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diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index aad73f7a..87c79add 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * One-shot:: Running a short throwaway `awk' program. * Read Terminal:: Using no input files (input from - terminal instead). + the keyboard instead). * Long:: Putting permanent `awk' programs in files. * Executable Scripts:: Making self-contained `awk' @@ -791,6 +791,10 @@ and other `awk' implementations. * Perform simple network communications + * Profile and debug `awk' programs. + + * Extend the language with functions written in C or C++. + This Info file teaches you about the `awk' language and how you can use it effectively. You should already be familiar with basic system commands, such as `cat' and `ls',(2) as well as basic shell facilities, @@ -799,13 +803,12 @@ such as input/output (I/O) redirection and pipes. Implementations of the `awk' language are available for many different computing environments. This Info file, while describing the `awk' language in general, also describes the particular implementation -of `awk' called `gawk' (which stands for "GNU awk"). `gawk' runs on a -broad range of Unix systems, ranging from Intel(R)-architecture -PC-based computers up through large-scale systems, such as Crays. -`gawk' has also been ported to Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows (all -versions) and OS/2 PCs, and VMS. (Some other, obsolete systems to -which `gawk' was once ported are no longer supported and the code for -those systems has been removed.) +of `awk' called `gawk' (which stands for "GNU `awk'"). `gawk' runs on +a broad range of Unix systems, ranging from Intel(R)-architecture +PC-based computers up through large-scale systems. `gawk' has also +been ported to Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows (all versions), and OpenVMS. +(Some other, obsolete systems to which `gawk' was once ported are no +longer supported and the code for those systems has been removed.) * Menu: @@ -822,7 +825,7 @@ those systems has been removed.) ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) The 2008 POSIX standard is online at + (1) The 2008 POSIX standard is accessable online at `http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/'. (2) These commands are available on POSIX-compliant systems, as well @@ -892,20 +895,21 @@ The `awk' language has evolved over the years. Full details are provided in *note Language History::. The language described in this Info file is often referred to as "new `awk'" (`nawk'). - Because of this, there are systems with multiple versions of `awk'. -Some systems have an `awk' utility that implements the original version -of the `awk' language and a `nawk' utility for the new version. Others -have an `oawk' version for the "old `awk'" language and plain `awk' for -the new one. Still others only have one version, which is usually the -new one.(1) - - All in all, this makes it difficult for you to know which version of -`awk' you should run when writing your programs. The best advice we -can give here is to check your local documentation. Look for `awk', -`oawk', and `nawk', as well as for `gawk'. It is likely that you -already have some version of new `awk' on your system, which is what -you should use when running your programs. (Of course, if you're -reading this Info file, chances are good that you have `gawk'!) + For some time after new `awk' was introduced, there were systems +with multiple versions of `awk'. Some systems had an `awk' utility +that implemented the original version of the `awk' language and a +`nawk' utility for the new version. Others had an `oawk' version for +the "old `awk'" language and plain `awk' for the new one. Still others +only had one version, which is usually the new one. + + Today, only Solaris systems still use an old `awk' for the default +`awk' utility. (A more modern `awk' lives in `/usr/xpg6/bin' on these +systems.) All other modern systems use some version of new `awk'.(1) + + It is likely that you already have some version of new `awk' on your +system, which is what you should use when running your programs. (Of +course, if you're reading this Info file, chances are good that you +have `gawk'!) Throughout this Info file, whenever we refer to a language feature that should be available in any complete implementation of POSIX `awk', @@ -914,7 +918,7 @@ specific to the GNU implementation, we use the term `gawk'. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) Often, these systems use `gawk' for their `awk' implementation! + (1) Many of these systems use `gawk' for their `awk' implementation! File: gawk.info, Node: This Manual, Next: Conventions, Prev: Names, Up: Preface @@ -1168,11 +1172,10 @@ significant note for this edition was *note Debugger::. the major new additions are *note Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic::, and *note Dynamic Extensions::. - `GAWK: Effective AWK Programming' will undoubtedly continue to -evolve. An electronic version comes with the `gawk' distribution from -the FSF. If you find an error in this Info file, please report it! -*Note Bugs::, for information on submitting problem reports -electronically. + This Info file will undoubtedly continue to evolve. An electronic +version comes with the `gawk' distribution from the FSF. If you find +an error in this Info file, please report it! *Note Bugs::, for +information on submitting problem reports electronically. ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -1199,14 +1202,17 @@ something more broad, I acquired the `awk.info' domain. contributed code: the archive did not grow and the domain went unused for several years. - Fortunately, late in 2008, a volunteer took on the task of setting up -an `awk'-related web site--`http://awk.info'--and did a very nice job. + Late in 2008, a volunteer took on the task of setting up an +`awk'-related web site--`http://awk.info'--and did a very nice job. If you have written an interesting `awk' program, or have written a `gawk' extension that you would like to share with the rest of the world, please see `http://awk.info/?contribute' for how to contribute it to the web site. + As of this writing, this website is in search of a maintainer; please +contact me if you are interested. + File: gawk.info, Node: Acknowledgments, Prev: How To Contribute, Up: Preface @@ -1297,7 +1303,7 @@ to take advantage of those opportunities. Arnold Robbins Nof Ayalon ISRAEL -May, 2013 +May, 2014 File: gawk.info, Node: Getting Started, Next: Invoking Gawk, Prev: Preface, Up: Top @@ -1375,7 +1381,7 @@ variations of each. * One-shot:: Running a short throwaway `awk' program. -* Read Terminal:: Using no input files (input from terminal +* Read Terminal:: Using no input files (input from the keyboard instead). * Long:: Putting permanent `awk' programs in files. @@ -1425,7 +1431,7 @@ following command line: awk 'PROGRAM' `awk' applies the PROGRAM to the "standard input", which usually means -whatever you type on the terminal. This continues until you indicate +whatever you type on the keyboard. This continues until you indicate end-of-file by typing `Ctrl-d'. (On other operating systems, the end-of-file character may be different. For example, on OS/2, it is `Ctrl-z'.) @@ -2381,7 +2387,7 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: `--debug=[FILE]' Enable debugging of `awk' programs (*note Debugging::). By default, the debugger reads commands interactively from the - terminal. The optional FILE argument allows you to specify a file + keyboard. The optional FILE argument allows you to specify a file with a list of commands for the debugger to execute non-interactively. No space is allowed between the `-D' and FILE, if FILE is supplied. @@ -2586,7 +2592,7 @@ having to be included into each individual program. (As mentioned in *note Definition Syntax::, function names must be unique.) With standard `awk', library functions can still be used, even if -the program is entered at the terminal, by specifying `-f /dev/tty'. +the program is entered at the keyboard, by specifying `-f /dev/tty'. After typing your program, type `Ctrl-d' (the end-of-file character) to terminate it. (You may also use `-f -' to read program source from the standard input but then you will not be able to also use the standard @@ -5111,7 +5117,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Getline, Next: Read Timeout, Prev: Multiple Line, Up: ================================= So far we have been getting our input data from `awk''s main input -stream--either the standard input (usually your terminal, sometimes the +stream--either the standard input (usually your keyboard, sometimes the output from another program) or from the files specified on the command line. The `awk' language has a special built-in command called `getline' that can be used to read input under your explicit control. @@ -5560,8 +5566,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Read Timeout, Next: Command line directories, Prev: Ge 4.10 Reading Input With A Timeout ================================= -You may specify a timeout in milliseconds for reading input from a -terminal, pipe or two-way communication including, TCP/IP sockets. This +You may specify a timeout in milliseconds for reading input from the +keyboard, pipe or two-way communication including, TCP/IP sockets. This can be done on a per input, command or connection basis, by setting a special element in the `PROCINFO' array: @@ -5579,8 +5585,8 @@ from the server after a certain amount of time: else if (ERRNO != "") print ERRNO - Here is how to read interactively from the terminal(1) without -waiting for more than five seconds: + Here is how to read interactively from the user(1) without waiting +for more than five seconds: PROCINFO["/dev/stdin", "READ_TIMEOUT"] = 5000 while ((getline < "/dev/stdin") > 0) @@ -5591,7 +5597,7 @@ after waiting for the timeout period, return failure and set the `ERRNO' variable to an appropriate string value. A negative or zero value for the timeout is the same as specifying no timeout at all. - A timeout can also be set for reading from the terminal in the + A timeout can also be set for reading from the keyboard in the implicit loop that reads input records and matches them against patterns, like so: @@ -5644,7 +5650,7 @@ writing. