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diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index b1500a78..cc34390f 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -381,6 +381,8 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled * Arrays Summary:: Summary of arrays. * Built-in:: Summarizes the built-in functions. * Calling Built-in:: How to call built-in functions. +* Boolean Functions:: A function that returns Boolean + values. * Numeric Functions:: Functions that work with numbers, including 'int()', 'sin()' and 'rand()'. @@ -490,6 +492,7 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled * Programs Summary:: Summary of programs. * Programs Exercises:: Exercises. * Nondecimal Data:: Allowing nondecimal input data. +* Boolean Typed Values:: Values with 'number|bool' type. * Array Sorting:: Facilities for controlling array traversal and sorting arrays. * Controlling Array Traversal:: How to use PROCINFO["sorted_in"]. @@ -553,6 +556,7 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled * Inexact representation:: Numbers are not exactly represented. * Comparing FP Values:: How to compare floating point values. * Errors accumulate:: Errors get bigger as they go. +* Strange values:: A few words about infinities and NaNs. * Getting Accuracy:: Getting more accuracy takes some work. * Try To Round:: Add digits and round. * Setting precision:: How to set the precision. @@ -3223,7 +3227,9 @@ change. The variables are: 'AWK_HASH' If this variable exists with a value of 'gst', 'gawk' switches to using the hash function from GNU Smalltalk for managing arrays. - This function may be marginally faster than the standard function. + With a value of 'fnv1a', 'gawk' uses the FNV1-A hash function + (http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/fnv/index.html). These + functions may be marginally faster than the standard function. 'AWKREADFUNC' If this variable exists, 'gawk' switches to reading source files @@ -6974,8 +6980,8 @@ width. Here is a list of the format-control letters: On systems supporting IEEE 754 floating-point format, values representing negative infinity are formatted as '-inf' or '-infinity', and positive infinity as 'inf' or 'infinity'. The - special "not a number" value formats as '-nan' or 'nan' (*note Math - Definitions::). + special "not a number" value formats as '-nan' or 'nan' (*note + Strange values::). '%F' Like '%f', but the infinity and "not a number" values are spelled @@ -12783,6 +12789,7 @@ your convenience. * Menu: * Calling Built-in:: How to call built-in functions. +* Boolean Functions:: A function that returns Boolean values. * Numeric Functions:: Functions that work with numbers, including 'int()', 'sin()' and 'rand()'. * String Functions:: Functions for string manipulation, such as @@ -12795,7 +12802,7 @@ your convenience. * I18N Functions:: Functions for string translation. -File: gawk.info, Node: Calling Built-in, Next: Numeric Functions, Up: Built-in +File: gawk.info, Node: Calling Built-in, Next: Boolean Functions, Up: Built-in 9.1.1 Calling Built-in Functions -------------------------------- @@ -12839,9 +12846,24 @@ six, and then 12, and 'atan2()' is called with the two arguments six and 10, then 11, and 'atan2()' is called with the two arguments 11 and 10. -File: gawk.info, Node: Numeric Functions, Next: String Functions, Prev: Calling Built-in, Up: Built-in +File: gawk.info, Node: Boolean Functions, Next: Numeric Functions, Prev: Calling Built-in, Up: Built-in -9.1.2 Numeric Functions +9.1.2 Generating Boolean Values +------------------------------- + +This function is specific to 'gawk'. It is not available in +compatibility mode (*note Options::): + +'mkbool(EXPRESSION)' + Return a Boolean-typed value based on the regular Boolean value of + EXPRESSION. Boolean "true" values have numeric value one. Boolean + "false" values have numeric zero. This is discussed in more detail + in *note Boolean Typed Values::. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Numeric Functions, Next: String Functions, Prev: Boolean Functions, Up: Built-in + +9.1.3 Numeric Functions ----------------------- The following list describes all of the built-in functions that work @@ -12867,7 +12889,7 @@ brackets ([ ]): 'log(X)' Return the natural logarithm of X, if X is positive; otherwise, - return 'NaN' ("not a number") on IEEE 754 systems. Additionally, + return NaN ("not a number") on IEEE 754 systems. Additionally, 'gawk' prints a warning message when 'x' is negative. 