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diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 07c6abb9..878b1584 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". * Single Character Fields:: Making each character a separate field. * Command Line Field Separator:: Setting `FS' from the - command-line. + command line. * Full Line Fields:: Making the full line be a single field. * Field Splitting Summary:: Some final points and a summary table. @@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". `getline'. * Getline Summary:: Summary of `getline' Variants. * Read Timeout:: Reading input with a timeout. -* Command line directories:: What happens if you put a directory on +* Command-line directories:: What happens if you put a directory on the command line. * Input Summary:: Input summary. * Input Exercises:: Exercises. @@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". * Variables:: Variables give names to values for later use. * Using Variables:: Using variables in your programs. -* Assignment Options:: Setting variables on the command-line +* Assignment Options:: Setting variables on the command line and a summary of command-line syntax. This is an advanced method of input. * Conversion:: The conversion of strings to numbers @@ -884,7 +884,7 @@ contributed parts of the code as well. In 1988 and 1989, David Trueman, with help from me, thoroughly reworked `gawk' for compatibility with the newer `awk'. Circa 1994, I became the primary maintainer. Current development focuses on bug fixes, performance improvements, -standards compliance, and occasionally, new features. +standards compliance and, occasionally, new features. In May of 1997, Ju"rgen Kahrs felt the need for network access from `awk', and with a little help from me, set about adding features to do @@ -1086,7 +1086,7 @@ formatting language. A single Texinfo source file is used to produce both the printed and online versions of the documentation. This minor node briefly documents the typographical conventions used in Texinfo. - Examples you would type at the command-line are preceded by the + Examples you would type at the command line are preceded by the common shell primary and secondary prompts, `$' and `>'. Input that you type is shown `like this'. Output from the command is preceded by the glyph "-|". This typically represents the command's standard @@ -1456,7 +1456,7 @@ end-of-file character may be different. For example, on OS/2, it is As an example, the following program prints a friendly piece of advice (from Douglas Adams's `The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy'), to keep you from worrying about the complexities of computer -programming(1) (`BEGIN' is a feature we haven't discussed yet): +programming (`BEGIN' is a feature we haven't discussed yet): $ awk "BEGIN { print \"Don't Panic!\" }" -| Don't Panic! @@ -1464,7 +1464,13 @@ programming(1) (`BEGIN' is a feature we haven't discussed yet): This program does not read any input. The `\' before each of the inner double quotes is necessary because of the shell's quoting rules--in particular because it mixes both single quotes and double -quotes.(2) +quotes.(1) + + NOTE: As a side note, if you use Bash as your shell, you should + execute the command `set +H' before running this program + interactively, to disable the C shell-style command history, which + treats `!' as a special character. We recommend putting this + command into your personal startup file. This next simple `awk' program emulates the `cat' utility; it copies whatever you type on the keyboard to its standard output (why this @@ -1483,12 +1489,7 @@ works is explained shortly). ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) If you use Bash as your shell, you should execute the command -`set +H' before running this program interactively, to disable the C -shell-style command history, which treats `!' as a special character. -We recommend putting this command into your personal startup file. - - (2) Although we generally recommend the use of single quotes around + (1) Although we generally recommend the use of single quotes around the program text, double quotes are needed here in order to put the single quote into the message. @@ -1719,9 +1720,9 @@ the quoting rules. Note that the single quote is not special within double quotes. * Null strings are removed when they occur as part of a non-null - command-line argument, while explicit non-null objects are kept. - For example, to specify that the field separator `FS' should be - set to the null string, use: + command-line argument, while explicit null objects are kept. For + example, to specify that the field separator `FS' should be set to + the null string, use: awk -F "" 'PROGRAM' FILES # correct @@ -1814,10 +1815,10 @@ one "record". In the data file `mail-list', each record contains the name of a person, his/her phone number, his/her email-address, and a code for -their relationship with the author of the list. An `A' in the last -column means that the person is an acquaintance. An `F' in the last -column means that the person is a friend. An `R' means that the person -is a relative: +their relationship with the author of the list. The columns are +aligned using spaces. An `A' in the last column means that the person +is an acquaintance. An `F' in the last column means that the person is +a friend. An `R' means that the person is a relative: Amelia 555-5553 amelia.zodiacusque@gmail.com F Anthony 555-3412 anthony.asserturo@hotmail.com A @@ -2505,8 +2506,8 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: this option is intended to be used with code libraries, `gawk' does not recognize such files as constituting main program input. Thus, after processing an `-i' argument, `gawk' still expects to - find the main source code via the `-f' option or on the - command-line. + find the main source code via the `-f' option or on the command + line. `-l' EXT `--load' EXT @@ -2523,7 +2524,7 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: `-L'[VALUE] `--lint'[`='VALUE] Warn about constructs that are dubious or nonportable to other - `awk' implementations. No space is allowed between the `-D' and + `awk' implementations. No space is allowed between the `-L' and VALUE, if VALUE is supplied. Some warnings are issued when `gawk' first reads your program. Others are issued at runtime, as your program executes. With an optional argument of `fatal', lint @@ -2601,7 +2602,7 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: * Newlines are not allowed after `?' or `:' (*note Conditional Exp::). - * Specifying `-Ft' on the command-line does not set the value + * Specifying `-Ft' on the command line does not set the value of `FS' to be a single TAB character (*note Field Separators::). @@ -2783,7 +2784,7 @@ with `getline' (*note Getline/File::). In addition, `gawk' allows you to specify the special file name `/dev/stdin', both on the command line and with `getline'. Some other versions of `awk' also support this, but it is not standard. (Some -operating systems provide a `/dev/stdin' file in the file system; +operating systems provide a `/dev/stdin' file in the filesystem; however, `gawk' always processes this file name itself.) @@ -2809,7 +2810,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: AWKPATH Variable, Next: AWKLIBPATH Variable, Up: Envir ---------------------------------------- The previous minor node described how `awk' program files can be named -on the command-line with the `-f' option. In most `awk' +on the command line with the `-f' option. In most `awk' implementations, you must supply a precise path name for each program file, unless the file is in the current directory. But in `gawk', if the file name supplied to the `-f' or `-i' options does not contain a @@ -2896,7 +2897,7 @@ they are more specialized. Those in the following list are meant to be used by regular users. `POSIXLY_CORRECT' - Causes `gawk' to switch POSIX compatibility mode, disabling all + Causes `gawk' to switch to POSIX compatibility mode, disabling all traditional and GNU extensions. *Note Options::. `GAWK_SOCK_RETRIES' @@ -2924,7 +2925,7 @@ change. The variables are: the value should be a number, and `gawk' uses that number as the size of the buffer to allocate. (When this variable is not set, `gawk' uses the smaller of the file's size and the "default" - blocksize, which is usually the file systems I/O blocksize.) + blocksize, which is usually the filesystems I/O blocksize.) `AWK_HASH' If this variable exists with a value of `gst', `gawk' switches to @@ -3153,9 +3154,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Invoking Summary, Prev: Undocumented, Up: Invoking Gaw * Use either `awk 'PROGRAM' FILES' or `awk -f PROGRAM-FILE FILES' to run `awk'. - * The three standard `awk' options are `-f', `-F' and `-v'. `gawk' - supplies these and many others, as well as corresponding GNU-style - long options. + * The three standard options for all versions of `awk' are `-f', + `-F' and `-v'. `gawk' supplies these and many others, as well as + corresponding GNU-style long options. * Non-option command-line arguments are usually treated as file names, unless they have the form `VAR=VALUE', in which case they @@ -3991,7 +3992,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Regexp Summary, Prev: Computed Regexps, Up: Regexp `awk', regular expression constants are written enclosed between slashes: `/'...