From b754902e81384e9c66d022f31d01ed8de3b2ad4d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Mon, 16 Dec 2013 22:23:09 +0200 Subject: Further updates, mainly doc. --- doc/gawk.info | 1151 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------------- 1 file changed, 617 insertions(+), 534 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 42228cae..bc807235 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -614,9 +614,12 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * VMS Installation:: Installing `gawk' on VMS. * VMS Compilation:: How to compile `gawk' under VMS. +* VMS Dynamic Extensions:: Compiling `gawk' dynamic + extensions on VMS. * VMS Installation Details:: How to install `gawk' under VMS. * VMS Running:: How to run `gawk' under VMS. +* VMS GNV:: The VMS GNV Project. * VMS Old Gawk:: An old version comes with some VMS systems. * Bugs:: Reporting Problems and Bugs. @@ -10735,7 +10738,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Multidimensional, Next: Arrays of Arrays, Prev: Uninit * Menu: -* Multiscanning:: Scanning multidimensional arrays. +* Multiscanning:: Scanning multidimensional arrays. A multidimensional array is an array in which an element is identified by a sequence of indices instead of a single index. For @@ -25204,6 +25207,8 @@ the current version of `gawk'. - Prestandard VAX C compiler for VAX/VMS + - GCC for VAX and Alpha has not been tested for a while. +  @@ -26229,51 +26234,106 @@ older designation "VMS" is used throughout to refer to OpenVMS. * Menu: * VMS Compilation:: How to compile `gawk' under VMS. +* VMS Dynamic Extensions:: Compiling `gawk' dynamic extensions on + VMS. * VMS Installation Details:: How to install `gawk' under VMS. * VMS Running:: How to run `gawk' under VMS. +* VMS GNV:: The VMS GNV Project. * VMS Old Gawk:: An old version comes with some VMS systems.  -File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Compilation, Next: VMS Installation Details, Up: VMS Installation +File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Compilation, Next: VMS Dynamic Extensions, Up: VMS Installation B.3.2.1 Compiling `gawk' on VMS ............................... To compile `gawk' under VMS, there is a `DCL' command procedure that issues all the necessary `CC' and `LINK' commands. There is also a -`Makefile' for use with the `MMS' utility. From the source directory, -use either: +`Makefile' for use with the `MMS' or `MMK' utility. From the source +directory, use either: + + $ @[.vms]vmsbuild.com + +or: - $ @[.VMS]VMSBUILD.COM + $ MMS/DESCRIPTION=[.vms]descrip.mms gawk or: - $ MMS/DESCRIPTION=[.VMS]DESCRIP.MMS GAWK + $ MMK/DESCRIPTION=[.vms]descrip.mms gawk + + `MMK' is an open source freeware near clone of `MMS' and can better +handle `ODS-5' volumes with upper- and lower-case filenames. `MMK' is +available from `https://github.com/endlesssoftware/mmk'. + + With `ODS-5' volumes and extended parsing enabled, the case of the +target parameter may need to be exact. Older versions of `gawk' could be built with VAX C or GNU C on VAX/VMS, as well as with DEC C, but that is no longer supported. DEC C (also briefly known as "Compaq C" and now known as "HP C," but referred -to here as "DEC C") is required. Both `VMSBUILD.COM' and `DESCRIP.MMS' +to here as "DEC C") is required. Both `vmsbuild.com' and `descrip.mms' contain some obsolete support for the older compilers but are set up to use DEC C by default. - `gawk' has been tested under Alpha/VMS 7.3-1 using Compaq C V6.4, -and on Alpha/VMS 7.3, Alpha/VMS 7.3-2, and IA64/VMS 8.3.(1) + `gawk' has been tested under VAX/VMS 7.3 and Alpha/VMS 7.3-1 using +Compaq C V6.4, and Alpha/VMS 7.3, Alpha/VMS 7.3-2, and IA64/VMS 8.3. +The most recent builds used HP C V7.3 on Alpha VMS 8.3 and both Alpha +and IA64 VMS 8.4 used HP C 7.3.(1) + + Work is currently being done for a procedure to build `gawk' and +create a PCSI kit for compatible with the GNV product. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) The IA64 architecture is also known as "Itanium."  -File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Installation Details, Next: VMS Running, Prev: VMS Compilation, Up: VMS Installation +File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions, Next: VMS Installation Details, Prev: VMS Compilation, Up: VMS Installation + +B.3.2.2 Compiling `gawk' Dynamic Extensions on VMS +.................................................. + +Dynamic extensions need to be compiled with the same compiler options +for floating point, pointer size, and symbol name handling as `gawk'. +Alpha and Itanium should use IEEE floating point. The pointer size is +32 bits, and the symbol name handling is to be exact case with CRC +shortening for symbols longer than 32 bits. + + For Alpha and Itanium: + + /name=(as_is,short) + /float=ieee/ieee_mode=denorm_results + + For VAX: + + /name=(as_is,short) + + Compile time macros need to be defined before the first VMS-supplied +header file is included. + + #if (__CRTL_VER >= 70200000) && !defined (__VAX) + #define _LARGEFILE 1 + #endif + + #ifndef __VAX + #ifdef __CRTL_VER + #if __CRTL_VER >= 80200000 + #define _USE_STD_STAT 1 + #endif + #endif + #endif + + +File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Installation Details, Next: VMS Running, Prev: VMS Dynamic Extensions, Up: VMS Installation -B.3.2.2 Installing `gawk' on VMS +B.3.2.3 Installing `gawk' on VMS ................................ -To install `gawk', all you need is a "foreign" command, which is a -`DCL' symbol whose value begins with a dollar sign. For example: +To use `gawk', all you need is a "foreign" command, which is a `DCL' +symbol whose value begins with a dollar sign. For example: - $ GAWK :== $disk1:[gnubin]GAWK + $ GAWK :== $disk1:[gnubin]gawk Substitute the actual location of `gawk.exe' for `$disk1:[gnubin]'. The symbol should be placed in the `login.com' of any user who wants to run @@ -26281,9 +26341,14 @@ symbol should be placed in the `login.com' of any user who wants to run Alternatively, the symbol may be placed in the system-wide `sylogin.com' procedure, which allows all users to run `gawk'. + If your `gawk' was installed by a PCSI kit into the `GNV$GNU:' +directory tree, the program will be known as +`GNV$GNU:[bin]gnv$gawk.exe' and the help file will be +`GNV$GNU:[vms_help]gawk.hlp'. + Optionally, the help entry can be loaded into a VMS help library: - $ LIBRARY/HELP SYS$HELP:HELPLIB [.VMS]GAWK.HLP + $ LIBRARY/HELP sys$help:helplib [.vms]gawk.hlp (You may want to substitute a site-specific help library rather than the standard VMS library `HELPLIB'.) After loading the help text, the @@ -26305,9 +26370,9 @@ If `AWK_LIBRARY' has no definition, a default value of `SYS$LIBRARY:' is used for it.  -File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Running, Next: VMS Old Gawk, Prev: VMS Installation Details, Up: VMS Installation +File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Running, Next: VMS GNV, Prev: VMS Installation Details, Up: VMS Installation -B.3.2.3 Running `gawk' on VMS +B.3.2.4 Running `gawk' on VMS ............................. Command-line parsing and quoting conventions are significantly different @@ -26341,9 +26406,25 @@ When defining it, the value should be quoted so that it retains a single translation and not a multitranslation `RMS' searchlist.  -File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Old Gawk, Prev: VMS Running, Up: VMS Installation +File: gawk.info, Node: VMS GNV, Next: VMS Old Gawk, Prev: VMS Running, Up: VMS Installation + +B.3.2.5 The VMS GNV Project +........................... + +The VMS GNV package provides a build environment similar to POSIX with +ports of a collection of open source tools. The `gawk' found in the GNV +base kit is an older port. Currently the GNV project is being +reorganized to be individual PCSI packages for each component. See +`https://sourceforge.net/p/gnv/wiki/InstallingGNVPackages/'. + + The normal build procedure for `gawk' produces a program that is +suitable for use with GNV. At this time work is being done to create +the procedures for building a PCSI kit to replace the older `gawk' port. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Old Gawk, Prev: VMS GNV, Up: VMS Installation -B.3.2.4 Some VMS Systems Have An Old Version of `gawk' +B.3.2.6 Some VMS Systems Have An Old Version of `gawk' ...................................................... Some versions of VMS have an old version of `gawk'. To access it, @@ -32176,520 +32257,522 @@ Index  Tag Table: Node: Top1360 -Node: Foreword40460 -Node: Preface44805 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-147858 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-247954 -Node: History48186 -Node: Names50560 -Ref: Names-Footnote-152037 -Node: This Manual52109 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-157883 -Node: Conventions57983 -Node: Manual History60139 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-163587 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-263628 -Node: How To Contribute63702 -Node: Acknowledgments64846 -Node: Getting Started69055 -Node: Running gawk71434 -Node: One-shot72620 -Node: Read Terminal73845 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-175495 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-275771 -Node: Long75942 -Node: Executable Scripts77318 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-179151 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-279253 -Node: Comments79800 -Node: Quoting82267 -Node: DOS Quoting86890 -Node: Sample Data Files87565 -Node: Very Simple90609 -Node: Two Rules95208 -Node: More Complex97355 -Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1100285 -Node: Statements/Lines100370 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1104832 -Node: Other Features105097 -Node: When106025 -Node: Invoking Gawk108172 -Node: Command Line109633 -Node: Options110416 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1125808 -Node: Other Arguments125833 -Node: Naming Standard Input128491 -Node: Environment Variables129585 -Node: AWKPATH Variable130143 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1132901 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable133161 -Node: Other Environment Variables133879 -Node: Exit Status136842 -Node: Include Files137517 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries141086 -Node: Obsolete142450 -Node: Undocumented143147 -Node: Regexp143389 -Node: Regexp Usage144778 -Node: Escape Sequences146804 -Node: Regexp Operators152473 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1159853 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2160000 -Node: Bracket Expressions160098 -Ref: table-char-classes161988 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators164511 -Node: Case-sensitivity168234 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1171202 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2171437 -Node: Leftmost Longest171545 -Node: Computed Regexps172746 -Node: Reading Files176083 -Node: Records178085 -Ref: Records-Footnote-1186974 -Node: Fields187011 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1190044 -Node: Nonconstant Fields190130 -Node: Changing Fields192332 -Node: Field Separators198291 -Node: Default Field Splitting200920 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting202037 -Node: Single Character Fields205379 -Node: Command Line Field Separator206438 -Node: Field Splitting Summary209879 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1212990 -Node: Constant Size213091 -Node: Splitting By Content217675 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1221401 -Node: Multiple Line221441 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1227288 -Node: Getline227467 -Node: Plain Getline229683 -Node: Getline/Variable231778 -Node: Getline/File232925 -Node: Getline/Variable/File234266 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1235865 -Node: Getline/Pipe235952 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe238651 -Node: Getline/Coprocess239758 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess241010 -Node: Getline Notes241747 -Node: Getline Summary244534 -Ref: table-getline-variants244942 -Node: Read Timeout245854 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1249595 -Node: Command line directories249652 -Node: Printing250282 -Node: Print251913 -Node: Print Examples253250 -Node: Output Separators256034 -Node: OFMT257794 -Node: Printf259152 -Node: Basic Printf260058 -Node: Control Letters261597 -Node: Format Modifiers265409 -Node: Printf Examples271418 -Node: Redirection274133 -Node: Special Files281098 -Node: Special FD281631 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1285256 -Node: Special Network285330 -Node: Special Caveats286180 -Node: Close Files And Pipes286976 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1293959 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2294107 -Node: Expressions294257 -Node: Values295389 -Node: Constants296065 -Node: Scalar Constants296745 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1297604 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers297786 -Node: Regexp Constants300786 -Node: Using Constant Regexps301261 -Node: Variables304316 -Node: Using Variables304971 -Node: Assignment Options306695 -Node: Conversion308567 -Ref: table-locale-affects314068 -Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1314692 -Node: All Operators314801 -Node: Arithmetic Ops315431 -Node: Concatenation317936 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1320728 -Node: Assignment Ops320848 -Ref: table-assign-ops325836 -Node: Increment Ops327167 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions330601 -Node: Truth Values331684 -Node: Typing and Comparison332733 -Node: Variable Typing333526 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1337423 -Node: Comparison Operators337545 -Ref: table-relational-ops337955 -Node: POSIX String Comparison341504 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1342460 -Node: Boolean Ops342598 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1346676 -Node: Conditional Exp346767 -Node: Function Calls348499 -Node: Precedence352093 -Node: Locales355762 -Node: Patterns and Actions356851 -Node: Pattern Overview357905 -Node: Regexp Patterns359574 -Node: Expression Patterns360117 -Node: Ranges363802 -Node: BEGIN/END366768 -Node: Using BEGIN/END367530 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1370261 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END370367 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE372649 -Node: Empty375563 -Node: Using Shell Variables375879 -Node: Action Overview378164 -Node: Statements380521 -Node: If Statement382375 -Node: While Statement383874 -Node: Do Statement385918 -Node: For Statement387074 -Node: Switch Statement390226 -Node: Break Statement392323 -Node: Continue Statement394313 -Node: Next Statement396106 -Node: Nextfile Statement398496 -Node: Exit Statement401139 -Node: Built-in Variables403555 -Node: User-modified404650 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1413008 -Node: Auto-set413070 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1426148 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2426353 -Node: ARGC and ARGV426409 -Node: Arrays430260 -Node: Array Basics431765 -Node: Array Intro432591 -Node: Reference to Elements436908 -Node: Assigning Elements439178 -Node: Array Example439669 -Node: Scanning an Array441401 -Node: Controlling Scanning443715 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1448802 -Node: Delete449118 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1451883 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts451940 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts454123 -Node: Multidimensional455750 -Node: Multiscanning458842 -Node: Arrays of Arrays460431 -Node: Functions465071 -Node: Built-in465890 -Node: Calling Built-in466968 -Node: Numeric Functions468956 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1472788 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2473145 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3473193 -Node: String Functions473462 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1496382 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2496511 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3496759 -Node: Gory Details496846 -Ref: table-sub-escapes498525 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92499879 -Ref: table-sub-proposed501230 -Ref: table-posix-sub502584 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes504129 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1505305 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2505356 -Node: I/O Functions505507 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1512492 -Node: Time Functions512639 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1523572 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2523640 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3523798 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4523909 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5524021 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6524248 -Node: Bitwise Functions524514 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops525076 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1529297 -Node: Type Functions529481 -Node: I18N Functions530632 -Node: User-defined532259 -Node: Definition Syntax533063 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1537973 -Node: Function Example538042 -Node: Function Caveats540636 -Node: Calling A Function541057 -Node: Variable Scope542172 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference545135 -Node: Return Statement548643 -Node: Dynamic Typing551624 -Node: Indirect Calls552555 -Node: Library Functions562240 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1565753 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2565896 -Node: Library Names566067 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1569538 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2569758 -Node: General Functions569844 -Node: Strtonum Function570872 -Node: Assert Function573802 -Node: Round Function577128 -Node: Cliff Random Function578671 -Node: Ordinal Functions579687 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1582757 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2583009 -Node: Join Function583218 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1584989 -Node: Getlocaltime Function585189 -Node: Readfile Function588930 -Node: Data File Management590769 -Node: Filetrans Function591401 -Node: Rewind Function595470 -Node: File Checking596857 -Node: Empty Files597951 -Node: Ignoring Assigns600181 -Node: Getopt Function601734 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1613037 -Node: Passwd Functions613240 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1622215 -Node: Group Functions622303 -Node: Walking Arrays630387 -Node: Sample Programs632524 -Node: Running Examples633198 -Node: Clones633926 -Node: Cut Program635150 -Node: Egrep Program644995 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1652768 -Node: Id Program652878 -Node: Split Program656494 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1660013 -Node: Tee Program660141 -Node: Uniq Program662944 -Node: Wc Program670373 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1674639 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2674839 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs674931 -Node: Dupword Program676119 -Node: Alarm Program678150 -Node: Translate Program682903 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1687290 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2687538 -Node: Labels Program687672 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1691043 -Node: Word Sorting691127 -Node: History Sorting695011 -Node: Extract Program696850 -Ref: Extract Program-Footnote-1704353 -Node: Simple Sed704481 -Node: Igawk Program707543 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1722700 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2722901 -Node: Anagram Program723039 -Node: Signature Program726107 -Node: Advanced Features727207 -Node: Nondecimal Data729093 -Node: Array Sorting730676 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal731373 -Node: Array Sorting Functions739657 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1743526 -Node: Two-way I/O743720 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1749152 -Node: TCP/IP Networking749222 -Node: Profiling752066 -Node: Internationalization759563 -Node: I18N and L10N760988 -Node: Explaining gettext761674 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1766742 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2766926 -Node: Programmer i18n767091 -Node: Translator i18n771293 -Node: String Extraction772086 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1773047 -Node: Printf Ordering773133 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1775917 -Node: I18N Portability775981 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1778430 -Node: I18N Example778493 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1781131 -Node: Gawk I18N781203 -Node: Debugger781824 -Node: Debugging782795 -Node: Debugging Concepts783228 -Node: Debugging Terms785084 -Node: Awk Debugging787681 -Node: Sample Debugging Session788573 -Node: Debugger Invocation789093 -Node: Finding The Bug790425 -Node: List of Debugger Commands796913 -Node: Breakpoint Control798247 -Node: Debugger Execution Control801911 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data805271 -Node: Execution Stack808627 -Node: Debugger Info810094 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands814076 -Node: Readline Support819252 -Node: Limitations820083 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic822335 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1823984 -Node: General Arithmetic824132 -Node: Floating Point Issues825852 -Node: String Conversion Precision826733 -Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1828438 -Node: Unexpected Results828547 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems830700 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1834525 -Node: Integer Programming834563 -Node: Floating-point Programming836302 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1842633 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2842903 -Node: Floating-point Representation843167 -Node: Floating-point Context844332 -Ref: table-ieee-formats845171 -Node: Rounding Mode846555 -Ref: table-rounding-modes847034 -Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1850049 -Node: Gawk and MPFR850228 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats851483 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1853926 -Node: Setting Precision854242 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings854928 -Node: Setting Rounding Mode857073 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes857477 -Node: Floating-point Constants858664 -Node: Changing Precision860093 -Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1861490 -Node: Exact Arithmetic861664 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers864802 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1867820 -Node: Dynamic Extensions867967 -Node: Extension Intro869425 -Node: Plugin License870690 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline871375 -Ref: load-extension871792 -Ref: load-new-function873270 -Ref: call-new-function874265 -Node: Extension API Description876280 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction877493 -Node: General Data Types882359 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1887958 -Node: Requesting Values888257 -Ref: table-value-types-returned888988 -Node: Constructor Functions889942 -Node: Registration Functions892962 -Node: Extension Functions893647 -Node: Exit Callback Functions895872 -Node: Extension Version String897121 -Node: Input Parsers897771 -Node: Output Wrappers907528 -Node: Two-way processors912038 -Node: Printing Messages914246 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1915323 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'915475 -Node: Accessing Parameters916214 -Node: Symbol Table Access917444 -Node: Symbol table by name917956 -Node: Symbol table by cookie919703 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1923833 -Node: Cached values923896 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1927345 -Node: Array Manipulation927436 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1928534 -Node: Array Data Types928573 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1931276 -Node: Array Functions931368 -Node: Flattening Arrays935134 -Node: Creating Arrays941986 -Node: Extension API Variables946711 -Node: Extension Versioning947347 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables949248 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate950334 -Node: Finding Extensions954138 -Node: Extension Example954698 -Node: Internal File Description955428 -Node: Internal File Ops959519 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1971027 -Node: Using Internal File Ops971167 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1973520 -Node: Extension Samples973786 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions975310 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch983795 -Node: Extension Sample Fork985521 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace986739 -Node: Extension Sample Ord988517 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir989353 -Node: Extension Sample Revout990885 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way991478 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array992168 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile994051 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests994869 -Node: Extension Sample Time995394 -Node: gawkextlib996758 -Node: Language History999518 -Node: V7/SVR3.11001040 -Node: SVR41003360 -Node: POSIX1004802 -Node: BTL1006188 -Node: POSIX/GNU1006922 -Node: Common Extensions1012457 -Node: Ranges and Locales1013763 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11018381 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21018408 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31018668 -Node: Contributors1018889 -Node: Installation1023964 -Node: Gawk Distribution1024858 -Node: Getting1025342 -Node: Extracting1026168 -Node: Distribution contents1027860 -Node: Unix Installation1033380 -Node: Quick Installation1033997 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1036441 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1037918 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1040272 -Node: PC Installation1040730 -Node: PC Binary Installation1042029 -Node: PC Compiling1043877 -Node: PC Testing1046821 -Node: PC Using1047997 -Node: Cygwin1052182 -Node: MSYS1053182 -Node: VMS Installation1053696 -Node: VMS Compilation1054299 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11055306 -Node: VMS Installation Details1055364 -Node: VMS Running1056999 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1058606 -Node: Bugs1059080 -Node: Other Versions1062936 -Node: Notes1069020 -Node: Compatibility Mode1069820 -Node: Additions1070603 -Node: Accessing The Source1071530 -Node: Adding Code1072970 -Node: New Ports1079015 -Node: Derived Files1083150 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11088471 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21088505 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31089105 -Node: Future Extensions1089203 -Node: Implementation Limitations1089780 -Node: Extension Design1091032 -Node: Old Extension Problems1092186 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11093694 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1093751 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11097116 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1097302 -Node: Extension Future Growth1099408 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1100244 -Node: Basic Concepts1101984 -Node: Basic High Level1102665 -Ref: figure-general-flow1102936 -Ref: figure-process-flow1103535 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11106764 -Node: Basic Data Typing1106949 -Node: Glossary1110304 -Node: Copying1135766 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1173323 -Node: Index1198460 +Node: Foreword40645 +Node: Preface44990 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-148043 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-248139 +Node: History48371 +Node: Names50745 +Ref: Names-Footnote-152222 +Node: This Manual52294 +Ref: This Manual-Footnote-158068 +Node: Conventions58168 +Node: Manual History60324 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-163772 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-263813 +Node: How To Contribute63887 +Node: Acknowledgments65031 +Node: Getting Started69240 +Node: Running gawk71619 +Node: One-shot72805 +Node: Read Terminal74030 +Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-175680 +Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-275956 +Node: Long76127 +Node: Executable Scripts77503 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-179336 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-279438 +Node: Comments79985 +Node: Quoting82452 +Node: DOS Quoting87075 +Node: Sample Data Files87750 +Node: Very Simple90794 +Node: Two Rules95393 +Node: More Complex97540 +Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1100470 +Node: Statements/Lines100555 +Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1105017 +Node: Other Features105282 +Node: When106210 +Node: Invoking Gawk108357 +Node: Command Line109818 +Node: Options110601 +Ref: Options-Footnote-1125993 +Node: Other Arguments126018 +Node: Naming Standard Input128676 +Node: Environment Variables129770 +Node: AWKPATH 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Robbins" Date: Sat, 21 Dec 2013 21:13:21 +0200 Subject: Fix commit problem with doc/gawk.info. --- doc/gawk.info | 616 +++++----------------------------------------------------- 1 file changed, 49 insertions(+), 567 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index d0444668..2589f0b5 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -32267,7 +32267,6 @@ Index  Tag Table: Node: Top1360 -<<<<<<< HEAD Node: Foreword40645 Node: Preface44990 Ref: Preface-Footnote-148043 @@ -32736,571 +32735,54 @@ Node: Distribution contents1028112 Node: Unix Installation1033632 Node: Quick Installation1034249 Node: Additional Configuration Options1036693 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1038170 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1040524 -Node: PC Installation1040982 -Node: PC Binary Installation1042281 -Node: PC Compiling1044129 -Node: PC Testing1047073 -Node: PC Using1048249 -Node: Cygwin1052434 -Node: MSYS1053434 -Node: VMS Installation1053948 -Node: VMS Compilation1054712 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Mode-Footnote-1850049 -Node: Gawk and MPFR850228 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats851483 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1853926 -Node: Setting Precision854242 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings854928 -Node: Setting Rounding Mode857073 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes857477 -Node: Floating-point Constants858664 -Node: Changing Precision860093 -Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1861490 -Node: Exact Arithmetic861664 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers864802 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1867820 -Node: Dynamic Extensions867967 -Node: Extension Intro869425 -Node: Plugin License870690 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline871375 -Ref: load-extension871792 -Ref: load-new-function873270 -Ref: call-new-function874265 -Node: Extension API Description876280 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction877493 -Node: General Data Types882359 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1887958 -Node: Requesting Values888257 -Ref: table-value-types-returned888988 -Node: Constructor Functions889942 -Node: Registration Functions892962 -Node: Extension Functions893647 -Node: Exit Callback Functions895872 -Node: Extension Version String897121 -Node: Input Parsers897771 -Node: Output Wrappers907528 -Node: Two-way processors912038 -Node: Printing Messages914246 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1915323 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'915475 -Node: Accessing Parameters916214 -Node: Symbol Table Access917444 -Node: Symbol table by name917956 -Node: Symbol table by cookie919703 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1923833 -Node: Cached values923896 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1927345 -Node: Array Manipulation927436 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1928534 -Node: Array Data Types928573 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1931276 -Node: Array Functions931368 -Node: Flattening Arrays935134 -Node: Creating Arrays941986 -Node: Extension API Variables946711 -Node: Extension Versioning947347 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables949248 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate950334 -Node: Finding Extensions954138 -Node: Extension Example954698 -Node: Internal File Description955428 -Node: Internal File Ops959519 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1971027 -Node: Using Internal File Ops971167 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1973520 -Node: Extension Samples973786 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions975310 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch983795 -Node: Extension Sample Fork985521 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace986739 -Node: Extension Sample Ord988517 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir989353 -Node: Extension Sample Revout990885 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way991478 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array992168 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile994051 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests994869 -Node: Extension Sample Time995394 -Node: gawkextlib996758 -Node: Language History999518 -Node: V7/SVR3.11001040 -Node: SVR41003360 -Node: POSIX1004802 -Node: BTL1006188 -Node: POSIX/GNU1006922 -Node: Common Extensions1012457 -Node: Ranges and Locales1013763 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11018381 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21018408 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31018668 -Node: Contributors1018889 -Node: Installation1023964 -Node: Gawk Distribution1024858 -Node: Getting1025342 -Node: Extracting1026168 -Node: Distribution contents1027860 -Node: Unix Installation1033380 -Node: Quick Installation1033997 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1036441 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1038177 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1040531 -Node: PC Installation1040989 -Node: PC Binary Installation1042288 -Node: PC Compiling1044136 -Node: PC Testing1047080 -Node: PC Using1048256 -Node: Cygwin1052441 -Node: MSYS1053441 -Node: VMS Installation1053955 -Node: VMS Compilation1054558 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11055565 -Node: VMS Installation Details1055623 -Node: VMS Running1057258 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1058865 -Node: Bugs1059339 -Node: Other Versions1063195 -Node: Notes1069279 -Node: Compatibility Mode1070079 -Node: Additions1070862 -Node: Accessing The Source1071789 -Node: Adding Code1073229 -Node: New Ports1079274 -Node: Derived Files1083409 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11088730 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21088764 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31089364 -Node: Future Extensions1089462 -Node: Implementation Limitations1090039 -Node: Extension Design1091291 -Node: Old Extension Problems1092445 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11093953 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1094010 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11097375 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1097561 -Node: Extension Future Growth1099667 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1100503 -Node: Basic Concepts1102243 -Node: Basic High Level1102924 -Ref: figure-general-flow1103195 -Ref: figure-process-flow1103794 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11107023 -Node: Basic Data Typing1107208 -Node: Glossary1110563 -Node: Copying1136025 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1173582 -Node: Index1198719 ->>>>>>> gawk-4.1-stable +Node: Configuration Philosophy1038429 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1040783 +Node: PC Installation1041241 +Node: PC Binary Installation1042540 +Node: PC Compiling1044388 +Node: PC Testing1047332 +Node: PC Using1048508 +Node: Cygwin1052693 +Node: MSYS1053693 +Node: VMS Installation1054207 +Node: VMS Compilation1054971 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11056586 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1056644 +Node: VMS Installation Details1057665 +Node: VMS Running1059499 +Node: VMS GNV1061101 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1061806 +Node: Bugs1062276 +Node: Other Versions1066132 +Node: Notes1072216 +Node: Compatibility Mode1073016 +Node: Additions1073799 +Node: Accessing The Source1074726 +Node: Adding Code1076166 +Node: New Ports1082211 +Node: Derived Files1086346 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11091667 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21091701 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31092301 +Node: Future Extensions1092399 +Node: Implementation Limitations1092976 +Node: Extension Design1094228 +Node: Old Extension Problems1095382 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11096890 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1096947 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11100312 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1100498 +Node: Extension Future Growth1102604 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1103440 +Node: Basic Concepts1105180 +Node: Basic High Level1105861 +Ref: figure-general-flow1106132 +Ref: figure-process-flow1106731 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11109960 +Node: Basic Data Typing1110145 +Node: Glossary1113500 +Node: Copying1138962 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1176519 +Node: Index1201656  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 9beee977ccb0703656504c070ab85e54537f8f95 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Mon, 23 Dec 2013 21:53:37 +0200 Subject: More doc updates, fix initialization on VAX/VMS. --- doc/gawk.info | 124 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------- 1 file changed, 78 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 2589f0b5..4b1352f7 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -26255,7 +26255,7 @@ B.3.2.1 Compiling `gawk' on VMS To compile `gawk' under VMS, there is a `DCL' command procedure that issues all the necessary `CC' and `LINK' commands. There is also a -`Makefile' for use with the `MMS' or `MMK' utility. From the source +`Makefile' for use with the `MMS' and `MMK' utilities. From the source directory, use either: $ @[.vms]vmsbuild.com @@ -26268,8 +26268,8 @@ or: $ MMK/DESCRIPTION=[.vms]descrip.mms gawk - `MMK' is an open source freeware near clone of `MMS' and can better -handle `ODS-5' volumes with upper- and lower-case filenames. `MMK' is + `MMK' is an open source, free, near-clone of `MMS' and can better +handle `ODS-5' volumes with upper- and lowercase filenames. `MMK' is available from `https://github.com/endlesssoftware/mmk'. With `ODS-5' volumes and extended parsing enabled, the case of the @@ -26301,10 +26301,11 @@ B.3.2.2 Compiling `gawk' Dynamic Extensions on VMS .................................................. Dynamic extensions need to be compiled with the same compiler options -for floating point, pointer size, and symbol name handling as `gawk'. -Alpha and Itanium should use IEEE floating point. The pointer size is -32 bits, and the symbol name handling is to be exact case with CRC -shortening for symbols longer than 32 bits. +for floating point, pointer size, and symbol name handling as were used +to compile `gawk' itself. Alpha and Itanium should use IEEE floating +point. The pointer size is 32 bits, and the symbol name handling +should be exact case with CRC shortening for symbols longer than 32 +bits. For Alpha and Itanium: @@ -26404,6 +26405,35 @@ If any other dash-type options (or multiple parameters such as data files to process) are present, there is no ambiguity and `--' can be omitted. + The `exit' value is a Unix-style value and is encoded to a VMS exit +status value when the program exits. + + The VMS severity bits will be set based on the `exit' value. A +failure is indicated by 1 and VMS sets the `ERROR' status. A fatal +error is indicated by 2 and VMS will set the `FATAL' status. All other +values will have the `SUCCESS' status. The exit value is encoded to +comply with VMS coding standards and will have the `C_FACILITY_NO' of +`0x350000' with the constant `0xA000' added to the number shifted over +by 3 bits to make room for the severity codes. + + To extract the actual `gawk' exit code from the VMS status use: + + unix_status = (vms_status .and. &x7f8) / 8 + +A C program that uses `exec()' to call `gawk' will get the original +Unix-style exit value. + + Older versions of `gawk' treated a Unix exit code 0 as 1, a failure +as 2, a fatal error as 4, and passed all the other numbers through. +This violated the VMS exit status coding requirements. + + VAX/VMS floating point uses unbiased rounding. *Note Round +Function::. + + VMS reports time values in GMT unless one of the `SYS$TIMEZONE_RULE' +or `TZ' logical names is set. Older versions of VMS, such as VAX/VMS +7.3 do not set these logical names. + The default search path, when looking for `awk' program files specified by the `-f' option, is `"SYS$DISK:[],AWK_LIBRARY:"'. The logical name `AWKPATH' can be used to override this default. The format @@ -26420,7 +26450,7 @@ B.3.2.5 The VMS GNV Project The VMS GNV package provides a build environment similar to POSIX with ports of a collection of open source tools. The `gawk' found in the GNV base kit is an older port. Currently the GNV project is being -reorganized to be individual PCSI packages for each component. See +reorganized to supply individual PCSI packages for each component. See `https://sourceforge.net/p/gnv/wiki/InstallingGNVPackages/'. The normal build procedure for `gawk' produces a program that is @@ -30577,6 +30607,7 @@ Index * exclamation point (!), !~ operator: Regexp Usage. (line 19) * exit statement: Exit Statement. (line 6) * exit status, of gawk: Exit Status. (line 6) +* exit status, of VMS: VMS Running. (line 29) * exp() function: Numeric Functions. (line 18) * expand utility: Very Simple. (line 69) * Expat XML parser library: gawkextlib. (line 33) @@ -30726,6 +30757,7 @@ Index (line 6) * floating-point, numbers <1>: Unexpected Results. (line 6) * floating-point, numbers: General Arithmetic. (line 6) +* floating-point, VAX/VMS: VMS Running. (line 51) * fnmatch extension function: Extension Sample Fnmatch. (line 6) * FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 103) @@ -31805,13 +31837,13 @@ Index * Schorr, Andrew: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Schreiber, Bert: Acknowledgments. (line 38) * Schreiber, Rita: Acknowledgments. (line 38) -* search paths <1>: VMS Running. (line 29) +* search paths <1>: VMS Running. (line 58) * search paths <2>: PC Using. (line 11) * search paths <3>: Igawk Program. (line 368) * search paths <4>: AWKLIBPATH Variable. (line 6) * search paths: AWKPATH Variable. (line 6) * search paths, for shared libraries: AWKLIBPATH Variable. (line 6) -* search paths, for source files <1>: VMS Running. (line 29) +* search paths, for source files <1>: VMS Running. (line 58) * search paths, for source files <2>: PC Using. (line 11) * search paths, for source files <3>: Igawk Program. (line 368) * search paths, for source files: AWKPATH Variable. (line 6) @@ -32748,41 +32780,41 @@ Node: VMS Installation1054207 Node: VMS Compilation1054971 Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11056586 Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1056644 -Node: VMS Installation Details1057665 -Node: VMS Running1059499 -Node: VMS GNV1061101 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1061806 -Node: Bugs1062276 -Node: Other Versions1066132 -Node: Notes1072216 -Node: Compatibility Mode1073016 -Node: Additions1073799 -Node: Accessing The Source1074726 -Node: Adding Code1076166 -Node: New Ports1082211 -Node: Derived Files1086346 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11091667 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21091701 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31092301 -Node: Future Extensions1092399 -Node: Implementation Limitations1092976 -Node: Extension Design1094228 -Node: Old Extension Problems1095382 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11096890 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1096947 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11100312 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1100498 -Node: Extension Future Growth1102604 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1103440 -Node: Basic Concepts1105180 -Node: Basic High Level1105861 -Ref: figure-general-flow1106132 -Ref: figure-process-flow1106731 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11109960 -Node: Basic Data Typing1110145 -Node: Glossary1113500 -Node: Copying1138962 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1176519 -Node: Index1201656 +Node: VMS Installation Details1057695 +Node: VMS Running1059529 +Node: VMS GNV1062363 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1063072 +Node: Bugs1063542 +Node: Other Versions1067398 +Node: Notes1073482 +Node: Compatibility Mode1074282 +Node: Additions1075065 +Node: Accessing The Source1075992 +Node: Adding Code1077432 +Node: New Ports1083477 +Node: Derived Files1087612 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11092933 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21092967 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31093567 +Node: Future Extensions1093665 +Node: Implementation Limitations1094242 +Node: Extension Design1095494 +Node: Old Extension Problems1096648 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11098156 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1098213 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11101578 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1101764 +Node: Extension Future Growth1103870 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1104706 +Node: Basic Concepts1106446 +Node: Basic High Level1107127 +Ref: figure-general-flow1107398 +Ref: figure-process-flow1107997 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11111226 +Node: Basic Data Typing1111411 +Node: Glossary1114766 +Node: Copying1140228 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1177785 +Node: Index1202922  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 5d0899d5357431430c765ae342530c9ba0c79b79 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Wed, 25 Dec 2013 20:34:59 +0200 Subject: Minor doc fixes. --- doc/gawk.info | 252 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 128 insertions(+), 124 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index ed3ab7b3..9fa8eae4 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -21834,8 +21834,10 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: General Data Types, Next: Requesting Values, Prev: Ext --------------------------------- I have a true love/hate relationship with unions. -- Arnold - Robbins That's the thing about unions: the compiler will arrange - things so they can accommodate both love and hate. -- Chet Ramey + Robbins + + That's the thing about unions: the compiler will arrange things so + they can accommodate both love and hate. -- Chet Ramey The extension API defines a number of simple types and structures for general purpose use. Additional, more specialized, data structures @@ -24790,11 +24792,13 @@ provides a number of `gawk' extensions, including one for processing XML files. This is the evolution of the original `xgawk' (XML `gawk') project. - As of this writing, there are four extensions: + As of this writing, there are five extensions: * XML parser extension, using the Expat (http://expat.sourceforge.net) XML parsing library. + * PDF extension. + * PostgreSQL extension. * GD graphics library extension. @@ -30498,7 +30502,7 @@ Index * exit status, of gawk: Exit Status. (line 6) * exp() function: Numeric Functions. (line 18) * expand utility: Very Simple. (line 69) -* Expat XML parser library: gawkextlib. (line 33) +* Expat XML parser library: gawkextlib. (line 35) * expressions: Expressions. (line 6) * expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 6) * expressions, assignment: Assignment Ops. (line 6) @@ -32581,125 +32585,125 @@ Ref: call-new-function874265 Node: Extension API Description876280 Node: Extension API Functions Introduction877493 Node: General Data Types882359 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1887958 -Node: Requesting Values888257 -Ref: table-value-types-returned888988 -Node: Constructor Functions889942 -Node: Registration Functions892962 -Node: Extension Functions893647 -Node: Exit Callback Functions895872 -Node: Extension Version String897121 -Node: Input Parsers897771 -Node: Output Wrappers907528 -Node: Two-way processors912038 -Node: Printing Messages914246 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1915323 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'915475 -Node: Accessing Parameters916214 -Node: Symbol Table Access917444 -Node: Symbol table by name917956 -Node: Symbol table by cookie919703 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1923833 -Node: Cached values923896 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1927345 -Node: Array Manipulation927436 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1928534 -Node: Array Data Types928573 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1931276 -Node: Array Functions931368 -Node: Flattening Arrays935134 -Node: Creating Arrays941986 -Node: Extension API Variables946711 -Node: Extension Versioning947347 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables949248 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate950334 -Node: Finding Extensions954138 -Node: Extension Example954698 -Node: Internal File Description955428 -Node: Internal File Ops959519 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1971027 -Node: Using Internal File Ops971167 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1973520 -Node: Extension Samples973786 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions975310 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch983795 -Node: Extension Sample Fork985521 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace986739 -Node: Extension Sample Ord988517 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir989353 -Node: Extension Sample Revout990885 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way991478 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array992168 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile994051 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests994869 -Node: Extension Sample Time995394 -Node: gawkextlib996758 -Node: Language History999518 -Node: V7/SVR3.11001040 -Node: SVR41003360 -Node: POSIX1004802 -Node: BTL1006188 -Node: POSIX/GNU1006922 -Node: Common Extensions1012457 -Node: Ranges and Locales1013763 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11018381 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21018408 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31018668 -Node: Contributors1018889 -Node: Installation1023964 -Node: Gawk Distribution1024858 -Node: Getting1025342 -Node: Extracting1026168 -Node: Distribution contents1027860 -Node: Unix Installation1033380 -Node: Quick Installation1033997 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1036441 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1038177 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1040531 -Node: PC Installation1040989 -Node: PC Binary Installation1042288 -Node: PC Compiling1044136 -Node: PC Testing1047080 -Node: PC Using1048256 -Node: Cygwin1052441 -Node: MSYS1053441 -Node: VMS Installation1053955 -Node: VMS Compilation1054558 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11055565 -Node: VMS Installation Details1055623 -Node: VMS Running1057258 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1058865 -Node: Bugs1059339 -Node: Other Versions1063195 -Node: Notes1069279 -Node: Compatibility Mode1070079 -Node: Additions1070862 -Node: Accessing The Source1071789 -Node: Adding Code1073229 -Node: New Ports1079274 -Node: Derived Files1083409 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11088730 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21088764 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31089364 -Node: Future Extensions1089462 -Node: Implementation Limitations1090039 -Node: Extension Design1091291 -Node: Old Extension Problems1092445 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11093953 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1094010 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11097375 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1097561 -Node: Extension Future Growth1099667 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1100503 -Node: Basic Concepts1102243 -Node: Basic High Level1102924 -Ref: figure-general-flow1103195 -Ref: figure-process-flow1103794 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11107023 -Node: Basic Data Typing1107208 -Node: Glossary1110563 -Node: Copying1136025 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1173582 -Node: Index1198719 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1887964 +Node: Requesting Values888263 +Ref: table-value-types-returned888994 +Node: Constructor Functions889948 +Node: Registration Functions892968 +Node: Extension Functions893653 +Node: Exit Callback Functions895878 +Node: Extension Version String897127 +Node: Input Parsers897777 +Node: Output Wrappers907534 +Node: Two-way processors912044 +Node: Printing Messages914252 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1915329 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'915481 +Node: Accessing Parameters916220 +Node: Symbol Table Access917450 +Node: Symbol table by name917962 +Node: Symbol table by cookie919709 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1923839 +Node: Cached values923902 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1927351 +Node: Array Manipulation927442 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1928540 +Node: Array Data Types928579 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1931282 +Node: Array Functions931374 +Node: Flattening Arrays935140 +Node: Creating Arrays941992 +Node: Extension API Variables946717 +Node: Extension Versioning947353 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables949254 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate950340 +Node: Finding Extensions954144 +Node: Extension Example954704 +Node: Internal File Description955434 +Node: Internal File Ops959525 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1971033 +Node: Using Internal File Ops971173 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1973526 +Node: Extension Samples973792 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions975316 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch983801 +Node: Extension Sample Fork985527 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace986745 +Node: Extension Sample Ord988523 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir989359 +Node: Extension Sample Revout990891 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way991484 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array992174 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile994057 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests994875 +Node: Extension Sample Time995400 +Node: gawkextlib996764 +Node: Language History999545 +Node: V7/SVR3.11001067 +Node: SVR41003387 +Node: POSIX1004829 +Node: BTL1006215 +Node: POSIX/GNU1006949 +Node: Common Extensions1012484 +Node: Ranges and Locales1013790 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11018408 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21018435 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31018695 +Node: Contributors1018916 +Node: Installation1023991 +Node: Gawk Distribution1024885 +Node: Getting1025369 +Node: Extracting1026195 +Node: Distribution contents1027887 +Node: Unix Installation1033407 +Node: Quick Installation1034024 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1036468 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1038204 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1040558 +Node: PC Installation1041016 +Node: PC Binary Installation1042315 +Node: PC Compiling1044163 +Node: PC Testing1047107 +Node: PC Using1048283 +Node: Cygwin1052468 +Node: MSYS1053468 +Node: VMS Installation1053982 +Node: VMS Compilation1054585 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11055592 +Node: VMS Installation Details1055650 +Node: VMS Running1057285 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1058892 +Node: Bugs1059366 +Node: Other Versions1063222 +Node: Notes1069306 +Node: Compatibility Mode1070106 +Node: Additions1070889 +Node: Accessing The Source1071816 +Node: Adding Code1073256 +Node: New Ports1079301 +Node: Derived Files1083436 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11088757 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21088791 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31089391 +Node: Future Extensions1089489 +Node: Implementation Limitations1090066 +Node: Extension Design1091318 +Node: Old Extension Problems1092472 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11093980 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1094037 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11097402 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1097588 +Node: Extension Future Growth1099694 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1100530 +Node: Basic Concepts1102270 +Node: Basic High Level1102951 +Ref: figure-general-flow1103222 +Ref: figure-process-flow1103821 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11107050 +Node: Basic Data Typing1107235 +Node: Glossary1110590 +Node: Copying1136052 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1173609 +Node: Index1198746  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From aedc94b6eeb554b7e0f4eeeeb4a93db19e897607 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Thu, 26 Dec 2013 21:24:27 +0200 Subject: More minor doc additions. --- doc/gawk.info | 109 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------- 1 file changed, 58 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 9fa8eae4..358551af 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -25732,6 +25732,11 @@ Various `.c', `.y', and `.h' files of the programs in this Info file are available in appropriate subdirectories of `awklib/eg'. +`extension/*' + The source code, manual pages, and infrastructure files for the + sample extensions included with `gawk'. *Note Dynamic + Extensions::, for more information. + `posix/*' Files needed for building `gawk' on POSIX-compliant systems. @@ -27054,7 +27059,9 @@ C.3 Probable Future Extensions ============================== AWK is a language similar to PERL, only considerably more elegant. - -- Arnold Robbins Hey! -- Larry Wall + -- Arnold Robbins + + Hey! -- Larry Wall The `TODO' file in the `gawk' Git repository lists possible future enhancements. Some of these relate to the source code, and others to @@ -32655,55 +32662,55 @@ Node: Gawk Distribution1024885 Node: Getting1025369 Node: Extracting1026195 Node: Distribution contents1027887 -Node: Unix Installation1033407 -Node: Quick Installation1034024 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1036468 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1038204 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1040558 -Node: PC Installation1041016 -Node: PC Binary Installation1042315 -Node: PC Compiling1044163 -Node: PC Testing1047107 -Node: PC Using1048283 -Node: Cygwin1052468 -Node: MSYS1053468 -Node: VMS Installation1053982 -Node: VMS Compilation1054585 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11055592 -Node: VMS Installation Details1055650 -Node: VMS Running1057285 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1058892 -Node: Bugs1059366 -Node: Other Versions1063222 -Node: Notes1069306 -Node: Compatibility Mode1070106 -Node: Additions1070889 -Node: Accessing The Source1071816 -Node: Adding Code1073256 -Node: New Ports1079301 -Node: Derived Files1083436 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11088757 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21088791 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31089391 -Node: Future Extensions1089489 -Node: Implementation Limitations1090066 -Node: Extension Design1091318 -Node: Old Extension Problems1092472 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11093980 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1094037 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11097402 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1097588 -Node: Extension Future Growth1099694 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1100530 -Node: Basic Concepts1102270 -Node: Basic High Level1102951 -Ref: figure-general-flow1103222 -Ref: figure-process-flow1103821 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11107050 -Node: Basic Data Typing1107235 -Node: Glossary1110590 -Node: Copying1136052 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1173609 -Node: Index1198746 +Node: Unix Installation1033592 +Node: Quick Installation1034209 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1036653 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1038389 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1040743 +Node: PC Installation1041201 +Node: PC Binary Installation1042500 +Node: PC Compiling1044348 +Node: PC Testing1047292 +Node: PC Using1048468 +Node: Cygwin1052653 +Node: MSYS1053653 +Node: VMS Installation1054167 +Node: VMS Compilation1054770 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11055777 +Node: VMS Installation Details1055835 +Node: VMS Running1057470 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1059077 +Node: Bugs1059551 +Node: Other Versions1063407 +Node: Notes1069491 +Node: Compatibility Mode1070291 +Node: Additions1071074 +Node: Accessing The Source1072001 +Node: Adding Code1073441 +Node: New Ports1079486 +Node: Derived Files1083621 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11088942 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21088976 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31089576 +Node: Future Extensions1089674 +Node: Implementation Limitations1090257 +Node: Extension Design1091509 +Node: Old Extension Problems1092663 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11094171 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1094228 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11097593 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1097779 +Node: Extension Future Growth1099885 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1100721 +Node: Basic Concepts1102461 +Node: Basic High Level1103142 +Ref: figure-general-flow1103413 +Ref: figure-process-flow1104012 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11107241 +Node: Basic Data Typing1107426 +Node: Glossary1110781 +Node: Copying1136243 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1173800 +Node: Index1198937  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 103a8db5ae7d7faa60d71b3ef1255869022dbb8d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Thu, 26 Dec 2013 21:29:18 +0200 Subject: VMS doc updates. --- doc/gawk.info | 66 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index cb38fa02..e45050b2 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -26451,7 +26451,8 @@ considered authoritative if it conflicts with this Info file. MS-DOS with DJGPP Scott Deifik, . MS-Windows with MINGW Eli Zaretskii, . OS/2 Andreas Buening, . -VMS Pat Rankin, +VMS Pat Rankin, , and John + Malmberg, . z/OS (OS/390) Dave Pitts, . If your bug is also reproducible under Unix, please send a copy of @@ -31179,6 +31180,7 @@ Index * lvalues/rvalues: Assignment Ops. (line 32) * mailing labels, printing: Labels Program. (line 6) * mailing list, GNITS: Acknowledgments. (line 52) +* Malmberg, John <1>: Bugs. (line 72) * Malmberg, John: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * mark parity: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) * marked string extraction (internationalization): String Extraction. @@ -32690,36 +32692,36 @@ Node: VMS Installation Details1056227 Node: VMS Running1057862 Node: VMS Old Gawk1059469 Node: Bugs1059943 -Node: Other Versions1063799 -Node: Notes1069883 -Node: Compatibility Mode1070683 -Node: Additions1071466 -Node: Accessing The Source1072393 -Node: Adding Code1073833 -Node: New Ports1079878 -Node: Derived Files1084013 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11089334 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21089368 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31089968 -Node: Future Extensions1090066 -Node: Implementation Limitations1090649 -Node: Extension Design1091901 -Node: Old Extension Problems1093055 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11094563 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1094620 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11097985 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1098171 -Node: Extension Future Growth1100277 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1101113 -Node: Basic Concepts1102853 -Node: Basic High Level1103534 -Ref: figure-general-flow1103805 -Ref: figure-process-flow1104404 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11107633 -Node: Basic Data Typing1107818 -Node: Glossary1111173 -Node: Copying1136635 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1174192 -Node: Index1199329 +Node: Other Versions1063863 +Node: Notes1069947 +Node: Compatibility Mode1070747 +Node: Additions1071530 +Node: Accessing The Source1072457 +Node: Adding Code1073897 +Node: New Ports1079942 +Node: Derived Files1084077 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11089398 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21089432 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31090032 +Node: Future Extensions1090130 +Node: Implementation Limitations1090713 +Node: Extension Design1091965 +Node: Old Extension Problems1093119 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11094627 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1094684 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11098049 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1098235 +Node: Extension Future Growth1100341 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1101177 +Node: Basic Concepts1102917 +Node: Basic High Level1103598 +Ref: figure-general-flow1103869 +Ref: figure-process-flow1104468 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11107697 +Node: Basic Data Typing1107882 +Node: Glossary1111237 +Node: Copying1136699 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1174256 +Node: Index1199393  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 434a743610b2856078b120cb50bfe92155f8c49c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Thu, 26 Dec 2013 21:41:05 +0200 Subject: VMS updates. --- doc/gawk.info | 66 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 902524d2..3be92873 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -26553,7 +26553,8 @@ considered authoritative if it conflicts with this Info file. MS-DOS with DJGPP Scott Deifik, . MS-Windows with MINGW Eli Zaretskii, . OS/2 Andreas Buening, . -VMS Pat Rankin, +VMS Pat Rankin, , and John + Malmberg, . z/OS (OS/390) Dave Pitts, . If your bug is also reproducible under Unix, please send a copy of @@ -31283,6 +31284,7 @@ Index * lvalues/rvalues: Assignment Ops. (line 32) * mailing labels, printing: Labels Program. (line 6) * mailing list, GNITS: Acknowledgments. (line 52) +* Malmberg, John <1>: Bugs. (line 72) * Malmberg, John: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * mark parity: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) * marked string extraction (internationalization): String Extraction. @@ -32796,36 +32798,36 @@ Node: VMS Running1059741 Node: VMS GNV1062575 Node: VMS Old Gawk1063284 Node: Bugs1063754 -Node: Other Versions1067610 -Node: Notes1073694 -Node: Compatibility Mode1074494 -Node: Additions1075277 -Node: Accessing The Source1076204 -Node: Adding Code1077644 -Node: New Ports1083689 -Node: Derived Files1087824 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11093145 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21093179 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31093779 -Node: Future Extensions1093877 -Node: Implementation Limitations1094460 -Node: Extension Design1095712 -Node: Old Extension Problems1096866 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11098374 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1098431 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11101796 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1101982 -Node: Extension Future Growth1104088 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1104924 -Node: Basic Concepts1106664 -Node: Basic High Level1107345 -Ref: figure-general-flow1107616 -Ref: figure-process-flow1108215 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11111444 -Node: Basic Data Typing1111629 -Node: Glossary1114984 -Node: Copying1140446 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1178003 -Node: Index1203140 +Node: Other Versions1067674 +Node: Notes1073758 +Node: Compatibility Mode1074558 +Node: Additions1075341 +Node: Accessing The Source1076268 +Node: Adding Code1077708 +Node: New Ports1083753 +Node: Derived Files1087888 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11093209 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21093243 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31093843 +Node: Future Extensions1093941 +Node: Implementation Limitations1094524 +Node: Extension Design1095776 +Node: Old Extension Problems1096930 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11098438 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1098495 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11101860 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1102046 +Node: Extension Future Growth1104152 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1104988 +Node: Basic Concepts1106728 +Node: Basic High Level1107409 +Ref: figure-general-flow1107680 +Ref: figure-process-flow1108279 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11111508 +Node: Basic Data Typing1111693 +Node: Glossary1115048 +Node: Copying1140510 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1178067 +Node: Index1203204  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From dad5f25058c4ecf69ebe4543a13281d3f28c69bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Mon, 30 Dec 2013 21:52:45 +0200 Subject: Build and test dynamic extensions on VMS. Documented too. --- doc/gawk.info | 96 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------------- 1 file changed, 54 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 3be92873..4196f313 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -26309,12 +26309,24 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions, Next: VMS Installation Details, B.3.2.2 Compiling `gawk' Dynamic Extensions on VMS .................................................. -Dynamic extensions need to be compiled with the same compiler options -for floating point, pointer size, and symbol name handling as were used -to compile `gawk' itself. Alpha and Itanium should use IEEE floating -point. The pointer size is 32 bits, and the symbol name handling -should be exact case with CRC shortening for symbols longer than 32 -bits. +The extensions that have been ported to VMS can be built using one of +the following commands. + + $ MMS/DESCRIPTION=[.vms]descrip.mms extensions + +or: + + $ MMK/DESCRIPTION=[.vms]descrip.mms extensions + + `gawk' uses `AWKLIBPATH' as either an environment variable or a +logical name to find the dynamic extensions. + + Dynamic extensions need to be compiled with the same compiler +options for floating point, pointer size, and symbol name handling as +were used to compile `gawk' itself. Alpha and Itanium should use IEEE +floating point. The pointer size is 32 bits, and the symbol name +handling should be exact case with CRC shortening for symbols longer +than 32 bits. For Alpha and Itanium: @@ -32793,41 +32805,41 @@ Node: VMS Installation1054419 Node: VMS Compilation1055183 Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11056798 Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1056856 -Node: VMS Installation Details1057907 -Node: VMS Running1059741 -Node: VMS GNV1062575 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1063284 -Node: Bugs1063754 -Node: Other Versions1067674 -Node: Notes1073758 -Node: Compatibility Mode1074558 -Node: Additions1075341 -Node: Accessing The Source1076268 -Node: Adding Code1077708 -Node: New Ports1083753 -Node: Derived Files1087888 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11093209 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21093243 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31093843 -Node: Future Extensions1093941 -Node: Implementation Limitations1094524 -Node: Extension Design1095776 -Node: Old Extension Problems1096930 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11098438 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1098495 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11101860 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1102046 -Node: Extension Future Growth1104152 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1104988 -Node: Basic Concepts1106728 -Node: Basic High Level1107409 -Ref: figure-general-flow1107680 -Ref: figure-process-flow1108279 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11111508 -Node: Basic Data Typing1111693 -Node: Glossary1115048 -Node: Copying1140510 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1178067 -Node: Index1203204 +Node: VMS Installation Details1058229 +Node: VMS Running1060063 +Node: VMS GNV1062897 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1063606 +Node: Bugs1064076 +Node: Other Versions1067996 +Node: Notes1074080 +Node: Compatibility Mode1074880 +Node: Additions1075663 +Node: Accessing The Source1076590 +Node: Adding Code1078030 +Node: New Ports1084075 +Node: Derived Files1088210 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11093531 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21093565 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31094165 +Node: Future Extensions1094263 +Node: Implementation Limitations1094846 +Node: Extension Design1096098 +Node: Old Extension Problems1097252 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11098760 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1098817 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11102182 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1102368 +Node: Extension Future Growth1104474 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1105310 +Node: Basic Concepts1107050 +Node: Basic High Level1107731 +Ref: figure-general-flow1108002 +Ref: figure-process-flow1108601 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11111830 +Node: Basic Data Typing1112015 +Node: Glossary1115370 +Node: Copying1140832 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1178389 +Node: Index1203526  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 65b5afc0027911abc041cfbe625ad6bd9f967ccd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Fri, 3 Jan 2014 12:26:37 +0200 Subject: New node in gawktexi.in. --- doc/gawk.info | 1063 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 536 insertions(+), 527 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 358551af..95522fed 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -193,6 +193,7 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) field. * Command Line Field Separator:: Setting `FS' from the command-line. +* Full Line Fields:: Making the full line be a single field. * Field Splitting Summary:: Some final points and a summary table. * Constant Size:: Reading constant width data. * Splitting By Content:: Defining Fields By Content @@ -4381,6 +4382,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Field Separators, Next: Constant Size, Prev: Changing * Regexp Field Splitting:: Using regexps as the field separator. * Single Character Fields:: Making each character a separate field. * Command Line Field Separator:: Setting `FS' from the command-line. +* Full Line Fields:: Making the full line be a single field. * Field Splitting Summary:: Some final points and a summary table. The "field separator", which is either a single character or a @@ -4562,7 +4564,7 @@ Options::), if `FS' is the null string, then `gawk' also behaves this way.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Command Line Field Separator, Next: Field Splitting Summary, Prev: Single Character Fields, Up: Field Separators +File: gawk.info, Node: Command Line Field Separator, Next: Full Line Fields, Prev: Single Character Fields, Up: Field Separators 4.5.4 Setting `FS' from the Command Line ---------------------------------------- @@ -4649,9 +4651,15 @@ the entries for users who have no password: awk -F: '$2 == ""' /etc/passwd  -File: gawk.info, Node: Field Splitting Summary, Prev: Command Line Field Separator, Up: Field Separators +File: gawk.info, Node: Full Line Fields, Next: Field Splitting Summary, Prev: Command Line Field Separator, Up: Field Separators -4.5.5 Field-Splitting Summary +4.5.5 Making The Full Line Be A Single Field +-------------------------------------------- + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Field Splitting Summary, Prev: Full Line Fields, Up: Field Separators + +4.5.6 Field-Splitting Summary ----------------------------- It is important to remember that when you assign a string constant as @@ -29898,7 +29906,7 @@ Index * Beebe, Nelson: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * BEGIN pattern <1>: Profiling. (line 62) * BEGIN pattern <2>: BEGIN/END. (line 6) -* BEGIN pattern <3>: Field Separators. (line 44) +* BEGIN pattern <3>: Field Separators. (line 45) * BEGIN pattern: Records. (line 29) * BEGIN pattern, assert() user-defined function and: Assert Function. (line 83) @@ -30557,8 +30565,8 @@ Index * field operator $: Fields. (line 19) * field operators, dollar sign as: Fields. (line 19) * field separators <1>: User-modified. (line 56) -* field separators: Field Separators. (line 14) -* field separators, choice of: Field Separators. (line 50) +* field separators: Field Separators. (line 15) +* field separators, choice of: Field Separators. (line 51) * field separators, FIELDWIDTHS variable and: User-modified. (line 35) * field separators, FPAT variable and: User-modified. (line 45) * field separators, in multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 41) @@ -30569,7 +30577,7 @@ Index * field separators, POSIX and: Fields. (line 6) * field separators, regular expressions as <1>: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 6) -* field separators, regular expressions as: Field Separators. (line 50) +* field separators, regular expressions as: Field Separators. (line 51) * field separators, See Also OFS: Changing Fields. (line 64) * field separators, spaces as: Cut Program. (line 109) * fields <1>: Basic High Level. (line 73) @@ -30582,7 +30590,7 @@ Index * fields, number of: Fields. (line 33) * fields, numbers: Nonconstant Fields. (line 6) * fields, printing: Print Examples. (line 21) -* fields, separating: Field Separators. (line 14) +* fields, separating: Field Separators. (line 15) * fields, single-character: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * FIELDWIDTHS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 35) @@ -30691,12 +30699,12 @@ Index * Free Software Foundation (FSF): Manual History. (line 6) * FreeBSD: Glossary. (line 624) * FS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 56) -* FS variable: Field Separators. (line 14) +* FS variable: Field Separators. (line 15) * FS variable, --field-separator option and: Options. (line 21) * FS variable, as null string: Single Character Fields. (line 20) * FS variable, as TAB character: Options. (line 259) -* FS variable, changing value of: Field Separators. (line 34) +* FS variable, changing value of: Field Separators. (line 35) * FS variable, running awk programs and: Cut Program. (line 68) * FS variable, setting from command line: Command Line Field Separator. (line 6) @@ -31632,7 +31640,7 @@ Index * regexp constants, vs. string constants: Computed Regexps. (line 38) * regexp, See regular expressions: Regexp. (line 6) * regular expressions: Regexp. (line 6) -* regular expressions as field separators: Field Separators. (line 50) +* regular expressions as field separators: Field Separators. (line 51) * regular expressions, anchors in: Regexp Operators. (line 22) * regular expressions, as field separators: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 6) @@ -32002,7 +32010,7 @@ Index * troubleshooting, --non-decimal-data option: Options. (line 207) * troubleshooting, == operator: Comparison Operators. (line 37) -* troubleshooting, awk uses FS not IFS: Field Separators. (line 29) +* troubleshooting, awk uses FS not IFS: Field Separators. (line 30) * troubleshooting, backslash before nonspecial character: Escape Sequences. (line 112) * troubleshooting, division: Arithmetic Ops. (line 44) @@ -32197,520 +32205,521 @@ Index  Tag Table: Node: Top1360 -Node: Foreword40460 -Node: Preface44805 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-147858 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-247954 -Node: History48186 -Node: Names50560 -Ref: Names-Footnote-152037 -Node: This Manual52109 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-157883 -Node: Conventions57983 -Node: Manual History60139 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-163587 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-263628 -Node: How To Contribute63702 -Node: Acknowledgments64846 -Node: Getting Started69055 -Node: Running gawk71434 -Node: One-shot72620 -Node: Read Terminal73845 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-175495 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-275771 -Node: Long75942 -Node: Executable Scripts77318 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-179151 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-279253 -Node: Comments79800 -Node: Quoting82267 -Node: DOS Quoting86890 -Node: Sample Data Files87565 -Node: Very Simple90609 -Node: Two Rules95208 -Node: More Complex97355 -Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1100285 -Node: Statements/Lines100370 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1104832 -Node: Other Features105097 -Node: When106025 -Node: Invoking Gawk108172 -Node: Command Line109633 -Node: Options110416 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1125808 -Node: Other Arguments125833 -Node: Naming Standard Input128491 -Node: Environment Variables129585 -Node: AWKPATH Variable130143 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1132901 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable133161 -Node: Other Environment Variables133879 -Node: Exit Status136842 -Node: Include Files137517 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries141086 -Node: Obsolete142450 -Node: Undocumented143147 -Node: Regexp143389 -Node: Regexp Usage144778 -Node: Escape Sequences146804 -Node: Regexp Operators152473 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1159853 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2160000 -Node: Bracket Expressions160098 -Ref: table-char-classes161988 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators164511 -Node: Case-sensitivity168234 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1171202 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2171437 -Node: Leftmost Longest171545 -Node: Computed Regexps172746 -Node: Reading Files176083 -Node: Records178085 -Ref: Records-Footnote-1186974 -Node: Fields187011 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1190044 -Node: Nonconstant Fields190130 -Node: Changing Fields192332 -Node: Field Separators198291 -Node: Default Field Splitting200920 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting202037 -Node: Single Character Fields205379 -Node: Command Line Field Separator206438 -Node: Field Splitting Summary209879 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1212990 -Node: Constant Size213091 -Node: Splitting By Content217675 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1221401 -Node: Multiple Line221441 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1227288 -Node: Getline227467 -Node: Plain Getline229683 -Node: Getline/Variable231778 -Node: Getline/File232925 -Node: Getline/Variable/File234266 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1235865 -Node: Getline/Pipe235952 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe238651 -Node: Getline/Coprocess239758 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess241010 -Node: Getline Notes241747 -Node: Getline Summary244534 -Ref: table-getline-variants244942 -Node: Read Timeout245854 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1249595 -Node: Command line directories249652 -Node: Printing250282 -Node: Print251913 -Node: Print Examples253250 -Node: Output Separators256034 -Node: OFMT257794 -Node: Printf259152 -Node: Basic Printf260058 -Node: Control Letters261597 -Node: Format Modifiers265409 -Node: Printf Examples271418 -Node: Redirection274133 -Node: Special Files281098 -Node: Special FD281631 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1285256 -Node: Special Network285330 -Node: Special Caveats286180 -Node: Close Files And Pipes286976 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1293959 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2294107 -Node: Expressions294257 -Node: Values295389 -Node: Constants296065 -Node: Scalar Constants296745 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1297604 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers297786 -Node: Regexp Constants300786 -Node: Using Constant Regexps301261 -Node: Variables304316 -Node: Using Variables304971 -Node: Assignment Options306695 -Node: Conversion308567 -Ref: table-locale-affects314068 -Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1314692 -Node: All Operators314801 -Node: Arithmetic Ops315431 -Node: Concatenation317936 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1320728 -Node: Assignment Ops320848 -Ref: table-assign-ops325836 -Node: Increment Ops327167 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions330601 -Node: Truth Values331684 -Node: Typing and Comparison332733 -Node: Variable Typing333526 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1337423 -Node: Comparison Operators337545 -Ref: table-relational-ops337955 -Node: POSIX String Comparison341504 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1342460 -Node: Boolean Ops342598 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1346676 -Node: Conditional Exp346767 -Node: Function Calls348499 -Node: Precedence352093 -Node: Locales355762 -Node: Patterns and Actions356851 -Node: Pattern Overview357905 -Node: Regexp Patterns359574 -Node: Expression Patterns360117 -Node: Ranges363802 -Node: BEGIN/END366768 -Node: Using BEGIN/END367530 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1370261 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END370367 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE372649 -Node: Empty375563 -Node: Using Shell Variables375879 -Node: Action Overview378164 -Node: Statements380521 -Node: If Statement382375 -Node: While Statement383874 -Node: Do Statement385918 -Node: For Statement387074 -Node: Switch Statement390226 -Node: Break Statement392323 -Node: Continue Statement394313 -Node: Next Statement396106 -Node: Nextfile Statement398496 -Node: Exit Statement401139 -Node: Built-in Variables403555 -Node: User-modified404650 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1413008 -Node: Auto-set413070 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1426148 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2426353 -Node: ARGC and ARGV426409 -Node: Arrays430260 -Node: Array Basics431765 -Node: Array Intro432591 -Node: Reference to Elements436908 -Node: Assigning Elements439178 -Node: Array Example439669 -Node: Scanning an Array441401 -Node: Controlling Scanning443715 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1448802 -Node: Delete449118 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1451883 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts451940 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts454123 -Node: Multidimensional455750 -Node: Multiscanning458842 -Node: Arrays of Arrays460431 -Node: Functions465071 -Node: Built-in465890 -Node: Calling Built-in466968 -Node: Numeric Functions468956 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1472788 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2473145 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3473193 -Node: String Functions473462 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1496382 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2496511 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3496759 -Node: Gory Details496846 -Ref: table-sub-escapes498525 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92499879 -Ref: table-sub-proposed501230 -Ref: table-posix-sub502584 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes504129 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1505305 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2505356 -Node: I/O Functions505507 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1512492 -Node: Time Functions512639 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1523572 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2523640 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3523798 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4523909 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5524021 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6524248 -Node: Bitwise Functions524514 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops525076 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1529297 -Node: Type Functions529481 -Node: I18N Functions530632 -Node: User-defined532259 -Node: Definition Syntax533063 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1537973 -Node: Function Example538042 -Node: Function Caveats540636 -Node: Calling A Function541057 -Node: Variable Scope542172 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference545135 -Node: Return Statement548643 -Node: Dynamic Typing551624 -Node: Indirect Calls552555 -Node: Library Functions562240 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1565753 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2565896 -Node: Library Names566067 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1569538 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2569758 -Node: General Functions569844 -Node: Strtonum Function570872 -Node: Assert Function573802 -Node: Round Function577128 -Node: Cliff Random Function578671 -Node: Ordinal Functions579687 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1582757 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2583009 -Node: Join Function583218 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1584989 -Node: Getlocaltime Function585189 -Node: Readfile Function588930 -Node: Data File Management590769 -Node: Filetrans Function591401 -Node: Rewind Function595470 -Node: File Checking596857 -Node: Empty Files597951 -Node: Ignoring Assigns600181 -Node: Getopt Function601734 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1613037 -Node: Passwd Functions613240 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1622215 -Node: Group Functions622303 -Node: Walking Arrays630387 -Node: Sample Programs632524 -Node: Running Examples633198 -Node: Clones633926 -Node: Cut Program635150 -Node: Egrep Program644995 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1652768 -Node: Id Program652878 -Node: Split Program656494 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1660013 -Node: Tee Program660141 -Node: Uniq Program662944 -Node: Wc Program670373 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1674639 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2674839 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs674931 -Node: Dupword Program676119 -Node: Alarm Program678150 -Node: Translate Program682903 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1687290 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2687538 -Node: Labels Program687672 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1691043 -Node: Word Sorting691127 -Node: History Sorting695011 -Node: Extract Program696850 -Ref: Extract Program-Footnote-1704353 -Node: Simple Sed704481 -Node: Igawk Program707543 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1722700 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2722901 -Node: Anagram Program723039 -Node: Signature Program726107 -Node: Advanced Features727207 -Node: Nondecimal Data729093 -Node: Array Sorting730676 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal731373 -Node: Array Sorting Functions739657 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1743526 -Node: Two-way I/O743720 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1749152 -Node: TCP/IP Networking749222 -Node: Profiling752066 -Node: Internationalization759563 -Node: I18N and L10N760988 -Node: Explaining gettext761674 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1766742 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2766926 -Node: Programmer i18n767091 -Node: Translator i18n771293 -Node: String Extraction772086 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1773047 -Node: Printf Ordering773133 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1775917 -Node: I18N Portability775981 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1778430 -Node: I18N Example778493 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1781131 -Node: Gawk I18N781203 -Node: Debugger781824 -Node: Debugging782795 -Node: Debugging Concepts783228 -Node: Debugging Terms785084 -Node: Awk Debugging787681 -Node: Sample Debugging Session788573 -Node: Debugger Invocation789093 -Node: Finding The Bug790425 -Node: List of Debugger Commands796913 -Node: Breakpoint Control798247 -Node: Debugger Execution Control801911 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data805271 -Node: Execution Stack808627 -Node: Debugger Info810094 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands814076 -Node: Readline Support819252 -Node: Limitations820083 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic822335 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1823984 -Node: General Arithmetic824132 -Node: Floating Point Issues825852 -Node: String Conversion Precision826733 -Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1828438 -Node: Unexpected Results828547 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems830700 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1834525 -Node: Integer Programming834563 -Node: Floating-point Programming836302 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1842633 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2842903 -Node: Floating-point Representation843167 -Node: Floating-point Context844332 -Ref: table-ieee-formats845171 -Node: Rounding Mode846555 -Ref: table-rounding-modes847034 -Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1850049 -Node: Gawk and MPFR850228 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats851483 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1853926 -Node: Setting Precision854242 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings854928 -Node: Setting Rounding Mode857073 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes857477 -Node: Floating-point Constants858664 -Node: Changing Precision860093 -Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1861490 -Node: Exact Arithmetic861664 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers864802 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1867820 -Node: Dynamic Extensions867967 -Node: Extension Intro869425 -Node: Plugin License870690 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline871375 -Ref: load-extension871792 -Ref: load-new-function873270 -Ref: call-new-function874265 -Node: Extension API Description876280 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction877493 -Node: General Data Types882359 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1887964 -Node: Requesting Values888263 -Ref: table-value-types-returned888994 -Node: Constructor Functions889948 -Node: Registration Functions892968 -Node: Extension Functions893653 -Node: Exit Callback Functions895878 -Node: Extension Version String897127 -Node: Input Parsers897777 -Node: Output Wrappers907534 -Node: Two-way processors912044 -Node: Printing Messages914252 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1915329 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'915481 -Node: Accessing Parameters916220 -Node: Symbol Table Access917450 -Node: Symbol table by name917962 -Node: Symbol table by cookie919709 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1923839 -Node: Cached values923902 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1927351 -Node: Array Manipulation927442 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1928540 -Node: Array Data Types928579 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1931282 -Node: Array Functions931374 -Node: Flattening Arrays935140 -Node: Creating Arrays941992 -Node: Extension API Variables946717 -Node: Extension Versioning947353 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables949254 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate950340 -Node: Finding Extensions954144 -Node: Extension Example954704 -Node: Internal File Description955434 -Node: Internal File Ops959525 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1971033 -Node: Using Internal File Ops971173 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1973526 -Node: Extension Samples973792 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions975316 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch983801 -Node: Extension Sample Fork985527 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace986745 -Node: Extension Sample Ord988523 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir989359 -Node: Extension Sample Revout990891 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way991484 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array992174 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile994057 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests994875 -Node: Extension Sample Time995400 -Node: gawkextlib996764 -Node: Language History999545 -Node: V7/SVR3.11001067 -Node: SVR41003387 -Node: POSIX1004829 -Node: BTL1006215 -Node: POSIX/GNU1006949 -Node: Common Extensions1012484 -Node: Ranges and Locales1013790 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11018408 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21018435 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31018695 -Node: Contributors1018916 -Node: Installation1023991 -Node: Gawk Distribution1024885 -Node: Getting1025369 -Node: Extracting1026195 -Node: Distribution contents1027887 -Node: Unix Installation1033592 -Node: Quick Installation1034209 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1036653 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1038389 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1040743 -Node: PC Installation1041201 -Node: PC Binary Installation1042500 -Node: PC Compiling1044348 -Node: PC Testing1047292 -Node: PC Using1048468 -Node: Cygwin1052653 -Node: MSYS1053653 -Node: VMS Installation1054167 -Node: VMS Compilation1054770 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11055777 -Node: VMS Installation Details1055835 -Node: VMS Running1057470 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1059077 -Node: Bugs1059551 -Node: Other Versions1063407 -Node: Notes1069491 -Node: Compatibility Mode1070291 -Node: Additions1071074 -Node: Accessing The Source1072001 -Node: Adding Code1073441 -Node: New Ports1079486 -Node: Derived Files1083621 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11088942 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21088976 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31089576 -Node: Future Extensions1089674 -Node: Implementation Limitations1090257 -Node: Extension Design1091509 -Node: Old Extension Problems1092663 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11094171 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1094228 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11097593 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1097779 -Node: Extension Future Growth1099885 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1100721 -Node: Basic Concepts1102461 -Node: Basic High Level1103142 -Ref: figure-general-flow1103413 -Ref: figure-process-flow1104012 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11107241 -Node: Basic Data Typing1107426 -Node: Glossary1110781 -Node: Copying1136243 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1173800 -Node: Index1198937 +Node: Foreword40540 +Node: Preface44885 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-147938 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-248034 +Node: History48266 +Node: Names50640 +Ref: Names-Footnote-152117 +Node: This Manual52189 +Ref: This Manual-Footnote-157963 +Node: Conventions58063 +Node: Manual History60219 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-163667 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-263708 +Node: How To Contribute63782 +Node: Acknowledgments64926 +Node: Getting Started69135 +Node: Running gawk71514 +Node: One-shot72700 +Node: Read Terminal73925 +Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-175575 +Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-275851 +Node: Long76022 +Node: Executable Scripts77398 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-179231 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-279333 +Node: Comments79880 +Node: Quoting82347 +Node: DOS Quoting86970 +Node: Sample Data Files87645 +Node: Very Simple90689 +Node: Two Rules95288 +Node: More Complex97435 +Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1100365 +Node: Statements/Lines100450 +Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1104912 +Node: Other Features105177 +Node: When106105 +Node: Invoking Gawk108252 +Node: Command Line109713 +Node: Options110496 +Ref: Options-Footnote-1125888 +Node: Other Arguments125913 +Node: Naming Standard Input128571 +Node: Environment Variables129665 +Node: AWKPATH Variable130223 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1132981 +Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable133241 +Node: Other Environment Variables133959 +Node: Exit Status136922 +Node: Include Files137597 +Node: Loading Shared Libraries141166 +Node: Obsolete142530 +Node: Undocumented143227 +Node: Regexp143469 +Node: Regexp Usage144858 +Node: Escape Sequences146884 +Node: Regexp Operators152553 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1159933 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2160080 +Node: Bracket Expressions160178 +Ref: table-char-classes162068 +Node: GNU Regexp Operators164591 +Node: Case-sensitivity168314 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1171282 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2171517 +Node: Leftmost Longest171625 +Node: Computed Regexps172826 +Node: Reading Files176163 +Node: Records178165 +Ref: Records-Footnote-1187054 +Node: Fields187091 +Ref: Fields-Footnote-1190124 +Node: Nonconstant Fields190210 +Node: Changing Fields192412 +Node: Field Separators198371 +Node: Default Field Splitting201073 +Node: Regexp Field Splitting202190 +Node: Single Character Fields205532 +Node: Command Line Field Separator206591 +Node: Full Line Fields210025 +Node: Field Splitting Summary210252 +Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1213351 +Node: Constant Size213452 +Node: Splitting By Content218036 +Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1221762 +Node: Multiple Line221802 +Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1227649 +Node: Getline227828 +Node: Plain Getline230044 +Node: Getline/Variable232139 +Node: Getline/File233286 +Node: Getline/Variable/File234627 +Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1236226 +Node: Getline/Pipe236313 +Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe239012 +Node: Getline/Coprocess240119 +Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess241371 +Node: Getline Notes242108 +Node: Getline Summary244895 +Ref: table-getline-variants245303 +Node: Read Timeout246215 +Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1249956 +Node: Command line directories250013 +Node: Printing250643 +Node: Print252274 +Node: Print Examples253611 +Node: Output Separators256395 +Node: OFMT258155 +Node: Printf259513 +Node: Basic Printf260419 +Node: Control Letters261958 +Node: Format Modifiers265770 +Node: Printf Examples271779 +Node: Redirection274494 +Node: Special Files281459 +Node: Special FD281992 +Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1285617 +Node: Special Network285691 +Node: Special Caveats286541 +Node: Close Files And Pipes287337 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1294320 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2294468 +Node: Expressions294618 +Node: Values295750 +Node: Constants296426 +Node: Scalar Constants297106 +Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1297965 +Node: Nondecimal-numbers298147 +Node: Regexp Constants301147 +Node: Using Constant Regexps301622 +Node: Variables304677 +Node: Using Variables305332 +Node: Assignment Options307056 +Node: Conversion308928 +Ref: table-locale-affects314429 +Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1315053 +Node: All Operators315162 +Node: Arithmetic Ops315792 +Node: Concatenation318297 +Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1321089 +Node: Assignment Ops321209 +Ref: table-assign-ops326197 +Node: Increment Ops327528 +Node: Truth Values and Conditions330962 +Node: Truth Values332045 +Node: Typing and Comparison333094 +Node: Variable Typing333887 +Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1337784 +Node: Comparison Operators337906 +Ref: table-relational-ops338316 +Node: POSIX String Comparison341865 +Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1342821 +Node: Boolean Ops342959 +Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1347037 +Node: Conditional Exp347128 +Node: Function Calls348860 +Node: Precedence352454 +Node: Locales356123 +Node: Patterns and Actions357212 +Node: Pattern Overview358266 +Node: Regexp Patterns359935 +Node: Expression Patterns360478 +Node: Ranges364163 +Node: BEGIN/END367129 +Node: Using BEGIN/END367891 +Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1370622 +Node: I/O And BEGIN/END370728 +Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE373010 +Node: Empty375924 +Node: Using Shell Variables376240 +Node: Action Overview378525 +Node: Statements380882 +Node: If Statement382736 +Node: While Statement384235 +Node: Do Statement386279 +Node: For Statement387435 +Node: Switch Statement390587 +Node: Break Statement392684 +Node: Continue Statement394674 +Node: Next Statement396467 +Node: Nextfile Statement398857 +Node: Exit Statement401500 +Node: Built-in Variables403916 +Node: User-modified405011 +Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1413369 +Node: Auto-set413431 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1426509 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2426714 +Node: ARGC and ARGV426770 +Node: Arrays430621 +Node: Array Basics432126 +Node: Array Intro432952 +Node: Reference to Elements437269 +Node: Assigning Elements439539 +Node: Array Example440030 +Node: Scanning an Array441762 +Node: Controlling Scanning444076 +Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1449163 +Node: Delete449479 +Ref: Delete-Footnote-1452244 +Node: Numeric Array Subscripts452301 +Node: Uninitialized Subscripts454484 +Node: Multidimensional456111 +Node: Multiscanning459203 +Node: Arrays of Arrays460792 +Node: Functions465432 +Node: Built-in466251 +Node: Calling Built-in467329 +Node: Numeric Functions469317 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1473149 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2473506 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3473554 +Node: String Functions473823 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1496743 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2496872 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3497120 +Node: Gory Details497207 +Ref: table-sub-escapes498886 +Ref: table-sub-posix-92500240 +Ref: table-sub-proposed501591 +Ref: table-posix-sub502945 +Ref: table-gensub-escapes504490 +Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1505666 +Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2505717 +Node: I/O Functions505868 +Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1512853 +Node: Time Functions513000 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1523933 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2524001 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3524159 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4524270 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5524382 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6524609 +Node: Bitwise Functions524875 +Ref: table-bitwise-ops525437 +Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1529658 +Node: Type Functions529842 +Node: I18N Functions530993 +Node: User-defined532620 +Node: Definition Syntax533424 +Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1538334 +Node: Function Example538403 +Node: Function Caveats540997 +Node: Calling A Function541418 +Node: Variable Scope542533 +Node: Pass By Value/Reference545496 +Node: Return Statement549004 +Node: Dynamic Typing551985 +Node: Indirect Calls552916 +Node: Library Functions562601 +Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1566114 +Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2566257 +Node: Library Names566428 +Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1569899 +Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2570119 +Node: General Functions570205 +Node: Strtonum Function571233 +Node: Assert Function574163 +Node: Round Function577489 +Node: Cliff Random Function579032 +Node: Ordinal Functions580048 +Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1583118 +Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2583370 +Node: Join Function583579 +Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1585350 +Node: Getlocaltime Function585550 +Node: Readfile Function589291 +Node: Data File Management591130 +Node: Filetrans Function591762 +Node: Rewind Function595831 +Node: File Checking597218 +Node: Empty Files598312 +Node: Ignoring Assigns600542 +Node: Getopt Function602095 +Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1613398 +Node: Passwd Functions613601 +Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1622576 +Node: Group Functions622664 +Node: Walking Arrays630748 +Node: Sample Programs632885 +Node: Running Examples633559 +Node: Clones634287 +Node: Cut Program635511 +Node: Egrep Program645356 +Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1653129 +Node: Id Program653239 +Node: Split Program656855 +Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1660374 +Node: Tee Program660502 +Node: Uniq Program663305 +Node: Wc Program670734 +Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1675000 +Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2675200 +Node: Miscellaneous Programs675292 +Node: Dupword Program676480 +Node: Alarm Program678511 +Node: Translate Program683264 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1687651 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2687899 +Node: Labels Program688033 +Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1691404 +Node: Word Sorting691488 +Node: History Sorting695372 +Node: Extract Program697211 +Ref: Extract Program-Footnote-1704714 +Node: Simple Sed704842 +Node: Igawk Program707904 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1723061 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2723262 +Node: Anagram Program723400 +Node: Signature Program726468 +Node: Advanced Features727568 +Node: Nondecimal Data729454 +Node: Array Sorting731037 +Node: Controlling Array Traversal731734 +Node: Array Sorting Functions740018 +Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1743887 +Node: Two-way I/O744081 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1749513 +Node: TCP/IP Networking749583 +Node: Profiling752427 +Node: Internationalization759924 +Node: I18N and L10N761349 +Node: Explaining gettext762035 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1767103 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2767287 +Node: Programmer i18n767452 +Node: Translator i18n771654 +Node: String Extraction772447 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1773408 +Node: Printf Ordering773494 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1776278 +Node: I18N Portability776342 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1778791 +Node: I18N Example778854 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1781492 +Node: Gawk I18N781564 +Node: Debugger782185 +Node: Debugging783156 +Node: Debugging Concepts783589 +Node: Debugging Terms785445 +Node: Awk Debugging788042 +Node: Sample Debugging Session788934 +Node: Debugger Invocation789454 +Node: Finding The Bug790786 +Node: List of Debugger Commands797274 +Node: Breakpoint Control798608 +Node: Debugger Execution Control802272 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data805632 +Node: Execution Stack808988 +Node: Debugger Info810455 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands814437 +Node: Readline Support819613 +Node: Limitations820444 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic822696 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1824345 +Node: General Arithmetic824493 +Node: Floating Point Issues826213 +Node: String Conversion Precision827094 +Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1828799 +Node: Unexpected Results828908 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems831061 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1834886 +Node: Integer Programming834924 +Node: Floating-point Programming836663 +Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1842994 +Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2843264 +Node: Floating-point Representation843528 +Node: Floating-point Context844693 +Ref: table-ieee-formats845532 +Node: Rounding Mode846916 +Ref: table-rounding-modes847395 +Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1850410 +Node: Gawk and MPFR850589 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats851844 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1854287 +Node: Setting Precision854603 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings855289 +Node: Setting Rounding Mode857434 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes857838 +Node: Floating-point Constants859025 +Node: Changing Precision860454 +Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1861851 +Node: Exact Arithmetic862025 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers865163 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1868181 +Node: Dynamic Extensions868328 +Node: Extension Intro869786 +Node: Plugin License871051 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline871736 +Ref: load-extension872153 +Ref: load-new-function873631 +Ref: call-new-function874626 +Node: Extension API Description876641 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction877854 +Node: General Data Types882720 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1888325 +Node: Requesting Values888624 +Ref: table-value-types-returned889355 +Node: Constructor Functions890309 +Node: Registration Functions893329 +Node: Extension Functions894014 +Node: Exit Callback Functions896239 +Node: Extension Version String897488 +Node: Input Parsers898138 +Node: Output Wrappers907895 +Node: Two-way processors912405 +Node: Printing Messages914613 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1915690 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'915842 +Node: Accessing Parameters916581 +Node: Symbol Table Access917811 +Node: Symbol table by name918323 +Node: Symbol table by cookie920070 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1924200 +Node: Cached values924263 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1927712 +Node: Array Manipulation927803 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1928901 +Node: Array Data Types928940 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1931643 +Node: Array Functions931735 +Node: Flattening Arrays935501 +Node: Creating Arrays942353 +Node: Extension API Variables947078 +Node: Extension Versioning947714 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables949615 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate950701 +Node: Finding Extensions954505 +Node: Extension Example955065 +Node: Internal File Description955795 +Node: Internal File Ops959886 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1971394 +Node: Using Internal File Ops971534 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1973887 +Node: Extension Samples974153 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions975677 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch984162 +Node: Extension Sample Fork985888 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace987106 +Node: Extension Sample Ord988884 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir989720 +Node: Extension Sample Revout991252 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way991845 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array992535 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile994418 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests995236 +Node: Extension Sample Time995761 +Node: gawkextlib997125 +Node: Language History999906 +Node: V7/SVR3.11001428 +Node: SVR41003748 +Node: POSIX1005190 +Node: BTL1006576 +Node: POSIX/GNU1007310 +Node: Common Extensions1012845 +Node: Ranges and Locales1014151 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11018769 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21018796 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31019056 +Node: Contributors1019277 +Node: Installation1024352 +Node: Gawk Distribution1025246 +Node: Getting1025730 +Node: Extracting1026556 +Node: Distribution contents1028248 +Node: Unix Installation1033953 +Node: Quick Installation1034570 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1037014 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1038750 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1041104 +Node: PC Installation1041562 +Node: PC Binary Installation1042861 +Node: PC Compiling1044709 +Node: PC Testing1047653 +Node: PC Using1048829 +Node: Cygwin1053014 +Node: MSYS1054014 +Node: VMS Installation1054528 +Node: VMS Compilation1055131 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11056138 +Node: VMS Installation Details1056196 +Node: VMS Running1057831 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1059438 +Node: Bugs1059912 +Node: Other Versions1063768 +Node: Notes1069852 +Node: Compatibility Mode1070652 +Node: Additions1071435 +Node: Accessing The Source1072362 +Node: Adding Code1073802 +Node: New Ports1079847 +Node: Derived Files1083982 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11089303 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21089337 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31089937 +Node: Future Extensions1090035 +Node: Implementation Limitations1090618 +Node: Extension Design1091870 +Node: Old Extension Problems1093024 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11094532 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1094589 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11097954 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1098140 +Node: Extension Future Growth1100246 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1101082 +Node: Basic Concepts1102822 +Node: Basic High Level1103503 +Ref: figure-general-flow1103774 +Ref: figure-process-flow1104373 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11107602 +Node: Basic Data Typing1107787 +Node: Glossary1111142 +Node: Copying1136604 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1174161 +Node: Index1199298  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 0d625fc05924245fbfa092e0f80302f981b6b44a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Fri, 3 Jan 2014 12:52:30 +0200 Subject: Update copyright year in manual. --- doc/gawk.info | 1055 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 534 insertions(+), 521 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 95522fed..b4c90290 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY Copyright (C) 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, -2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Free -Software Foundation, Inc. +2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 +Free Software Foundation, Inc. This is Edition 4.1 of `GAWK: Effective AWK Programming: A User's @@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ This file documents `awk', a program that you can use to select particular records in a file and perform operations upon them. Copyright (C) 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, -2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Free -Software Foundation, Inc. +2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 +Free Software Foundation, Inc. This is Edition 4.1 of `GAWK: Effective AWK Programming: A User's @@ -4656,6 +4656,18 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Full Line Fields, Next: Field Splitting Summary, Prev: 4.5.5 Making The Full Line Be A Single Field -------------------------------------------- +Occasionally, it's useful to treat the whole input line as a single +field. This can be done easily and portably simply by setting `FS' to +`"\n"' (a newline).(1) + + awk -F'\n' 'PROGRAM' FILES ... + +When you do this, `$1' is the same as `$0'. + + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) Thanks to Andrew Schorr for this tip. +  File: gawk.info, Node: Field Splitting Summary, Prev: Full Line Fields, Up: Field Separators @@ -32204,522 +32216,523 @@ Index  Tag Table: -Node: Top1360 -Node: Foreword40540 -Node: Preface44885 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-147938 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-248034 -Node: History48266 -Node: Names50640 -Ref: Names-Footnote-152117 -Node: This Manual52189 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-157963 -Node: Conventions58063 -Node: Manual History60219 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-163667 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-263708 -Node: How To Contribute63782 -Node: Acknowledgments64926 -Node: Getting Started69135 -Node: Running gawk71514 -Node: One-shot72700 -Node: Read Terminal73925 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-175575 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-275851 -Node: Long76022 -Node: Executable Scripts77398 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-179231 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-279333 -Node: Comments79880 -Node: Quoting82347 -Node: DOS Quoting86970 -Node: Sample Data Files87645 -Node: Very Simple90689 -Node: Two Rules95288 -Node: More Complex97435 -Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1100365 -Node: Statements/Lines100450 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1104912 -Node: Other Features105177 -Node: When106105 -Node: Invoking Gawk108252 -Node: Command Line109713 -Node: Options110496 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1125888 -Node: Other Arguments125913 -Node: Naming Standard Input128571 -Node: Environment Variables129665 -Node: AWKPATH Variable130223 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1132981 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable133241 -Node: Other Environment Variables133959 -Node: Exit Status136922 -Node: Include Files137597 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries141166 -Node: Obsolete142530 -Node: Undocumented143227 -Node: Regexp143469 -Node: Regexp Usage144858 -Node: Escape Sequences146884 -Node: Regexp Operators152553 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1159933 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2160080 -Node: Bracket Expressions160178 -Ref: table-char-classes162068 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators164591 -Node: Case-sensitivity168314 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1171282 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2171517 -Node: Leftmost Longest171625 -Node: Computed Regexps172826 -Node: Reading Files176163 -Node: Records178165 -Ref: Records-Footnote-1187054 -Node: Fields187091 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1190124 -Node: Nonconstant Fields190210 -Node: Changing Fields192412 -Node: Field Separators198371 -Node: Default Field Splitting201073 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting202190 -Node: Single Character Fields205532 -Node: Command Line Field Separator206591 -Node: Full Line Fields210025 -Node: Field Splitting Summary210252 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1213351 -Node: Constant Size213452 -Node: Splitting By Content218036 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1221762 -Node: Multiple Line221802 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1227649 -Node: Getline227828 -Node: Plain Getline230044 -Node: Getline/Variable232139 -Node: Getline/File233286 -Node: Getline/Variable/File234627 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1236226 -Node: Getline/Pipe236313 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe239012 -Node: Getline/Coprocess240119 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess241371 -Node: Getline Notes242108 -Node: Getline Summary244895 -Ref: table-getline-variants245303 -Node: Read Timeout246215 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1249956 -Node: Command line directories250013 -Node: Printing250643 -Node: Print252274 -Node: Print Examples253611 -Node: Output Separators256395 -Node: OFMT258155 -Node: Printf259513 -Node: Basic Printf260419 -Node: Control Letters261958 -Node: Format Modifiers265770 -Node: Printf Examples271779 -Node: Redirection274494 -Node: Special Files281459 -Node: Special FD281992 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1285617 -Node: Special Network285691 -Node: Special Caveats286541 -Node: Close Files And Pipes287337 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1294320 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2294468 -Node: Expressions294618 -Node: Values295750 -Node: Constants296426 -Node: Scalar Constants297106 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1297965 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers298147 -Node: Regexp Constants301147 -Node: Using Constant Regexps301622 -Node: Variables304677 -Node: Using Variables305332 -Node: Assignment Options307056 -Node: Conversion308928 -Ref: table-locale-affects314429 -Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1315053 -Node: All Operators315162 -Node: Arithmetic Ops315792 -Node: Concatenation318297 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1321089 -Node: Assignment Ops321209 -Ref: table-assign-ops326197 -Node: Increment Ops327528 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions330962 -Node: Truth Values332045 -Node: Typing and Comparison333094 -Node: Variable Typing333887 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1337784 -Node: Comparison Operators337906 -Ref: table-relational-ops338316 -Node: POSIX String Comparison341865 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1342821 -Node: Boolean Ops342959 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1347037 -Node: Conditional Exp347128 -Node: Function Calls348860 -Node: Precedence352454 -Node: Locales356123 -Node: Patterns and Actions357212 -Node: Pattern Overview358266 -Node: Regexp Patterns359935 -Node: Expression Patterns360478 -Node: Ranges364163 -Node: BEGIN/END367129 -Node: Using BEGIN/END367891 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1370622 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END370728 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE373010 -Node: Empty375924 -Node: Using Shell Variables376240 -Node: Action Overview378525 -Node: Statements380882 -Node: If Statement382736 -Node: While Statement384235 -Node: Do Statement386279 -Node: For Statement387435 -Node: Switch Statement390587 -Node: Break Statement392684 -Node: Continue Statement394674 -Node: Next Statement396467 -Node: Nextfile Statement398857 -Node: Exit Statement401500 -Node: Built-in Variables403916 -Node: User-modified405011 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1413369 -Node: Auto-set413431 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1426509 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2426714 -Node: ARGC and ARGV426770 -Node: Arrays430621 -Node: Array Basics432126 -Node: Array Intro432952 -Node: Reference to Elements437269 -Node: Assigning Elements439539 -Node: Array Example440030 -Node: Scanning an Array441762 -Node: Controlling Scanning444076 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1449163 -Node: Delete449479 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1452244 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts452301 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts454484 -Node: Multidimensional456111 -Node: Multiscanning459203 -Node: Arrays of Arrays460792 -Node: Functions465432 -Node: Built-in466251 -Node: Calling Built-in467329 -Node: Numeric Functions469317 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1473149 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2473506 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3473554 -Node: String Functions473823 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1496743 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2496872 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3497120 -Node: Gory Details497207 -Ref: table-sub-escapes498886 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92500240 -Ref: table-sub-proposed501591 -Ref: table-posix-sub502945 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes504490 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1505666 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2505717 -Node: I/O Functions505868 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1512853 -Node: Time Functions513000 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1523933 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2524001 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3524159 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4524270 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5524382 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6524609 -Node: Bitwise Functions524875 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops525437 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1529658 -Node: Type Functions529842 -Node: I18N Functions530993 -Node: User-defined532620 -Node: Definition Syntax533424 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1538334 -Node: Function Example538403 -Node: Function Caveats540997 -Node: Calling A Function541418 -Node: Variable Scope542533 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference545496 -Node: Return Statement549004 -Node: Dynamic Typing551985 -Node: Indirect Calls552916 -Node: Library Functions562601 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1566114 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2566257 -Node: Library Names566428 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1569899 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2570119 -Node: General Functions570205 -Node: Strtonum Function571233 -Node: Assert Function574163 -Node: Round Function577489 -Node: Cliff Random Function579032 -Node: Ordinal Functions580048 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1583118 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2583370 -Node: Join Function583579 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1585350 -Node: Getlocaltime Function585550 -Node: Readfile Function589291 -Node: Data File Management591130 -Node: Filetrans Function591762 -Node: Rewind Function595831 -Node: File Checking597218 -Node: Empty Files598312 -Node: Ignoring Assigns600542 -Node: Getopt Function602095 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1613398 -Node: Passwd Functions613601 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1622576 -Node: Group 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Derived Files-Footnote-11089642 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21089676 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31090276 +Node: Future Extensions1090374 +Node: Implementation Limitations1090957 +Node: Extension Design1092209 +Node: Old Extension Problems1093363 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11094871 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1094928 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11098293 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1098479 +Node: Extension Future Growth1100585 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1101421 +Node: Basic Concepts1103161 +Node: Basic High Level1103842 +Ref: figure-general-flow1104113 +Ref: figure-process-flow1104712 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11107941 +Node: Basic Data Typing1108126 +Node: Glossary1111481 +Node: Copying1136943 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1174500 +Node: Index1199637  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 2389064eb3fe7c5b2b144eb2f5d556a812ba1911 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Mon, 13 Jan 2014 22:23:29 +0200 Subject: VMS doc updates. --- doc/gawk.info | 92 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------- 1 file changed, 53 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index fcef0ee6..88745cd7 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -26394,7 +26394,19 @@ directory tree, the program will be known as `GNV$GNU:[bin]gnv$gawk.exe' and the help file will be `GNV$GNU:[vms_help]gawk.hlp'. - Optionally, the help entry can be loaded into a VMS help library: + The PCSI kit also installs a `GNV$GNU:[vms_bin]gawk_verb.cld' file +which can be used to add `gawk' and `awk' as DCL commands. + + For just the current process you can use: + + $ set command gnv$gnu:[vms_bin]gawk_verb.cld + + Or the system manager can use `GNV$GNU:[vms_bin]gawk_verb.cld' to +add the `gawk' and `awk' to the system wide `DCLTABLES'. + + The DCL syntax is documented in the `gawk.hlp' file. + + Optionally, `gawk.hlp' entry can be loaded into a VMS help library: $ LIBRARY/HELP sys$help:helplib [.vms]gawk.hlp @@ -26495,8 +26507,10 @@ reorganized to supply individual PCSI packages for each component. See `https://sourceforge.net/p/gnv/wiki/InstallingGNVPackages/'. The normal build procedure for `gawk' produces a program that is -suitable for use with GNV. At this time work is being done to create -the procedures for building a PCSI kit to replace the older `gawk' port. +suitable for use with GNV. + + The `vms/gawk_build_steps.txt' in the source documents the procedure +for building a VMS PCSI kit that is compatible with GNV.  File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Old Gawk, Prev: VMS GNV, Up: VMS Installation @@ -26586,7 +26600,7 @@ MS-DOS with DJGPP Scott Deifik, . MS-Windows with MINGW Eli Zaretskii, . OS/2 Andreas Buening, . VMS Pat Rankin, , and John - Malmberg, . + Malmberg, . z/OS (OS/390) Dave Pitts, . If your bug is also reproducible under Unix, please send a copy of @@ -32828,40 +32842,40 @@ Node: VMS Compilation1055883 Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11057498 Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1057556 Node: VMS Installation Details1058929 -Node: VMS Running1060763 -Node: VMS GNV1063597 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1064306 -Node: Bugs1064776 -Node: Other Versions1068696 -Node: Notes1074780 -Node: Compatibility Mode1075580 -Node: Additions1076363 -Node: Accessing The Source1077290 -Node: Adding Code1078730 -Node: New Ports1084775 -Node: Derived Files1088910 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11094231 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21094265 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31094865 -Node: Future Extensions1094963 -Node: Implementation Limitations1095546 -Node: Extension Design1096798 -Node: Old Extension Problems1097952 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11099460 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1099517 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11102882 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1103068 -Node: Extension Future Growth1105174 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1106010 -Node: Basic Concepts1107750 -Node: Basic High Level1108431 -Ref: figure-general-flow1108702 -Ref: figure-process-flow1109301 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11112530 -Node: Basic Data Typing1112715 -Node: Glossary1116070 -Node: Copying1141532 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1179089 -Node: Index1204226 +Node: VMS Running1061176 +Node: VMS GNV1064010 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1064733 +Node: Bugs1065203 +Node: Other Versions1069121 +Node: Notes1075205 +Node: Compatibility Mode1076005 +Node: Additions1076788 +Node: Accessing The Source1077715 +Node: Adding Code1079155 +Node: New Ports1085200 +Node: Derived Files1089335 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11094656 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21094690 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31095290 +Node: Future Extensions1095388 +Node: Implementation Limitations1095971 +Node: Extension Design1097223 +Node: Old Extension Problems1098377 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11099885 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1099942 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11103307 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1103493 +Node: Extension Future Growth1105599 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1106435 +Node: Basic Concepts1108175 +Node: Basic High Level1108856 +Ref: figure-general-flow1109127 +Ref: figure-process-flow1109726 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11112955 +Node: Basic Data Typing1113140 +Node: Glossary1116495 +Node: Copying1141957 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1179514 +Node: Index1204651  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 7dbb03a642a1526e584b59e3fb4f18ef73acfe1a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Thu, 23 Jan 2014 20:01:32 +0200 Subject: Add Feature History to doc. Update common extensions. --- doc/gawk.info | 1441 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------- 1 file changed, 914 insertions(+), 527 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 88745cd7..6f88bf02 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -193,7 +193,8 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) field. * Command Line Field Separator:: Setting `FS' from the command-line. -* Full Line Fields:: Making the full line be a single field. +* Full Line Fields:: Making the full line be a single + field. * Field Splitting Summary:: Some final points and a summary table. * Constant Size:: Reading constant width data. * Splitting By Content:: Defining Fields By Content @@ -583,6 +584,7 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) version of `awk'. * POSIX/GNU:: The extensions in `gawk' not in POSIX `awk'. +* Feature History:: The history of the features in `gawk'. * Common Extensions:: Common Extensions Summary. * Ranges and Locales:: How locales used to affect regexp ranges. @@ -24901,6 +24903,7 @@ you can find more information. `awk'. * POSIX/GNU:: The extensions in `gawk' not in POSIX `awk'. +* Feature History:: The history of the features in `gawk'. * Common Extensions:: Common Extensions Summary. * Ranges and Locales:: How locales used to affect regexp ranges. * Contributors:: The major contributors to `gawk'. @@ -25079,7 +25082,7 @@ in his version of `awk'. available in his `awk'.  -File: gawk.info, Node: POSIX/GNU, Next: Common Extensions, Prev: BTL, Up: Language History +File: gawk.info, Node: POSIX/GNU, Next: Feature History, Prev: BTL, Up: Language History A.5 Extensions in `gawk' Not in POSIX `awk' =========================================== @@ -25236,9 +25239,391 @@ the current version of `gawk'.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Common Extensions, Next: Ranges and Locales, Prev: POSIX/GNU, Up: Language History +File: gawk.info, Node: Feature History, Next: Common Extensions, Prev: POSIX/GNU, Up: Language History + +A.6 History of `gawk' Features +============================== + +This minor node describes the features in `gawk' over and above those +in POSIX `awk', in the order they were added to `gawk'. + + Version 2.10 of `gawk' introduced the following features: + + * The `AWKPATH' environment variable for specifying a path search for + the `-f' command-line option (*note Options::). + + * The `IGNORECASE' variable and its effects (*note + Case-sensitivity::). + + * The `/dev/stdin', `/dev/stdout', `/dev/stderr' and `/dev/fd/N' + special file names (*note Special Files::). + + Version 2.13 of `gawk' introduced the following features: + + * The `FIELDWIDTHS' variable and its effects (*note Constant Size::). + + * The `systime()' and `strftime()' built-in functions for obtaining + and printing timestamps (*note Time Functions::). + + * Additional command-line options (*note Options::): + + - The `-W lint' option to provide error and portability checking + for both the source code and at runtime. + + - The `-W compat' option to turn off the GNU extensions. + + - The `-W posix' option for full POSIX compliance. + + Version 2.14 of `gawk' introduced the following feature: + + * The `next file' statement for skipping to the next data file + (*note Nextfile Statement::). + + Version 2.15 of `gawk' introduced the following features: + + * New variables (*note Built-in Variables::): + + - `ARGIND', which tracks the movement of `FILENAME' through + `ARGV'. + + - `ERRNO', which contains the system error message when + `getline' returns -1 or `close()' fails. + + * The `/dev/pid', `/dev/ppid', `/dev/pgrpid', and `/dev/user' + special file names. These have since been removed. + + * The ability to delete all of an array at once with `delete ARRAY' + (*note Delete::). + + * Command line option changes (*note Options::): + + - The ability to use GNU-style long-named options that start + with `--'. + + - The `--source' option for mixing command-line and library-file + source code. + + Version 3.0 of `gawk' introduced the following features: + + * New or changed variables: + + - `IGNORECASE' changed, now applying to string comparison as + well as regexp operations (*note Case-sensitivity::). + + - `RT', which contains the input text that matched `RS' (*note + Records::). + + * Full support for both POSIX and GNU regexps (*note Regexp::). + + * The `gensub()' function for more powerful text manipulation (*note + String Functions::). + + * The `strftime()' function acquired a default time format, allowing + it to be called with no arguments (*note Time Functions::). + + * The ability for `FS' and for the third argument to `split()' to be + null strings (*note Single Character Fields::). + + * The ability for `RS' to be a regexp (*note Records::). + + * The `next file' statement became `nextfile' (*note Nextfile + Statement::). + + * The `fflush()' function from the Bell Laboratories research + version of `awk' (*note I/O Functions::). + + * New command line options: + + - The `--lint-old' option to warn about constructs that are not + available in the original Version 7 Unix version of `awk' + (*note V7/SVR3.1::). + + - The `-m' option from the Bell Laboratories research version + of `awk' This was later removed. + + - The `--re-interval' option to provide interval expressions in + regexps (*note Regexp Operators::). + + - The `--traditional' option was added as a better name for + `--compat' (*note Options::). + + * The use of GNU Autoconf to control the configuration process + (*note Quick Installation::). + + * Amiga support. + + + Version 3.1 of `gawk' introduced the following features: + + * New variables (*note Built-in Variables::): + + - `BINMODE', for non-POSIX systems, which allows binary I/O for + input and/or output files (*note PC Using::). + + - `LINT', which dynamically controls lint warnings. + + - `PROCINFO', an array for providing process-related + information. + + - `TEXTDOMAIN', for setting an application's + internationalization text domain (*note + Internationalization::). + + * The ability to use octal and hexadecimal constants in `awk' + program source code (*note Nondecimal-numbers::). + + * The `|&' operator for two-way I/O to a coprocess (*note Two-way + I/O::). + + * The `/inet' special files for TCP/IP networking using `|&' (*note + TCP/IP Networking::). + + * The optional second argument to `close()' that allows closing one + end of a two-way pipe to a coprocess (*note Two-way I/O::). + + * The optional third argument to the `match()' function for + capturing text-matching subexpressions within a regexp (*note + String Functions::). + + * Positional specifiers in `printf' formats for making translations + easier (*note Printf Ordering::). + + * A number of new built-in functions: + + - The `asort()' and `asorti()' functions for sorting arrays + (*note Array Sorting::). + + - The `bindtextdomain()', `dcgettext()' and `dcngettext()' + functions for internationalization (*note Programmer i18n::). + + - The `extension()' function and the ability to add new + built-in functions dynamically (*note Dynamic Extensions::). + + - The `mktime()' function for creating timestamps (*note Time + Functions::). + + - The `and()', `or()', `xor()', `compl()', `lshift()', + `rshift()', and `strtonum()' functions (*note Bitwise + Functions::). + + * The support for `next file' as two words was removed completely + (*note Nextfile Statement::). + + * Additional commnd line options (*note Options::): + + - The `--dump-variables' option to print a list of all global + variables. + + - The `--exec' option, for use in CGI scripts. + + - The `--gen-po' command-line option and the use of a leading + underscore to mark strings that should be translated (*note + String Extraction::). + + - The `--non-decimal-data' option to allow non-decimal input + data (*note Nondecimal Data::). + + - The `--profile' option and `pgawk', the profiling version of + `gawk', for producing execution profiles of `awk' programs + (*note Profiling::). + + - The `--use-lc-numeric' option to force `gawk' to use the + locale's decimal point for parsing input data (*note + Conversion::). + + * The use of GNU Automake to help in standardizing the configuration + process (*note Quick Installation::). + + * The use of GNU `gettext' for `gawk''s own message output (*note + Gawk I18N::). + + * BeOS support. This was later removed. + + * Tandem support. This was later removed. + + * The Atari port became officially unsupported. + + * The source code changed to use ISO C standard-style function + definitions. + + * POSIX compliance for `sub()' and `gsub()' (*note Gory Details::). + + * The `length()' function was extended to accept an array argument + and return the number of elements in the array (*note String + Functions::). + + * The `strftime()' function acquired a third argument to enable + printing times as UTC (*note Time Functions::). + + Version 4.0 of `gawk' introduced the following features: + + * Variable additions: + + - `FPAT', which allows you to specify a regexp that matches the + fields, instead of matching the field separator (*note + Splitting By Content::). + + - If `PROCINFO["sorted_in"]' exists, `for(iggy in foo)' loops + sort the indices before looping over them. The value of this + element provides control over how the indices are sorted + before the loop traversal starts (*note Controlling + Scanning::). + + - `PROCINFO["strftime"]', which holds the default format for + `strftime()' (*note Time Functions::). + + * The special files `/dev/pid', `/dev/ppid', `/dev/pgrpid' and + `/dev/user' were removed. + + * Support for IPv6 was added via the `/inet6' special file. + `/inet4' forces IPv4 and `/inet' chooses the system default, which + is probably IPv4 (*note TCP/IP Networking::). + + * The use of `\s' and `\S' escape sequences in regular expressions + (*note GNU Regexp Operators::). + + * Interval expressions became part of default regular expressions + (*note Regexp Operators::). + + * POSIX character classes work even with `--traditional' (*note + Regexp Operators::). + + * `break' and `continue' became invalid outside a loop, even with + `--traditional' (*note Break Statement::, and also see *note + Continue Statement::). + + * `fflush()', `nextfile', and `delete ARRAY' are allowed if + `--posix' or `--traditional', since they are all now part of POSIX. + + * An optional third argument to `asort()' and `asorti()', specifying + how to sort (*note String Functions::). + + * The behavior of `fflush()' changed to match Brian Kernighan's `awk' + and for POSIX; now both `fflush()' and `fflush("")' flush all open + output redirections (*note I/O Functions::). + + * The `isarray()' function which distinguishes if an item is an array + or not, to make it possible to traverse multidimensional arrays + (*note Type Functions::). + + * The `patsplit()' function which gives the same capability as + `FPAT', for splitting (*note String Functions::). + + * An optional fourth argument to the `split()' function, which is an + array to hold the values of the separators (*note String + Functions::). + + * Arrays of arrays (*note Arrays of Arrays::). + + * The `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE' special patterns (*note + BEGINFILE/ENDFILE::). + + * Indirect function calls (*note Indirect Calls::). + + * `switch' / `case' are enabled by default (*note Switch + Statement::). + + * Command line option changes (*note Options::): + + - The `-b' and `--characters-as-bytes' options which prevent + `gawk' from treating input as a multibyte string. + + - The redundant `--compat', `--copyleft', and `--usage' long + options were removed. + + - The `--gen-po' option was finally renamed to the correct + `--gen-pot'. + + - The `--sandbox' option which disables certain features. + + - All long options acquired corresponding short options, for + use in `#!' scripts. + + * Directories named on the command line now produce a warning, not a + fatal error, unless `--posix' or `--traditional' are used (*note + Command line directories::). + + * The `gawk' internals were rewritten, bringing the `dgawk' debugger + and possibly improved performance (*note Debugger::). + + * Per the GNU Coding Standards, dynamic extensions must now define a + global symbol indicating that they are GPL-compatible (*note + Plugin License::). + + * In POSIX mode, string comparisons use `strcoll()' / `wcscoll()' + (*note POSIX String Comparison::). + + * The option for raw sockets was removed, since it was never + implemented (*note TCP/IP Networking::). + + * Ranges of the form `[d-h]' are treated as if they were in the C + locale, no matter what kind of regexp is being used, and even if + `--posix' (*note Ranges and Locales::). + + * Support was removed for the following systems: + + - Atari + + - Amiga + + - BeOS + + - Cray + + - MIPS RiscOS + + - MS-DOS with Microsoft Compiler + + - MS-Windows with Microsoft Compiler + + - NeXT + + - SunOS 3.x, Sun 386 (Road Runner) + + - Tandem (non-POSIX) + + - Prestandard VAX C compiler for VAX/VMS + + Version 4.1 of `gawk' introduced the following features: + + * Three new arrays: `SYMTAB', `FUNCTAB', and + `PROCINFO["identifiers"]' (*note Auto-set::). + + * The three executables `gawk', `pgawk', and `dgawk', were merged + into one, named just `gawk'. As a result the command line options + changed. + + * Command line option changes (*note Options::): + + - The `-D' option invokes the debugger. + + - The `-i' and `--include' options load `awk' library files. + + - The `-l' and `--load' options for load compiled dynamic + extensions. + + - The `-M' and `--bignum' options enable MPFR. + + - The `-o' only does pretty-printing. + + - The `-p' option is used for profiling. + + - The `-R' option was removed. + + * Support for high precision arithmetic with MPFR. (*note Gawk and + MPFR::). + + * The `and()', `or()' and `xor()' functions allow any number of + arguments, with a minimum of two (*note Bitwise Functions::). + + * The dynamic extension interface was completely redone (*note + Dynamic Extensions::). + + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Common Extensions, Next: Ranges and Locales, Prev: Feature History, Up: Language History -A.6 Common Extensions Summary +A.7 Common Extensions Summary ============================= This minor node summarizes the common extensions supported by `gawk', @@ -25250,7 +25635,7 @@ Feature BWK Awk Mawk GNU Awk `\x' Escape sequence X X X `RS' as regexp X X `FS' as null string X X X -`/dev/stdin' special file X X +`/dev/stdin' special file X X X `/dev/stdout' special file X X X `/dev/stderr' special file X X X `**' and `**=' operators X X @@ -25258,7 +25643,7 @@ Feature BWK Awk Mawk GNU Awk `func' keyword X X `nextfile' statement X X X `delete' without subscript X X X -`length()' of an array X X +`length()' of an array X X X `BINMODE' variable X X Time related functions X X @@ -25269,7 +25654,7 @@ POSIX.)  File: gawk.info, Node: Ranges and Locales, Next: Contributors, Prev: Common Extensions, Up: Language History -A.7 Regexp Ranges and Locales: A Long Sad Story +A.8 Regexp Ranges and Locales: A Long Sad Story =============================================== This minor node describes the confusing history of ranges within @@ -25375,7 +25760,7 @@ and its rationale  File: gawk.info, Node: Contributors, Prev: Ranges and Locales, Up: Language History -A.8 Major Contributors to `gawk' +A.9 Major Contributors to `gawk' ================================ Always give credit where credit is due. -- Anonymous @@ -31390,6 +31775,7 @@ Index (line 19) * next debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 43) +* next file statement: Feature History. (line 168) * next statement <1>: Next Statement. (line 6) * next statement: Boolean Ops. (line 85) * next statement, BEGIN/END patterns and: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 37) @@ -32358,524 +32744,525 @@ Index  Tag Table: Node: Top1366 -Node: Foreword40737 -Node: Preface45082 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-148135 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-248231 -Node: History48463 -Node: Names50837 -Ref: Names-Footnote-152314 -Node: This Manual52386 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-158160 -Node: Conventions58260 -Node: Manual History60416 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-163864 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-263905 -Node: How To Contribute63979 -Node: Acknowledgments65123 -Node: Getting Started69332 -Node: Running gawk71711 -Node: One-shot72897 -Node: Read Terminal74122 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-175772 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-276048 -Node: Long76219 -Node: Executable Scripts77595 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-179428 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-279530 -Node: Comments80077 -Node: Quoting82544 -Node: DOS Quoting87167 -Node: Sample Data Files87842 -Node: Very Simple90886 -Node: Two Rules95485 -Node: More Complex97632 -Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1100562 -Node: Statements/Lines100647 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1105109 -Node: Other Features105374 -Node: When106302 -Node: Invoking Gawk108449 -Node: Command Line109910 -Node: Options110693 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1126085 -Node: Other Arguments126110 -Node: Naming Standard Input128768 -Node: Environment Variables129862 -Node: AWKPATH Variable130420 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1133178 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable133438 -Node: Other Environment Variables134156 -Node: Exit Status137119 -Node: Include Files137794 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries141363 -Node: Obsolete142727 -Node: Undocumented143424 -Node: Regexp143666 -Node: Regexp Usage145055 -Node: Escape Sequences147081 -Node: Regexp Operators152750 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1160130 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2160277 -Node: Bracket Expressions160375 -Ref: table-char-classes162265 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators164788 -Node: Case-sensitivity168511 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1171479 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2171714 -Node: Leftmost Longest171822 -Node: Computed Regexps173023 -Node: Reading Files176360 -Node: Records178362 -Ref: Records-Footnote-1187251 -Node: Fields187288 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1190321 -Node: Nonconstant Fields190407 -Node: Changing Fields192609 -Node: Field Separators198568 -Node: Default Field Splitting201270 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting202387 -Node: Single Character Fields205729 -Node: Command Line Field Separator206788 -Node: Full Line Fields210222 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1210730 -Node: Field Splitting Summary210776 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1213875 -Node: Constant Size213976 -Node: Splitting By Content218560 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1222286 -Node: Multiple Line222326 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1228173 -Node: Getline228352 -Node: Plain Getline230568 -Node: Getline/Variable232663 -Node: Getline/File233810 -Node: Getline/Variable/File235151 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1236750 -Node: Getline/Pipe236837 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe239536 -Node: Getline/Coprocess240643 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess241895 -Node: Getline Notes242632 -Node: Getline Summary245419 -Ref: table-getline-variants245827 -Node: Read Timeout246739 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1250480 -Node: Command line directories250537 -Node: Printing251167 -Node: Print252798 -Node: Print Examples254135 -Node: Output Separators256919 -Node: OFMT258679 -Node: Printf260037 -Node: Basic Printf260943 -Node: Control Letters262482 -Node: Format Modifiers266294 -Node: Printf Examples272303 -Node: Redirection275018 -Node: Special Files281983 -Node: Special FD282516 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1286141 -Node: Special Network286215 -Node: Special Caveats287065 -Node: Close Files And Pipes287861 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1294844 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2294992 -Node: Expressions295142 -Node: Values296274 -Node: Constants296950 -Node: Scalar Constants297630 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1298489 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers298671 -Node: Regexp Constants301671 -Node: Using Constant Regexps302146 -Node: Variables305201 -Node: Using Variables305856 -Node: Assignment Options307580 -Node: Conversion309452 -Ref: table-locale-affects314953 -Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1315577 -Node: All Operators315686 -Node: Arithmetic Ops316316 -Node: Concatenation318821 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1321613 -Node: Assignment Ops321733 -Ref: table-assign-ops326721 -Node: Increment Ops328052 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions331486 -Node: Truth Values332569 -Node: Typing and Comparison333618 -Node: Variable Typing334411 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1338308 -Node: Comparison Operators338430 -Ref: table-relational-ops338840 -Node: POSIX String Comparison342389 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1343345 -Node: Boolean Ops343483 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1347561 -Node: Conditional Exp347652 -Node: Function Calls349384 -Node: Precedence352978 -Node: Locales356647 -Node: Patterns and Actions357736 -Node: Pattern Overview358790 -Node: Regexp Patterns360459 -Node: Expression Patterns361002 -Node: Ranges364687 -Node: BEGIN/END367653 -Node: Using BEGIN/END368415 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1371146 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END371252 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE373534 -Node: Empty376448 -Node: Using Shell Variables376764 -Node: Action Overview379049 -Node: Statements381406 -Node: If Statement383260 -Node: While Statement384759 -Node: Do Statement386803 -Node: For Statement387959 -Node: Switch Statement391111 -Node: Break Statement393208 -Node: Continue Statement395198 -Node: Next Statement396991 -Node: Nextfile Statement399381 -Node: Exit Statement402024 -Node: Built-in Variables404440 -Node: User-modified405535 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1413893 -Node: Auto-set413955 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1427033 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2427238 -Node: ARGC and ARGV427294 -Node: Arrays431145 -Node: Array Basics432650 -Node: Array Intro433476 -Node: Reference to Elements437793 -Node: Assigning Elements440063 -Node: Array Example440554 -Node: Scanning an Array442286 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Robbins" Date: Tue, 28 Jan 2014 22:02:06 +0200 Subject: Update doc for Anders Wallin. --- doc/gawk.info | 1032 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 517 insertions(+), 515 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 6f88bf02..defd9fed 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -1270,11 +1270,11 @@ acknowledgements: Dr. Nelson Beebe, Andreas Buening, Dr. Manuel Collado, Antonio Colombo, Stephen Davies, Scott Deifik, Akim Demaille, Darrel Hankerson, Michal Jaegermann, Ju"rgen Kahrs, Stepan Kasal, John Malmberg, Dave -Pitts, Chet Ramey, Pat Rankin, Andrew Schorr, Corinna Vinschen, Anders -Wallin, and Eli Zaretskii (in alphabetical order) make up the current -`gawk' "crack portability team." Without their hard work and help, -`gawk' would not be nearly the fine program it is today. It has been -and continues to be a pleasure working with this team of fine people. +Pitts, Chet Ramey, Pat Rankin, Andrew Schorr, Corinna Vinschen, and Eli +Zaretskii (in alphabetical order) make up the current `gawk' "crack +portability team." Without their hard work and help, `gawk' would not +be nearly the fine program it is today. It has been and continues to +be a pleasure working with this team of fine people. Notable code and documentation contributions were made by a number of people. *Note Contributors::, for the full list. @@ -25860,6 +25860,8 @@ Info file, in approximate chronological order: * Patrick T.J. McPhee contributed the code for dynamic loading in Windows32 environments. (This is no longer supported) + * Anders Wallin helped keep the VMS port going for several years. + * John Haque made the following contributions: - The modifications to convert `gawk' into a byte-code @@ -31473,7 +31475,7 @@ Index (line 66) * Hankerson, Darrel <1>: Contributors. (line 60) * Hankerson, Darrel: Acknowledgments. (line 60) -* Haque, John: Contributors. (line 103) +* Haque, John: Contributors. (line 105) * Hartholz, Elaine: Acknowledgments. (line 38) * Hartholz, Marshall: Acknowledgments. (line 38) * Hasegawa, Isamu: Contributors. (line 94) @@ -32238,7 +32240,7 @@ Index * RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 220) * Robbins, Arnold <1>: Future Extensions. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <2>: Bugs. (line 32) -* Robbins, Arnold <3>: Contributors. (line 130) +* Robbins, Arnold <3>: Contributors. (line 132) * Robbins, Arnold <4>: Alarm Program. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <5>: Passwd Functions. (line 90) * Robbins, Arnold <6>: Getline/Pipe. (line 39) @@ -32278,7 +32280,7 @@ Index (line 68) * sandbox mode: Options. (line 279) * scalar values: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) -* Schorr, Andrew <1>: Contributors. (line 126) +* Schorr, Andrew <1>: Contributors. (line 128) * Schorr, Andrew: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Schreiber, Bert: Acknowledgments. (line 38) * Schreiber, Rita: Acknowledgments. (line 38) @@ -32677,7 +32679,7 @@ Index * walk_array() user-defined function: Walking Arrays. (line 14) * Wall, Larry <1>: Future Extensions. (line 6) * Wall, Larry: Array Intro. (line 6) -* Wallin, Anders: Acknowledgments. (line 60) +* Wallin, Anders: Contributors. (line 103) * warnings, issuing: Options. (line 182) * watch debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 67) @@ -32709,7 +32711,7 @@ Index * xgettext utility: String Extraction. (line 13) * XOR bitwise operation: Bitwise Functions. (line 6) * xor() function (gawk): Bitwise Functions. (line 55) -* Yawitz, Efraim: Contributors. (line 124) +* Yawitz, Efraim: Contributors. (line 126) * Zaretskii, Eli <1>: Bugs. (line 70) * Zaretskii, Eli <2>: Contributors. (line 55) * Zaretskii, Eli: Acknowledgments. 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Mode-Footnote-1851039 +Node: Gawk and MPFR851218 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats852473 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1854916 +Node: Setting Precision855232 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings855918 +Node: Setting Rounding Mode858063 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes858467 +Node: Floating-point Constants859654 +Node: Changing Precision861083 +Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1862480 +Node: Exact Arithmetic862654 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers865792 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1868810 +Node: Dynamic Extensions868957 +Node: Extension Intro870415 +Node: Plugin License871680 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline872365 +Ref: load-extension872782 +Ref: load-new-function874260 +Ref: call-new-function875255 +Node: Extension API Description877270 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction878483 +Node: General Data Types883349 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1888954 +Node: Requesting Values889253 +Ref: table-value-types-returned889984 +Node: Constructor Functions890938 +Node: Registration Functions893958 +Node: Extension Functions894643 +Node: Exit Callback Functions896868 +Node: Extension Version String898117 +Node: Input Parsers898767 +Node: Output Wrappers908524 +Node: Two-way processors913034 +Node: Printing Messages915242 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1916319 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'916471 +Node: Accessing Parameters917210 +Node: Symbol Table Access918440 +Node: Symbol table by name918952 +Node: Symbol table by cookie920699 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1924829 +Node: Cached values924892 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1928341 +Node: Array Manipulation928432 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1929530 +Node: Array Data Types929569 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1932272 +Node: Array Functions932364 +Node: Flattening Arrays936130 +Node: Creating Arrays942982 +Node: Extension API Variables947707 +Node: Extension Versioning948343 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables950244 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate951330 +Node: Finding Extensions955134 +Node: Extension Example955694 +Node: Internal File Description956424 +Node: Internal File Ops960515 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1972023 +Node: Using Internal File Ops972163 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1974516 +Node: Extension Samples974782 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions976306 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch984791 +Node: Extension Sample Fork986517 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace987735 +Node: Extension Sample Ord989513 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir990349 +Node: Extension Sample Revout991881 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way992474 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array993164 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile995047 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests995865 +Node: Extension Sample Time996390 +Node: gawkextlib997754 +Node: Language History1000535 +Node: V7/SVR3.11002128 +Node: SVR41004448 +Node: POSIX1005890 +Node: BTL1007276 +Node: POSIX/GNU1008010 +Node: Feature History1013609 +Node: Common Extensions1026573 +Node: Ranges and Locales1027885 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11032503 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21032530 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31032790 +Node: Contributors1033011 +Node: Installation1038156 +Node: Gawk Distribution1039050 +Node: Getting1039534 +Node: Extracting1040360 +Node: Distribution contents1042052 +Node: Unix Installation1047757 +Node: Quick Installation1048374 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1050818 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1052554 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1054908 +Node: PC Installation1055366 +Node: PC Binary Installation1056665 +Node: PC Compiling1058513 +Node: PC Testing1061457 +Node: PC Using1062633 +Node: Cygwin1066818 +Node: MSYS1067818 +Node: VMS Installation1068332 +Node: VMS Compilation1069096 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11070711 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1070769 +Node: VMS Installation Details1072142 +Node: VMS Running1074389 +Node: VMS GNV1077223 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1077946 +Node: Bugs1078416 +Node: Other Versions1082334 +Node: Notes1088418 +Node: Compatibility Mode1089218 +Node: Additions1090001 +Node: Accessing The Source1090928 +Node: Adding Code1092368 +Node: New Ports1098413 +Node: Derived Files1102548 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11107869 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21107903 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31108503 +Node: Future Extensions1108601 +Node: Implementation Limitations1109184 +Node: Extension Design1110436 +Node: Old Extension Problems1111590 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11113098 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1113155 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11116520 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1116706 +Node: Extension Future Growth1118812 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1119648 +Node: Basic Concepts1121388 +Node: Basic High Level1122069 +Ref: figure-general-flow1122340 +Ref: figure-process-flow1122939 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11126168 +Node: Basic Data Typing1126353 +Node: Glossary1129708 +Node: Copying1155170 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1192727 +Node: Index1217864  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 6e531b16714cc40800f812aee3780582957b9776 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Fri, 31 Jan 2014 11:28:29 +0200 Subject: Minor doc fixes. --- doc/gawk.info | 548 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 274 insertions(+), 274 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 440e9999..4046c106 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -13995,7 +13995,7 @@ corresponding character. Both functions are written very nicely in } } - Some explanation of the numbers used by `chr' is worthwhile. The + Some explanation of the numbers used by `chr()' is worthwhile. The most prominent character set in use today is ASCII.(1) Although an 8-bit byte can hold 256 distinct values (from 0 to 255), ASCII only defines characters that use the values from 0 to 127.