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) This assumes that standard input is the keyboard + (1) This assumes that standard input is the keyboard. File: gawk.info, Node: Command line directories, Prev: Read Timeout, Up: Reading Files @@ -21182,7 +21188,7 @@ need it. arbitrary precision arithmetic. The easiest way to find out is to look at the output of the following command: - $ ./gawk --version + $ gawk --version -| GNU Awk 4.1.1, API: 1.1 (GNU MPFR 3.1.0-p3, GNU MP 5.0.2) -| Copyright (C) 1989, 1991-2014 Free Software Foundation. ... @@ -26272,8 +26278,8 @@ Various `.c', `.y', and `.h' files PC Installation::, for details). `vms/*' - Files needed for building `gawk' under VMS (*note VMS - Installation::, for details). + Files needed for building `gawk' under Vax/VMS and OpenVMS (*note + VMS Installation::, for details). `test/*' A test suite for `gawk'. You can use `make check' from the @@ -26757,8 +26763,8 @@ translation of `"\r\n"', since it won't. Caveat Emptor! File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Installation, Prev: PC Installation, Up: Non-Unix Installation -B.3.2 How to Compile and Install `gawk' on VMS ----------------------------------------------- +B.3.2 How to Compile and Install `gawk' on Vax/VMS and OpenVMS +-------------------------------------------------------------- This node describes how to compile and install `gawk' under VMS. The older designation "VMS" is used throughout to refer to OpenVMS. @@ -31686,7 +31692,7 @@ Index * git, use of for gawk source code: Derived Files. (line 6) * GMP: Gawk and MPFR. (line 6) * GNITS mailing list: Acknowledgments. (line 52) -* GNU awk, See gawk: Preface. (line 49) +* GNU awk, See gawk: Preface. (line 53) * GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License. (line 7) * GNU General Public License: Glossary. (line 306) @@ -32032,7 +32038,7 @@ Index * namespace issues <1>: Library Names. (line 6) * namespace issues: Arrays. (line 18) * namespace issues, functions: Definition Syntax. (line 20) -* nawk utility: Names. (line 17) +* nawk utility: Names. (line 10) * negative zero: Unexpected Results. (line 34) * NetBSD: Glossary. (line 616) * networks, programming: TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) @@ -32112,7 +32118,7 @@ Index * numeric, output format: OFMT. (line 6) * numeric, strings: Variable Typing. (line 6) * o debugger command (alias for option): Debugger Info. (line 57) -* oawk utility: Names. (line 17) +* oawk utility: Names. (line 10) * obsolete features: Obsolete. (line 6) * octal numbers: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 6) * octal values, enabling interpretation of: Options. (line 207) @@ -33103,529 +33109,529 @@ Index Tag Table: Node: Top1292 -Node: Foreword40821 -Node: Preface45166 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-148219 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-248315 -Node: History48547 -Node: Names50921 -Ref: Names-Footnote-152398 -Node: This Manual52470 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-158244 -Node: Conventions58344 -Node: Manual History60500 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-163948 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-263989 -Node: How To Contribute64063 -Node: Acknowledgments65207 -Node: Getting Started69401 -Node: Running gawk71780 -Node: One-shot72966 -Node: Read Terminal74191 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-175841 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-276117 -Node: Long76288 -Node: Executable Scripts77664 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-179497 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-279599 -Node: Comments80146 -Node: Quoting82613 -Node: DOS Quoting87236 -Node: Sample Data Files87911 -Node: Very Simple90426 -Node: Two Rules95077 -Node: More Complex96975 -Ref: More Complex-Footnote-199905 -Node: Statements/Lines99990 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1104453 -Node: Other Features104718 -Node: When105646 -Node: Invoking Gawk107793 -Node: Command Line109256 -Node: Options110039 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1125417 -Node: Other Arguments125442 -Node: Naming Standard Input128100 -Node: Environment Variables129194 -Node: AWKPATH Variable129752 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1132533 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2132578 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable132838 -Node: Other Environment Variables133556 -Node: Exit Status136519 -Node: Include Files137194 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries140763 -Node: Obsolete142127 -Node: Undocumented142824 -Node: Regexp143066 -Node: Regexp Usage144455 -Node: Escape Sequences146480 -Node: Regexp Operators152149 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1159529 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2159676 -Node: Bracket Expressions159774 -Ref: table-char-classes161664 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators164187 -Node: Case-sensitivity167910 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1170878 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2171113 -Node: Leftmost Longest171221 -Node: Computed Regexps172422 -Node: Reading Files175759 -Node: Records177761 -Ref: Records-Footnote-1187284 -Node: Fields187321 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1190277 -Node: Nonconstant Fields190363 -Node: Changing Fields192569 -Node: Field Separators198528 -Node: Default Field Splitting201230 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting202347 -Node: Single Character Fields205689 -Node: Command Line Field Separator206748 -Node: Full Line Fields210090 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1210598 -Node: Field