`/'. - * Regexp constants may be used by standalone in patterns and in + * Regexp constants may be used standalone in patterns and in conditional expressions, or as part of matching expressions using the `~' and `!~' operators. @@ -4015,8 +4016,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Regexp Summary, Prev: Computed Regexps, Up: Regexp extent of the match, such as for text substitution and when the record separator is a regexp. - * Matching expressions may use dynamic regexps; that is string values - treated as regular expressions. + * Matching expressions may use dynamic regexps; that is, string + values treated as regular expressions. @@ -4057,7 +4058,7 @@ have to be named on the `awk' command line (*note Getline::). * Getline:: Reading files under explicit program control using the `getline' function. * Read Timeout:: Reading input with a timeout. -* Command line directories:: What happens if you put a directory on the +* Command-line directories:: What happens if you put a directory on the command line. * Input Summary:: Input summary. * Input Exercises:: Exercises. @@ -4239,16 +4240,16 @@ trailing whitespace: $ echo record 1 AAAA record 2 BBBB record 3 | > gawk 'BEGIN { RS = "\n|( *[[:upper:]]+ *)" } - > { print "Record =", $0, "and RT =", RT }' - -| Record = record 1 and RT = AAAA - -| Record = record 2 and RT = BBBB - -| Record = record 3 and RT = - -| + > { print "Record =", $0,"and RT = [" RT "]" }' + -| Record = record 1 and RT = [ AAAA ] + -| Record = record 2 and RT = [ BBBB ] + -| Record = record 3 and RT = [ + -| ] -The final line of output has an extra blank line. This is because the -value of `RT' is a newline, and the `print' statement supplies its own -terminating newline. *Note Simple Sed::, for a more useful example of -`RS' as a regexp and `RT'. +The square brackets delineate the contents of `RT', letting you see the +leading and trailing whitespace. The final value of `RT' `RT' is a +newline. *Note Simple Sed::, for a more useful example of `RS' as a +regexp and `RT'. If you set `RS' to a regular expression that allows optional trailing text, such as `RS = "abc(XYZ)?"' it is possible, due to @@ -4590,7 +4591,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Field Separators, Next: Constant Size, Prev: Changing * Default Field Splitting:: How fields are normally separated. * Regexp Field Splitting:: Using regexps as the field separator. * Single Character Fields:: Making each character a separate field. -* Command Line Field Separator:: Setting `FS' from the command-line. +* Command Line Field Separator:: Setting `FS' from the command line. * Full Line Fields:: Making the full line be a single field. * Field Splitting Summary:: Some final points and a summary table. @@ -5754,7 +5755,7 @@ VAR Table 4.1: `getline' Variants and What They Set -File: gawk.info, Node: Read Timeout, Next: Command line directories, Prev: Getline, Up: Reading Files +File: gawk.info, Node: Read Timeout, Next: Command-line directories, Prev: Getline, Up: Reading Files 4.10 Reading Input With A Timeout ================================= @@ -5848,7 +5849,7 @@ writing. (1) This assumes that standard input is the keyboard. -File: gawk.info, Node: Command line directories, Next: Input Summary, Prev: Read Timeout, Up: Reading Files +File: gawk.info, Node: Command-line directories, Next: Input Summary, Prev: Read Timeout, Up: Reading Files 4.11 Directories On The Command Line ==================================== @@ -5871,7 +5872,7 @@ error. usable data from an `awk' program. -File: gawk.info, Node: Input Summary, Next: Input Exercises, Prev: Command line directories, Up: Reading Files +File: gawk.info, Node: Input Summary, Next: Input Exercises, Prev: Command-line directories, Up: Reading Files 4.12 Summary ============ @@ -7355,12 +7356,12 @@ For example: } In this example, the programmer wants to pass a regexp constant to -the user-defined function `mysub', which in turn passes it on to either -`sub()' or `gsub()'. However, what really happens is that the `pat' -parameter is either one or zero, depending upon whether or not `$0' -matches `/hi/'. `gawk' issues a warning when it sees a regexp constant -used as a parameter to a user-defined function, since passing a truth -value in this way is probably not what was intended. +the user-defined function `mysub()', which in turn passes it on to +either `sub()' or `gsub()'. However, what really happens is that the +`pat' parameter is either one or zero, depending upon whether or not +`$0' matches `/hi/'. `gawk' issues a warning when it sees a regexp +constant used as a parameter to a user-defined function, since passing +a truth value in this way is probably not what was intended. File: gawk.info, Node: Variables, Next: Conversion, Prev: Using Constant Regexps, Up: Values @@ -7376,7 +7377,7 @@ on the `awk' command line. * Menu: * Using Variables:: Using variables in your programs. -* Assignment Options:: Setting variables on the command-line and a +* Assignment Options:: Setting variables on the command line and a summary of command-line syntax. This is an advanced method of input. @@ -12345,9 +12346,13 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Gory Details, Up: String Functions 9.1.3.1 More About `\' and `&' with `sub()', `gsub()', and `gensub()' ..................................................................... -When using `sub()', `gsub()', or `gensub()', and trying to get literal -backslashes and ampersands into the replacement text, you need to -remember that there are several levels of "escape processing" going on. + CAUTION: This section has been known to cause headaches. You + might want to skip it upon first reading. + + When using `sub()', `gsub()', or `gensub()', and trying to get +literal backslashes and ampersands into the replacement text, you need +to remember that there are several levels of "escape processing" going +on. First, there is the "lexical" level, which is when `awk' reads your program and builds an internal copy of it to execute. Then there is @@ -12373,13 +12378,13 @@ is illustrated in *note table-sub-escapes::. You type `sub()' sees `sub()' generates ------- --------- -------------- - `\&' `&' the matched text - `\\&' `\&' a literal `&' - `\\\&' `\&' a literal `&' - `\\\\&' `\\&' a literal `\&' - `\\\\\&' `\\&' a literal `\&' - `\\\\\\&' `\\\&' a literal `\\&' - `\\q' `\q' a literal `\q' + `\&' `&' The matched text + `\\&' `\&' A literal `&' + `\\\&' `\&' A literal `&' + `\\\\&' `\\&' A literal `\&' + `\\\\\&' `\\&' A literal `\&' + `\\\\\\&' `\\\&' A literal `\\&' + `\\q' `\q' A literal `\q' Table 9.1: Historical Escape Sequence Processing for `sub()' and `gsub()' @@ -12393,50 +12398,25 @@ backslashes entered at the lexical level.) The problem with the historical approach is that there is no way to get a literal `\' followed by the matched text. - The 1992 POSIX standard attempted to fix this problem. That standard -says that `sub()' and `gsub()' look for either a `\' or an `&' after -the `\'. If either one follows a `\', that character is output -literally. The interpretation of `\' and `&' then becomes as shown in -*note table-sub-posix-92::. + Several editions of the POSIX standard attempted to fix this problem +but weren't successful. The details are irrelevant at this point in +time. - You type `sub()' sees `sub()' generates - ------- --------- -------------- - `&' `&' the matched text - `\\&' `\&' a literal `&' - `\\\\&' `\\&' a literal `\', then the matched text - `\\\\\\&' `\\\&' a literal `\&' - -Table 9.2: 1992 POSIX Rules for `sub()' and `gsub()' Escape Sequence -Processing - -This appears to solve the problem. Unfortunately, the phrasing of the -standard is unusual. It says, in effect, that `\' turns off the special -meaning of any following character, but for anything other than `\' and -`&', such special meaning is undefined. This wording leads to two -problems: - - * Backslashes must now be doubled in the REPLACEMENT string, breaking - historical `awk' programs. - - * To make sure that an `awk' program is portable, _every_ character - in the REPLACEMENT string must be preceded with a backslash.