'rand()' @@ -12965,7 +12987,7 @@ the same sequence of random numbers over and over again. File: gawk.info, Node: String Functions, Next: I/O Functions, Prev: Numeric Functions, Up: Built-in -9.1.3 String-Manipulation Functions +9.1.4 String-Manipulation Functions ----------------------------------- The functions in this minor node look at or change the text of one or @@ -13537,7 +13559,7 @@ number zero. File: gawk.info, Node: Gory Details, Up: String Functions -9.1.3.1 More about '\' and '&' with 'sub()', 'gsub()', and 'gensub()' +9.1.4.1 More about '\' and '&' with 'sub()', 'gsub()', and 'gensub()' ..................................................................... CAUTION: This subsubsection has been reported to cause headaches. @@ -13683,7 +13705,7 @@ POSIX rules. File: gawk.info, Node: I/O Functions, Next: Time Functions, Prev: String Functions, Up: Built-in -9.1.4 Input/Output Functions +9.1.5 Input/Output Functions ---------------------------- The following functions relate to input/output (I/O). Optional @@ -13900,7 +13922,7 @@ the way this was done was probably a mistake. File: gawk.info, Node: Time Functions, Next: Bitwise Functions, Prev: I/O Functions, Up: Built-in -9.1.5 Time Functions +9.1.6 Time Functions -------------------- 'awk' programs are commonly used to process log files containing @@ -14217,7 +14239,7 @@ does not appear in the returned string or appears literally. File: gawk.info, Node: Bitwise Functions, Next: Type Functions, Prev: Time Functions, Up: Built-in -9.1.6 Bit-Manipulation Functions +9.1.7 Bit-Manipulation Functions -------------------------------- I can explain it for you, but I can't understand it for you. @@ -14399,7 +14421,7 @@ that range are reduced to fit within the range. File: gawk.info, Node: Type Functions, Next: I18N Functions, Prev: Bitwise Functions, Up: Built-in -9.1.7 Getting Type Information +9.1.8 Getting Type Information ------------------------------ 'gawk' provides two functions that let you distinguish the type of a @@ -14423,6 +14445,9 @@ contexts. '"number"' X is a number. + '"number|bool"' + X is a Boolean typed value (*note Boolean Typed Values::). + '"string"' X is a string. @@ -14484,7 +14509,7 @@ arguments from untyped to unassigned. File: gawk.info, Node: I18N Functions, Prev: Type Functions, Up: Built-in -9.1.8 String-Translation Functions +9.1.9 String-Translation Functions ---------------------------------- 'gawk' provides facilities for internationalizing 'awk' programs. These @@ -15163,7 +15188,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Indirect Calls, Next: Functions Summary, Prev: User-de 9.3 Indirect Function Calls =========================== -This section describes an advanced, 'gawk'-specific extension. +This minor node describes an advanced, 'gawk'-specific extension. Often, you may wish to defer the choice of function to call until runtime. For example, you may have different kinds of records, each of @@ -20916,6 +20941,7 @@ their own: * Menu: * Nondecimal Data:: Allowing nondecimal input data. +* Boolean Typed Values:: Values with 'number|bool' type. * Array Sorting:: Facilities for controlling array traversal and sorting arrays. * Two-way I/O:: Two-way communications with another process. @@ -20925,7 +20951,7 @@ their own: * Advanced Features Summary:: Summary of advanced features. -File: gawk.info, Node: Nondecimal Data, Next: Array Sorting, Up: Advanced Features +File: gawk.info, Node: Nondecimal Data, Next: Boolean Typed Values, Up: Advanced Features 12.1 Allowing Nondecimal Input Data =================================== @@ -20968,9 +20994,53 @@ request it. This option may disappear in a future version of 'gawk'. -File: gawk.info, Node: Array Sorting, Next: Two-way I/O, Prev: Nondecimal Data, Up: Advanced Features +File: gawk.info, Node: Boolean Typed Values, Next: Array Sorting, Prev: Nondecimal Data, Up: Advanced Features + +12.2 Boolean Typed Values +========================= + +Scalar values in 'awk' are either numbers or strings. 'gawk' also +supports values of type 'regexp' (*note Strong Regexp Constants::). + + As described in *note Truth Values::, Boolean values in 'awk' don't +have a separate type: a value counts as "true" if it is nonzero or +non-null, and as "false" otherwise. + + When interchanging data with languages that do have a real Boolean +type, using a standard format such as JSON or XML, the lack of a true +Boolean type in 'awk' is problematic. (See, for example, the 'json' +extension provided by the 'gawkextlib' project +(https://sourceforge.net/projects/gawkextlib).) -12.2 Controlling Array Traversal and Array Sorting + It's easy to import Boolean data into 'awk', but then the fact that +it was originally Boolean is lost. Exporting data is even harder; +there's no way to indicate that a value is really Boolean. + + To solve this problem, 'gawk' provides a function named 'mkbool()'. +It takes one argument, which is any 'awk' expression, and it returns a +value of Boolean type. + + The returned values are normal 'awk' numeric values, with values of +either one or zero, depending upon the truth value of the original +expression passed in the call to 'mkbool()'. + + The 'typeof()' function (*note Type Functions::) returns +'"number|bool"' for these values. + + Thus Boolean-typed values _are_ numbers as far as 'gawk' is +concerned, except that extension code can treat them as Booleans if +desired. + + While it would have been possible to add two new built-in variables +of Boolean type named 'TRUE' and 'FALSE', doing so would undoubtedly +have broken many existing 'awk' programs. Instead, having a "generator" +function that creates Boolean values gives flexibility, without breaking +as much existing code. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Array Sorting, Next: Two-way I/O, Prev: Boolean Typed Values, Up: Advanced Features + +12.3 Controlling Array Traversal and Array Sorting ================================================== 'gawk' lets you control the order in which a 'for (INDX in ARRAY)' loop @@ -20989,7 +21059,7 @@ to order the elements during sorting. File: gawk.info, Node: Controlling Array Traversal, Next: Array Sorting Functions, Up: Array Sorting -12.2.1 Controlling Array Traversal +12.3.1 Controlling Array Traversal ---------------------------------- By default, the order in which a 'for (INDX in ARRAY)' loop scans an @@ -21228,7 +21298,7 @@ character, which cannot be part of an identifier. File: gawk.info, Node: Array Sorting Functions, Prev: Controlling Array Traversal, Up: Array Sorting -12.2.2 Sorting Array Values and Indices with 'gawk' +12.3.2 Sorting Array Values and Indices with 'gawk' --------------------------------------------------- In most 'awk' implementations, sorting an array requires writing a @@ -21373,7 +21443,7 @@ POSIX-compatibility mode, and because 'asort()' and 'asorti()' are File: gawk.info, Node: Two-way I/O, Next: TCP/IP Networking, Prev: Array Sorting, Up: Advanced Features -12.3 Two-Way Communications with Another Process +12.4 Two-Way Communications with Another Process ================================================ It is often useful to be able to send data to a separate program for @@ -21568,7 +21638,7 @@ in Bash. File: gawk.info, Node: TCP/IP Networking, Next: Profiling, Prev: Two-way I/O, Up: Advanced Features -12.4 Using 'gawk' for Network Programming +12.5 Using 'gawk' for Network Programming ========================================= 'EMRED': @@ -21648,7 +21718,7 @@ complete introduction and discussion, as well as extensive examples. File: gawk.info, Node: Profiling, Next: Extension Philosophy, Prev: TCP/IP Networking, Up: Advanced Features -12.5 Profiling Your 'awk' Programs +12.6 Profiling Your 'awk' Programs ================================== You may produce execution traces of your 'awk' programs. This is done @@ -21910,7 +21980,7 @@ source code, it will appear that way in the output. File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Philosophy, Next: Advanced Features Summary, Prev: Profiling, Up: Advanced Features -12.6 Builtin Features versus Extensions +12.7 Builtin Features versus Extensions ======================================= As this and subsequent major nodes show, 'gawk' has a large number of @@ -21946,7 +22016,7 @@ or need. File: gawk.info, Node: Advanced Features Summary, Prev: Extension Philosophy, Up: Advanced Features -12.7 Summary +12.8 Summary ============ * The '--non-decimal-data' option causes 'gawk' to treat octal- and @@ -24303,18 +24373,10 @@ material here: another number and infinity produce infinity. "NaN" - "Not a number."(1) A special value that results from attempting a - calculation that has no answer as a real number. In such a case, - programs can either receive a floating-point exception, or get - 'NaN' back as the result. The IEEE 754 standard recommends that - systems return 'NaN'. Some examples: - - 'sqrt(-1)' - This makes sense in the range of complex numbers, but not in - the range of real numbers, so the result is 'NaN'. - - 'log(-8)' - -8 is out of the domain of 'log()', so the result is 'NaN'. + "Not a number." A special value that results from attempting a + calculation that has no answer as a real number. *Note Strange + values::, for more information about infinity and not-a-number + values. "Normalized" How the significand (see later in this list) is usually stored. @@ -24373,11 +24435,6 @@ Table 16.3: Basic IEEE format values NOTE: The precision numbers include the implied leading one that gives them one extra bit of significand. - ---------- Footnotes ---------- - - (1) Thanks to Michael Brennan for this description, which we have -paraphrased, and for the examples. - File: gawk.info, Node: MPFR features, Next: FP Math Caution, Prev: Math Definitions, Up: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic @@ -24470,6 +24527,7 @@ be sure of the number of significant decimal places in the final result. * Inexact