Splitting Summary210644 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1213743 -Node: Constant Size213844 -Node: Splitting By Content218451 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1222200 -Node: Multiple Line222240 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1228087 -Node: Getline228266 -Node: Plain Getline230482 -Node: Getline/Variable232577 -Node: Getline/File233724 -Node: Getline/Variable/File235065 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1236664 -Node: Getline/Pipe236751 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe239450 -Node: Getline/Coprocess240557 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess241809 -Node: Getline Notes242546 -Node: Getline Summary245333 -Ref: table-getline-variants245741 -Node: Read Timeout246653 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1250394 -Node: Command line directories250451 -Node: Printing251081 -Node: Print252712 -Node: Print Examples254049 -Node: Output Separators256833 -Node: OFMT258849 -Node: Printf260207 -Node: Basic Printf261113 -Node: Control Letters262652 -Node: Format Modifiers266464 -Node: Printf Examples272473 -Node: Redirection275185 -Node: Special Files282159 -Node: Special FD282692 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1286317 -Node: Special Network286391 -Node: Special Caveats287241 -Node: Close Files And Pipes288037 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1295020 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2295168 -Node: Expressions295318 -Node: Values296450 -Node: Constants297126 -Node: Scalar Constants297806 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1298665 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers298847 -Node: Regexp Constants301847 -Node: Using Constant Regexps302322 -Node: Variables305377 -Node: Using Variables306032 -Node: Assignment Options307756 -Node: Conversion309631 -Ref: table-locale-affects315131 -Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1315755 -Node: All Operators315864 -Node: Arithmetic Ops316494 -Node: Concatenation318999 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1321787 -Node: Assignment Ops321907 -Ref: table-assign-ops326895 -Node: Increment Ops328226 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions331660 -Node: Truth Values332743 -Node: Typing and Comparison333792 -Node: Variable Typing334585 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1338482 -Node: Comparison Operators338604 -Ref: table-relational-ops339014 -Node: POSIX String Comparison342562 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1343518 -Node: Boolean Ops343656 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1347726 -Node: Conditional Exp347817 -Node: Function Calls349549 -Node: Precedence353143 -Node: Locales356812 -Node: Patterns and Actions357901 -Node: Pattern Overview358955 -Node: Regexp Patterns360624 -Node: Expression Patterns361167 -Node: Ranges364948 -Node: BEGIN/END368052 -Node: Using BEGIN/END368814 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1371550 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END371656 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE373938 -Node: Empty376852 -Node: Using Shell Variables377169 -Node: Action Overview379454 -Node: Statements381811 -Node: If Statement383665 -Node: While Statement385164 -Node: Do Statement387208 -Node: For Statement388364 -Node: Switch Statement391516 -Node: Break Statement393670 -Node: Continue Statement395660 -Node: Next Statement397453 -Node: Nextfile Statement399843 -Node: Exit Statement402498 -Node: Built-in Variables404914 -Node: User-modified406009 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1414367 -Node: Auto-set414429 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1427886 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2428091 -Node: ARGC and ARGV428147 -Node: Arrays432001 -Node: Array Basics433506 -Node: Array Intro434332 -Node: Reference to Elements438649 -Node: Assigning Elements440919 -Node: Array Example441410 -Node: Scanning an Array443142 -Node: Controlling Scanning445456 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1450543 -Node: Delete450859 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1453624 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts453681 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts455864 -Node: Multidimensional457491 -Node: Multiscanning460584 -Node: Arrays of Arrays462173 -Node: Functions466813 -Node: Built-in467632 -Node: Calling Built-in468710 -Node: Numeric Functions470698 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1474530 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2474887 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3474935 -Node: String Functions475204 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1498162 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2498291 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3498539 -Node: Gory Details498626 -Ref: table-sub-escapes500305 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92501659 -Ref: table-sub-proposed503010 -Ref: table-posix-sub504364 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes505909 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1507085 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2507136 -Node: I/O Functions507287 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1514277 -Node: Time Functions514424 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1525407 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2525475 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3525633 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4525744 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5525856 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6526083 -Node: Bitwise Functions526349 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops526911 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1531132 -Node: Type Functions531316 -Node: I18N Functions532467 -Node: User-defined534094 -Node: Definition Syntax534898 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1539812 -Node: Function Example539881 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1542530 -Node: Function Caveats542552 -Node: Calling A Function543070 -Node: Variable Scope544025 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference546988 -Node: Return Statement550496 -Node: Dynamic Typing553477 -Node: Indirect Calls554408 -Node: Library Functions564095 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1567608 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2567751 -Node: Library Names567922 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1571395 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2571615 -Node: General Functions571701 -Node: Strtonum Function572729 -Node: Assert Function575659 -Node: Round Function578985 -Node: Cliff Random Function580526 -Node: Ordinal Functions581542 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1584619 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2584871 -Node: Join Function585082 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1586853 -Node: Getlocaltime Function587053 -Node: Readfile Function590794 -Node: Data File Management592633 -Node: Filetrans Function593265 -Node: Rewind Function597334 -Node: File Checking598721 -Node: Empty Files599815 -Node: Ignoring Assigns602045 -Node: Getopt Function603599 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1614902 -Node: Passwd Functions615105 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1624083 -Node: Group Functions624171 -Node: Walking Arrays632255 -Node: Sample Programs634391 -Node: Running Examples635065 -Node: Clones635793 -Node: Cut Program637017 -Node: Egrep Program646868 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1654641 -Node: Id Program654751 -Node: Split Program658400 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1661919 -Node: Tee Program662047 -Node: Uniq Program664850 -Node: Wc Program672279 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1676545 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2676745 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs676837 -Node: Dupword Program678025 -Node: Alarm Program680056 -Node: Translate Program684863 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1689250 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2689498 -Node: Labels Program689632 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1693003 -Node: Word Sorting693087 -Node: History Sorting696971 -Node: Extract Program698810 -Ref: Extract Program-Footnote-1706313 -Node: Simple Sed706441 -Node: Igawk Program709503 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1724660 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2724861 -Node: Anagram Program724999 -Node: Signature Program728067 -Node: Advanced Features729167 -Node: Nondecimal Data731053 -Node: Array Sorting732636 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal733333 -Node: Array Sorting Functions741617 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1745486 -Node: Two-way I/O745680 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1751112 -Node: TCP/IP Networking751194 -Node: Profiling754038 -Node: Internationalization761541 -Node: I18N and L10N762966 -Node: Explaining gettext763652 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1768720 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2768904 -Node: Programmer i18n769069 -Node: Translator i18n773271 -Node: String Extraction774065 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1775026 -Node: Printf Ordering775112 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1777894 -Node: I18N Portability777958 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1780407 -Node: I18N Example780470 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1783108 -Node: Gawk I18N783180 -Node: Debugger783801 -Node: Debugging784772 -Node: Debugging Concepts785205 -Node: Debugging Terms787061 -Node: Awk Debugging789658 -Node: Sample Debugging Session790550 -Node: Debugger Invocation791070 -Node: Finding The Bug792403 -Node: List of Debugger Commands798890 -Node: Breakpoint Control800224 -Node: Debugger Execution Control803888 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data807248 -Node: Execution Stack810604 -Node: Debugger Info812071 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands816053 -Node: Readline Support821229 -Node: Limitations822060 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic824312 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1825961 -Node: General Arithmetic826109 -Node: Floating Point Issues827829 -Node: String Conversion Precision828710 -Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1830415 -Node: Unexpected