Variables141572 -Node: Exit Status145337 -Node: Include Files146014 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries149609 -Node: Obsolete151037 -Node: Undocumented151729 -Node: Invoking Summary152026 -Node: Regexp153686 -Node: Regexp Usage155140 -Node: Escape Sequences157177 -Node: Regexp Operators163192 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1170609 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2170756 -Node: Bracket Expressions170854 -Ref: table-char-classes172877 -Node: Leftmost Longest175823 -Node: Computed Regexps177126 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators180553 -Node: Case-sensitivity184232 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1187119 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2187354 -Node: Regexp Summary187462 -Node: Reading Files188928 -Node: Records191022 -Node: awk split records191755 -Node: gawk split records196687 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1201231 -Node: Fields201268 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1204048 -Node: Nonconstant Fields204134 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1206370 -Node: Changing Fields206574 -Node: Field Separators212504 -Node: Default Field Splitting215202 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting216320 -Node: Single Character Fields219673 -Node: Command Line Field Separator220733 -Node: Full Line Fields223951 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1225473 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2225519 -Node: Field Splitting Summary225620 -Node: Constant Size227694 -Node: Splitting By Content232273 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1236244 -Node: Multiple Line236407 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1242290 -Node: Getline242469 -Node: Plain Getline244673 -Node: Getline/Variable247312 -Node: Getline/File248461 -Node: Getline/Variable/File249847 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1251451 -Node: Getline/Pipe251539 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe254244 -Node: Getline/Coprocess255377 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess256642 -Node: Getline Notes257382 -Node: Getline Summary260177 -Ref: table-getline-variants260599 -Node: Read Timeout261347 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1265188 -Node: Command-line directories265246 -Node: Input Summary266151 -Node: Input Exercises269323 -Node: Printing270051 -Node: Print271828 -Node: Print Examples273285 -Node: Output Separators276065 -Node: OFMT278082 -Node: Printf279438 -Node: Basic Printf280223 -Node: Control Letters281797 -Node: Format Modifiers285785 -Node: Printf Examples291800 -Node: Redirection294286 -Node: Special FD301129 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1304297 -Node: Special Files304371 -Node: Other Inherited Files304988 -Node: Special Network305989 -Node: Special Caveats306849 -Node: Close Files And Pipes307798 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1314991 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2315139 -Node: Output Summary315290 -Node: Output Exercises316288 -Node: Expressions316967 -Node: Values318155 -Node: Constants318833 -Node: Scalar Constants319524 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1320388 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers320638 -Node: Regexp Constants323652 -Node: Using Constant Regexps324178 -Node: Variables327341 -Node: Using Variables327998 -Node: Assignment Options329909 -Node: Conversion331783 -Node: Strings And Numbers332307 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1335371 -Node: Locale influences conversions335480 -Ref: table-locale-affects338238 -Node: All Operators338856 -Node: Arithmetic Ops339485 -Node: Concatenation341991 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1344838 -Node: Assignment Ops344945 -Ref: table-assign-ops349937 -Node: Increment Ops351250 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions354710 -Node: Truth Values355784 -Node: Typing and Comparison356832 -Node: Variable Typing357652 -Node: Comparison Operators361276 -Ref: table-relational-ops361695 -Node: POSIX String Comparison365190 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1366264 -Node: Boolean Ops366403 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1370885 -Node: Conditional Exp370977 -Node: Function Calls372713 -Node: Precedence376593 -Node: Locales380252 -Node: Expressions Summary381884 -Node: Patterns and Actions384457 -Node: Pattern Overview385577 -Node: Regexp Patterns387254 -Node: Expression Patterns387796 -Node: Ranges391577 -Node: BEGIN/END394685 -Node: Using BEGIN/END395446 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1398183 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END398289 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE400605 -Node: Empty403512 -Node: Using Shell Variables403829 -Node: Action Overview406103 -Node: Statements408428 -Node: If Statement410276 -Node: While Statement411771 -Node: Do Statement413799 -Node: For Statement414947 -Node: Switch Statement418106 -Node: Break Statement420492 -Node: Continue Statement422584 -Node: Next Statement424411 -Node: Nextfile Statement426794 -Node: Exit Statement429446 -Node: Built-in Variables431851 -Node: User-modified432984 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1440611 -Node: Auto-set440673 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1453741 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2453947 -Node: ARGC and ARGV454003 -Node: Pattern Action Summary458222 -Node: Arrays460652 -Node: Array Basics461981 -Node: Array Intro462825 -Ref: figure-array-elements464800 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1467504 -Node: Reference to Elements467632 -Node: Assigning Elements470096 -Node: Array Example470587 -Node: Scanning an Array472346 -Node: Controlling Scanning475370 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1480769 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts481085 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts483269 -Node: Delete484888 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1487640 -Node: Multidimensional487697 -Node: Multiscanning490792 -Node: Arrays of Arrays492383 -Node: Arrays Summary497151 -Node: Functions499244 -Node: Built-in500282 -Node: Calling Built-in501360 -Node: Numeric Functions503356 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1507384 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2507741 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3507789 -Node: String Functions508061 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1531569 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2531698 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3531946 -Node: Gory Details532033 -Ref: table-sub-escapes533824 -Ref: table-sub-proposed535343 -Ref: table-posix-sub536706 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes538247 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1539070 -Node: I/O Functions539221 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1546442 -Node: Time Functions546590 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1557095 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2557163 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3557321 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4557432 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5557544 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6557771 -Node: Bitwise Functions558037 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops558631 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1562969 -Node: Type Functions563142 -Node: I18N Functions564298 -Node: User-defined565949 -Node: Definition Syntax566754 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1572441 -Node: Function Example572512 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1575434 -Node: Function Caveats575456 -Node: Calling A Function575974 -Node: Variable Scope576932 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference579926 -Node: Return Statement583425 -Node: Dynamic Typing586404 -Node: Indirect Calls587334 -Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1597585 -Node: Functions Summary597713 -Node: Library Functions600418 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1604027 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2604170 -Node: Library Names604341 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1607802 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2608025 -Node: General Functions608111 -Node: Strtonum Function609214 -Node: Assert Function612236 -Node: Round Function615562 -Node: Cliff Random Function617103 -Node: Ordinal Functions618119 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1621182 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2621434 -Node: Join Function621644 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1623414 -Node: Getlocaltime Function623614 -Node: Readfile Function627358 -Node: Shell Quoting629332 -Node: Data File Management630733 -Node: Filetrans Function631365 -Node: Rewind Function635462 -Node: File Checking636848 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1638182 -Node: Empty Files638383 -Node: Ignoring Assigns640362 -Node: Getopt Function641912 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1653382 -Node: Passwd Functions653582 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1662423 -Node: Group Functions662511 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1670410 -Node: Walking Arrays670617 -Node: Library Functions Summary673627 -Node: Library Exercises675033 -Node: Sample Programs675498 -Node: Running Examples676268 -Node: Clones676996 -Node: Cut Program678220 -Node: Egrep Program687941 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1695453 -Node: Id Program695563 -Node: Split Program699243 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1702702 -Node: Tee Program702831 -Node: Uniq Program705621 -Node: Wc Program713047 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1717302 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs717396 -Node: Dupword Program718609 -Node: Alarm Program720639 -Node: Translate Program725494 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1730059 -Node: Labels Program730329 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1733680 -Node: Word Sorting733764 -Node: History Sorting737836 -Node: Extract Program739671 -Node: Simple Sed747202 -Node: Igawk Program750276 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1764607 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2764809 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3764931 -Node: Anagram Program765046 -Node: Signature Program768108 -Node: Programs Summary769355 -Node: Programs Exercises770570 -Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1774699 -Node: Advanced Features774790 -Node: Nondecimal Data776780 -Node: Array Sorting778371 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal779071 -Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1787440 -Node: Array Sorting Functions787558 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1791445 -Node: Two-way I/O791641 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1796592 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2796779 -Node: TCP/IP Networking796861 -Node: Profiling799979 -Node: Advanced Features Summary807518 -Node: Internationalization809454 -Node: I18N and L10N810934 -Node: Explaining gettext811621 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1816644 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2816829 -Node: Programmer i18n816994 -Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1821850 -Node: Translator i18n821899 -Node: String Extraction822693 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1823826 -Node: Printf Ordering823912 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1826698 -Node: I18N Portability826762 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1829218 -Node: I18N Example829281 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1832087 -Node: Gawk I18N832160 -Node: I18N Summary832805 -Node: Debugger834146 -Node: Debugging835168 -Node: Debugging Concepts835609 -Node: Debugging Terms837418 -Node: Awk Debugging839993 -Node: Sample Debugging Session840899 -Node: Debugger Invocation841433 -Node: Finding The Bug842819 -Node: List of Debugger Commands849297 -Node: Breakpoint Control850630 -Node: Debugger Execution Control854324 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data857686 -Node: Execution Stack861060 -Node: Debugger Info862697 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands866768 -Node: Readline Support871777 -Node: Limitations872673 -Node: Debugging Summary874782 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic875955 -Node: Computer Arithmetic877371 -Ref: table-numeric-ranges880962 -Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1881684 -Node: Math Definitions881741 -Ref: table-ieee-formats885055 -Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1885658 -Node: MPFR features885763 -Node: FP Math Caution887436 -Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1888508 -Node: Inexactness of computations888877 -Node: Inexact representation889837 -Node: Comparing FP Values891197 -Node: Errors accumulate892279 -Node: Getting Accuracy893712 -Node: Try To Round896422 -Node: Setting precision897321 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings898018 -Node: Setting the rounding mode899848 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes900222 -Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1903630 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers903809 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1906793 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems906942 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1910824 -Node: Floating point summary910862 -Node: Dynamic Extensions913052 -Node: Extension Intro914605 -Node: Plugin License915871 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline916668 -Ref: figure-load-extension917107 -Ref: figure-register-new-function918672 -Ref: figure-call-new-function919764 -Node: Extension API Description921827 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction923277 -Node: General Data Types928089 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1934044 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions934343 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1937188 -Node: Constructor Functions937287 -Node: Registration Functions939032 -Node: Extension Functions939717 -Node: Exit Callback Functions942016 -Node: Extension Version String943266 -Node: Input Parsers943929 -Node: Output Wrappers953814 -Node: Two-way processors958326 -Node: Printing Messages960590 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1961666 -Node: Updating 'ERRNO'961819 -Node: Requesting Values962560 -Ref: table-value-types-returned963299 -Node: Accessing Parameters964182 -Node: Symbol Table Access965418 -Node: Symbol table by name965930 -Node: Symbol table by cookie967951 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1972100 -Node: Cached values972164 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1975665 -Node: Array Manipulation975756 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1976855 -Node: Array Data Types976892 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1979550 -Node: Array Functions979642 -Node: Flattening Arrays983501 -Node: Creating Arrays990409 -Node: Extension API Variables995181 -Node: Extension Versioning995817 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables997708 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate998772 -Node: Finding Extensions1002586 -Node: Extension Example1003146 -Node: Internal File Description1003944 -Node: Internal File Ops1008024 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11019786 -Node: Using Internal File Ops1019926 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11022309 -Node: Extension Samples1022584 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions1024113 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1031762 -Node: Extension Sample Fork1033249 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace1034467 -Node: Extension Sample Ord1037677 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir1038513 -Ref: table-readdir-file-types1039402 -Node: Extension Sample Revout1040207 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1040796 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array1041536 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile1043478 -Node: Extension Sample Time1044573 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests1045921 -Node: gawkextlib1046413 -Node: Extension summary1048837 -Node: Extension Exercises1052529 -Node: Language History1054026 -Node: V7/SVR3.11055682 -Node: SVR41057834 -Node: POSIX1059268 -Node: BTL1060648 -Node: POSIX/GNU1061378 -Node: Feature History1066899 -Node: Common Extensions1080228 -Node: Ranges and Locales1081511 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11086127 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21086154 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31086389 -Node: Contributors1086610 -Node: History summary1092179 -Node: Installation1093559 -Node: Gawk Distribution1094504 -Node: Getting1094988 -Node: Extracting1095811 -Node: Distribution