representation:: Numbers are not exactly represented. * Comparing FP Values:: How to compare floating point values. * Errors accumulate:: Errors get bigger as they go. +* Strange values:: A few words about infinities and NaNs. File: gawk.info, Node: Inexact representation, Next: Comparing FP Values, Up: Inexactness of computations @@ -24534,7 +24592,7 @@ values with a delta, you should be sure to use 'difference < abs(delta)' in case someone passes in a negative delta value. -File: gawk.info, Node: Errors accumulate, Prev: Comparing FP Values, Up: Inexactness of computations +File: gawk.info, Node: Errors accumulate, Next: Strange values, Prev: Comparing FP Values, Up: Inexactness of computations 16.4.1.3 Errors Accumulate .......................... @@ -24582,6 +24640,64 @@ representations yield an unexpected result: -| 4 +File: gawk.info, Node: Strange values, Prev: Errors accumulate, Up: Inexactness of computations + +16.4.1.4 Floating Point Values They Didn't Talk About In School +............................................................... + +Both IEEE 754 floating-point hardware, and MPFR, support two kinds of +values that you probably didn't learn about in school. The first is +"infinity", a special value, that can be either negative or positive, +and which is either smaller than any other value (negative infinity), or +larger than any other value (positive infinity). When such values are +generated, 'gawk' prints them as either '-inf' or '+inf', respectively. +It accepts those strings as data input and converts them to the proper +floating-point values internally. + + Infinity values of the same sign compare as equal to each other. +Otherwise, operations (addition, subtraction, etc.) involving another +number and infinity produce mathematically reasonable results. + + The second kind of value is "not a number", or NaN for short.(1) +This is a special value that results from attempting a calculation that +has no answer as a real number. In such a case, programs can either +receive a floating-point exception, or get NaN back as the result. The +IEEE 754 standard recommends that systems return NaN. Some examples: + +'sqrt(-1)' + This makes sense in the range of complex numbers, but not in the + range of real numbers, so the result is NaN. + +'log(-8)' + -8 is out of the domain of 'log()', so the result is NaN. + + NaN values are strange. In particular, they cannot be compared with +other floating point values; any such comparison, except for "is not +equal to", returns false. NaN values are so much unequal to other +values that even comparing two identical NaN values with '!=' returns +true! + + NaN values can also be signed, although it depends upon the +implementation as to which sign you get for any operation that returns a +NaN. For example, on some systems, 'sqrt(-1)' returns a negative NaN. On +others, it returns a positive NaN. + + When such values are generated, 'gawk' prints them as either '-nan' +or '+nan', respectively. Here too, 'gawk' accepts those strings as data +input and converts them to the proper floating-point values internally. + + If you want to dive more deeply into this topic, you can find test +programs in C, 'awk' and Python in the directory +'awklib/eg/test-programs' in the 'gawk' distribution. These programs +enable comparison among programming languages as to how they handle NaN +and infinity values. + + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) Thanks to Michael Brennan for this description, which we have +paraphrased, and for the examples. + + File: gawk.info, Node: Getting Accuracy, Next: Try To Round, Prev: Inexactness of computations, Up: FP Math Caution 16.4.2 Getting the Accuracy You Need @@ -25528,7 +25644,8 @@ use them. ' AWK_STRNUM,' ' AWK_ARRAY,' ' AWK_SCALAR, /* opaque access to a variable */' -' AWK_VALUE_COOKIE /* for updating a previously created value */' +' AWK_VALUE_COOKIE, /* for updating a previously created value */' +' AWK_BOOL' '} awk_valtype_t;' This 'enum' indicates the type of a value. It is used in the following 'struct'. @@ -25541,6 +25658,7 @@ use them. ' awk_array_t a;' ' awk_scalar_t scl;' ' awk_value_cookie_t vc;' +' awk_bool_t b;' ' } u;' '} awk_value_t;' An "'awk' value." The 'val_type' member indicates what kind of @@ -25556,6 +25674,7 @@ use them. '#define array_cookie u.a' '#define scalar_cookie u.scl' '#define value_cookie u.vc' +'#define bool_value u.b' Using these macros makes accessing the fields of the 'awk_value_t' more readable. @@ -25866,6 +25985,11 @@ code would use them: a 'char *' value pointing to data previously obtained from 'gawk_malloc()', 'gawk_calloc()', or 'gawk_realloc()'. +'static inline awk_value_t *' +'make_bool(awk_bool_t boolval, awk_value_t *result);' + This function creates a boolean value in the 