(1) - - Because of the problems just listed, in 1996, the `gawk' maintainer -submitted proposed text for a revised standard that reverts to rules -that correspond more closely to the original existing practice. The -proposed rules have special cases that make it possible to produce a -`\' preceding the matched text. This is shown in *note -table-sub-proposed::. + At one point, the `gawk' maintainer submitted proposed text for a +revised standard that reverts to rules that correspond more closely to +the original existing practice. The proposed rules have special cases +that make it possible to produce a `\' preceding the matched text. +This is shown in *note table-sub-proposed::. You type `sub()' sees `sub()' generates ------- --------- -------------- - `\\\\\\&' `\\\&' a literal `\&' - `\\\\&' `\\&' a literal `\', followed by the matched text - `\\&' `\&' a literal `&' - `\\q' `\q' a literal `\q' + `\\\\\\&' `\\\&' A literal `\&' + `\\\\&' `\\&' A literal `\', followed by the matched text + `\\&' `\&' A literal `&' + `\\q' `\q' A literal `\q' `\\\\' `\\' `\\' -Table 9.3: Proposed Rules For `sub()' And Backslash +Table 9.2: GNU `awk' Rules For `sub()' And Backslash In a nutshell, at the runtime level, there are now three special sequences of characters (`\\\&', `\\&' and `\&') whereas historically @@ -12444,11 +12424,11 @@ there was only one. However, as in the historical case, any `\' that is not part of one of these three sequences is not special and appears in the output literally. - `gawk' 3.0 and 3.1 follow these proposed POSIX rules for `sub()' and -`gsub()'. The POSIX standard took much longer to be revised than was -expected in 1996. The 2001 standard does not follow the above rules. -Instead, the rules there are somewhat simpler. The results are similar -except for one case. + `gawk' 3.0 and 3.1 follow these rules for `sub()' and `gsub()'. The +POSIX standard took much longer to be revised than was expected. In +addition, the `gawk' maintainer's proposal was lost during the +standardization process. The final rules are somewhat simpler. The +results are similar except for one case. The POSIX rules state that `\&' in the replacement string produces a literal `&', `\\' produces a literal `\', and `\' followed by anything @@ -12457,25 +12437,25 @@ rules are presented in *note table-posix-sub::. You type `sub()' sees `sub()' generates ------- --------- -------------- - `\\\\\\&' `\\\&' a literal `\&' - `\\\\&' `\\&' a literal `\', followed by the matched text - `\\&' `\&' a literal `&' - `\\q' `\q' a literal `\q' + `\\\\\\&' `\\\&' A literal `\&' + `\\\\&' `\\&' A literal `\', followed by the matched text + `\\&' `\&' A literal `&' + `\\q' `\q' A literal `\q' `\\\\' `\\' `\' -Table 9.4: POSIX Rules For `sub()' And `gsub()' +Table 9.3: POSIX Rules For `sub()' And `gsub()' The only case where the difference is noticeable is the last one: `\\\\' is seen as `\\' and produces `\' instead of `\\'. Starting with version 3.1.4, `gawk' followed the POSIX rules when `--posix' is specified (*note Options::). Otherwise, it continued to -follow the 1996 proposed rules, since that had been its behavior for -many years. +follow the proposed rules, since that had been its behavior for many +years. When version 4.0.0 was released, the `gawk' maintainer made the POSIX rules the default, breaking well over a decade's worth of -backwards compatibility.(2) Needless to say, this was a bad idea, and +backwards compatibility.(1) Needless to say, this was a bad idea, and as of version 4.0.1, `gawk' resumed its historical behavior, and only follows the POSIX rules when `--posix' is given. @@ -12488,14 +12468,14 @@ the `\' does not, as shown in *note table-gensub-escapes::. You type `gensub()' sees `gensub()' generates ------- ------------ ----------------- - `&' `&' the matched text - `\\&' `\&' a literal `&' - `\\\\' `\\' a literal `\' - `\\\\&' `\\&' a literal `\', then the matched text - `\\\\\\&' `\\\&' a literal `\&' - `\\q' `\q' a literal `q' + `&' `&' The matched text + `\\&' `\&' A literal `&' + `\\\\' `\\' A literal `\' + `\\\\&' `\\&' A literal `\', then the matched text + `\\\\\\&' `\\\&' A literal `\&' + `\\q' `\q' A literal `q' -Table 9.5: Escape Sequence Processing For `gensub()' +Table 9.4: Escape Sequence Processing For `gensub()' Because of the complexity of the lexical and runtime level processing and the special cases for `sub()' and `gsub()', we recommend the use of @@ -12514,9 +12494,7 @@ Although this makes a certain amount of sense, it can be surprising. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) This consequence was certainly unintended. - - (2) This was rather naive of him, despite there being a note in this + (1) This was rather naive of him, despite there being a note in this section indicating that the next major version would move to the POSIX rules. @@ -13047,7 +13025,7 @@ table-bitwise-ops::. 0 | 0 0 | 0 1 | 0 1 1 | 0 1 | 1 1 | 1 0 -Table 9.6: Bitwise Operations +Table 9.5: Bitwise Operations As you can see, the result of an AND operation is 1 only when _both_ bits are 1. The result of an OR operation is 1 if _either_ bit is 1. @@ -13401,22 +13379,22 @@ standard.) The following is an example of a recursive function. It takes a string as an input parameter and returns the string in backwards order. Recursive functions must always have a test that stops the recursion. -In this case, the recursion terminates when the starting position is -zero, i.e., when there are no more characters left in the string. +In this case, the recursion terminates when the input string is already +empty. - function rev(str, start) + function rev(str) { - if (start == 0) + if (str == "") return "" - return (substr(str, start, 1) rev(str, start - 1)) + return (rev(substr(str, 2)) substr(str, 1, 1)) } If this function is in a file named `rev.awk', it can be tested this way: $ echo "Don't Panic!" | - > gawk --source '{ print rev($0, length($0)) }' -f rev.awk + > gawk --source '{ print rev($0) }' -f rev.awk -| !cinaP t'noD The C `ctime()' function takes a timestamp and returns it in a @@ -13666,8 +13644,8 @@ function _are_ visible outside that function. a[1], a[2], a[3] } - prints `a[1] = 1, a[2] = two, a[3] = 3', because `changeit' stores - `"two"' in the second element of `a'. + prints `a[1] = 1, a[2] = two, a[3] = 3', because `changeit()' + stores `"two"' in the second element of `a'. Some `awk' implementations allow you to call a function that has not been defined. They only report a problem at runtime when the program @@ -19217,24 +19195,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Two-way I/O, Next: TCP/IP Networking, Prev: Array Sort 12.3 Two-Way Communications with Another Process ================================================ - From: brennan@whidbey.com (Mike Brennan) - Newsgroups: comp.lang.awk - Subject: Re: Learn the SECRET to Attract Women Easily - Date: 4 Aug 1997 17:34:46 GMT - Message-ID: <5s53rm$eca@news.whidbey.com> - - On 3 Aug 1997 13:17:43 GMT, Want More Dates??? - <tracy78@kilgrona.com> wrote: - >Learn the SECRET to Attract Women Easily - > - >The SCENT(tm) Pheromone Sex Attractant For Men to Attract Women - - The scent of awk programmers is a lot more attractive to women than - the scent of perl programmers. - -- - Mike Brennan - - It is often useful to be able to send data to a separate program for +It is often useful to be able to send data to a separate program for processing and then read the result. This can always be done with temporary files: @@ -19253,12 +19214,11 @@ temporary files: This works, but not elegantly. Among other things, it requires that the program be run in a directory that cannot be shared among users; for example, `/tmp' will not do, as another user might happen to be -using a temporary file with the same name. - - However, with `gawk', it is possible to open a _two-way_ pipe to -another process. The second process is termed a "coprocess", since it -runs in parallel with `gawk'. The two-way connection is created using -the `|&' operator (borrowed from the Korn shell, `ksh'):(1) +using a temporary file with the same name.(1) However, with `gawk', it +is possible to open a _two-way_ pipe to another process. The second +process is termed a "coprocess", since it runs in parallel with `gawk'. +The two-way connection is created using the `|&' operator (borrowed +from the Korn shell, `ksh'):(2) do { print DATA |& "subprogram" @@ -19345,7 +19305,11 @@ using regular pipes. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) This is very different from the same operator in the C shell and + (1) Michael Brennan suggests the use of `rand()' to generate unique +file names. This is a valid point; nevertheless, temporary files remain +more difficult than two-way pipes. + + (2) This is very different from the same operator in the C shell and in Bash. @@ -19368,7 +19332,7 @@ network connection. You can think of this as just a _very long_ two-way pipeline to a coprocess. The way `gawk' decides that you want to use TCP/IP networking is by recognizing special file names that begin with one of -`/inet/', `/inet4/' or `/inet6'. +`/inet/', `/inet4/' or `/inet6/'. The full syntax of the special file name is `/NET-TYPE/PROTOCOL/LOCAL-PORT/REMOTE-HOST/REMOTE-PORT'. The @@ -21405,6 +21369,10 @@ in `gawk'. It continues on to present arbitrary precision integers, and concludes with a description of some points where `gawk' and the POSIX standard are not quite in agreement. + NOTE: Most users of `gawk' can safely skip this chapter. But if + you want to do scientific calculations with `gawk', this is the + place to be. + * Menu: * Computer Arithmetic:: A quick intro to computer math. @@ -21535,9 +21503,18 @@ material here. number and infinity produce infinity. "NaN" - "Not A Number." A special value indicating a result that can't - happen in real math, but that can happen in floating-point - computations. + "Not A Number."