Results830524 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems832677 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1836502 -Node: Integer Programming836540 -Node: Floating-point Programming838279 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1844610 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2844880 -Node: Floating-point Representation845144 -Node: Floating-point Context846309 -Ref: table-ieee-formats847148 -Node: Rounding Mode848532 -Ref: table-rounding-modes849011 -Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1852026 -Node: Gawk and MPFR852205 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats853616 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1856059 -Node: Setting Precision856375 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings857061 -Node: Setting Rounding Mode859206 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes859610 -Node: Floating-point Constants860797 -Node: Changing Precision862226 -Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1863623 -Node: Exact Arithmetic863797 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers866935 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1869950 -Node: Dynamic Extensions870097 -Node: Extension Intro871555 -Node: Plugin License872820 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline873505 -Ref: load-extension873922 -Ref: load-new-function875400 -Ref: call-new-function876395 -Node: Extension API Description878410 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction879697 -Node: General Data Types884624 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1890319 -Node: Requesting Values890618 -Ref: table-value-types-returned891355 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions892309 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1895055 -Node: Constructor Functions895151 -Node: Registration Functions896909 -Node: Extension Functions897594 -Node: Exit Callback Functions899896 -Node: Extension Version String901145 -Node: Input Parsers901795 -Node: Output Wrappers911552 -Node: Two-way processors916062 -Node: Printing Messages918270 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1919347 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'919499 -Node: Accessing Parameters920238 -Node: Symbol Table Access921468 -Node: Symbol table by name921982 -Node: Symbol table by cookie923958 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1928090 -Node: Cached values928153 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1931643 -Node: Array Manipulation931734 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1932832 -Node: Array Data Types932871 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1935574 -Node: Array Functions935666 -Node: Flattening Arrays939502 -Node: Creating Arrays946354 -Node: Extension API Variables951079 -Node: Extension Versioning951715 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables953616 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate954702 -Node: Finding Extensions958506 -Node: Extension Example959066 -Node: Internal File Description959796 -Node: Internal File Ops963887 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1975396 -Node: Using Internal File Ops975536 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1977889 -Node: Extension Samples978155 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions979679 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch988164 -Node: Extension Sample Fork989933 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace991146 -Node: Extension Sample Ord992924 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir993760 -Node: Extension Sample Revout995292 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way995885 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array996575 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile998458 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests999558 -Node: Extension Sample Time1000083 -Node: gawkextlib1001447 -Node: Language History1004228 -Node: V7/SVR3.11005821 -Node: SVR41008141 -Node: POSIX1009583 -Node: BTL1010969 -Node: POSIX/GNU1011703 -Node: Feature History1017302 -Node: Common Extensions1030278 -Node: Ranges and Locales1031590 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11036207 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21036234 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31036468 -Node: Contributors1036689 -Node: Installation1042070 -Node: Gawk Distribution1042964 -Node: Getting1043448 -Node: Extracting1044274 -Node: Distribution contents1045966 -Node: Unix Installation1051671 -Node: Quick Installation1052288 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1054734 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1056470 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1058824 -Node: PC Installation1059282 -Node: PC Binary Installation1060581 -Node: PC Compiling1062429 -Node: PC Testing1065373 -Node: PC Using1066549 -Node: Cygwin1070717 -Node: MSYS1071526 -Node: VMS Installation1072040 -Node: VMS Compilation1072804 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11074056 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1074114 -Node: VMS Installation Details1075487 -Node: VMS Running1077738 -Node: VMS GNV1080572 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1081295 -Node: Bugs1081765 -Node: Other