'awk_value_t' variable + pointed to by 'result'. + File: gawk.info, Node: API Ownership of MPFR and GMP Values, Next: Registration Functions, Prev: Constructor Functions, Up: Extension API Description @@ -26591,16 +26715,17 @@ summarized in *note Table 17.2: table-value-types-returned. Type of Actual Value -------------------------------------------------------------------------- - String Strnum Number Regex Array Undefined -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - String String String String String false false - Strnum false Strnum Strnum false false false - Number Number Number Number false false false -Type Regex false false false Regex false false -Requested Array false false false false Array false - Scalar Scalar Scalar Scalar Scalar false false - Undefined String Strnum Number Regex Array Undefined - Value false false false false false false + String Strnum Number Regex Bool Array Undefined +---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + String String String String String String false false + Strnum false Strnum Strnum false false false false + Number Number Number Number false Number false false +Type Regex false false false Regex false false false +Requested Bool false false false false Bool false false + Array false false false false false Array false + Scalar Scalar Scalar Scalar Scalar Scalar false false + Undefined String Strnum Number Regex Bool Array Undefined + Value false false false false false false false cookie Table 17.2: API value types returned @@ -33393,8 +33518,8 @@ Localization Logical Expression An expression using the operators for logic, AND, OR, and NOT, - written '&&', '||', and '!' in 'awk'. Often called Boolean - expressions, after the mathematician who pioneered this kind of + written '&&', '||', and '!' in 'awk'. Often called "Boolean + expressions", after the mathematician who pioneered this kind of mathematical logic. Lvalue @@ -35551,6 +35676,7 @@ Index * body, in loops: While Statement. (line 14) * Boolean expressions: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * Boolean expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 39) +* boolean function: Boolean Functions. (line 6) * Bourne shell, quoting rules for: Quoting. (line 18) * braces ({}), regexp operator: Regexp Operator Details. (line 118) @@ -37140,6 +37266,7 @@ Index * metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 140) * metacharacters, in regular expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 6) * minimum precision required by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 279) +* mkbool: Boolean Functions. (line 10) * mktime: Time Functions. (line 25) * modifiers, in format specifiers: Format Modifiers. (line 6) * module, definition of: Global Namespace. (line 18) @@ -38367,607 +38494,610 @@ Index Tag Table: Node: Top1200 -Node: Foreword345084 -Node: Foreword449526 -Node: Preface51058 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-153917 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-254026 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-354260 -Node: History54402 -Node: Names56754 -Ref: Names-Footnote-157858 -Node: This Manual58005 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-164644 -Node: Conventions64744 -Node: Manual History67113 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-170110 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-270151 -Node: How To Contribute70225 -Node: Acknowledgments71151 -Node: Getting Started76088 -Node: Running gawk78527 -Node: One-shot79717 -Node: Read Terminal80980 -Node: Long82973 -Node: Executable Scripts84486 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-187119 -Node: Comments87222 -Node: Quoting89706 -Node: DOS Quoting95232 -Node: Sample Data Files97288 -Node: Very Simple99883 -Node: Two Rules105985 -Node: More Complex107870 -Node: Statements/Lines110202 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1114686 -Node: Other Features114951 -Node: When115887 -Ref: When-Footnote-1117641 -Node: Intro Summary117706 -Node: Invoking Gawk118590 -Node: Command Line120104 -Node: Options120902 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1138816 -Ref: Options-Footnote-2139047 -Node: Other Arguments139072 -Node: Naming Standard Input143083 -Node: Environment Variables144293 -Node: AWKPATH Variable144851 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1148263 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2148297 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable148668 -Ref: AWKLIBPATH Variable-Footnote-1150365 -Node: Other Environment Variables150740 -Node: Exit Status154561 -Node: Include Files155238 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries158928 -Node: Obsolete160356 -Node: Undocumented161048 -Node: Invoking Summary161345 -Node: Regexp164186 -Node: Regexp Usage165640 -Node: Escape Sequences167677 -Node: Regexp Operators173918 -Node: Regexp Operator Details174403 -Ref: Regexp Operator Details-Footnote-1181767 -Node: Interval Expressions181914 -Ref: Interval Expressions-Footnote-1183335 -Node: Bracket Expressions183433 -Ref: table-char-classes185909 -Node: Leftmost Longest189235 -Node: Computed Regexps190538 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators193965 -Node: Case-sensitivity197702 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1200568 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2200803 -Node: Regexp Summary200911 -Node: Reading Files202377 -Node: Records204646 -Node: awk split records205721 -Node: gawk split records210421 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1215495 -Node: Fields215532 -Node: Nonconstant Fields218273 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1220509 -Node: Changing Fields220713 -Node: Field Separators226744 -Node: Default Field Splitting229442 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting230560 -Node: Single Character Fields234237 -Node: Command Line Field Separator235297 -Node: Full Line Fields238515 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1240037 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2240083 -Node: Field Splitting Summary240184 -Node: Constant Size242258 -Node: Fixed width data242990 -Node: Skipping intervening246457 -Node: Allowing trailing data247255 -Node: Fields with fixed data248292 -Node: Splitting By Content249810 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1253593 -Node: More CSV253756 -Node: Testing field creation255348 -Node: Multiple Line256973 -Node: Getline263250 -Node: Plain Getline265719 -Node: Getline/Variable268292 -Node: Getline/File269443 -Node: Getline/Variable/File270831 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1272436 -Node: Getline/Pipe272524 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe275228 -Node: Getline/Coprocess276363 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess277630 -Node: Getline Notes278372 -Node: Getline Summary281169 -Ref: table-getline-variants281593 -Node: Read Timeout282341 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1286247 -Node: Retrying Input286305 -Node: Command-line directories287504 -Node: Input Summary288410 -Node: Input Exercises291582 -Node: Printing292016 -Node: Print293850 -Node: Print Examples295307 -Node: Output Separators298087 -Node: OFMT300104 -Node: Printf301460 -Node: Basic Printf302245 -Node: Control Letters303819 -Node: Format Modifiers308983 -Node: Printf Examples314998 -Node: Redirection317484 -Node: Special FD324325 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1327493 -Node: Special Files327567 -Node: Other Inherited Files328184 -Node: Special Network329185 -Node: Special Caveats330045 -Node: Close Files And Pipes330994 -Ref: table-close-pipe-return-values337901 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1338714 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2338862 -Node: Nonfatal339014 -Node: Output Summary341352 -Node: Output Exercises342574 -Node: Expressions343253 -Node: Values344441 -Node: Constants345119 -Node: Scalar Constants345810 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1348320 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers348570 -Node: Regexp Constants351571 -Node: Using Constant Regexps352097 -Node: Standard Regexp Constants352719 -Node: Strong Regexp Constants355907 -Node: Variables358919 -Node: Using Variables359576 -Node: Assignment Options361486 -Node: Conversion363957 -Node: Strings And Numbers364481 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1367544 -Node: Locale influences conversions367653 -Ref: table-locale-affects370411 -Node: All Operators371029 -Node: Arithmetic Ops371658 -Node: Concatenation374374 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1377221 -Node: Assignment Ops377328 -Ref: table-assign-ops382319 -Node: Increment Ops383632 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions387092 -Node: Truth Values388166 -Node: Typing and Comparison389214 -Node: Variable Typing390034 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1396497 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-2396569 -Node: Comparison Operators396646 -Ref: table-relational-ops397065 -Node: POSIX String Comparison400560 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1402255 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-2402394 -Node: Boolean Ops402478 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1406960 -Node: Conditional Exp407052 -Node: Function Calls408788 -Node: Precedence412665 -Node: Locales416324 -Node: Expressions Summary417956 -Node: Patterns and Actions420529 -Node: Pattern Overview421649 -Node: Regexp Patterns423326 -Node: Expression