(1). A special value that results from attempting a + calculation that has no answer as a real number. In such a case, + programs can either receive a floating-point exception, or get + `NaN' back as the result. The IEEE 754 standard recommends that + systems return `NaN'. Some examples: + + `sqrt(-1)' + This makes sense in the range of complex numbers, but not in + the range of real numbers, so the result is `NaN'. + + `log(-8)' + -8 is out of the domain of `log()', so the result is `NaN'. "Normalized" How the significand (see later in this list) is usually stored. The @@ -21595,6 +21572,11 @@ Table 15.1: Basic IEEE Format Context Values NOTE: The precision numbers include the implied leading one that gives them one extra bit of significand. + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) Thanks to Michael Brennan for this description, which I have +paraphrased, and for the examples + File: gawk.info, Node: MPFR features, Next: FP Math Caution, Prev: Math Definitions, Up: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic @@ -21922,7 +21904,7 @@ on arithmetic operations: of a constant. If you need to represent a floating-point constant at a higher - precision than the default and cannot use a command line + precision than the default and cannot use a command-line assignment to `PREC', you should either specify the constant as a string, or as a rational number, whenever possible. The following example illustrates the differences among various ways to print a @@ -22440,7 +22422,7 @@ Example::) and also the `testext.c' code for testing the APIs. Some other bits and pieces: * The API provides access to `gawk''s `do_XXX' values, reflecting - command line options, like `do_lint', `do_profiling' and so on + command-line options, like `do_lint', `do_profiling' and so on (*note Extension API Variables::). These are informational: an extension cannot affect their values inside `gawk'. In addition, attempting to assign to them produces a compile-time error. @@ -26034,7 +26016,7 @@ the current version of `gawk'. - Indirect function calls (*note Indirect Calls::). - Directories on the command line produce a warning and are - skipped (*note Command line directories::). + skipped (*note Command-line directories::). * New keywords: @@ -26204,7 +26186,7 @@ in POSIX `awk', in the order they were added to `gawk'. * The ability to delete all of an array at once with `delete ARRAY' (*note Delete::). - * Command line option changes (*note Options::): + * Command-line option changes (*note Options::): - The ability to use GNU-style long-named options that start with `--'. @@ -26241,7 +26223,7 @@ in POSIX `awk', in the order they were added to `gawk'. * The `fflush()' function from Brian Kernighan's `awk' (then at Bell Laboratories; *note I/O Functions::). - * New command line options: + * New command-line options: - The `--lint-old' option to warn about constructs that are not available in the original Version 7 Unix version of `awk' @@ -26434,7 +26416,7 @@ in POSIX `awk', in the order they were added to `gawk'. * `switch' / `case' are enabled by default (*note Switch Statement::). - * Command line option changes (*note Options::): + * Command-line option changes (*note Options::): - The `-b' and `--characters-as-bytes' options which prevent `gawk' from treating input as a multibyte string. @@ -26452,7 +26434,7 @@ in POSIX `awk', in the order they were added to `gawk'. * Directories named on the command line now produce a warning, not a fatal error, unless `--posix' or `--traditional' are used (*note - Command line directories::). + Command-line directories::). * The `gawk' internals were rewritten, bringing the `dgawk' debugger and possibly improved performance (*note Debugger::). @@ -26501,10 +26483,10 @@ in POSIX `awk', in the order they were added to `gawk'. `PROCINFO["identifiers"]' (*note Auto-set::). * The three executables `gawk', `pgawk', and `dgawk', were merged - into one, named just `gawk'. As a result the command line options + into one, named just `gawk'. As a result the command-line options changed. - * Command line option changes (*note Options::): + * Command-line option changes (*note Options::): - The `-D' option invokes the debugger. @@ -30985,7 +30967,7 @@ Index * * (asterisk), * operator, as regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 88) * * (asterisk), * operator, null strings, matching: Gory Details. - (line 164) + (line 143) * * (asterisk), ** operator <1>: Precedence. (line 49) * * (asterisk), ** operator: Arithmetic Ops. (line 81) * * (asterisk), **= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) @@ -31066,7 +31048,7 @@ Index * -F option: Options. (line 21) * -f option: Long. (line 12) * -F option, -Ft sets FS to TAB: Options. (line 306) -* -F option, command line: Command Line Field Separator. +* -F option, command-line: Command Line Field Separator. (line 6) * -f option, multiple uses: Options. (line 311) * -g option: Options. (line 147) @@ -31224,7 +31206,7 @@ Index * advanced features, network programming: TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * advanced features, nondecimal input data: Nondecimal Data. (line 6) * advanced features, processes, communicating with: Two-way I/O. - (line 23) + (line 6) * advanced features, specifying field content: Splitting By Content. (line 10) * Aho, Alfred <1>: Contributors. (line 11) @@ -31344,7 +31326,7 @@ Index * asterisk (*), * operator, as regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 88) * asterisk (*), * operator, null strings, matching: Gory Details. - (line 164) + (line 143) * asterisk (*), ** operator <1>: Precedence. (line 49) * asterisk (*), ** operator: Arithmetic Ops. (line 81) * asterisk (*), **= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) @@ -31547,12 +31529,11 @@ Index * breakpoint, how to disable or enable: Breakpoint Control. (line 69) * breakpoint, setting: Breakpoint Control. (line 11) * Brennan, Michael <1>: Other Versions. (line 6) -* Brennan, Michael <2>: Two-way I/O. (line 6) -* Brennan, Michael <3>: Simple Sed. (line 25) -* Brennan, Michael <4>: Delete. (line 56) +* Brennan, Michael <2>: Simple Sed. (line 25) +* Brennan, Michael <3>: Delete. (line 56) * Brennan, Michael: Foreword. (line 83) * Brian Kernighan's awk <1>: I/O Functions. (line 43) -* Brian Kernighan's awk <2>: Gory Details. (line 15) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <2>: Gory Details. (line 19) * Brian Kernighan's awk <3>: String Functions. (line 490) * Brian Kernighan's awk <4>: Delete. (line 48) * Brian Kernighan's awk <5>: Nextfile Statement. (line 47) @@ -31579,7 +31560,7 @@ Index * Buening, Andreas <1>: Bugs. (line 71) * Buening, Andreas <2>: Contributors. (line 92) * Buening, Andreas: Acknowledgments. (line 60) -* buffering, input/output <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 70) +* buffering, input/output <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 52) * buffering, input/output: I/O Functions. (line 140) * buffering, interactive vs. noninteractive: I/O Functions. (line 109) * buffers, flushing: I/O Functions. (line 32) @@ -31647,7 +31628,7 @@ Index (line 81) * close() function, return value: Close Files And Pipes. (line 131) -* close() function, two-way pipes and: Two-way I/O. (line 77) +* close() function, two-way pipes and: Two-way I/O. (line 59) * Close, Diane <1>: Contributors. (line 20) * Close, Diane: Manual History. (line 34) * Collado, Manuel: Acknowledgments. (line 60) @@ -31662,7 +31643,7 @@ Index * command line, arguments <1>: ARGC and ARGV. (line 6) * command line, arguments <2>: Auto-set. (line 15) * command line, arguments: Other Arguments. (line 6) -* command line, directories on: Command line directories. +* command line, directories on: Command-line directories. (line 6) * command line, formats: Running gawk. (line 12) * command line, FS on, setting: Command Line Field Separator. @@ -31754,7 +31735,7 @@ Index * CONVFMT variable, and array subscripts: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 6) * cookie: Glossary. (line 149) -* coprocesses <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 44) +* coprocesses <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 25) * coprocesses: Redirection. (line 102) * coprocesses, closing: Close Files And Pipes. (line 6) @@ -31764,7 +31745,7 @@ Index * counting: Wc Program. (line 6) * csh utility: Statements/Lines. (line 44) * csh utility, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 353) -* csh utility, |& operator, comparison with: Two-way I/O. (line 44) +* csh utility, |& operator, comparison with: Two-way I/O. (line 25) * ctime() user-defined function: Function Example. (line 73) * currency symbols, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 104) * current system time: Time Functions. (line 66) @@ -31840,7 +31821,7 @@ Index * dcngettext: I18N Functions. (line 28) * dcngettext() function (gawk), portability and: I18N Portability. (line 33) -* deadlocks: Two-way I/O. (line 70) +* deadlocks: Two-way I/O. (line 52) * debugger commands, b (break): Breakpoint Control. (line 11) * debugger commands, backtrace: Execution Stack. (line 13) * debugger commands, break: Breakpoint Control. (line 11) @@ -31983,7 +31964,7 @@ Index (line 15) * differences in awk and gawk, close() function: Close Files And Pipes. (line 81) -* differences in awk and gawk, command line directories: Command line directories. +* differences in awk and gawk, command-line directories: Command-line directories. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 82) * differences in awk and gawk, error messages: Special FD. (line 16) @@ -32036,7 +32017,7 @@ Index (line 152) * differences in awk and gawk, trunc-mod operation: Arithmetic Ops. (line 66) -* directories, command line: Command line directories. +* directories, command-line: Command-line directories. (line 6) * directories, searching: Programs Exercises. (line 63) * directories, searching for loadable extensions: AWKLIBPATH Variable. @@ -32505,7 +32486,7 @@ Index * gawk, newlines in: Statements/Lines. (line 12) * gawk, octal numbers and: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 42) * gawk, OS/2 version of: PC Using. (line 16) -* gawk, PROCINFO array in <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 117) +* gawk, PROCINFO array in <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 99) * gawk, PROCINFO array in <2>: Time Functions. (line 47) * gawk, PROCINFO array in: Auto-set. (line 136) * gawk, regexp constants and: Using Constant Regexps. @@ -32556,7 +32537,7 @@ Index (line 6) * getline command, coprocesses, using from: Getline/Coprocess. (line 6) -* getline command, deadlock and: Two-way I/O. (line 70) +* getline command, deadlock and: Two-way I/O. (line 52) * getline command, explicit input with: Getline. (line 6) * getline command, FILENAME variable and: Getline Notes. (line 19) * getline command, return values: Getline. (line 19) @@ -32702,7 +32683,7 @@ Index * input/output functions: I/O Functions. (line 6) * input/output, binary: User-modified. (line 15) * input/output, from BEGIN and END: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 6) -* input/output, two-way: Two-way I/O. (line 44) +* input/output, two-way: Two-way I/O. (line 25) * insomnia, cure for: Alarm Program. (line 6) * installation, VMS: VMS Installation. (line 6) * installing gawk: Installation. (line 6) @@ -32893,7 +32874,7 @@ Index * matching, expressions, See comparison expressions: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) * matching, leftmost longest: Multiple Line. (line 26) -* matching, null strings: Gory Details. (line 164) +* matching, null strings: Gory Details. (line 143) * mawk utility <1>: Other Versions. (line 44) * mawk utility <2>: Nextfile Statement. (line 47) * mawk utility <3>: Concatenation. (line 36) @@ -32987,7 +32968,7 @@ Index (line 43) * null strings, converting numbers to strings: Strings And Numbers. (line 21) -* null strings, matching: Gory Details. (line 164) +* null strings, matching: Gory Details. (line 143) * number as string of bits: Bitwise Functions. (line 109) * number of array elements: String Functions. (line 197) * number sign (#), #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. @@ -33193,7 +33174,7 @@ Index * POSIX awk, field separators and: Fields. (line 6) * POSIX awk, FS variable and: User-modified. (line 60) * POSIX awk, function keyword in: Definition Syntax. (line 89) -* POSIX awk, functions and, gsub()/sub(): Gory Details. (line 54) +* POSIX awk, functions and, gsub()/sub(): Gory Details. (line 90) * POSIX awk, functions and, length(): String Functions. (line 176) * POSIX awk, GNU long options and: Options. (line 15) * POSIX awk, interval expressions in: Regexp Operators. (line 136) @@ -33255,12 +33236,12 @@ Index * private variables: Library Names. (line 11) * process group idIDof gawk process: Auto-set. (line 183) * process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 186) -* processes, two-way communications with: Two-way I/O. (line 23) +* processes, two-way communications with: Two-way I/O. (line 6) * processing data: Basic High Level. (line 6) * PROCINFO array <1>: Passwd Functions. (line 6) * PROCINFO array <2>: Time Functions. (line 47) * PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 136) -* PROCINFO array, and communications via ptys: Two-way I/O. (line 117) +* PROCINFO array, and communications via ptys: Two-way I/O. (line 99) * PROCINFO array, and group membership: Group Functions. (line 6) * PROCINFO array, and user and group ID numbers: Id Program. (line 15) * PROCINFO array, testing the field splitting: Passwd Functions. @@ -33272,7 +33253,6 @@ Index * profiling awk programs, dynamically: Profiling. (line 179) * program identifiers: Auto-set. (line 154) * program, definition of: Getting Started. (line 21) -* programmers, attractiveness of: Two-way I/O. (line 6) * programming conventions, --non-decimal-data option: Nondecimal Data. (line 36) * programming conventions, ARGC/ARGV variables: Auto-set. (line 35) @@ -33572,7 +33552,7 @@ Index (line 64) * sidebar, Interactive Versus Noninteractive Buffering: I/O Functions. (line 107) -* sidebar, Matching the Null String: Gory Details. (line 162) +* sidebar, Matching the Null String: Gory Details. (line 141) * sidebar, Operator Evaluation Order: Increment Ops. (line 58) * sidebar, Piping into sh: Redirection. (line 140) * sidebar, Portability Issues with #!: Executable Scripts. (line 31) @@ -33621,7 +33601,7 @@ Index * sort function, arrays, sorting: Array Sorting Functions. (line 6) * sort utility: Word Sorting. (line 50) -* sort utility, coprocesses and: Two-way I/O. (line 83) +* sort utility, coprocesses and: Two-way I/O. (line 65) * sorting characters in different languages: Explaining gettext. (line 94) * source code, awka: Other Versions. (line 64) @@ -33913,7 +33893,7 @@ Index * vertical bar (|): Regexp Operators. (line 70) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O): Getline/Pipe. (line 9) -* vertical bar (|), |& operator (I/O) <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 44) +* vertical bar (|), |& operator (I/O) <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 25) * vertical bar (|), |& operator (I/O) <2>: Precedence. (line 65) * vertical bar (|), |& operator (I/O): Getline/Coprocess. (line 6) * vertical bar (|), || operator <1>: Precedence. (line 89) @@ -33975,7 +33955,7 @@ Index * | (vertical bar), | operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * | (vertical bar), | operator (I/O) <2>: Redirection. (line 57) * | (vertical bar), | operator (I/O): Getline/Pipe. (line 9) -* | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O) <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 44) +* | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O) <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 25) * | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O) <2>: Precedence. (line 65) * | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O) <3>: Redirection. (line 102) * | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O): Getline/Coprocess. (line 6) @@ -34015,532 +33995,531 @@ Node: Getting Started70816 Node: Running gawk73250 Node: One-shot74440 Node: Read Terminal75665 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-177315 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-277591 -Node: Long77762 -Node: Executable Scripts79138 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-180971 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-281073 -Node: Comments81620 -Node: Quoting84093 -Node: DOS Quoting89409 -Node: Sample Data Files90084 -Node: Very Simple92599 -Node: Two Rules97372 -Node: More Complex99266 -Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1102198 -Node: Statements/Lines102283 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1106739 -Node: Other Features107004 -Node: When107932 -Node: Intro Summary110102 -Node: Invoking Gawk110868 -Node: Command Line112383 -Node: Options113174 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1128874 -Node: Other Arguments128899 -Node: Naming Standard Input131561 -Node: Environment Variables132655 -Node: AWKPATH Variable133213 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1136085 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2136130 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable136390 -Node: Other Environment Variables137149 -Node: Exit Status140599 -Node: Include Files141274 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries144852 -Node: Obsolete146236 -Node: Undocumented146933 -Node: Invoking Summary147200 -Node: Regexp148780 -Node: Regexp Usage150230 -Node: Escape Sequences152263 -Node: Regexp Operators157930 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1165410 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2165557 -Node: Bracket Expressions165655 -Ref: table-char-classes167545 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators170485 -Node: Case-sensitivity174208 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1177100 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2177335 -Node: Leftmost Longest177443 -Node: Computed Regexps178644 -Node: Regexp Summary182016 -Node: Reading Files183487 -Node: Records185579 -Node: awk split records186322 -Node: gawk split records191180 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1195701 -Node: Fields195738 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1198702 -Node: Nonconstant Fields198788 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1201018 -Node: Changing Fields201220 -Node: Field Separators207174 -Node: Default Field Splitting209876 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting210993 -Node: Single Character Fields214334 -Node: Command Line Field Separator215393 -Node: Full Line Fields218735 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1219243 -Node: Field Splitting Summary219289 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1222388 -Node: Constant Size222489 -Node: Splitting By Content227096 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1230846 -Node: Multiple Line230886 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1236742 -Node: Getline236921 -Node: Plain Getline239137 -Node: Getline/Variable241232 -Node: Getline/File242379 -Node: Getline/Variable/File243763 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1245362 -Node: Getline/Pipe245449 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe248148 -Node: Getline/Coprocess249255 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess250507 -Node: Getline Notes251244 -Node: Getline Summary254048 -Ref: table-getline-variants254456 -Node: Read Timeout255368 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1259195 -Node: Command line directories259253 -Node: Input Summary260157 -Node: Input Exercises263294 -Node: Printing264027 -Node: Print265749 -Node: Print Examples267090 -Node: Output Separators269869 -Node: OFMT271885 -Node: Printf273243 -Node: Basic Printf274149 -Node: Control Letters275688 -Node: Format Modifiers279679 -Node: Printf Examples285706 -Node: Redirection288170 -Node: Special Files295142 -Node: Special FD295673 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1299270 -Node: Special Network299344 -Node: Special Caveats300194 -Node: Close Files And Pipes300990 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1308151 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2308299 -Node: Output Summary308449 -Node: Output exercises309446 -Node: Expressions310126 -Node: Values311311 -Node: Constants311987 -Node: Scalar Constants312667 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1313526 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers313776 -Node: Regexp Constants316776 -Node: Using Constant Regexps317251 -Node: Variables320321 -Node: Using Variables320976 -Node: Assignment Options322700 -Node: Conversion324575 -Node: Strings And Numbers325099 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1328161 -Node: Locale influences conversions328270 -Ref: table-locale-affects330987 -Node: All Operators331575 -Node: Arithmetic Ops332205 -Node: Concatenation334710 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1337529 -Node: Assignment Ops337649 -Ref: table-assign-ops342632 -Node: Increment Ops343949 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions347387 -Node: Truth Values348470 -Node: Typing and Comparison349519 -Node: Variable Typing350312 -Node: Comparison Operators353962 -Ref: table-relational-ops354372 -Node: POSIX String Comparison357922 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1359006 -Node: Boolean Ops359144 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1363214 -Node: Conditional Exp363305 -Node: Function Calls365032 -Node: Precedence368912 -Node: Locales372581 -Node: Expressions Summary374212 -Node: Patterns and Actions376753 -Node: Pattern Overview377869 -Node: Regexp Patterns379546 -Node: Expression Patterns380089 -Node: Ranges383870 -Node: BEGIN/END386976 -Node: Using BEGIN/END387738 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1390474 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END390580 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE392865 -Node: Empty395796 -Node: Using Shell Variables396113 -Node: Action Overview398396 -Node: Statements400723 -Node: If Statement402571 -Node: While Statement404069 -Node: Do Statement406113 -Node: For Statement407269 -Node: Switch Statement410421 -Node: Break Statement412524 -Node: Continue Statement414579 -Node: Next Statement416372 -Node: Nextfile Statement418762 -Node: Exit Statement421417 -Node: Built-in Variables423821 -Node: User-modified424948 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1432637 -Node: Auto-set432699 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1445618 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2445823 -Node: ARGC and ARGV445879 -Node: Pattern Action Summary449733 -Node: Arrays451956 -Node: Array Basics453505 -Node: Array Intro454331 -Ref: figure-array-elements456304 -Node: Reference to Elements458711 -Node: Assigning Elements460984 -Node: Array Example461475 -Node: Scanning an Array463207 -Node: Controlling Scanning466222 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1471395 -Node: Delete471711 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1474476 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts474533 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts476716 -Node: Multidimensional478341 -Node: Multiscanning481434 -Node: Arrays of Arrays483023 -Node: Arrays Summary487686 -Node: Functions489791 -Node: Built-in490664 -Node: Calling Built-in491742 -Node: Numeric Functions493730 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1498474 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2498831 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3498879 -Node: String Functions499148 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1522159 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2522288 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3522536 -Node: Gory Details522623 -Ref: table-sub-escapes524292 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92525646 -Ref: table-sub-proposed526997 -Ref: table-posix-sub528351 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes529896 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1531072 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2531123 -Node: I/O Functions531274 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1538397 -Node: Time Functions538544 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1549008 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2549076 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3549234 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4549345 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5549457 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6549684 -Node: Bitwise Functions549950 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops550512 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1554757 -Node: Type Functions554941 -Node: I18N Functions556083 -Node: User-defined557728 -Node: Definition Syntax558532 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1563711 -Node: Function Example563780 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1566424 -Node: Function Caveats566446 -Node: Calling A Function566964 -Node: Variable Scope567919 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference570907 -Node: Return Statement574415 -Node: Dynamic Typing577399 -Node: Indirect Calls578328 -Node: Functions Summary588041 -Node: Library Functions590580 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1594198 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2594341 -Node: Library Names594512 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1597985 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2598205 -Node: General Functions598291 -Node: Strtonum Function599319 -Node: Assert Function602099 -Node: Round Function605425 -Node: Cliff Random Function606966 -Node: Ordinal Functions607982 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1611059 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2611311 -Node: Join Function611522 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1613293 -Node: Getlocaltime Function613493 -Node: Readfile Function617229 -Node: Data File Management619068 -Node: Filetrans Function619700 -Node: Rewind Function623769 -Node: File Checking625327 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1626459 -Node: Empty Files626660 -Node: Ignoring Assigns628639 -Node: Getopt Function630193 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1641496 -Node: Passwd Functions641699 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1650678 -Node: Group Functions650766 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1658707 -Node: Walking Arrays658920 -Node: Library Functions Summary660523 -Node: Library exercises661911 -Node: Sample Programs663191 -Node: Running Examples663961 -Node: Clones664689 -Node: Cut Program665913 -Node: Egrep Program675781 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1683752 -Node: Id Program683862 -Node: Split Program687526 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1691064 -Node: Tee Program691192 -Node: Uniq Program693999 -Node: Wc Program701429 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1705694 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs705786 -Node: Dupword Program706999 -Node: Alarm Program709030 -Node: Translate Program713844 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1718235 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2718505 -Node: Labels Program718639 