Versions1085683 -Node: Notes1091767 -Node: Compatibility Mode1092567 -Node: Additions1093350 -Node: Accessing The Source1094277 -Node: Adding Code1095717 -Node: New Ports1101762 -Node: Derived Files1105897 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11111218 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21111252 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31111852 -Node: Future Extensions1111950 -Node: Implementation Limitations1112533 -Node: Extension Design1113785 -Node: Old Extension Problems1114939 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11116447 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1116504 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11119869 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1120055 -Node: Extension Future Growth1122161 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1122997 -Node: Basic Concepts1124737 -Node: Basic High Level1125418 -Ref: figure-general-flow1125690 -Ref: figure-process-flow1126289 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11129518 -Node: Basic Data Typing1129703 -Node: Glossary1133058 -Node: Copying1158289 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1195845 -Node: Index1220981 +Node: Foreword40825 +Node: Preface45170 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-148303 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-248410 +Node: History48642 +Node: Names51016 +Ref: Names-Footnote-152480 +Node: This Manual52553 +Ref: This Manual-Footnote-158327 +Node: Conventions58427 +Node: Manual History60583 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-164013 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-264054 +Node: How To Contribute64128 +Node: Acknowledgments65367 +Node: Getting Started69561 +Node: Running gawk71940 +Node: One-shot73130 +Node: Read Terminal74355 +Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-176005 +Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-276281 +Node: Long76452 +Node: Executable Scripts77828 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-179661 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-279763 +Node: Comments80310 +Node: Quoting82777 +Node: DOS Quoting87400 +Node: Sample Data Files88075 +Node: Very Simple90590 +Node: Two Rules95241 +Node: More Complex97139 +Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1100069 +Node: Statements/Lines100154 +Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1104617 +Node: Other Features104882 +Node: When105810 +Node: Invoking Gawk107957 +Node: Command Line109420 +Node: Options110203 +Ref: Options-Footnote-1125581 +Node: Other Arguments125606 +Node: Naming Standard Input128264 +Node: Environment Variables129358 +Node: AWKPATH Variable129916 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1132697 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2132742 +Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable133002 +Node: Other Environment Variables133720 +Node: Exit Status136683 +Node: Include Files137358 +Node: Loading Shared Libraries140927 +Node: Obsolete142291 +Node: Undocumented142988 +Node: Regexp143230 +Node: Regexp Usage144619 +Node: Escape Sequences146644 +Node: Regexp Operators152313 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1159693 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2159840 +Node: Bracket Expressions159938 +Ref: table-char-classes161828 +Node: GNU Regexp Operators164351 +Node: Case-sensitivity168074 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1171042 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2171277 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+Node: Getline/Coprocess240721 +Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess241973 +Node: Getline Notes242710 +Node: Getline Summary245497 +Ref: table-getline-variants245905 +Node: Read Timeout246817 +Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1250556 +Node: Command line directories250614 +Node: Printing251244 +Node: Print252875 +Node: Print Examples254212 +Node: Output Separators256996 +Node: OFMT259012 +Node: Printf260370 +Node: Basic Printf261276 +Node: Control Letters262815 +Node: Format Modifiers266627 +Node: Printf Examples272636 +Node: Redirection275348 +Node: Special Files282322 +Node: Special FD282855 +Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1286480 +Node: Special Network286554 +Node: Special Caveats287404 +Node: Close Files And Pipes288200 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1295183 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2295331 +Node: Expressions295481 +Node: Values296613 +Node: Constants297289 +Node: Scalar Constants297969 +Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1298828 +Node: Nondecimal-numbers299010 +Node: Regexp Constants302010 +Node: Using Constant Regexps302485 +Node: Variables305540 +Node: Using Variables306195 +Node: Assignment Options307919 +Node: Conversion309794 +Ref: table-locale-affects315294 +Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1315918 +Node: All Operators316027 +Node: Arithmetic Ops316657 +Node: Concatenation319162 +Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1321950 +Node: Assignment Ops322070 +Ref: table-assign-ops327058 +Node: Increment Ops328389 +Node: Truth Values and Conditions331823 +Node: Truth Values332906 +Node: Typing and Comparison333955 +Node: Variable Typing334748 +Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1338645 +Node: Comparison Operators338767 +Ref: table-relational-ops339177 +Node: POSIX String Comparison342725 +Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1343681 +Node: Boolean Ops343819 +Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1347889 +Node: Conditional Exp347980 +Node: Function Calls349712 +Node: Precedence353306 +Node: Locales356975 +Node: Patterns and Actions358064 +Node: Pattern Overview359118 +Node: Regexp 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Scanning an Array443305 +Node: Controlling Scanning445619 +Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1450706 +Node: Delete451022 +Ref: Delete-Footnote-1453787 +Node: Numeric Array Subscripts453844 +Node: Uninitialized Subscripts456027 +Node: Multidimensional457654 +Node: Multiscanning460747 +Node: Arrays of Arrays462336 +Node: Functions466976 +Node: Built-in467795 +Node: Calling Built-in468873 +Node: Numeric Functions470861 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1474693 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2475050 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3475098 +Node: String Functions475367 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1498325 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2498454 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3498702 +Node: Gory Details498789 +Ref: table-sub-escapes500468 +Ref: table-sub-posix-92501822 +Ref: table-sub-proposed503173 +Ref: table-posix-sub504527 +Ref: table-gensub-escapes506072 +Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1507248 +Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2507299 +Node: I/O Functions507450 +Ref: I/O 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Viewing And Changing Data807411 +Node: Execution Stack810767 +Node: Debugger Info812234 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands816216 +Node: Readline Support821392 +Node: Limitations822223 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic824475 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1826124 +Node: General Arithmetic826272 +Node: Floating Point Issues827992 +Node: String Conversion Precision828873 +Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1830578 +Node: Unexpected Results830687 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems832840 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1836665 +Node: Integer Programming836703 +Node: Floating-point Programming838442 +Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1844773 +Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2845043 +Node: Floating-point Representation845307 +Node: Floating-point Context846472 +Ref: table-ieee-formats847311 +Node: Rounding Mode848695 +Ref: table-rounding-modes849174 +Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1852189 +Node: Gawk and MPFR852368 +Node: Arbitrary 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Extensions1030439 +Node: Ranges and Locales1031751 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11036368 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21036395 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31036629 +Node: Contributors1036850 +Node: Installation1042231 +Node: Gawk Distribution1043125 +Node: Getting1043609 +Node: Extracting1044435 +Node: Distribution contents1046127 +Node: Unix Installation1051848 +Node: Quick Installation1052465 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1054911 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1056647 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1059001 +Node: PC Installation1059459 +Node: PC Binary Installation1060758 +Node: PC Compiling1062606 +Node: PC Testing1065550 +Node: PC Using1066726 +Node: Cygwin1070894 +Node: MSYS1071703 +Node: VMS Installation1072217 +Node: VMS Compilation1073013 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11074265 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1074323 +Node: VMS Installation Details1075696 +Node: VMS Running1077947 +Node: VMS GNV1080781 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1081504 +Node: Bugs1081974 +Node: Other Versions1085892 +Node: Notes1091976 +Node: Compatibility Mode1092776 +Node: Additions1093559 +Node: Accessing The Source1094486 +Node: Adding Code1095926 +Node: New Ports1101971 +Node: Derived Files1106106 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11111427 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21111461 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31112061 +Node: Future Extensions1112159 +Node: Implementation Limitations1112742 +Node: Extension Design1113994 +Node: Old Extension Problems1115148 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11116656 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1116713 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11120078 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1120264 +Node: Extension Future Growth1122370 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1123206 +Node: Basic Concepts1124946 +Node: Basic High Level1125627 +Ref: figure-general-flow1125899 +Ref: figure-process-flow1126498 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11129727 +Node: Basic Data Typing1129912 +Node: Glossary1133267 +Node: Copying1158498 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1196054 +Node: Index1221190 End Tag Table |