contents1097449 -Node: Unix Installation1103202 -Node: Quick Installation1103818 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1106245 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1108049 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1110419 -Node: PC Installation1110877 -Node: PC Binary Installation1112197 -Node: PC Compiling1114049 -Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11117073 -Node: PC Testing1117182 -Node: PC Using1118362 -Node: Cygwin1122476 -Node: MSYS1123246 -Node: VMS Installation1123747 -Node: VMS Compilation1124538 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11125768 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1125826 -Node: VMS Installation Details1127511 -Node: VMS Running1129764 -Node: VMS GNV1132605 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1133340 -Node: Bugs1133811 -Node: Other Versions1138008 -Node: Installation summary1144594 -Node: Notes1145652 -Node: Compatibility Mode1146517 -Node: Additions1147299 -Node: Accessing The Source1148224 -Node: Adding Code1149660 -Node: New Ports1155815 -Node: Derived Files1160303 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11165788 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21165823 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31166421 -Node: Future Extensions1166535 -Node: Implementation Limitations1167193 -Node: Extension Design1168376 -Node: Old Extension Problems1169530 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11171048 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1171105 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11174469 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1174658 -Node: Extension Future Growth1176771 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1177607 -Node: Notes summary1179370 -Node: Basic Concepts1180552 -Node: Basic High Level1181233 -Ref: figure-general-flow1181515 -Ref: figure-process-flow1182200 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11185501 -Node: Basic Data Typing1185686 -Node: Glossary1189014 -Node: Copying1220960 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1258499 -Node: Index1283617 +Node: Foreword342508 +Node: Foreword446950 +Node: Preface48482 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-151354 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-251461 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-351695 +Node: History51837 +Node: Names54190 +Ref: Names-Footnote-155284 +Node: This Manual55431 +Ref: This Manual-Footnote-161913 +Node: Conventions62013 +Node: Manual History64368 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-167364 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-267405 +Node: How To Contribute67479 +Node: Acknowledgments68608 +Node: Getting Started73495 +Node: Running gawk75934 +Node: One-shot77124 +Node: Read Terminal78387 +Node: Long80419 +Node: Executable Scripts81932 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-184727 +Node: Comments84830 +Node: Quoting87314 +Node: DOS Quoting92832 +Node: Sample Data Files93507 +Node: Very Simple96102 +Node: Two Rules101004 +Node: More Complex102890 +Node: Statements/Lines105753 +Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1110212 +Node: Other Features110477 +Node: When111414 +Ref: When-Footnote-1113168 +Node: Intro Summary113233 +Node: Invoking Gawk114117 +Node: Command Line115631 +Node: Options116429 +Ref: Options-Footnote-1132080 +Ref: Options-Footnote-2132310 +Node: Other Arguments132335 +Node: Naming Standard Input135282 +Node: Environment Variables136375 +Node: AWKPATH Variable136933 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1140344 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2140389 +Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable140650 +Node: Other Environment Variables141907 +Node: Exit Status145545 +Node: Include Files146222 +Node: Loading Shared Libraries149817 +Node: Obsolete151245 +Node: Undocumented151937 +Node: Invoking Summary152234 +Node: Regexp153894 +Node: Regexp Usage155413 +Node: Escape Sequences157450 +Node: Regexp Operators163683 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1171100 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2171247 +Node: Bracket Expressions171345 +Ref: table-char-classes173368 +Node: Leftmost Longest176314 +Node: Computed Regexps177617 +Node: GNU Regexp Operators181044 +Node: Case-sensitivity184723 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1187619 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2187854 +Node: Strong Regexp Constants187962 +Node: Regexp Summary190904 +Node: Reading Files192510 +Node: Records194673 +Node: awk split records195406 +Node: gawk split records200338 +Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1204882 +Node: Fields204919 +Node: Nonconstant Fields207660 +Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1209896 +Node: Changing Fields210100 +Node: Field Separators216030 +Node: Default Field Splitting218728 +Node: Regexp Field Splitting219846 +Node: Single Character Fields223199 +Node: Command Line Field Separator224259 +Node: Full Line Fields227477 +Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1228999 +Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2229045 +Node: Field Splitting Summary229146 +Node: Constant Size231220 +Node: Splitting By Content235799 +Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1239770 +Node: Multiple Line239933 +Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1245816 +Node: Getline245995 +Node: Plain Getline248462 +Node: Getline/Variable251101 +Node: Getline/File252250 +Node: Getline/Variable/File253636 +Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1255240 +Node: Getline/Pipe255328 +Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe258033 +Node: Getline/Coprocess259166 +Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess260431 +Node: Getline Notes261171 +Node: Getline Summary263966 +Ref: table-getline-variants264388 +Node: Read Timeout265136 +Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1269043 +Node: Retrying Input269101 +Node: Command-line directories270300 +Node: Input Summary271207 +Node: Input Exercises274379 +Node: Printing275107 +Node: Print276942 +Node: Print Examples278399 +Node: Output Separators281179 +Node: OFMT283196 +Node: Printf284552 +Node: Basic Printf285337 +Node: Control Letters286911 +Node: Format Modifiers290899 +Node: Printf Examples296914 +Node: Redirection299400 +Node: Special FD306243 +Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1309411 +Node: Special Files309485 +Node: Other Inherited Files310102 +Node: Special Network311103 +Node: Special Caveats311963 +Node: Close Files And Pipes312912 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1320099 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2320247 +Node: Nonfatal320398 +Node: Output Summary322723 +Node: Output Exercises323945 +Node: Expressions324624 +Node: Values325812 +Node: Constants326490 +Node: Scalar Constants327181 +Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1328045 +Node: Nondecimal-numbers328295 +Node: Regexp Constants331309 +Node: Using Constant Regexps331835 +Node: Variables334998 +Node: Using Variables335655 +Node: Assignment Options337566 +Node: Conversion339440 +Node: Strings And Numbers339964 +Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1343028 +Node: Locale influences conversions343137 +Ref: table-locale-affects345895 +Node: All Operators346513 +Node: Arithmetic Ops347142 +Node: Concatenation349648 +Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1352495 +Node: Assignment Ops352602 +Ref: table-assign-ops357594 +Node: Increment Ops358907 +Node: Truth Values and Conditions362367 +Node: Truth Values363441 +Node: Typing and Comparison364489 +Node: Variable Typing365309 +Node: Comparison Operators368933 +Ref: table-relational-ops369352 +Node: POSIX String Comparison372847 +Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1373921 +Node: Boolean Ops374060 +Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1378542 +Node: Conditional Exp378634 +Node: Function Calls380370 +Node: Precedence384250 +Node: Locales387909 +Node: Expressions Summary389541 +Node: Patterns and Actions392114 +Node: Pattern Overview393234 +Node: Regexp Patterns394911 +Node: Expression Patterns395453 +Node: Ranges399234 +Node: BEGIN/END402342 +Node: Using BEGIN/END403103 +Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1405840 +Node: I/O And BEGIN/END405946 +Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE408262 +Node: Empty411169 +Node: Using Shell Variables411486 +Node: Action Overview413760 +Node: Statements416085 +Node: If Statement417933 +Node: While Statement419428 +Node: Do Statement421456 +Node: For Statement422604 +Node: Switch Statement425763 +Node: Break Statement428149 +Node: Continue Statement430241 +Node: Next Statement432068 +Node: Nextfile Statement434451 +Node: Exit Statement437103 +Node: Built-in Variables439508 +Node: User-modified440641 +Node: Auto-set448229 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1462478 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2462684 +Node: ARGC and ARGV462740 +Node: Pattern Action Summary466959 +Node: Arrays469389 +Node: Array Basics470718 +Node: Array Intro471562 +Ref: figure-array-elements473537 +Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1476241 +Node: Reference to Elements476369 +Node: Assigning Elements478833 +Node: Array Example479324 +Node: Scanning an Array481083 +Node: Controlling Scanning484107 +Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1489506 +Node: Numeric Array Subscripts489822 +Node: Uninitialized Subscripts492006 +Node: Delete493625 +Ref: Delete-Footnote-1496377 +Node: Multidimensional496434 +Node: Multiscanning499529 +Node: Arrays of Arrays501120 +Node: Arrays Summary505888 +Node: Functions507981 +Node: Built-in509019 +Node: Calling Built-in510097 +Node: Numeric Functions512093 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1516926 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2517283 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3517331 +Node: String Functions517603 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1541111 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2541240 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3541488 +Node: Gory Details541575 +Ref: table-sub-escapes543366 +Ref: table-sub-proposed544885 +Ref: table-posix-sub546248 +Ref: table-gensub-escapes547789 +Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1548612 +Node: I/O Functions548763 +Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1555984 +Node: Time Functions556132 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1566637 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2566705 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3566863 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4566974 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5567086 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6567313 +Node: Bitwise Functions567579 +Ref: table-bitwise-ops568173 +Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1572511 +Node: Type Functions572684 +Node: I18N Functions575345 +Node: User-defined576996 +Node: Definition Syntax577801 +Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1583488 +Node: Function Example583559 +Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1586481 +Node: Function Caveats586503 +Node: Calling A Function587021 +Node: Variable Scope587979 +Node: Pass By Value/Reference590973 +Node: Return Statement594472 +Node: Dynamic Typing597451 +Node: Indirect Calls598381 +Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1608632 +Node: Functions Summary608760 +Node: Library Functions611465 +Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1615074 +Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2615217 +Node: Library Names615388 +Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1618849 +Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2619072 +Node: General Functions619158 +Node: Strtonum Function620261 +Node: Assert Function623283 +Node: Round Function626609 +Node: Cliff Random Function628150 +Node: Ordinal Functions629166 +Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1632229 +Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2632481 +Node: Join Function632691 +Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1634461 +Node: Getlocaltime Function634661 +Node: Readfile Function638405 +Node: Shell Quoting640379 +Node: Data File Management641780 +Node: Filetrans Function642412 +Node: Rewind Function646509 +Node: File Checking647895 +Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1649229 +Node: Empty Files649430 +Node: Ignoring Assigns651409 +Node: Getopt Function652959 +Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1664429 +Node: Passwd Functions664629 +Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1673470 +Node: Group Functions673558 +Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1681457 +Node: Walking Arrays681664 +Node: Library Functions Summary684674 +Node: Library Exercises686080 +Node: Sample Programs686545 +Node: Running Examples687315 +Node: Clones688043 +Node: Cut Program689267 +Node: Egrep Program698988 +Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1706500 +Node: Id Program706610 +Node: Split Program710290 +Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1713749 +Node: Tee Program713878 +Node: Uniq Program716668 +Node: Wc Program724094 +Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1728349 +Node: Miscellaneous Programs728443 +Node: Dupword Program729656 +Node: Alarm Program731686 +Node: Translate Program736541 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1741106 +Node: Labels Program741376 +Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1744727 +Node: Word Sorting744811 +Node: History Sorting748883 +Node: Extract Program750718 +Node: Simple Sed758249 +Node: Igawk Program761323 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1775654 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2775856 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3775978 +Node: Anagram Program776093 +Node: Signature Program779155 +Node: Programs Summary780402 +Node: Programs Exercises781617 +Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1785746 +Node: Advanced Features785837 +Node: Nondecimal Data787827 +Node: Array Sorting789418 +Node: Controlling Array Traversal790118 +Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1798487 +Node: Array Sorting Functions798605 +Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1802492 +Node: Two-way I/O802688 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1807639 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2807826 +Node: TCP/IP Networking807908 +Node: Profiling811026 +Node: Advanced Features Summary819297 +Node: Internationalization821233 +Node: I18N and L10N822713 +Node: Explaining gettext823400 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1828423 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2828608 +Node: Programmer i18n828773 +Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1833629 +Node: Translator i18n833678 +Node: String Extraction834472 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1835605 +Node: Printf Ordering835691 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1838477 +Node: I18N Portability838541 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1840997 +Node: I18N Example841060 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1843866 +Node: Gawk I18N843939 +Node: I18N Summary844584 +Node: Debugger845925 +Node: Debugging846947 +Node: Debugging Concepts847388 +Node: Debugging Terms849197 +Node: Awk Debugging851772 +Node: Sample Debugging Session852678 +Node: Debugger Invocation853212 +Node: Finding The Bug854598 +Node: List of Debugger Commands861076 +Node: Breakpoint Control862409 +Node: Debugger Execution Control866103 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data869465 +Node: Execution Stack872839 +Node: Debugger Info874476 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands878547 +Node: Readline Support883556 +Node: Limitations884452 +Ref: Limitations-Footnote-1888683 +Node: Debugging Summary888734 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic890013 +Node: Computer Arithmetic891429 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges895020 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1895742 +Node: Math Definitions895799 +Ref: table-ieee-formats899113 +Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1899716 +Node: MPFR features899821 +Node: FP Math Caution901494 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1902566 +Node: Inexactness of computations902935 +Node: Inexact representation903895 +Node: Comparing FP Values905255 +Node: Errors accumulate906337 +Node: Getting Accuracy907770 +Node: Try To Round910480 +Node: Setting precision911379 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings912076 +Node: Setting the rounding mode913906 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes914280 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1917688 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers917867 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1922784 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems922933 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1926815 +Node: Floating point summary926853 +Node: Dynamic Extensions929043 +Node: Extension Intro930596 +Node: Plugin License931862 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline932659 +Ref: figure-load-extension933098 +Ref: figure-register-new-function934663 +Ref: figure-call-new-function935755 +Node: Extension API Description937818 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction939352 +Node: General Data Types944211 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1950166 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions950465 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1953310 +Node: Constructor Functions953409 +Node: Registration Functions955154 +Node: Extension Functions955839 +Node: Exit Callback Functions958138 +Node: Extension Version String959388 +Node: Input Parsers960051 +Node: Output Wrappers969936 +Node: Two-way processors974448 +Node: Printing Messages976712 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1977788 +Node: Updating 'ERRNO'977941 +Node: Requesting Values978682 +Ref: table-value-types-returned979421 +Node: Accessing Parameters980304 +Node: Symbol Table Access981540 +Node: Symbol table by name982052 +Node: Symbol table by cookie984073 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1988222 +Node: Cached values988286 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1991787 +Node: Array Manipulation991878 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1992969 +Node: Array Data Types993006 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1995664 +Node: Array Functions995756 +Node: Flattening Arrays999615 +Node: Creating Arrays1006523 +Node: Redirection API1011295 +Node: Extension API Variables1014126 +Node: Extension Versioning1014759 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables1016650 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate1017714 +Node: Finding Extensions1021528 +Node: Extension Example1022088 +Node: Internal File Description1022886 +Node: Internal File Ops1026966 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11038728 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1038868 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11041251 +Node: Extension Samples1041526 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1043055 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1050704 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1052191 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1053409 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1056619 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1057455 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1058344 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1059149 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1059738 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1060478 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1062420 +Node: Extension Sample Time1063515 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1064863 +Node: gawkextlib1065355 +Node: Extension summary1067802 +Node: Extension Exercises1071494 +Node: Language History1072991 +Node: V7/SVR3.11074647 +Node: SVR41076799 +Node: POSIX1078233 +Node: BTL1079613 +Node: POSIX/GNU1080343 +Node: Feature History1086182 +Node: Common Extensions1100502 +Node: Ranges and Locales1101785 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11106401 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21106428 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31106663 +Node: Contributors1106884 +Node: History summary1112453 +Node: Installation1113833 +Node: Gawk Distribution1114778 +Node: Getting1115262 +Node: Extracting1116085 +Node: Distribution contents1117723 +Node: Unix Installation1123819 +Node: Quick Installation1124501 +Node: Shell Startup Files1126915 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1127993 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1129798 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1132168 +Node: PC Installation1132626 +Node: PC Binary Installation1133946 +Node: PC Compiling1135798 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11138822 +Node: PC Testing1138931 +Node: PC Using1140111 +Node: Cygwin1144225 +Node: MSYS1144995 +Node: VMS Installation1145496 +Node: VMS Compilation1146287 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11147517 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1147575 +Node: VMS Installation Details1149260 +Node: VMS Running1151513 +Node: VMS GNV1154354 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1155089 +Node: Bugs1155560 +Node: Other Versions1159757 +Node: Installation summary1166343 +Node: Notes1167401 +Node: Compatibility Mode1168266 +Node: Additions1169048 +Node: Accessing The Source1169973 +Node: Adding Code1171409 +Node: New Ports1177564 +Node: Derived Files1182052 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11187537 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21187572 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31188170 +Node: Future Extensions1188284 +Node: Implementation Limitations1188942 +Node: Extension Design1190125 +Node: Old Extension Problems1191279 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11192797 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1192854 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11196218 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1196407 +Node: Extension Future Growth1198520 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1199356 +Node: Notes summary1201119 +Node: Basic Concepts1202301 +Node: Basic High Level1202982 +Ref: figure-general-flow1203264 +Ref: figure-process-flow1203949 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11207250 +Node: Basic Data Typing1207435 +Node: Glossary1210763 +Node: Copying1242709 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1280248 +Node: Index1305366 End Tag Table |