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1722010 -Node: Word Sorting722094 -Node: History Sorting726137 -Node: Extract Program727973 -Node: Simple Sed735509 -Node: Igawk Program738571 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1752882 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2753083 -Node: Anagram Program753221 -Node: Signature Program756289 -Node: Programs Summary757536 -Node: Programs Exercises758751 -Node: Advanced Features762402 -Node: Nondecimal Data764350 -Node: Array Sorting765927 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal766624 -Node: Array Sorting Functions774904 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1778811 -Node: Two-way I/O779005 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1784521 -Node: TCP/IP Networking784603 -Node: Profiling787447 -Node: Advanced Features Summary794998 -Node: Internationalization796862 -Node: I18N and L10N798342 -Node: Explaining gettext799028 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1804168 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2804352 -Node: Programmer i18n804517 -Node: Translator i18n808742 -Node: String Extraction809536 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1810497 -Node: Printf Ordering810583 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1813365 -Node: I18N Portability813429 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1815878 -Node: I18N Example815941 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1818663 -Node: Gawk I18N818735 -Node: I18N Summary819373 -Node: Debugger820712 -Node: Debugging821734 -Node: Debugging Concepts822175 -Node: Debugging Terms824031 -Node: Awk Debugging826628 -Node: Sample Debugging Session827520 -Node: Debugger Invocation828040 -Node: Finding The Bug829373 -Node: List of Debugger Commands835855 -Node: Breakpoint Control837187 -Node: Debugger Execution Control840851 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data844211 -Node: Execution Stack847569 -Node: Debugger Info849082 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands853076 -Node: Readline Support858260 -Node: Limitations859152 -Node: Debugging Summary861426 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic862590 -Node: Computer Arithmetic863919 -Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1868306 -Node: Math Definitions868363 -Ref: table-ieee-formats871247 -Node: MPFR features871751 -Node: FP Math Caution873393 -Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1874434 -Node: Inexactness of computations874803 -Node: Inexact representation875751 -Node: Comparing FP Values877106 -Node: Errors accumulate878070 -Node: Getting Accuracy879503 -Node: Try To Round882162 -Node: Setting precision883061 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings883743 -Node: Setting the rounding mode885536 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes885900 -Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1889354 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers889533 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1893328 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems893477 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1897353 -Node: Floating point summary897391 -Node: Dynamic Extensions899608 -Node: Extension Intro901160 -Node: Plugin License902425 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline903110 -Ref: figure-load-extension903534 -Ref: figure-load-new-function905019 -Ref: figure-call-new-function906021 -Node: Extension API Description908005 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction909455 -Node: General Data Types914320 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1920013 -Node: Requesting Values920312 -Ref: table-value-types-returned921049 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions922007 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1924754 -Node: Constructor Functions924850 -Node: Registration Functions926608 -Node: Extension Functions927293 -Node: Exit Callback Functions929595 -Node: Extension Version String930844 -Node: Input Parsers931494 -Node: Output Wrappers941308 -Node: Two-way processors945824 -Node: Printing Messages948028 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1949105 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'949257 -Node: Accessing Parameters949996 -Node: Symbol Table Access951226 -Node: Symbol table by name951740 -Node: Symbol table by cookie953716 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1957849 -Node: Cached values957912 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1961416 -Node: Array Manipulation961507 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1962605 -Node: Array Data Types962644 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1965347 -Node: Array Functions965439 -Node: Flattening Arrays969313 -Node: Creating Arrays976165 -Node: Extension API Variables980896 -Node: Extension Versioning981532 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables983433 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate984519 -Node: Finding Extensions988323 -Node: Extension Example988883 -Node: Internal File Description989613 -Node: Internal File Ops993704 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11005136 -Node: Using Internal File Ops1005276 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11007623 -Node: Extension Samples1007891 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions1009415 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1016983 -Node: Extension Sample Fork1018465 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace1019678 -Node: Extension Sample Ord1021353 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir1022189 -Ref: table-readdir-file-types1023045 -Node: Extension Sample Revout1023844 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1024435 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array1025176 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile1027055 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests1028155 -Node: Extension Sample Time1028680 -Node: gawkextlib1029995 -Node: Extension summary1032808 -Node: Extension Exercises1036501 -Node: Language History1037223 -Node: V7/SVR3.11038866 -Node: SVR41041186 -Node: POSIX1042628 -Node: BTL1044014 -Node: POSIX/GNU1044748 -Node: Feature History1050491 -Node: Common Extensions1063621 -Node: Ranges and Locales1064933 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11069550 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21069577 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31069811 -Node: Contributors1070032 -Node: History summary1075457 -Node: Installation1076826 -Node: Gawk Distribution1077777 -Node: Getting1078261 -Node: Extracting1079085 -Node: Distribution contents1080727 -Node: Unix Installation1086497 -Node: Quick Installation1087114 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1089556 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1091294 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1093645 -Node: PC Installation1094103 -Node: PC Binary Installation1095414 -Node: PC Compiling1097262 -Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11100261 -Node: PC Testing1100366 -Node: PC Using1101542 -Node: Cygwin1105700 -Node: MSYS1106509 -Node: VMS Installation1107023 -Node: VMS Compilation1107819 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11109041 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1109099 -Node: VMS Installation Details1110472 -Node: VMS Running1112724 -Node: VMS GNV1115558 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1116281 -Node: Bugs1116751 -Node: Other Versions1120755 -Node: Installation summary1127010 -Node: Notes1128066 -Node: Compatibility Mode1128931 -Node: Additions1129713 -Node: Accessing The Source1130638 -Node: Adding Code1132074 -Node: New Ports1138252 -Node: Derived Files1142733 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11147814 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21147848 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31148444 -Node: Future Extensions1148558 -Node: Implementation Limitations1149164 -Node: Extension Design1150412 -Node: Old Extension Problems1151566 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11153083 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1153140 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11156500 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1156689 -Node: Extension Future Growth1158795 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1159631 -Node: Notes summary1161393 -Node: Basic Concepts1162579 -Node: Basic 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Variable133285 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1136157 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2136202 +Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable136462 +Node: Other Environment Variables137221 +Node: Exit Status140673 +Node: Include Files141348 +Node: Loading Shared Libraries144926 +Node: Obsolete146310 +Node: Undocumented147007 +Node: Invoking Summary147274 +Node: Regexp148874 +Node: Regexp Usage150324 +Node: Escape Sequences152357 +Node: Regexp Operators158024 