Patterns423868 -Node: Ranges427649 -Node: BEGIN/END430757 -Node: Using BEGIN/END431518 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1434272 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END434378 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE436691 -Node: Empty439922 -Node: Using Shell Variables440239 -Node: Action Overview442513 -Node: Statements444838 -Node: If Statement446686 -Node: While Statement448181 -Node: Do Statement450209 -Node: For Statement451357 -Node: Switch Statement454528 -Node: Break Statement456969 -Node: Continue Statement459061 -Node: Next Statement460888 -Node: Nextfile Statement463271 -Node: Exit Statement465960 -Node: Built-in Variables468363 -Node: User-modified469496 -Node: Auto-set477263 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1494070 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2494276 -Node: ARGC and ARGV494332 -Node: Pattern Action Summary498545 -Node: Arrays500975 -Node: Array Basics502304 -Node: Array Intro503148 -Ref: figure-array-elements505123 -Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1507827 -Node: Reference to Elements507955 -Node: Assigning Elements510419 -Node: Array 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Summary958876 -Node: Namespaces960155 -Node: Global Namespace961266 -Node: Qualified Names962664 -Node: Default Namespace963663 -Node: Changing The Namespace964404 -Node: Naming Rules966018 -Node: Internal Name Management967866 -Node: Namespace Example968908 -Node: Namespace And Features971470 -Node: Namespace Summary972905 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic974382 -Node: Computer Arithmetic975869 -Ref: table-numeric-ranges979635 -Ref: table-floating-point-ranges980128 -Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1980786 -Node: Math Definitions980843 -Ref: table-ieee-formats984159 -Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1984762 -Node: MPFR features984867 -Node: FP Math Caution986585 -Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1987657 -Node: Inexactness of computations988026 -Node: Inexact representation988986 -Node: Comparing FP Values990346 -Node: Errors accumulate991587 -Node: Getting Accuracy993020 -Node: Try To Round995730 -Node: Setting precision996629 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings997326 -Node: 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-Node: PC Installation1244929 -Node: PC Binary Installation1245767 -Node: PC Compiling1246202 -Node: PC Using1247319 -Node: Cygwin1250872 -Node: MSYS1252096 -Node: VMS Installation1252698 -Node: VMS Compilation1253417 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11254646 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1254704 -Node: VMS Installation Details1256389 -Node: VMS Running1258651 -Node: VMS GNV1262930 -Node: Bugs1263644 -Node: Bug definition1264524 -Node: Bug address1267028 -Node: Usenet1270416 -Node: Performance bugs1271425 -Node: Asking for help1274346 -Node: Maintainers1276308 -Node: Other Versions1277502 -Node: Installation summary1285354 -Node: Notes1286718 -Node: Compatibility Mode1287512 -Node: Additions1288294 -Node: Accessing The Source1289219 -Node: Adding Code1290656 -Node: New Ports1296875 -Node: Derived Files1301250 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11306910 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21306945 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31307543 -Node: Future Extensions1307657 -Node: Implementation 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History-Footnote-170381 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-270422 +Node: How To Contribute70496 +Node: Acknowledgments71422 +Node: Getting Started76359 +Node: Running gawk78798 +Node: One-shot79988 +Node: Read Terminal81251 +Node: Long83244 +Node: Executable Scripts84757 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-187390 +Node: Comments87493 +Node: Quoting89977 +Node: DOS Quoting95503 +Node: Sample Data Files97559 +Node: Very Simple100154 +Node: Two Rules106256 +Node: More Complex108141 +Node: Statements/Lines110473 +Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1114957 +Node: Other Features115222 +Node: When116158 +Ref: When-Footnote-1117912 +Node: Intro Summary117977 +Node: Invoking Gawk118861 +Node: Command Line120375 +Node: Options121173 +Ref: Options-Footnote-1139087 +Ref: Options-Footnote-2139318 +Node: Other Arguments139343 +Node: Naming Standard Input143354 +Node: Environment Variables144564 +Node: AWKPATH Variable145122 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1148534 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2148568 +Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable148939 +Ref: AWKLIBPATH Variable-Footnote-1150636 +Node: Other Environment Variables151011 +Node: Exit Status154963 +Node: Include Files155640 +Node: Loading Shared Libraries159330 +Node: Obsolete160758 +Node: Undocumented161450 +Node: Invoking Summary161747 +Node: Regexp164588 +Node: Regexp Usage166042 +Node: Escape Sequences168079 +Node: Regexp Operators174320 +Node: Regexp Operator Details174805 +Ref: Regexp Operator Details-Footnote-1182169 +Node: Interval Expressions182316 +Ref: Interval Expressions-Footnote-1183737 +Node: Bracket Expressions183835 +Ref: table-char-classes186311 +Node: Leftmost Longest189637 +Node: Computed Regexps190940 +Node: GNU Regexp Operators194367 +Node: Case-sensitivity198104 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1200970 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2201205 +Node: Regexp Summary201313 +Node: Reading Files202779 +Node: Records205048 +Node: awk split records206123 +Node: gawk split records210823 +Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1215897 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Getline/Variable/Pipe275630 +Node: Getline/Coprocess276765 +Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess278032 +Node: Getline Notes278774 +Node: Getline Summary281571 +Ref: table-getline-variants281995 +Node: Read Timeout282743 +Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1286649 +Node: Retrying Input286707 +Node: Command-line directories287906 +Node: Input Summary288812 +Node: Input Exercises291984 +Node: Printing292418 +Node: Print294252 +Node: Print Examples295709 +Node: Output Separators298489 +Node: OFMT300506 +Node: Printf301862 +Node: Basic Printf302647 +Node: Control Letters304221 +Node: Format Modifiers309383 +Node: Printf Examples315398 +Node: Redirection317884 +Node: Special FD324725 +Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1327893 +Node: Special Files327967 +Node: Other Inherited Files328584 +Node: Special Network329585 +Node: Special Caveats330445 +Node: Close Files And Pipes331394 +Ref: table-close-pipe-return-values338301 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1339114 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2339262 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Computer Arithmetic978945 +Ref: table-numeric-ranges982711 +Ref: table-floating-point-ranges983204 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1983862 +Node: Math Definitions983919 +Ref: table-ieee-formats986895 +Node: MPFR features987462 +Node: FP Math Caution989180 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1990252 +Node: Inexactness of computations990621 +Node: Inexact representation991652 +Node: Comparing FP Values993012 +Node: Errors accumulate994253 +Node: Strange values995709 +Ref: Strange values-Footnote-1998297 +Node: Getting Accuracy998402 +Node: Try To Round1001112 +Node: Setting precision1002011 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings1002708 +Node: Setting the rounding mode1004538 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes1004912 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-11008843 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers1009022 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-11012197 +Node: Checking for MPFR1012346 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems1013820 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-11018105 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Running1264468 +Node: VMS GNV1268747 +Node: Bugs1269461 +Node: Bug definition1270341 +Node: Bug address1272845 +Node: Usenet1276233 +Node: Performance bugs1277242 +Node: Asking for help1280163 +Node: Maintainers1282125 +Node: Other Versions1283319 +Node: Installation summary1291171 +Node: Notes1292535 +Node: Compatibility Mode1293329 +Node: Additions1294111 +Node: Accessing The Source1295036 +Node: Adding Code1296473 +Node: New Ports1302692 +Node: Derived Files1307067 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11312727 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21312762 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31313360 +Node: Future Extensions1313474 +Node: Implementation Limitations1314132 +Node: Extension Design1315342 +Node: Old Extension Problems1316486 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11318004 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1318061 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11321425 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1321614 +Node: Extension Future Growth1323727 +Node: Notes summary1324333 +Node: Basic Concepts1325491 +Node: Basic High Level1326172 +Ref: figure-general-flow1326454 +Ref: figure-process-flow1327139 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11330440 +Node: Basic Data Typing1330625 +Node: Glossary1333953 +Node: Copying1365840 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1403383 +Node: Index1428503 End Tag Table |