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1165504 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2165651 +Node: Bracket Expressions165749 +Ref: table-char-classes167639 +Node: GNU Regexp Operators170579 +Node: Case-sensitivity174302 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1177194 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2177429 +Node: Leftmost Longest177537 +Node: Computed Regexps178738 +Node: Regexp Summary182110 +Node: Reading Files183579 +Node: Records185671 +Node: awk split records186414 +Node: gawk split records191272 +Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1195793 +Node: Fields195830 +Ref: Fields-Footnote-1198794 +Node: Nonconstant Fields198880 +Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1201110 +Node: Changing Fields201312 +Node: Field Separators207266 +Node: Default Field Splitting209968 +Node: Regexp Field Splitting211085 +Node: Single Character Fields214426 +Node: Command Line Field Separator215485 +Node: Full Line Fields218827 +Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1219335 +Node: Field Splitting Summary219381 +Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1222480 +Node: Constant Size222581 +Node: Splitting By Content227188 +Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1230938 +Node: Multiple Line230978 +Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1236834 +Node: Getline237013 +Node: Plain Getline239229 +Node: Getline/Variable241324 +Node: Getline/File242471 +Node: Getline/Variable/File243855 +Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1245454 +Node: Getline/Pipe245541 +Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe248240 +Node: Getline/Coprocess249347 +Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess250599 +Node: Getline Notes251336 +Node: Getline Summary254140 +Ref: table-getline-variants254548 +Node: Read Timeout255460 +Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1259287 +Node: Command-line directories259345 +Node: Input Summary260249 +Node: Input Exercises263386 +Node: Printing264119 +Node: Print265841 +Node: Print Examples267182 +Node: Output Separators269961 +Node: OFMT271977 +Node: Printf273335 +Node: Basic Printf274241 +Node: Control Letters275780 +Node: Format Modifiers279771 +Node: Printf Examples285798 +Node: Redirection288262 +Node: Special Files295234 +Node: Special FD295765 +Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1299362 +Node: Special Network299436 +Node: Special Caveats300286 +Node: Close Files And Pipes301082 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1308243 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2308391 +Node: Output Summary308541 +Node: Output exercises309538 +Node: Expressions310218 +Node: Values311403 +Node: Constants312079 +Node: Scalar Constants312759 +Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1313618 +Node: Nondecimal-numbers313868 +Node: Regexp Constants316868 +Node: Using Constant Regexps317343 +Node: Variables320415 +Node: Using Variables321070 +Node: Assignment Options322794 +Node: Conversion324669 +Node: Strings And Numbers325193 +Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1328255 +Node: Locale influences conversions328364 +Ref: table-locale-affects331081 +Node: All Operators331669 +Node: Arithmetic Ops332299 +Node: Concatenation334804 +Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1337623 +Node: Assignment Ops337743 +Ref: table-assign-ops342726 +Node: Increment Ops344043 +Node: Truth Values and Conditions347481 +Node: Truth Values348564 +Node: Typing and Comparison349613 +Node: Variable Typing350406 +Node: Comparison Operators354056 +Ref: table-relational-ops354466 +Node: POSIX String Comparison358016 +Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1359100 +Node: Boolean Ops359238 +Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1363308 +Node: Conditional Exp363399 +Node: Function Calls365126 +Node: Precedence369006 +Node: Locales372675 +Node: Expressions Summary374306 +Node: 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Values876319 +Node: Errors accumulate877283 +Node: Getting Accuracy878716 +Node: Try To Round881375 +Node: Setting precision882274 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings882956 +Node: Setting the rounding mode884749 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes885113 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1888567 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers888746 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1892541 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems892690 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1896566 +Node: Floating point summary896604 +Node: Dynamic Extensions898821 +Node: Extension Intro900373 +Node: Plugin License901638 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline902323 +Ref: figure-load-extension902747 +Ref: figure-load-new-function904232 +Ref: figure-call-new-function905234 +Node: Extension API Description907218 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction908668 +Node: General Data Types913533 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1919226 +Node: Requesting Values919525 +Ref: table-value-types-returned920262 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions921220 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1923967 +Node: Constructor Functions924063 +Node: Registration Functions925821 +Node: Extension Functions926506 +Node: Exit Callback Functions928808 +Node: Extension Version String930057 +Node: Input Parsers930707 +Node: Output Wrappers940521 +Node: Two-way processors945037 +Node: Printing Messages947241 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1948318 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'948470 +Node: Accessing Parameters949209 +Node: Symbol Table Access950439 +Node: Symbol table by name950953 +Node: Symbol table by cookie952929 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1957062 +Node: Cached values957125 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1960629 +Node: Array Manipulation960720 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1961818 +Node: Array Data Types961857 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1964560 +Node: Array Functions964652 +Node: Flattening Arrays968526 +Node: Creating Arrays975378 +Node: Extension API Variables980109 +Node: Extension 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Exercises1035714 +Node: Language History1036436 +Node: V7/SVR3.11038079 +Node: SVR41040399 +Node: POSIX1041841 +Node: BTL1043227 +Node: POSIX/GNU1043961 +Node: Feature History1049704 +Node: Common Extensions1062834 +Node: Ranges and Locales1064146 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11068763 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21068790 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31069024 +Node: Contributors1069245 +Node: History summary1074670 +Node: Installation1076039 +Node: Gawk Distribution1076990 +Node: Getting1077474 +Node: Extracting1078298 +Node: Distribution contents1079940 +Node: Unix Installation1085710 +Node: Quick Installation1086327 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1088769 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1090507 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1092858 +Node: PC Installation1093316 +Node: PC Binary Installation1094627 +Node: PC Compiling1096475 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11099474 +Node: PC Testing1099579 +Node: PC Using1100755 +Node: Cygwin1104913 +Node: MSYS1105722 +Node: VMS Installation1106236 +Node: VMS Compilation1107032 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11108254 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1108312 +Node: VMS Installation Details1109685 +Node: VMS Running1111937 +Node: VMS GNV1114771 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1115494 +Node: Bugs1115964 +Node: Other Versions1119968 +Node: Installation summary1126223 +Node: Notes1127279 +Node: Compatibility Mode1128144 +Node: Additions1128926 +Node: Accessing The Source1129851 +Node: Adding Code1131287 +Node: New Ports1137465 +Node: Derived Files1141946 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11147027 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21147061 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31147657 +Node: Future Extensions1147771 +Node: Implementation Limitations1148377 +Node: Extension Design1149625 +Node: Old Extension Problems1150779 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11152296 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1152353 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11155713 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1155902 +Node: Extension Future Growth1158008 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1158844 +Node: Notes summary1160606 +Node: Basic Concepts1161792 +Node: Basic High Level1162473 +Ref: figure-general-flow1162745 +Ref: figure-process-flow1163344 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11166573 +Node: Basic Data Typing1166758 +Node: Glossary1170086 +Node: Copying1195238 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1232794 +Node: Index1257930 End Tag Table |