(2) In the now @@ -30572,10 +30572,10 @@ Index * characters, transliterating: Translate Program. (line 6) * characters, values of as numbers: Ordinal Functions. (line 6) * Chassell, Robert J.: Acknowledgments. (line 33) -* chdir extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. +* chdir() extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. (line 12) * chem utility: Glossary. (line 151) -* chr extension function: Extension Sample Ord. +* chr() extension function: Extension Sample Ord. (line 15) * chr() user-defined function: Ordinal Functions. (line 16) * clear debugger command: Breakpoint Control. (line 36) @@ -31212,14 +31212,14 @@ Index * floating-point, numbers <1>: Unexpected Results. (line 6) * floating-point, numbers: General Arithmetic. (line 6) * floating-point, VAX/VMS: VMS Running. (line 51) -* fnmatch extension function: Extension Sample Fnmatch. +* fnmatch() extension function: Extension Sample Fnmatch. (line 6) * FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 112) * FNR variable: Records. (line 6) * FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 323) * for statement: For Statement. (line 6) * for statement, looping over arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 20) -* fork extension function: Extension Sample Fork. +* fork() extension function: Extension Sample Fork. (line 11) * format specifiers, mixing regular with positional specifiers: Printf Ordering. (line 57) @@ -31261,7 +31261,7 @@ Index * FSF (Free Software Foundation) <1>: Glossary. (line 305) * FSF (Free Software Foundation) <2>: Getting. (line 10) * FSF (Free Software Foundation): Manual History. (line 6) -* fts extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. +* fts() extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. (line 77) * FUNCTAB array: Auto-set. (line 128) * function calls: Function Calls. (line 6) @@ -31449,7 +31449,7 @@ Index * gettext library: Explaining gettext. (line 6) * gettext library, locale categories: Explaining gettext. (line 80) * gettext() function (C library): Explaining gettext. (line 62) -* gettimeofday extension function: Extension Sample Time. +* gettimeofday() extension function: Extension Sample Time. (line 13) * GMP: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. (line 6) @@ -31903,7 +31903,7 @@ Index * OR bitwise operation: Bitwise Functions. (line 6) * or Boolean-logic operator: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * or() function (gawk): Bitwise Functions. (line 49) -* ord extension function: Extension Sample Ord. +* ord() extension function: Extension Sample Ord. (line 12) * ord() user-defined function: Ordinal Functions. (line 16) * order of evaluation, concatenation: Concatenation. (line 41) @@ -32151,13 +32151,13 @@ Index * Rankin, Pat <2>: Contributors. (line 37) * Rankin, Pat <3>: Assignment Ops. (line 100) * Rankin, Pat: Acknowledgments. (line 60) -* reada extension function: Extension Sample Read write array. +* reada() extension function: Extension Sample Read write array. (line 15) * readable data files, checking: File Checking. (line 6) * readable.awk program: File Checking. (line 11) * readdir extension: Extension Sample Readdir. (line 9) -* readfile extension function: Extension Sample Readfile. +* readfile() extension function: Extension Sample Readfile. (line 11) * readfile() user-defined function: Readfile Function. (line 30) * recipe for a programming language: History. (line 6) @@ -32401,9 +32401,9 @@ Index * single-character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * Skywalker, Luke: Undocumented. (line 6) -* sleep extension function: Extension Sample Time. - (line 23) * sleep utility: Alarm Program. (line 109) +* sleep() extension function: Extension Sample Time. + (line 23) * Solaris, POSIX-compliant awk: Other Versions. (line 96) * sort function, arrays, sorting: Array Sorting Functions. (line 6) @@ -32447,7 +32447,7 @@ Index * standard input <1>: Special FD. (line 6) * standard input: Read Terminal. (line 6) * standard output: Special FD. (line 6) -* stat extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. +* stat() extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. (line 18) * statements, compound, control statements and: Statements. (line 10) * statements, control, in actions: Statements. (line 6) @@ -32681,9 +32681,9 @@ Index * w debugger command (alias for watch): Viewing And Changing Data. (line 67) * w utility: Constant Size. (line 22) -* wait extension function: Extension Sample Fork. +* wait() extension function: Extension Sample Fork. (line 22) -* waitpid extension function: Extension Sample Fork. +* waitpid() extension function: Extension Sample Fork. (line 18) * walk_array() user-defined function: Walking Arrays. (line 14) * Wall, Larry <1>: Future Extensions. (line 6) @@ -32715,7 +32715,7 @@ Index * words, counting: Wc Program. (line 6) * words, duplicate, searching for: Dupword Program. (line 6) * words, usage counts, generating: Word Sorting. (line 6) -* writea extension function: Extension Sample Read write array. +* writea() extension function: Extension Sample Read write array. (line 9) * xgettext utility: String Extraction. (line 13) * XOR bitwise operation: Bitwise Functions. (line 6) @@ -33017,263 +33017,263 @@ Node: Assert Function575184 Node: Round Function578510 Node: Cliff Random Function580053 Node: Ordinal Functions581069 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1584139 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2584391 -Node: Join Function584600 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1586371 -Node: Getlocaltime Function586571 -Node: Readfile Function590312 -Node: Data File Management592151 -Node: Filetrans Function592783 -Node: Rewind Function596852 -Node: File Checking598239 -Node: Empty Files599333 -Node: Ignoring Assigns601563 -Node: Getopt Function603116 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1614419 -Node: Passwd Functions614622 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1623597 -Node: Group Functions623685 -Node: Walking Arrays631769 -Node: Sample Programs633906 -Node: Running Examples634580 -Node: Clones635308 -Node: Cut Program636532 -Node: Egrep Program646377 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1654150 -Node: Id Program654260 -Node: Split Program657876 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1661395 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Robbins" Date: Fri, 31 Jan 2014 11:28:29 +0200 Subject: Minor doc fixes. --- doc/gawk.info | 548 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 274 insertions(+), 274 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index defd9fed..3e6c3ea4 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -13986,7 +13986,7 @@ corresponding character. Both functions are written very nicely in } } - Some explanation of the numbers used by `chr' is worthwhile. The + Some explanation of the numbers used by `chr()' is worthwhile. The most prominent character set in use today is ASCII.(1) Although an 8-bit byte can hold 256 distinct values (from 0 to 255), ASCII only defines characters that use the values from 0 to 127.(2) In the now @@ -30563,10 +30563,10 @@ Index * characters, transliterating: Translate Program. (line 6) * characters, values of as numbers: Ordinal Functions. (line 6) * Chassell, Robert J.: Acknowledgments. (line 33) -* chdir extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. +* chdir() extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. (line 12) * chem utility: Glossary. (line 151) -* chr extension function: Extension Sample Ord. +* chr() extension function: Extension Sample Ord. (line 15) * chr() user-defined function: Ordinal Functions. (line 16) * clear debugger command: Breakpoint Control. (line 36) @@ -31203,14 +31203,14 @@ Index * floating-point, numbers <1>: Unexpected Results. (line 6) * floating-point, numbers: General Arithmetic. (line 6) * floating-point, VAX/VMS: VMS Running. (line 51) -* fnmatch extension function: Extension Sample Fnmatch. +* fnmatch() extension function: Extension Sample Fnmatch. (line 6) * FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 103) * FNR variable: Records. (line 6) * FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 314) * for statement: For Statement. (line 6) * for statement, looping over arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 20) -* fork extension function: Extension Sample Fork. +* fork() extension function: Extension Sample Fork. (line 11) * format specifiers, mixing regular with positional specifiers: Printf Ordering. (line 57) @@ -31252,7 +31252,7 @@ Index * FSF (Free Software Foundation) <1>: Glossary. (line 305) * FSF (Free Software Foundation) <2>: Getting. (line 10) * FSF (Free Software Foundation): Manual History. (line 6) -* fts extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. +* fts() extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. (line 77) * FUNCTAB array: Auto-set. (line 119) * function calls: Function Calls. (line 6) @@ -31440,7 +31440,7 @@ Index * gettext library: Explaining gettext. (line 6) * gettext library, locale categories: Explaining gettext. (line 80) * gettext() function (C library): Explaining gettext. (line 62) -* gettimeofday extension function: Extension Sample Time. +* gettimeofday() extension function: Extension Sample Time. (line 13) * GMP: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. (line 6) @@ -31894,7 +31894,7 @@ Index * OR bitwise operation: Bitwise Functions. (line 6) * or Boolean-logic operator: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * or() function (gawk): Bitwise Functions. (line 49) -* ord extension function: Extension Sample Ord. +* ord() extension function: Extension Sample Ord. (line 12) * ord() user-defined function: Ordinal Functions. (line 16) * order of evaluation, concatenation: Concatenation. (line 41) @@ -32142,13 +32142,13 @@ Index * Rankin, Pat <2>: Contributors. (line 37) * Rankin, Pat <3>: Assignment Ops. (line 100) * Rankin, Pat: Acknowledgments. (line 60) -* reada extension function: Extension Sample Read write array. +* reada() extension function: Extension Sample Read write array. (line 15) * readable data files, checking: File Checking. (line 6) * readable.awk program: File Checking. (line 11) * readdir extension: Extension Sample Readdir. (line 9) -* readfile extension function: Extension Sample Readfile. +* readfile() extension function: Extension Sample Readfile. (line 11) * readfile() user-defined function: Readfile Function. (line 30) * recipe for a programming language: History. (line 6) @@ -32392,9 +32392,9 @@ Index * single-character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * Skywalker, Luke: Undocumented. (line 6) -* sleep extension function: Extension Sample Time. - (line 23) * sleep utility: Alarm Program. (line 109) +* sleep() extension function: Extension Sample Time. + (line 23) * Solaris, POSIX-compliant awk: Other Versions. (line 96) * sort function, arrays, sorting: Array Sorting Functions. (line 6) @@ -32438,7 +32438,7 @@ Index * standard input <1>: Special FD. (line 6) * standard input: Read Terminal. (line 6) * standard output: Special FD. (line 6) -* stat extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. +* stat() extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. (line 18) * statements, compound, control statements and: Statements. (line 10) * statements, control, in actions: Statements. (line 6) @@ -32672,9 +32672,9 @@ Index * w debugger command (alias for watch): Viewing And Changing Data. (line 67) * w utility: Constant Size. (line 22) -* wait extension function: Extension Sample Fork. +* wait() extension function: Extension Sample Fork. (line 22) -* waitpid extension function: Extension Sample Fork. +* waitpid() extension function: Extension Sample Fork. (line 18) * walk_array() user-defined function: Walking Arrays. (line 14) * Wall, Larry <1>: Future Extensions. (line 6) @@ -32706,7 +32706,7 @@ Index * words, counting: Wc Program. (line 6) * words, duplicate, searching for: Dupword Program. (line 6) * words, usage counts, generating: Word Sorting. (line 6) -* writea extension function: Extension Sample Read write array. +* writea() extension function: Extension Sample Read write array. (line 9) * xgettext utility: String Extraction. (line 13) * XOR bitwise operation: Bitwise Functions. 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Robbins" Date: Mon, 3 Feb 2014 21:05:05 +0200 Subject: A number of small documentation updates. --- doc/gawk.info | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 3e6c3ea4..53fd4920 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -30010,7 +30010,6 @@ Index * - (hyphen), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17) * --assign option: Options. (line 46) * --bignum option: Options. (line 201) -* --c option: Options. (line 95) * --characters-as-bytes option: Options. (line 82) * --copyright option: Options. (line 102) * --debug option: Options. (line 122) @@ -30029,7 +30028,6 @@ Index * --gen-pot option: Options. (line 161) * --help option: Options. (line 168) * --include option: Options. (line 32) -* --L option: Options. (line 288) * --lint option <1>: Options. (line 182) * --lint option: Command Line. (line 20) * --lint-old option: Options. (line 288) @@ -30060,6 +30058,7 @@ Index (line 35) * -b option: Options. (line 82) * -C option: Options. (line 102) +* -c option: Options. (line 95) * -D option: Options. (line 122) * -d option: Options. (line 107) * -E option: Options. (line 139) @@ -30074,6 +30073,7 @@ Index * -g option: Options. (line 161) * -h option: Options. (line 168) * -i option: Options. (line 32) +* -L option: Options. (line 288) * -l option: Options. (line 173) * -M option: Options. (line 201) * -N option: Options. (line 215) -- cgit v1.2.3 From c9d672c5a1b2b6f1094ac0f3cc9d51c3ad02ea5c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Tue, 4 Feb 2014 06:24:28 +0200 Subject: More markup fixes, in the indexing. --- doc/gawk.info | 745 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 372 insertions(+), 373 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 53fd4920..329f15d3 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -7906,7 +7906,6 @@ of error is very difficult to spot when scanning the source code. string comparison (true) `a = 2; b = " +2"' - `a == b' string comparison (false) @@ -30364,7 +30363,7 @@ Index * awk, POSIX and: Preface. (line 23) * awk, POSIX and, See Also POSIX awk: Preface. (line 23) * awk, regexp constants and: Comparison Operators. - (line 103) + (line 102) * awk, See Also gawk: Preface. (line 36) * awk, terms describing: This Manual. (line 6) * awk, uses for <1>: When. (line 6) @@ -30632,7 +30631,7 @@ Index (line 9) * comparison expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 14) * comparison expressions, string vs. regexp: Comparison Operators. - (line 79) + (line 78) * compatibility mode (gawk), extensions: POSIX/GNU. (line 6) * compatibility mode (gawk), file names: Special Caveats. (line 9) * compatibility mode (gawk), hexadecimal numbers: Nondecimal-numbers. @@ -32170,7 +32169,7 @@ Index * reference counting, sorting arrays: Array Sorting Functions. (line 77) * regexp constants <1>: Comparison Operators. - (line 103) + (line 102) * regexp constants <2>: Regexp Constants. (line 6) * regexp constants: Regexp Usage. (line 57) * regexp constants, /=.../, /= operator and: Assignment Ops. (line 147) @@ -32897,374 +32896,374 @@ Node: Variable Typing334515 Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1338412 Node: Comparison Operators338534 Ref: table-relational-ops338944 -Node: POSIX String Comparison342493 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1343449 -Node: Boolean Ops343587 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1347665 -Node: Conditional Exp347756 -Node: Function Calls349488 -Node: Precedence353082 -Node: Locales356751 -Node: Patterns and Actions357840 -Node: Pattern Overview358894 -Node: Regexp Patterns360563 -Node: Expression Patterns361106 -Node: Ranges364791 -Node: BEGIN/END367757 -Node: Using BEGIN/END368519 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1371250 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END371356 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE373638 -Node: Empty376552 -Node: Using Shell Variables376868 -Node: Action Overview379153 -Node: Statements381510 -Node: If Statement383364 -Node: While Statement384863 -Node: Do Statement386907 -Node: For Statement388063 -Node: Switch Statement391215 -Node: Break Statement393312 -Node: 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i18n768082 +Node: Translator i18n772284 +Node: String Extraction773077 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1774038 +Node: Printf Ordering774124 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1776908 +Node: I18N Portability776972 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1779421 +Node: I18N Example779484 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1782122 +Node: Gawk I18N782194 +Node: Debugger782815 +Node: Debugging783786 +Node: Debugging Concepts784219 +Node: Debugging Terms786075 +Node: Awk Debugging788672 +Node: Sample Debugging Session789564 +Node: Debugger Invocation790084 +Node: Finding The Bug791416 +Node: List of Debugger Commands797904 +Node: Breakpoint Control799238 +Node: Debugger Execution Control802902 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data806262 +Node: Execution Stack809618 +Node: Debugger Info811085 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands815067 +Node: Readline Support820243 +Node: Limitations821074 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic823326 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1824975 +Node: General Arithmetic825123 +Node: Floating Point Issues826843 +Node: String Conversion Precision827724 +Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1829429 +Node: Unexpected Results829538 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems831691 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1835516 +Node: Integer Programming835554 +Node: Floating-point Programming837293 +Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1843624 +Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2843894 +Node: Floating-point Representation844158 +Node: Floating-point Context845323 +Ref: table-ieee-formats846162 +Node: Rounding Mode847546 +Ref: table-rounding-modes848025 +Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1851040 +Node: Gawk and MPFR851219 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats852474 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1854917 +Node: Setting Precision855233 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings855919 +Node: Setting Rounding Mode858064 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes858468 +Node: Floating-point Constants859655 +Node: Changing Precision861084 +Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1862481 +Node: Exact Arithmetic862655 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers865793 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1868811 +Node: Dynamic Extensions868958 +Node: Extension Intro870416 +Node: Plugin License871681 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline872366 +Ref: load-extension872783 +Ref: load-new-function874261 +Ref: call-new-function875256 +Node: Extension API Description877271 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction878484 +Node: General Data Types883350 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1888955 +Node: Requesting Values889254 +Ref: table-value-types-returned889985 +Node: Constructor Functions890939 +Node: Registration Functions893959 +Node: Extension Functions894644 +Node: Exit Callback Functions896869 +Node: Extension Version String898118 +Node: Input Parsers898768 +Node: Output Wrappers908525 +Node: Two-way processors913035 +Node: Printing Messages915243 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1916320 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'916472 +Node: Accessing Parameters917211 +Node: Symbol Table Access918441 +Node: Symbol table by name918953 +Node: Symbol table by cookie920700 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1924830 +Node: Cached values924893 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1928342 +Node: Array Manipulation928433 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1929531 +Node: Array Data Types929570 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1932273 +Node: Array Functions932365 +Node: Flattening Arrays936131 +Node: Creating Arrays942983 +Node: Extension API Variables947708 +Node: Extension Versioning948344 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables950245 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate951331 +Node: Finding Extensions955135 +Node: Extension Example955695 +Node: Internal File Description956425 +Node: Internal File Ops960516 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1972024 +Node: Using Internal File Ops972164 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1974517 +Node: Extension Samples974783 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions976307 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch984792 +Node: Extension Sample Fork986518 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace987736 +Node: Extension Sample Ord989514 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir990350 +Node: Extension Sample Revout991882 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way992475 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array993165 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile995048 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests995866 +Node: Extension Sample Time996391 +Node: gawkextlib997755 +Node: Language History1000536 +Node: V7/SVR3.11002129 +Node: SVR41004449 +Node: POSIX1005891 +Node: BTL1007277 +Node: POSIX/GNU1008011 +Node: Feature History1013610 +Node: Common Extensions1026574 +Node: Ranges and Locales1027886 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11032504 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21032531 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31032791 +Node: Contributors1033012 +Node: Installation1038157 +Node: Gawk Distribution1039051 +Node: Getting1039535 +Node: Extracting1040361 +Node: Distribution contents1042053 +Node: Unix Installation1047758 +Node: Quick Installation1048375 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1050819 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1052555 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1054909 +Node: PC Installation1055367 +Node: PC Binary Installation1056666 +Node: PC Compiling1058514 +Node: PC Testing1061458 +Node: PC Using1062634 +Node: Cygwin1066819 +Node: MSYS1067819 +Node: VMS Installation1068333 +Node: VMS Compilation1069097 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11070712 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1070770 +Node: VMS Installation Details1072143 +Node: VMS Running1074390 +Node: VMS GNV1077224 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1077947 +Node: Bugs1078417 +Node: Other Versions1082335 +Node: Notes1088419 +Node: Compatibility Mode1089219 +Node: Additions1090002 +Node: Accessing The Source1090929 +Node: Adding Code1092369 +Node: New Ports1098414 +Node: Derived Files1102549 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11107870 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21107904 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31108504 +Node: Future Extensions1108602 +Node: Implementation Limitations1109185 +Node: Extension Design1110437 +Node: Old Extension Problems1111591 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11113099 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1113156 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11116521 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1116707 +Node: Extension Future Growth1118813 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1119649 +Node: Basic Concepts1121389 +Node: Basic High Level1122070 +Ref: figure-general-flow1122341 +Ref: figure-process-flow1122940 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11126169 +Node: Basic Data Typing1126354 +Node: Glossary1129709 +Node: Copying1155171 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1192728 +Node: Index1217865  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 7292540a9f11befc187bc77e56846f94ec0bda58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Fri, 7 Feb 2014 14:32:46 +0200 Subject: Doc updates. --- doc/gawk.info | 1166 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 577 insertions(+), 589 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 329f15d3..6523199c 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -1816,18 +1816,8 @@ and the first four months of the current year. Mar 24 75 70 495 Apr 21 70 74 514 - If you are reading this in GNU Emacs using Info, you can copy the -regions of text showing these sample files into your own test files. -This way you can try out the examples shown in the remainder of this -document. You do this by using the command `M-x write-region' to copy -text from the Info file into a file for use with `awk' (*Note -Miscellaneous File Operations: (emacs)Misc File Ops, for more -information). Using this information, create your own `BBS-list' and -`inventory-shipped' files and practice what you learn in this Info file. - - If you are using the stand-alone version of Info, see *note Extract -Program::, for an `awk' program that extracts these data files from -`gawk.texi', the (generated) Texinfo source file for this Info file. + The sample files are included in the `gawk' distribution, in the +directory `awklib/eg/data'.  File: gawk.info, Node: Very Simple, Next: Two Rules, Prev: Sample Data Files, Up: Getting Started @@ -2238,7 +2228,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Invoking Gawk, Next: Regexp, Prev: Getting Started, U 2 Running `awk' and `gawk' ************************** -This major node covers how to run awk, both POSIX-standard and +This major node covers how to run `awk', both POSIX-standard and `gawk'-specific command-line options, and what `awk' and `gawk' do with non-option arguments. It then proceeds to cover how `gawk' searches for source files, reading standard input along with other files, @@ -2314,22 +2304,8 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: `--file SOURCE-FILE' Read `awk' program source from SOURCE-FILE instead of in the first non-option argument. This option may be given multiple times; the - `awk' program consists of the concatenation the contents of each - specified SOURCE-FILE. - -`-i SOURCE-FILE' -`--include SOURCE-FILE' - Read `awk' source library from SOURCE-FILE. This option is - completely equivalent to using the `@include' directive inside - your program. This option is very similar to the `-f' option, but - there are two important differences. First, when `-i' is used, - the program source will not be loaded if it has been previously - loaded, whereas the `-f' will always load the file. Second, - because this option is intended to be used with code libraries, - `gawk' does not recognize such files as constituting main program - input. Thus, after processing an `-i' argument, `gawk' still - expects to find the main source code via the `-f' option or on the - command-line. + `awk' program consists of the concatenation of the contents of + each specified SOURCE-FILE. `-v VAR=VAL' `--assign VAR=VAL' @@ -2458,6 +2434,20 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: Print a "usage" message summarizing the short and long style options that `gawk' accepts and then exit. +`-i SOURCE-FILE' +`--include SOURCE-FILE' + Read `awk' source library from SOURCE-FILE. This option is + completely equivalent to using the `@include' directive inside + your program. This option is very similar to the `-f' option, but + there are two important differences. First, when `-i' is used, + the program source will not be loaded if it has been previously + loaded, whereas the `-f' will always load the file. Second, + because this option is intended to be used with code libraries, + `gawk' does not recognize such files as constituting main program + input. Thus, after processing an `-i' argument, `gawk' still + expects to find the main source code via the `-f' option or on the + command-line. + `-l LIB' `--load LIB' Load a shared library LIB. This searches for the library using the @@ -4765,14 +4755,15 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Constant Size, Next: Splitting By Content, Prev: Field 4.6 Reading Fixed-Width Data ============================ -(This minor node discusses an advanced feature of `awk'. If you are a -novice `awk' user, you might want to skip it on the first reading.) + NOTE: This minor node discusses an advanced feature of `gawk'. If + you are a novice `awk' user, you might want to skip it on the + first reading. -`gawk' provides a facility for dealing with fixed-width fields with no -distinctive field separator. For example, data of this nature arises -in the input for old Fortran programs where numbers are run together, -or in the output of programs that did not anticipate the use of their -output as input for other programs. + `gawk' provides a facility for dealing with fixed-width fields with +no distinctive field separator. For example, data of this nature +arises in the input for old Fortran programs where numbers are run +together, or in the output of programs that did not anticipate the use +of their output as input for other programs. An example of the latter is a table where all the columns are lined up by the use of a variable number of spaces and _empty fields are just @@ -4871,10 +4862,11 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Splitting By Content, Next: Multiple Line, Prev: Const 4.7 Defining Fields By Content ============================== -(This minor node discusses an advanced feature of `awk'. If you are a -novice `awk' user, you might want to skip it on the first reading.) + NOTE: This minor node discusses an advanced feature of `gawk'. If + you are a novice `awk' user, you might want to skip it on the + first reading. -Normally, when using `FS', `gawk' defines the fields as the parts of + Normally, when using `FS', `gawk' defines the fields as the parts of the record that occur in between each field separator. In other words, `FS' defines what a field _is not_, instead of what a field _is_. However, there are times when you really want to define the fields by @@ -21880,11 +21872,8 @@ that use them. allowing `gawk' to use them as it needs to. `typedef enum awk_bool {' - ` awk_false = 0,' - ` awk_true' - `} awk_bool_t;' A simple boolean type. @@ -30005,13 +29994,13 @@ Index * - (hyphen), -- operator: Increment Ops. (line 48) * - (hyphen), -= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * - (hyphen), -= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) -* - (hyphen), filenames beginning with: Options. (line 73) +* - (hyphen), filenames beginning with: Options. (line 59) * - (hyphen), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17) -* --assign option: Options. (line 46) +* --assign option: Options. (line 32) * --bignum option: Options. (line 201) -* --characters-as-bytes option: Options. (line 82) -* --copyright option: Options. (line 102) -* --debug option: Options. (line 122) +* --characters-as-bytes option: Options. (line 68) +* --copyright option: Options. (line 88) +* --debug option: Options. (line 108) * --disable-extensions configuration option: Additional Configuration Options. (line 9) * --disable-lint configuration option: Additional Configuration Options. @@ -30019,14 +30008,14 @@ Index * --disable-nls configuration option: Additional Configuration Options. (line 30) * --dump-variables option <1>: Library Names. (line 45) -* --dump-variables option: Options. (line 107) -* --exec option: Options. (line 139) +* --dump-variables option: Options. (line 93) +* --exec option: Options. (line 125) * --field-separator option: Options. (line 21) * --file option: Options. (line 25) * --gen-pot option <1>: String Extraction. (line 6) -* --gen-pot option: Options. (line 161) -* --help option: Options. (line 168) -* --include option: Options. (line 32) +* --gen-pot option: Options. (line 147) +* --help option: Options. (line 154) +* --include option: Options. (line 159) * --lint option <1>: Options. (line 182) * --lint option: Command Line. (line 20) * --lint-old option: Options. (line 288) @@ -30048,20 +30037,20 @@ Index * --sandbox option, input redirection with getline: Getline. (line 19) * --sandbox option, output redirection with print, printf: Redirection. (line 6) -* --source option: Options. (line 131) -* --traditional option: Options. (line 95) +* --source option: Options. (line 117) +* --traditional option: Options. (line 81) * --traditional option, --posix option and: Options. (line 266) * --use-lc-numeric option: Options. (line 215) * --version option: Options. (line 293) * --with-whiny-user-strftime configuration option: Additional Configuration Options. (line 35) -* -b option: Options. (line 82) -* -C option: Options. (line 102) -* -c option: Options. (line 95) -* -D option: Options. (line 122) -* -d option: Options. (line 107) -* -E option: Options. (line 139) -* -e option: Options. (line 131) +* -b option: Options. (line 68) +* -C option: Options. (line 88) +* -c option: Options. (line 81) +* -D option: Options. (line 108) +* -d option: Options. (line 93) +* -E option: Options. (line 125) +* -e option: Options. (line 117) * -F option: Command Line Field Separator. (line 6) * -f option: Options. (line 25) @@ -30069,9 +30058,9 @@ Index * -f option: Long. (line 12) * -F option, -Ft sets FS to TAB: Options. (line 301) * -f option, multiple uses: Options. (line 306) -* -g option: Options. (line 161) -* -h option: Options. (line 168) -* -i option: Options. (line 32) +* -g option: Options. (line 147) +* -h option: Options. (line 154) +* -i option: Options. (line 159) * -L option: Options. (line 288) * -l option: Options. (line 173) * -M option: Options. (line 201) @@ -30085,8 +30074,8 @@ Index * -S option: Options. (line 279) * -v option: Assignment Options. (line 12) * -V option: Options. (line 293) -* -v option: Options. (line 46) -* -W option: Options. (line 60) +* -v option: Options. (line 32) +* -W option: Options. (line 46) * . (period): Regexp Operators. (line 43) * .gmo files: Explaining gettext. (line 41) * .gmo files, converting from .po: I18N Example. (line 62) @@ -30215,7 +30204,7 @@ Index * Ada programming language: Glossary. (line 20) * adding, features to gawk: Adding Code. (line 6) * adding, fields: Changing Fields. (line 53) -* advanced features, fixed-width data: Constant Size. (line 9) +* advanced features, fixed-width data: Constant Size. (line 10) * advanced features, gawk: Advanced Features. (line 6) * advanced features, network connections, See Also networks, connections: Advanced Features. (line 6) @@ -30224,7 +30213,7 @@ Index * advanced features, processes, communicating with: Two-way I/O. (line 23) * advanced features, specifying field content: Splitting By Content. - (line 9) + (line 10) * Aho, Alfred <1>: Contributors. (line 11) * Aho, Alfred: History. (line 17) * alarm clock example program: Alarm Program. (line 9) @@ -30326,7 +30315,7 @@ Index * asterisk (*), *= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) * atan2() function: Numeric Functions. (line 11) * awf (amazingly workable formatter) program: Glossary. (line 25) -* awk debugging, enabling: Options. (line 122) +* awk debugging, enabling: Options. (line 108) * awk language, POSIX version: Assignment Ops. (line 136) * awk profiling, enabling: Options. (line 235) * awk programs <1>: Two Rules. (line 6) @@ -30384,7 +30373,7 @@ Index * AWKPATH environment variable: AWKPATH Variable. (line 6) * awkprof.out file: Profiling. (line 6) * awksed.awk program: Simple Sed. (line 25) -* awkvars.out file: Options. (line 107) +* awkvars.out file: Options. (line 93) * b debugger command (alias for break): Breakpoint Control. (line 11) * backslash (\) <1>: Regexp Operators. (line 18) * backslash (\) <2>: Quoting. (line 31) @@ -30528,7 +30517,7 @@ Index * built-in functions: Functions. (line 6) * built-in functions, evaluation order: Calling Built-in. (line 30) * built-in variables: Built-in Variables. (line 6) -* built-in variables, -v option, setting with: Options. (line 54) +* built-in variables, -v option, setting with: Options. (line 40) * built-in variables, conveying information: Auto-set. (line 6) * built-in variables, user-modifiable: User-modified. (line 6) * Busybox Awk: Other Versions. (line 88) @@ -30551,7 +30540,7 @@ Index * case sensitivity, regexps and <1>: User-modified. (line 82) * case sensitivity, regexps and: Case-sensitivity. (line 6) * case sensitivity, string comparisons and: User-modified. (line 82) -* CGI, awk scripts for: Options. (line 139) +* CGI, awk scripts for: Options. (line 125) * character lists, See bracket expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 55) * character sets (machine character encodings) <1>: Glossary. (line 141) * character sets (machine character encodings): Ordinal Functions. @@ -30604,7 +30593,7 @@ Index (line 6) * command line, options <2>: Options. (line 6) * command line, options: Long. (line 12) -* command line, options, end of: Options. (line 68) +* command line, options, end of: Options. (line 54) * command line, variables, assigning on: Assignment Options. (line 6) * command-line options, processing: Getopt Function. (line 6) * command-line options, string extraction: String Extraction. (line 6) @@ -30638,7 +30627,7 @@ Index (line 60) * compatibility mode (gawk), octal numbers: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 60) -* compatibility mode (gawk), specifying: Options. (line 95) +* compatibility mode (gawk), specifying: Options. (line 81) * compiled programs <1>: Glossary. (line 165) * compiled programs: Basic High Level. (line 15) * compiling gawk for Cygwin: Cygwin. (line 6) @@ -30743,7 +30732,7 @@ Index * dark corner, split() function: String Functions. (line 358) * dark corner, strings, storing: Records. (line 195) * dark corner, value of ARGV[0]: Auto-set. (line 35) -* data, fixed-width: Constant Size. (line 9) +* data, fixed-width: Constant Size. (line 10) * data-driven languages: Basic High Level. (line 85) * database, group, reading: Group Functions. (line 6) * database, users, reading: Passwd Functions. (line 6) @@ -31131,7 +31120,7 @@ Index * fields, single-character: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * FIELDWIDTHS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 35) -* FIELDWIDTHS variable: Constant Size. (line 22) +* FIELDWIDTHS variable: Constant Size. (line 23) * file descriptors: Special FD. (line 6) * file names, distinguishing: Auto-set. (line 52) * file names, in compatibility mode: Special Caveats. (line 9) @@ -31155,7 +31144,7 @@ Index * files, as single records: Records. (line 200) * files, awk programs in: Long. (line 6) * files, awkprof.out: Profiling. (line 6) -* files, awkvars.out: Options. (line 107) +* files, awkvars.out: Options. (line 93) * files, closing: I/O Functions. (line 10) * files, descriptors, See file descriptors: Special FD. (line 6) * files, group: Group Functions. (line 6) @@ -31182,7 +31171,7 @@ Index * files, portable object template: Explaining gettext. (line 30) * files, portable object, converting to message object files: I18N Example. (line 62) -* files, portable object, generating: Options. (line 161) +* files, portable object, generating: Options. (line 147) * files, processing, ARGIND variable and: Auto-set. (line 47) * files, reading: Rewind Function. (line 6) * files, reading, multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 6) @@ -31194,7 +31183,7 @@ Index * finish debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 39) * Fish, Fred: Contributors. (line 50) -* fixed-width data: Constant Size. (line 9) +* fixed-width data: Constant Size. (line 10) * flag variables <1>: Tee Program. (line 20) * flag variables: Boolean Ops. (line 67) * floating-point numbers, arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. @@ -31228,7 +31217,7 @@ Index * forward slash (/), patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 24) * FPAT variable <1>: User-modified. (line 45) * FPAT variable: Splitting By Content. - (line 26) + (line 27) * frame debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 25) * Free Documentation License (FDL): GNU Free Documentation License. (line 6) @@ -31333,12 +31322,12 @@ Index * gawk, features, advanced: Advanced Features. (line 6) * gawk, field separators and: User-modified. (line 77) * gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable in <1>: User-modified. (line 35) -* gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable in: Constant Size. (line 22) +* gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable in: Constant Size. (line 23) * gawk, file names in: Special Files. (line 6) * gawk, format-control characters: Control Letters. (line 18) * gawk, FPAT variable in <1>: User-modified. (line 45) * gawk, FPAT variable in: Splitting By Content. - (line 26) + (line 27) * gawk, FUNCTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 119) * gawk, function arguments and: Calling Built-in. (line 16) * gawk, hexadecimal numbers and: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 42) @@ -31385,7 +31374,7 @@ Index * gawk, RT variable in: Records. (line 117) * gawk, See Also awk: Preface. (line 36) * gawk, source code, obtaining: Getting. (line 6) -* gawk, splitting fields and: Constant Size. (line 87) +* gawk, splitting fields and: Constant Size. (line 88) * gawk, string-translation functions: I18N Functions. (line 6) * gawk, SYMTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 274) * gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable in: User-modified. (line 162) @@ -31451,7 +31440,7 @@ Index * GNU Lesser General Public License: Glossary. (line 405) * GNU long options <1>: Options. (line 6) * GNU long options: Command Line. (line 13) -* GNU long options, printing list of: Options. (line 168) +* GNU long options, printing list of: Options. (line 154) * GNU Project <1>: Glossary. (line 323) * GNU Project: Manual History. (line 11) * GNU/Linux <1>: Glossary. (line 624) @@ -31459,7 +31448,7 @@ Index * GNU/Linux: Manual History. (line 28) * GPL (General Public License) <1>: Glossary. (line 314) * GPL (General Public License): Manual History. (line 11) -* GPL (General Public License), printing: Options. (line 102) +* GPL (General Public License), printing: Options. (line 88) * grcat program: Group Functions. (line 16) * Grigera, Juan: Contributors. (line 57) * group database, reading: Group Functions. (line 6) @@ -31490,7 +31479,7 @@ Index * hyphen (-), -- operator: Increment Ops. (line 48) * hyphen (-), -= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * hyphen (-), -= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) -* hyphen (-), filenames beginning with: Options. (line 73) +* hyphen (-), filenames beginning with: Options. (line 59) * hyphen (-), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17) * i debugger command (alias for info): Debugger Info. (line 13) * id utility: Id Program. (line 6) @@ -31883,13 +31872,13 @@ Index (line 6) * options, command-line <2>: Options. (line 6) * options, command-line: Long. (line 12) -* options, command-line, end of: Options. (line 68) +* options, command-line, end of: Options. (line 54) * options, command-line, invoking awk: Command Line. (line 6) * options, command-line, processing: Getopt Function. (line 6) * options, deprecated: Obsolete. (line 6) * options, long <1>: Options. (line 6) * options, long: Command Line. (line 13) -* options, printing list of: Options. (line 168) +* options, printing list of: Options. (line 154) * OR bitwise operation: Bitwise Functions. (line 6) * or Boolean-logic operator: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * or() function (gawk): Bitwise Functions. (line 49) @@ -31985,7 +31974,7 @@ Index * portable object files: Explaining gettext. (line 36) * portable object files, converting to message object files: I18N Example. (line 62) -* portable object files, generating: Options. (line 161) +* portable object files, generating: Options. (line 147) * portable object template files: Explaining gettext. (line 30) * porting gawk: New Ports. (line 6) * positional specifiers, printf statement <1>: Printf Ordering. @@ -32069,7 +32058,7 @@ Index * printf statement, sprintf() function and: Round Function. (line 6) * printf statement, syntax of: Basic Printf. (line 6) * printing: Printing. (line 6) -* printing, list of options: Options. (line 168) +* printing, list of options: Options. (line 154) * printing, mailing labels: Labels Program. (line 6) * printing, unduplicated lines of text: Uniq Program. (line 6) * printing, user information: Id Program. (line 6) @@ -32409,7 +32398,7 @@ Index * source code, jawk: Other Versions. (line 112) * source code, libmawk: Other Versions. (line 120) * source code, mawk: Other Versions. (line 44) -* source code, mixing: Options. (line 131) +* source code, mixing: Options. (line 117) * source code, pawk: Other Versions. (line 78) * source code, QSE Awk: Other Versions. (line 130) * source code, QuikTrim Awk: Other Versions. (line 134) @@ -32511,7 +32500,6 @@ Index * Texinfo <3>: Extract Program. (line 12) * Texinfo <4>: Dupword Program. (line 17) * Texinfo <5>: Library Functions. (line 33) -* Texinfo <6>: Sample Data Files. (line 66) * Texinfo: Conventions. (line 6) * Texinfo, chapter beginnings in files: Regexp Operators. (line 22) * Texinfo, extracting programs from source files: Extract Program. @@ -32555,7 +32543,7 @@ Index (line 112) * troubleshooting, division: Arithmetic Ops. (line 44) * troubleshooting, fatal errors, field widths, specifying: Constant Size. - (line 22) + (line 23) * troubleshooting, fatal errors, printf format strings: Format Modifiers. (line 159) * troubleshooting, fflush() function: I/O Functions. (line 60) @@ -32579,7 +32567,7 @@ Index * troubleshooting, substr() function: String Functions. (line 496) * troubleshooting, system() function: I/O Functions. (line 94) * troubleshooting, typographical errors, global variables: Options. - (line 112) + (line 98) * true, logical: Truth Values. (line 6) * Trueman, David <1>: Contributors. (line 30) * Trueman, David <2>: Acknowledgments. (line 47) @@ -32635,7 +32623,7 @@ Index * variables, assigning on command line: Assignment Options. (line 6) * variables, built-in <1>: Built-in Variables. (line 6) * variables, built-in: Using Variables. (line 20) -* variables, built-in, -v option, setting with: Options. (line 54) +* variables, built-in, -v option, setting with: Options. (line 40) * variables, built-in, conveying information: Auto-set. (line 6) * variables, flag: Boolean Ops. (line 67) * variables, getline command into, using <1>: Getline/Variable/Coprocess. @@ -32646,12 +32634,12 @@ Index (line 6) * variables, getline command into, using: Getline/Variable. (line 6) * variables, global, for library functions: Library Names. (line 11) -* variables, global, printing list of: Options. (line 107) +* variables, global, printing list of: Options. (line 93) * variables, initializing: Using Variables. (line 20) * variables, local: Variable Scope. (line 6) * variables, names of: Arrays. (line 18) * variables, private: Library Names. (line 11) -* variables, setting: Options. (line 46) +* variables, setting: Options. (line 32) * variables, shadowing: Definition Syntax. (line 61) * variables, types of: Assignment Ops. (line 40) * variables, types of, comparison expressions and: Typing and Comparison. @@ -32670,7 +32658,7 @@ Index * Vinschen, Corinna: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * w debugger command (alias for watch): Viewing And Changing Data. (line 67) -* w utility: Constant Size. (line 22) +* w utility: Constant Size. (line 23) * wait() extension function: Extension Sample Fork. (line 22) * waitpid() extension function: Extension Sample Fork. @@ -32774,496 +32762,496 @@ Node: Comments80181 Node: Quoting82648 Node: DOS Quoting87271 Node: Sample Data Files87946 -Node: Very Simple90990 -Node: Two Rules95589 -Node: More Complex97736 -Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1100666 -Node: Statements/Lines100751 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1105213 -Node: Other Features105478 -Node: When106406 -Node: Invoking Gawk108553 -Node: Command Line110014 -Node: Options110797 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1126189 -Node: Other Arguments126214 -Node: Naming Standard Input128872 -Node: Environment Variables129966 -Node: AWKPATH Variable130524 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1133282 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable133542 -Node: Other Environment Variables134260 -Node: Exit Status137223 -Node: Include Files137898 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries141467 -Node: Obsolete142831 -Node: Undocumented143528 -Node: Regexp143770 -Node: Regexp Usage145159 -Node: Escape Sequences147185 -Node: Regexp Operators152854 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1160234 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2160381 -Node: Bracket Expressions160479 -Ref: table-char-classes162369 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators164892 -Node: Case-sensitivity168615 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1171583 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2171818 -Node: Leftmost Longest171926 -Node: Computed Regexps173127 -Node: Reading Files176464 -Node: Records178466 -Ref: Records-Footnote-1187355 -Node: Fields187392 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1190425 -Node: Nonconstant Fields190511 -Node: Changing Fields192713 -Node: Field Separators198672 -Node: Default Field Splitting201374 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting202491 -Node: Single Character Fields205833 -Node: Command Line Field Separator206892 -Node: Full Line Fields210326 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1210834 -Node: Field Splitting Summary210880 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1213979 -Node: Constant Size214080 -Node: Splitting By Content218664 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1222390 -Node: Multiple Line222430 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1228277 -Node: Getline228456 -Node: Plain Getline230672 -Node: Getline/Variable232767 -Node: Getline/File233914 -Node: Getline/Variable/File235255 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1236854 -Node: Getline/Pipe236941 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe239640 -Node: Getline/Coprocess240747 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess241999 -Node: Getline Notes242736 -Node: Getline Summary245523 -Ref: table-getline-variants245931 -Node: Read Timeout246843 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1250584 -Node: Command line directories250641 -Node: Printing251271 -Node: Print252902 -Node: Print Examples254239 -Node: Output Separators257023 -Node: OFMT258783 -Node: Printf260141 -Node: Basic Printf261047 -Node: Control Letters262586 -Node: Format Modifiers266398 -Node: Printf Examples272407 -Node: Redirection275122 -Node: Special Files282087 -Node: Special FD282620 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1286245 -Node: Special Network286319 -Node: Special Caveats287169 -Node: Close Files And Pipes287965 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1294948 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2295096 -Node: Expressions295246 -Node: Values296378 -Node: Constants297054 -Node: Scalar Constants297734 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1298593 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers298775 -Node: Regexp Constants301775 -Node: Using Constant Regexps302250 -Node: Variables305305 -Node: Using Variables305960 -Node: Assignment Options307684 -Node: Conversion309556 -Ref: table-locale-affects315057 -Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1315681 -Node: All Operators315790 -Node: Arithmetic Ops316420 -Node: Concatenation318925 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1321717 -Node: Assignment Ops321837 -Ref: table-assign-ops326825 -Node: Increment Ops328156 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions331590 -Node: Truth Values332673 -Node: Typing and Comparison333722 -Node: Variable Typing334515 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1338412 -Node: Comparison Operators338534 -Ref: table-relational-ops338944 -Node: POSIX String Comparison342492 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1343448 -Node: Boolean Ops343586 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1347664 -Node: Conditional Exp347755 -Node: Function Calls349487 -Node: Precedence353081 -Node: Locales356750 -Node: Patterns and Actions357839 -Node: Pattern Overview358893 -Node: Regexp Patterns360562 -Node: Expression Patterns361105 -Node: Ranges364790 -Node: BEGIN/END367756 -Node: Using BEGIN/END368518 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1371249 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END371355 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE373637 -Node: Empty376551 -Node: Using Shell Variables376867 -Node: Action Overview379152 -Node: Statements381509 -Node: If Statement383363 -Node: While Statement384862 -Node: Do Statement386906 -Node: For Statement388062 -Node: Switch Statement391214 -Node: Break Statement393311 -Node: Continue Statement395301 -Node: Next Statement397094 -Node: Nextfile Statement399484 -Node: Exit Statement402127 -Node: Built-in Variables404543 -Node: User-modified405638 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1413996 -Node: Auto-set414058 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1427136 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2427341 -Node: ARGC and ARGV427397 -Node: Arrays431248 -Node: Array Basics432753 -Node: Array Intro433579 -Node: Reference to Elements437896 -Node: Assigning Elements440166 -Node: Array Example440657 -Node: Scanning an Array442389 -Node: Controlling Scanning444703 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1449790 -Node: Delete450106 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1452871 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts452928 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts455111 -Node: Multidimensional456738 -Node: Multiscanning459831 -Node: Arrays of Arrays461420 -Node: Functions466060 -Node: Built-in466879 -Node: Calling Built-in467957 -Node: Numeric Functions469945 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1473777 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2474134 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3474182 -Node: String Functions474451 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1497371 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2497500 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3497748 -Node: Gory Details497835 -Ref: table-sub-escapes499514 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92500868 -Ref: table-sub-proposed502219 -Ref: table-posix-sub503573 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes505118 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1506294 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2506345 -Node: I/O Functions506496 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1513481 -Node: Time Functions513628 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1524561 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2524629 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3524787 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4524898 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5525010 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6525237 -Node: Bitwise Functions525503 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops526065 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1530286 -Node: Type Functions530470 -Node: I18N Functions531621 -Node: User-defined533248 -Node: Definition Syntax534052 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1538962 -Node: Function Example539031 -Node: Function Caveats541625 -Node: Calling A Function542046 -Node: Variable Scope543161 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference546124 -Node: Return Statement549632 -Node: Dynamic Typing552613 -Node: Indirect Calls553544 -Node: Library Functions563229 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1566742 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2566885 -Node: Library Names567056 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1570527 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2570747 -Node: General Functions570833 -Node: Strtonum Function571861 -Node: Assert Function574791 -Node: Round Function578117 -Node: Cliff Random Function579660 -Node: Ordinal Functions580676 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1583748 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2584000 -Node: Join Function584209 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1585980 -Node: Getlocaltime Function586180 -Node: Readfile Function589921 -Node: Data File Management591760 -Node: Filetrans Function592392 -Node: Rewind Function596461 -Node: File Checking597848 -Node: Empty Files598942 -Node: Ignoring Assigns601172 -Node: Getopt Function602725 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1614028 -Node: Passwd Functions614231 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1623206 -Node: Group Functions623294 -Node: Walking Arrays631378 -Node: Sample Programs633515 -Node: Running Examples634189 -Node: Clones634917 -Node: Cut Program636141 -Node: Egrep Program645986 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1653759 -Node: Id Program653869 -Node: Split Program657485 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1661004 -Node: Tee Program661132 -Node: Uniq Program663935 -Node: Wc Program671364 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1675630 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2675830 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs675922 -Node: Dupword Program677110 -Node: Alarm Program679141 -Node: Translate Program683894 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1688281 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2688529 -Node: Labels Program688663 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1692034 -Node: Word Sorting692118 -Node: History Sorting696002 -Node: Extract Program697841 -Ref: Extract Program-Footnote-1705344 -Node: Simple Sed705472 -Node: Igawk Program708534 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1723691 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2723892 -Node: Anagram Program724030 -Node: Signature Program727098 -Node: Advanced Features728198 -Node: Nondecimal Data730084 -Node: Array Sorting731667 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal732364 -Node: Array Sorting Functions740648 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1744517 -Node: Two-way I/O744711 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1750143 -Node: TCP/IP Networking750213 -Node: Profiling753057 -Node: Internationalization760554 -Node: I18N and L10N761979 -Node: Explaining gettext762665 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1767733 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2767917 -Node: Programmer i18n768082 -Node: Translator i18n772284 -Node: String Extraction773077 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1774038 -Node: Printf Ordering774124 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1776908 -Node: I18N Portability776972 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1779421 -Node: I18N Example779484 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1782122 -Node: Gawk I18N782194 -Node: Debugger782815 -Node: Debugging783786 -Node: Debugging Concepts784219 -Node: Debugging Terms786075 -Node: Awk Debugging788672 -Node: Sample Debugging Session789564 -Node: Debugger Invocation790084 -Node: Finding The Bug791416 -Node: List of Debugger Commands797904 -Node: Breakpoint Control799238 -Node: Debugger Execution Control802902 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data806262 -Node: Execution Stack809618 -Node: Debugger Info811085 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands815067 -Node: Readline Support820243 -Node: Limitations821074 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic823326 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1824975 -Node: General Arithmetic825123 -Node: Floating Point Issues826843 -Node: String Conversion Precision827724 -Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1829429 -Node: Unexpected Results829538 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems831691 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1835516 -Node: Integer Programming835554 -Node: Floating-point Programming837293 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1843624 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2843894 -Node: 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Robbins" Date: Fri, 14 Feb 2014 13:21:41 +0200 Subject: Doc updates. --- doc/gawk.info | 921 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 463 insertions(+), 458 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 6523199c..351d0d44 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -4083,18 +4083,23 @@ use for `RS' in this case: BEGIN { RS = "\0" } # whole file becomes one record? `gawk' in fact accepts this, and uses the NUL character for the -record separator. However, this usage is _not_ portable to other `awk' -implementations. +record separator. However, this usage is _not_ portable to most other +`awk' implementations. - All other `awk' implementations(1) store strings internally as -C-style strings. C strings use the NUL character as the string + Almost all other `awk' implementations(1) store strings internally +as C-style strings. C strings use the NUL character as the string terminator. In effect, this means that `RS = "\0"' is the same as `RS = ""'. (d.c.) + It happens that recent versions of `mawk' can use the NUL character +as a record separator. However, this is a special case: `mawk' does not +allow embedded NUL characters in strings. + The best way to treat a whole file as a single record is to simply read the file in, one record at a time, concatenating each record onto the end of the previous ones. + ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) At least that we know about. @@ -7171,7 +7176,7 @@ decimal point when reading the `awk' program source code, and for command-line variable assignments (*note Other Arguments::). However, when interpreting input data, for `print' and `printf' output, and for number to string conversion, the local decimal point character is used. -(d.c.). Here are some examples indicating the difference in behavior, +(d.c.) Here are some examples indicating the difference in behavior, on a GNU/Linux system: $ export POSIXLY_CORRECT=1 Force POSIX behavior @@ -31141,7 +31146,7 @@ Index * files, /inet/... (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * files, /inet4/... (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * files, /inet6/... (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) -* files, as single records: Records. (line 200) +* files, as single records: Records. (line 204) * files, awk programs in: Long. (line 6) * files, awkprof.out: Profiling. (line 6) * files, awkvars.out: Options. (line 93) @@ -32151,7 +32156,7 @@ Index * records, printing: Print. (line 22) * records, splitting input into: Records. (line 6) * records, terminating: Records. (line 117) -* records, treating files as: Records. (line 200) +* records, treating files as: Records. (line 204) * recursive functions: Definition Syntax. (line 73) * redirection of input: Getline/File. (line 6) * redirection of output: Redirection. (line 6) @@ -32802,456 +32807,456 @@ Node: Leftmost Longest171273 Node: Computed Regexps172474 Node: Reading Files175811 Node: Records177813 -Ref: Records-Footnote-1186702 -Node: Fields186739 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1189772 -Node: Nonconstant Fields189858 -Node: Changing Fields192060 -Node: Field Separators198019 -Node: Default Field Splitting200721 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting201838 -Node: Single Character Fields205180 -Node: Command Line Field Separator206239 -Node: Full Line Fields209673 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1210181 -Node: Field Splitting Summary210227 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1213326 -Node: Constant Size213427 -Node: Splitting By Content218034 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1221783 -Node: Multiple Line221823 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1227670 -Node: Getline227849 -Node: Plain Getline230065 -Node: Getline/Variable232160 -Node: Getline/File233307 -Node: Getline/Variable/File234648 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1236247 -Node: Getline/Pipe236334 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe239033 -Node: Getline/Coprocess240140 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess241392 -Node: Getline Notes242129 -Node: Getline Summary244916 -Ref: table-getline-variants245324 -Node: Read Timeout246236 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1249977 -Node: Command line directories250034 -Node: Printing250664 -Node: Print252295 -Node: Print Examples253632 -Node: Output Separators256416 -Node: OFMT258176 -Node: Printf259534 -Node: Basic Printf260440 -Node: Control Letters261979 -Node: Format Modifiers265791 -Node: Printf Examples271800 -Node: Redirection274515 -Node: Special Files281480 -Node: Special FD282013 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1285638 -Node: Special Network285712 -Node: Special Caveats286562 -Node: Close Files And Pipes287358 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1294341 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2294489 -Node: Expressions294639 -Node: Values295771 -Node: Constants296447 -Node: Scalar Constants297127 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1297986 -Node: 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Array Example440050 -Node: Scanning an Array441782 -Node: Controlling Scanning444096 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1449183 -Node: Delete449499 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1452264 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts452321 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts454504 -Node: Multidimensional456131 -Node: Multiscanning459224 -Node: Arrays of Arrays460813 -Node: Functions465453 -Node: Built-in466272 -Node: Calling Built-in467350 -Node: Numeric Functions469338 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1473170 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2473527 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3473575 -Node: String Functions473844 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1496764 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2496893 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3497141 -Node: Gory Details497228 -Ref: table-sub-escapes498907 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92500261 -Ref: table-sub-proposed501612 -Ref: table-posix-sub502966 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes504511 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1505687 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2505738 -Node: I/O Functions505889 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-Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1854310 -Node: Setting Precision854626 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings855312 -Node: Setting Rounding Mode857457 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes857861 -Node: Floating-point Constants859048 -Node: Changing Precision860477 -Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1861874 -Node: Exact Arithmetic862048 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers865186 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1868204 -Node: Dynamic Extensions868351 -Node: Extension Intro869809 -Node: Plugin License871074 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline871759 -Ref: load-extension872176 -Ref: load-new-function873654 -Ref: call-new-function874649 -Node: Extension API Description876664 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction877877 -Node: General Data Types882743 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1888345 -Node: Requesting Values888644 -Ref: table-value-types-returned889375 -Node: Constructor Functions890329 -Node: Registration Functions893349 -Node: Extension Functions894034 -Node: Exit Callback Functions896259 -Node: Extension Version String897508 -Node: Input Parsers898158 -Node: Output Wrappers907915 -Node: Two-way processors912425 -Node: Printing Messages914633 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1915710 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'915862 -Node: Accessing Parameters916601 -Node: Symbol Table Access917831 -Node: Symbol table by name918343 -Node: Symbol table by cookie920090 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1924220 -Node: Cached values924283 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1927732 -Node: Array Manipulation927823 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1928921 -Node: Array Data Types928960 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1931663 -Node: Array Functions931755 -Node: Flattening Arrays935521 -Node: Creating Arrays942373 -Node: Extension API Variables947098 -Node: Extension Versioning947734 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables949635 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate950721 -Node: Finding Extensions954525 -Node: Extension Example955085 -Node: Internal File Description955815 -Node: Internal File Ops959906 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1971414 -Node: Using Internal File Ops971554 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1973907 -Node: Extension Samples974173 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions975697 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch984182 -Node: Extension Sample Fork985908 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace987126 -Node: Extension Sample Ord988904 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir989740 -Node: Extension Sample Revout991272 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way991865 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array992555 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile994438 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests995256 -Node: Extension Sample Time995781 -Node: gawkextlib997145 -Node: Language History999926 -Node: V7/SVR3.11001519 -Node: SVR41003839 -Node: POSIX1005281 -Node: BTL1006667 -Node: POSIX/GNU1007401 -Node: Feature History1013000 -Node: Common Extensions1025964 -Node: Ranges and Locales1027276 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11031894 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21031921 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31032181 -Node: Contributors1032402 -Node: Installation1037547 -Node: Gawk Distribution1038441 -Node: Getting1038925 -Node: Extracting1039751 -Node: Distribution contents1041443 -Node: Unix Installation1047148 -Node: Quick Installation1047765 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1050209 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1051945 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1054299 -Node: PC Installation1054757 -Node: PC Binary Installation1056056 -Node: PC Compiling1057904 -Node: PC Testing1060848 -Node: PC Using1062024 -Node: Cygwin1066209 -Node: MSYS1067209 -Node: VMS Installation1067723 -Node: VMS Compilation1068487 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11070102 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1070160 -Node: VMS Installation Details1071533 -Node: VMS Running1073780 -Node: VMS GNV1076614 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1077337 -Node: Bugs1077807 -Node: Other Versions1081725 -Node: Notes1087809 -Node: Compatibility Mode1088609 -Node: Additions1089392 -Node: Accessing The Source1090319 -Node: Adding Code1091759 -Node: New Ports1097804 -Node: Derived Files1101939 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11107260 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21107294 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31107894 -Node: Future Extensions1107992 -Node: Implementation Limitations1108575 -Node: Extension Design1109827 -Node: Old Extension Problems1110981 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11112489 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1112546 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11115911 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1116097 -Node: Extension Future Growth1118203 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1119039 -Node: Basic Concepts1120779 -Node: Basic High Level1121460 -Ref: figure-general-flow1121731 -Ref: figure-process-flow1122330 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11125559 -Node: Basic Data Typing1125744 -Node: Glossary1129099 -Node: Copying1154561 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1192118 -Node: Index1217255 +Ref: Records-Footnote-1186901 +Node: Fields186938 +Ref: Fields-Footnote-1189971 +Node: Nonconstant Fields190057 +Node: Changing Fields192259 +Node: Field Separators198218 +Node: Default Field Splitting200920 +Node: Regexp Field Splitting202037 +Node: Single Character Fields205379 +Node: Command Line Field Separator206438 +Node: Full Line Fields209872 +Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1210380 +Node: Field Splitting Summary210426 +Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1213525 +Node: Constant Size213626 +Node: Splitting By Content218233 +Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1221982 +Node: Multiple Line222022 +Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1227869 +Node: Getline228048 +Node: Plain Getline230264 +Node: Getline/Variable232359 +Node: Getline/File233506 +Node: Getline/Variable/File234847 +Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1236446 +Node: Getline/Pipe236533 +Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe239232 +Node: Getline/Coprocess240339 +Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess241591 +Node: Getline Notes242328 +Node: Getline Summary245115 +Ref: table-getline-variants245523 +Node: Read Timeout246435 +Ref: Read 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Conversion-Footnote-1315272 +Node: All Operators315381 +Node: Arithmetic Ops316011 +Node: Concatenation318516 +Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1321308 +Node: Assignment Ops321428 +Ref: table-assign-ops326416 +Node: Increment Ops327747 +Node: Truth Values and Conditions331181 +Node: Truth Values332264 +Node: Typing and Comparison333313 +Node: Variable Typing334106 +Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1338003 +Node: Comparison Operators338125 +Ref: table-relational-ops338535 +Node: POSIX String Comparison342083 +Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1343039 +Node: Boolean Ops343177 +Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1347255 +Node: Conditional Exp347346 +Node: Function Calls349078 +Node: Precedence352672 +Node: Locales356341 +Node: Patterns and Actions357430 +Node: Pattern Overview358484 +Node: Regexp Patterns360153 +Node: Expression Patterns360696 +Node: Ranges364381 +Node: BEGIN/END367347 +Node: Using BEGIN/END368109 +Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1370840 +Node: I/O And BEGIN/END370946 +Node: 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Uninitialized Subscripts454702 +Node: Multidimensional456329 +Node: Multiscanning459422 +Node: Arrays of Arrays461011 +Node: Functions465651 +Node: Built-in466470 +Node: Calling Built-in467548 +Node: Numeric Functions469536 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1473368 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2473725 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3473773 +Node: String Functions474042 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1496962 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2497091 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3497339 +Node: Gory Details497426 +Ref: table-sub-escapes499105 +Ref: table-sub-posix-92500459 +Ref: table-sub-proposed501810 +Ref: table-posix-sub503164 +Ref: table-gensub-escapes504709 +Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1505885 +Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2505936 +Node: I/O Functions506087 +Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1513072 +Node: Time Functions513219 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1524152 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2524220 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3524378 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4524489 +Ref: 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Arithmetic822917 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1824566 +Node: General Arithmetic824714 +Node: Floating Point Issues826434 +Node: String Conversion Precision827315 +Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1829020 +Node: Unexpected Results829129 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems831282 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1835107 +Node: Integer Programming835145 +Node: Floating-point Programming836884 +Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1843215 +Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2843485 +Node: Floating-point Representation843749 +Node: Floating-point Context844914 +Ref: table-ieee-formats845753 +Node: Rounding Mode847137 +Ref: table-rounding-modes847616 +Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1850631 +Node: Gawk and MPFR850810 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats852065 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1854508 +Node: Setting Precision854824 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings855510 +Node: Setting Rounding Mode857655 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes858059 +Node: Floating-point Constants859246 +Node: Changing Precision860675 +Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1862072 +Node: Exact Arithmetic862246 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers865384 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1868402 +Node: Dynamic Extensions868549 +Node: Extension Intro870007 +Node: Plugin License871272 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline871957 +Ref: load-extension872374 +Ref: load-new-function873852 +Ref: call-new-function874847 +Node: Extension API Description876862 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction878075 +Node: General Data Types882941 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1888543 +Node: Requesting Values888842 +Ref: table-value-types-returned889573 +Node: Constructor Functions890527 +Node: Registration Functions893547 +Node: Extension Functions894232 +Node: Exit Callback Functions896457 +Node: Extension Version String897706 +Node: Input Parsers898356 +Node: Output Wrappers908113 +Node: Two-way processors912623 +Node: Printing 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Robbins" Date: Thu, 20 Feb 2014 20:26:43 +0200 Subject: Add a quote in alarm program section. --- doc/gawk.info | 457 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 230 insertions(+), 227 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 351d0d44..a3ab750c 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -16657,6 +16657,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Alarm Program, Next: Translate Program, Prev: Dupword Nothing cures insomnia like a ringing alarm clock. -- Arnold Robbins + Sleep is for web developers. -- Erik Quanstrom + The following program is a simple "alarm clock" program. You give it a time of day and an optional message. At the specified time, it prints the message on the standard output. In addition, you can give it @@ -30221,8 +30223,8 @@ Index (line 10) * Aho, Alfred <1>: Contributors. (line 11) * Aho, Alfred: History. (line 17) -* alarm clock example program: Alarm Program. (line 9) -* alarm.awk program: Alarm Program. (line 29) +* alarm clock example program: Alarm Program. (line 11) +* alarm.awk program: Alarm Program. (line 31) * algorithms: Basic High Level. (line 68) * Alpha (DEC): Manual History. (line 28) * amazing awk assembler (aaa): Glossary. (line 12) @@ -32106,6 +32108,7 @@ Index * q debugger command (alias for quit): Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 99) * QSE Awk: Other Versions. (line 130) +* Quanstrom, Erik: Alarm Program. (line 8) * question mark (?) regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 59) * question mark (?) regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 111) @@ -32385,7 +32388,7 @@ Index * single-character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * Skywalker, Luke: Undocumented. (line 6) -* sleep utility: Alarm Program. (line 109) +* sleep utility: Alarm Program. (line 111) * sleep() extension function: Extension Sample Time. (line 23) * Solaris, POSIX-compliant awk: Other Versions. (line 96) @@ -32524,7 +32527,7 @@ Index * tilde (~), ~ operator <5>: Computed Regexps. (line 6) * tilde (~), ~ operator <6>: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) * tilde (~), ~ operator: Regexp Usage. (line 19) -* time, alarm clock example program: Alarm Program. (line 9) +* time, alarm clock example program: Alarm Program. (line 11) * time, localization and: Explaining gettext. (line 115) * time, managing: Getlocaltime Function. (line 6) @@ -33035,228 +33038,228 @@ Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2675421 Node: Miscellaneous Programs675513 Node: Dupword Program676701 Node: Alarm Program678732 -Node: Translate Program683485 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1687872 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2688120 -Node: Labels Program688254 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1691625 -Node: Word Sorting691709 -Node: History Sorting695593 -Node: Extract Program697432 -Ref: Extract Program-Footnote-1704935 -Node: Simple Sed705063 -Node: Igawk Program708125 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1723282 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2723483 -Node: Anagram Program723621 -Node: Signature Program726689 -Node: Advanced Features727789 -Node: Nondecimal Data729675 -Node: Array Sorting731258 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal731955 -Node: Array Sorting Functions740239 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1744108 -Node: Two-way I/O744302 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1749734 -Node: TCP/IP Networking749804 -Node: Profiling752648 -Node: 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Robbins" Date: Thu, 27 Feb 2014 05:57:47 +0200 Subject: Start on doc fixes. --- doc/gawk.info | 923 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 471 insertions(+), 452 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index a3ab750c..eb7c52fb 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -9116,9 +9116,11 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Switch Statement, Next: Break Statement, Prev: For Sta 7.4.5 The `switch' Statement ---------------------------- -The `switch' statement allows the evaluation of an expression and the -execution of statements based on a `case' match. Case statements are -checked for a match in the order they are defined. If no suitable +This minor node describes a `gawk'-specific feature. + + The `switch' statement allows the evaluation of an expression and +the execution of statements based on a `case' match. Case statements +are checked for a match in the order they are defined. If no suitable `case' is found, the `default' section is executed, if supplied. Each `case' contains a single constant, be it numeric, string, or @@ -11969,10 +11971,10 @@ parameters are enclosed in square brackets ([ ]): function--`gawk' also buffers its output and the `fflush()' function forces `gawk' to flush its buffers. - `fflush()' was added to Brian Kernighan's version of `awk' in 1994. - For over two decades, it was not part of the POSIX standard. As - of December, 2012, it was accepted for inclusion into the POSIX - standard. See the Austin Group website + `fflush()' was added to Brian Kernighan's version of `awk' in + April of 1992. For two decades, it was not part of the POSIX + standard. As of December, 2012, it was accepted for inclusion + into the POSIX standard. See the Austin Group website (http://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=634). POSIX standardizes `fflush()' as follows: If there is no argument, @@ -12689,7 +12691,7 @@ a parameter with the same name as the function itself. In addition, according to the POSIX standard, function parameters cannot have the same name as one of the special built-in variables (*note Built-in Variables::. Not all versions of `awk' enforce this -restriction. +restriction.) The BODY-OF-FUNCTION consists of `awk' statements. It is the most important part of the definition, because it says what the function @@ -12732,8 +12734,8 @@ function. When this happens, we say the function is "recursive". The act of a function calling itself is called "recursion". All the built-in functions return a value to their caller. -User-defined functions can do also, using the `return' statement, which -is described in detail in *note Return Statement::. Many of the +User-defined functions can do so also, using the `return' statement, +which is described in detail in *note Return Statement::. Many of the subsequent examples in this minor node use the `return' statement. In many `awk' implementations, including `gawk', the keyword @@ -12803,7 +12805,8 @@ elements in an array and start over with a new list of elements (*note Delete::). Instead of having to repeat this loop everywhere that you need to clear out an array, your program can just call `delarray'. (This guarantees portability. The use of `delete ARRAY' to delete the -contents of an entire array is a nonstandard extension.) +contents of an entire array is a recent(1) addition to the POSIX +standard.) The following is an example of a recursive function. It takes a string as an input parameter and returns the string in backwards order. @@ -12843,13 +12846,19 @@ an `awk' version of `ctime()': return strftime(format, ts) } + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) Late in 2012. +  File: gawk.info, Node: Function Caveats, Next: Return Statement, Prev: Function Example, Up: User-defined 9.2.3 Calling User-Defined Functions ------------------------------------ -This section describes how to call a user-defined function. +"Calling a function" means causing the function to run and do its job. +A function call is an expression and its value is the value returned by +the function. * Menu: @@ -12863,16 +12872,12 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Calling A Function, Next: Variable Scope, Up: Function 9.2.3.1 Writing A Function Call ............................... -"Calling a function" means causing the function to run and do its job. -A function call is an expression and its value is the value returned by -the function. - - A function call consists of the function name followed by the -arguments in parentheses. `awk' expressions are what you write in the -call for the arguments. Each time the call is executed, these -expressions are evaluated, and the values become the actual arguments. -For example, here is a call to `foo()' with three arguments (the first -being a string concatenation): +A function call consists of the function name followed by the arguments +in parentheses. `awk' expressions are what you write in the call for +the arguments. Each time the call is executed, these expressions are +evaluated, and the values become the actual arguments. For example, +here is a call to `foo()' with three arguments (the first being a +string concatenation): foo(x y, "lose", 4 * z) @@ -13267,7 +13272,7 @@ and then a closing right parenthesis, with the addition of a leading `@' character: the_func = "sum" - result = @the_func() # calls the `sum' function + result = @the_func() # calls the sum() function Here is a full program that processes the previously shown data, using indirect function calls. @@ -13418,8 +13423,8 @@ order. Next comes a sorting function. It is parameterized with the starting and ending field numbers and the comparison function. It -builds an array with the data and calls `quicksort' appropriately, and -then formats the results as a single string: +builds an array with the data and calls `quicksort()' appropriately, +and then formats the results as a single string: # do_sort --- sort the data according to `compare' # and return it as a string @@ -13619,7 +13624,7 @@ will be accidentally shared with the user's program. In addition, several of the library functions use a prefix that helps indicate what function or set of functions use the variables--for -example, `_pw_byname' in the user database routines (*note Passwd +example, `_pw_byname()' in the user database routines (*note Passwd Functions::). This convention is recommended, since it even further decreases the chance of inadvertent conflict among variable names. Note that this convention is used equally well for variable names and @@ -13870,9 +13875,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Round Function, Next: Cliff Random Function, Prev: Ass The way `printf' and `sprintf()' (*note Printf::) perform rounding often depends upon the system's C `sprintf()' subroutine. On many -machines, `sprintf()' rounding is "unbiased," which means it doesn't -always round a trailing `.5' up, contrary to naive expectations. In -unbiased rounding, `.5' rounds to even, rather than always up, so 1.5 +machines, `sprintf()' rounding is "unbiased", which means it doesn't +always round a trailing .5 up, contrary to naive expectations. In +unbiased rounding, .5 rounds to even, rather than always up, so 1.5 rounds to 2 but 4.5 rounds to 4. This means that if you are using a format that does rounding (e.g., `"%.0f"'), you should check what your system does. The following function does traditional rounding; it @@ -13906,7 +13911,7 @@ might be useful if your `awk''s `printf' does unbiased rounding: } # test harness - { print $0, round($0) } + # { print $0, round($0) }  File: gawk.info, Node: Cliff Random Function, Next: Ordinal Functions, Prev: Round Function, Up: General Functions @@ -13982,8 +13987,8 @@ corresponding character. Both functions are written very nicely in } } - Some explanation of the numbers used by `chr()' is worthwhile. The -most prominent character set in use today is ASCII.(1) Although an + Some explanation of the numbers used by `_ord_init()' is worthwhile. +The most prominent character set in use today is ASCII.(1) Although an 8-bit byte can hold 256 distinct values (from 0 to 255), ASCII only defines characters that use the values from 0 to 127.(2) In the now distant past, at least one minicomputer manufacturer used ASCII, but @@ -14033,7 +14038,7 @@ tests such as used here prohibitively expensive. (2) ASCII has been extended in many countries to use the values from 128 to 255 for country-specific characters. If your system uses these -extensions, you can simplify `_ord_init' to loop from 0 to 255. +extensions, you can simplify `_ord_init()' to loop from 0 to 255.  File: gawk.info, Node: Join Function, Next: Getlocaltime Function, Prev: Ordinal Functions, Up: General Functions @@ -14474,7 +14479,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Ignoring Assigns, Prev: Empty Files, Up: Data File Man Occasionally, you might not want `awk' to process command-line variable assignments (*note Assignment Options::). In particular, if you have a -file name that contain an `=' character, `awk' treats the file name as +file name that contains an `=' character, `awk' treats the file name as an assignment, and does not process it. Some users have suggested an additional command-line option for @@ -14970,7 +14975,7 @@ later. The test can only be true for `gawk'. It is false if using `FS' or `FPAT', or on some other `awk' implementation. The code that checks for using `FPAT', using `using_fpat' and -`PROCINFO["FS"]' is similar. +`PROCINFO["FS"]', is similar. The main part of the function uses a loop to read database lines, split the line into fields, and then store the line into each array as @@ -14990,9 +14995,9 @@ create the element with the null string as its value: return _pw_byname[name] } - Similarly, the `getpwuid' function takes a user ID number argument. -If that user number is in the database, it returns the appropriate -line. Otherwise, it returns the null string: + Similarly, the `getpwuid()' function takes a user ID number +argument. If that user number is in the database, it returns the +appropriate line. Otherwise, it returns the null string: function getpwuid(uid) { @@ -15339,8 +15344,8 @@ index and value, use the indirect function call syntax (*note Indirect Calls::) on `process', passing it the index and the value. When calling `walk_array()', you would pass the name of a -user-defined function that expects to receive and index and a value, -and then processes the element. +user-defined function that expects to receive an index and a value, and +then processes the element.  File: gawk.info, Node: Sample Programs, Next: Advanced Features, Prev: Library Functions, Up: Top @@ -15601,7 +15606,7 @@ fields to print are `$1', `$3', and `$5'. The intermediate fields are the fields to print, and `t' tracks the complete field list, including filler fields: - function set_charlist( field, i, j, f, g, t, + function set_charlist( field, i, j, f, g, n, m, t, filler, last, len) { field = 1 # count total fields @@ -18527,7 +18532,8 @@ regular pipes. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) This is very different from the same operator in the C shell. + (1) This is very different from the same operator in the C shell and +in Bash.  File: gawk.info, Node: TCP/IP Networking, Next: Profiling, Prev: Two-way I/O, Up: Advanced Features @@ -18665,56 +18671,64 @@ First, the `awk' program: junk Here is the `awkprof.out' that results from running the `gawk' -profiler on this program and data (this example also illustrates that -`awk' programmers sometimes have to work late): +profiler on this program and data. (This example also illustrates that +`awk' programmers sometimes get up very early in the morning to work.) - # gawk profile, created Sun Aug 13 00:00:15 2000 + # gawk profile, created Thu Feb 27 05:16:21 2014 - # BEGIN block(s) + # BEGIN block(s) - BEGIN { - 1 print "First BEGIN rule" - 1 print "Second BEGIN rule" - } + BEGIN { + 1 print "First BEGIN rule" + } - # Rule(s) + BEGIN { + 1 print "Second BEGIN rule" + } - 5 /foo/ { # 2 - 2 print "matched /foo/, gosh" - 6 for (i = 1; i <= 3; i++) { - 6 sing() - } - } + # Rule(s) - 5 { - 5 if (/foo/) { # 2 - 2 print "if is true" - 3 } else { - 3 print "else is true" - } - } + 5 /foo/ { # 2 + 2 print "matched /foo/, gosh" + 6 for (i = 1; i <= 3; i++) { + 6 sing() + } + } - # END block(s) + 5 { + 5 if (/foo/) { # 2 + 2 print "if is true" + 3 } else { + 3 print "else is true" + } + } - END { - 1 print "First END rule" - 1 print "Second END rule" - } + # END block(s) - # Functions, listed alphabetically + END { + 1 print "First END rule" + } - 6 function sing(dummy) - { - 6 print "I gotta be me!" - } + END { + 1 print "Second END rule" + } + + + # Functions, listed alphabetically + + 6 function sing(dummy) + { + 6 print "I gotta be me!" + } This example illustrates many of the basic features of profiling output. They are as follows: - * The program is printed in the order `BEGIN' rule, `BEGINFILE' rule, - pattern/action rules, `ENDFILE' rule, `END' rule and functions, - listed alphabetically. Multiple `BEGIN' and `END' rules are - merged together, as are multiple `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE' rules. + * The program is printed in the order `BEGIN' rules, `BEGINFILE' + rules, pattern/action rules, `ENDFILE' rules, `END' rules and + functions, listed alphabetically. Multiple `BEGIN' and `END' + rules retain their separate identities, as do multiple `BEGINFILE' + and `ENDFILE' rules. * Pattern-action rules have two counts. The first count, to the left of the rule, shows how many times the rule's pattern was @@ -18765,8 +18779,7 @@ you typed when you wrote it. This is because `gawk' creates the profiled version by "pretty printing" its internal representation of the program. The advantage to this is that `gawk' can produce a standard representation. The disadvantage is that all source-code -comments are lost, as are the distinctions among multiple `BEGIN', -`END', `BEGINFILE', and `ENDFILE' rules. Also, things such as: +comments are lost. Also, things such as: /foo/ @@ -18825,6 +18838,9 @@ by the `Ctrl-<\>' key. called this way, `gawk' "pretty prints" the program into `awkprof.out', without any execution counts. + NOTE: The `--pretty-print' option still runs your program. This + will change in the next major release. +  File: gawk.info, Node: Internationalization, Next: Debugger, Prev: Advanced Features, Up: Top @@ -25672,7 +25688,7 @@ as working in this fashion, and in particular, would teach that the `[A-Z]' was the "correct" way to match uppercase letters. And indeed, this was true.(1) - The 1993 POSIX standard introduced the idea of locales (*note + The 1992 POSIX standard introduced the idea of locales (*note Locales::). Since many locales include other letters besides the plain twenty-six letters of the American English alphabet, the POSIX standard added character classes (*note Bracket Expressions::) as a way to match @@ -29975,7 +29991,7 @@ Index * ' (single quote): One-shot. (line 15) * ' (single quote), vs. apostrophe: Comments. (line 27) * ' (single quote), with double quotes: Quoting. (line 53) -* () (parentheses) <1>: Profiling. (line 138) +* () (parentheses) <1>: Profiling. (line 146) * () (parentheses): Regexp Operators. (line 79) * * (asterisk), * operator, as multiplication operator: Precedence. (line 55) @@ -30481,7 +30497,7 @@ Index * Boolean expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 41) * Boolean operators, See Boolean expressions: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * Bourne shell, quoting rules for: Quoting. (line 18) -* braces ({}): Profiling. (line 134) +* braces ({}): Profiling. (line 142) * braces ({}), actions and: Action Overview. (line 19) * braces ({}), statements, grouping: Statements. (line 10) * bracket expressions <1>: Bracket Expressions. (line 6) @@ -30688,7 +30704,7 @@ Index * csh utility: Statements/Lines. (line 44) * csh utility, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 348) * csh utility, |& operator, comparison with: Two-way I/O. (line 44) -* ctime() user-defined function: Function Example. (line 72) +* ctime() user-defined function: Function Example. (line 73) * currency symbols, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 103) * custom.h file: Configuration Philosophy. (line 30) @@ -31288,8 +31304,8 @@ Index * functions, undefined: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 71) * functions, user-defined: User-defined. (line 6) -* functions, user-defined, calling: Calling A Function. (line 6) -* functions, user-defined, counts: Profiling. (line 129) +* functions, user-defined, calling: Function Caveats. (line 6) +* functions, user-defined, counts: Profiling. (line 137) * functions, user-defined, library of: Library Functions. (line 6) * functions, user-defined, next/nextfile statements and <1>: Nextfile Statement. (line 47) @@ -31297,7 +31313,7 @@ Index (line 45) * G-d: Acknowledgments. (line 78) * Garfinkle, Scott: Contributors. (line 34) -* gawk program, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 172) +* gawk program, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 179) * gawk, ARGIND variable in: Other Arguments. (line 12) * gawk, awk and <1>: This Manual. (line 14) * gawk, awk and: Preface. (line 23) @@ -31480,7 +31496,7 @@ Index * hexadecimal values, enabling interpretation of: Options. (line 207) * histsort.awk program: History Sorting. (line 25) * Hughes, Phil: Acknowledgments. (line 43) -* HUP signal: Profiling. (line 204) +* HUP signal: Profiling. (line 211) * hyphen (-), - operator: Precedence. (line 52) * hyphen (-), -- operator <1>: Precedence. (line 46) * hyphen (-), -- operator: Increment Ops. (line 48) @@ -31556,7 +31572,7 @@ Index * insomnia, cure for: Alarm Program. (line 6) * installation, VMS: VMS Installation. (line 6) * installing gawk: Installation. (line 6) -* INT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 207) +* INT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) * int() function: Numeric Functions. (line 23) * integer, arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Integers. (line 6) @@ -31603,11 +31619,12 @@ Index * Kernighan, Brian <2>: Other Versions. (line 13) * Kernighan, Brian <3>: Contributors. (line 11) * Kernighan, Brian <4>: BTL. (line 6) -* Kernighan, Brian <5>: Concatenation. (line 6) -* Kernighan, Brian <6>: Acknowledgments. (line 72) -* Kernighan, Brian <7>: Conventions. (line 34) +* Kernighan, Brian <5>: Library Functions. (line 12) +* Kernighan, Brian <6>: Concatenation. (line 6) +* Kernighan, Brian <7>: Acknowledgments. (line 72) +* Kernighan, Brian <8>: Conventions. (line 34) * Kernighan, Brian: History. (line 17) -* kill command, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 181) +* kill command, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 188) * Knights, jedi: Undocumented. (line 6) * Knuth, Donald: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. (line 6) @@ -31704,7 +31721,7 @@ Index * long options: Command Line. (line 13) * loops: While Statement. (line 6) * loops, continue statements and: For Statement. (line 64) -* loops, count for header: Profiling. (line 123) +* loops, count for header: Profiling. (line 131) * loops, exiting: Break Statement. (line 6) * loops, See Also while statement: While Statement. (line 6) * ls utility: More Complex. (line 15) @@ -31912,14 +31929,14 @@ Index * p debugger command (alias for print): Viewing And Changing Data. (line 36) * P1003.1 POSIX standard: Glossary. (line 462) -* parentheses () <1>: Profiling. (line 138) +* parentheses () <1>: Profiling. (line 146) * parentheses (): Regexp Operators. (line 79) * password file: Passwd Functions. (line 16) * patsplit() function (gawk): String Functions. (line 290) * patterns: Patterns and Actions. (line 6) * patterns, comparison expressions as: Expression Patterns. (line 14) -* patterns, counts: Profiling. (line 110) +* patterns, counts: Profiling. (line 118) * patterns, default: Very Simple. (line 34) * patterns, empty: Empty. (line 6) * patterns, expressions as: Regexp Patterns. (line 6) @@ -31944,6 +31961,7 @@ Index * pipes, output: Redirection. (line 57) * Pitts, Dave <1>: Bugs. (line 73) * Pitts, Dave: Acknowledgments. (line 60) +* Plauger, P.J.: Library Functions. (line 12) * plus sign (+): Regexp Operators. (line 102) * plus sign (+), + operator: Precedence. (line 52) * plus sign (+), ++ operator <1>: Precedence. (line 46) @@ -32080,7 +32098,7 @@ Index * PROCINFO array <6>: Auto-set. (line 133) * PROCINFO array: Obsolete. (line 11) * profiling awk programs: Profiling. (line 6) -* profiling awk programs, dynamically: Profiling. (line 172) +* profiling awk programs, dynamically: Profiling. (line 179) * program, definition of: Getting Started. (line 21) * programmers, attractiveness of: Two-way I/O. (line 6) * programming conventions, --non-decimal-data option: Nondecimal Data. @@ -32116,7 +32134,7 @@ Index * QuikTrim Awk: Other Versions. (line 134) * quit debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 99) -* QUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 207) +* QUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) * quoting <1>: Comments. (line 27) * quoting <2>: Long. (line 26) * quoting: Read Terminal. (line 25) @@ -32215,7 +32233,7 @@ Index * return statement, user-defined functions: Return Statement. (line 6) * return value, close() function: Close Files And Pipes. (line 130) -* rev() user-defined function: Function Example. (line 52) +* rev() user-defined function: Function Example. (line 53) * revoutput extension: Extension Sample Revout. (line 11) * revtwoway extension: Extension Sample Rev2way. @@ -32368,14 +32386,14 @@ Index (line 56) * sidebar, Using close()'s Return Value: Close Files And Pipes. (line 128) -* SIGHUP signal: Profiling. (line 204) -* SIGINT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 207) -* signals, HUP/SIGHUP: Profiling. (line 204) -* signals, INT/SIGINT (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 207) -* signals, QUIT/SIGQUIT (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 207) -* signals, USR1/SIGUSR1: Profiling. (line 181) -* SIGQUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 207) -* SIGUSR1 signal: Profiling. (line 181) +* SIGHUP signal: Profiling. (line 211) +* SIGINT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) +* signals, HUP/SIGHUP: Profiling. (line 211) +* signals, INT/SIGINT (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) +* signals, QUIT/SIGQUIT (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) +* signals, USR1/SIGUSR1: Profiling. (line 188) +* SIGQUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) +* SIGUSR1 signal: Profiling. (line 188) * silent debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 10) * sin() function: Numeric Functions. (line 75) @@ -32616,12 +32634,12 @@ Index * up debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 33) * user database, reading: Passwd Functions. (line 6) * user-defined, functions: User-defined. (line 6) -* user-defined, functions, counts: Profiling. (line 129) +* user-defined, functions, counts: Profiling. (line 137) * user-defined, variables: Variables. (line 6) * user-modifiable variables: User-modified. (line 6) * users, information about, printing: Id Program. (line 6) * users, information about, retrieving: Passwd Functions. (line 16) -* USR1 signal: Profiling. (line 181) +* USR1 signal: Profiling. (line 188) * values, numeric: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) * values, string: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) * variable typing: Typing and Comparison. @@ -32713,7 +32731,7 @@ Index * zero, negative vs. positive: Unexpected Results. (line 34) * zerofile.awk program: Empty Files. (line 21) * Zoulas, Christos: Contributors. (line 66) -* {} (braces): Profiling. (line 134) +* {} (braces): Profiling. (line 142) * {} (braces), actions and: Action Overview. (line 19) * {} (braces), statements, grouping: Statements. (line 10) * | (vertical bar): Regexp Operators. (line 69) @@ -32919,347 +32937,348 @@ Node: While Statement384453 Node: Do Statement386497 Node: For Statement387653 Node: Switch Statement390805 -Node: Break Statement392902 -Node: Continue Statement394892 -Node: Next Statement396685 -Node: Nextfile Statement399075 -Node: Exit Statement401718 -Node: Built-in Variables404134 -Node: User-modified405229 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1413587 -Node: Auto-set413649 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1426727 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2426932 -Node: ARGC and ARGV426988 -Node: Arrays430839 -Node: Array Basics432344 -Node: Array Intro433170 -Node: Reference to Elements437487 -Node: Assigning Elements439757 -Node: Array Example440248 -Node: Scanning an Array441980 -Node: Controlling Scanning444294 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1449381 -Node: Delete449697 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1452462 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts452519 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts454702 -Node: Multidimensional456329 -Node: Multiscanning459422 -Node: Arrays of Arrays461011 -Node: Functions465651 -Node: Built-in466470 -Node: Calling Built-in467548 -Node: Numeric Functions469536 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1473368 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2473725 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3473773 -Node: String Functions474042 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1496962 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2497091 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3497339 -Node: Gory Details497426 -Ref: table-sub-escapes499105 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92500459 -Ref: table-sub-proposed501810 -Ref: table-posix-sub503164 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes504709 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1505885 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2505936 -Node: I/O Functions506087 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1513072 -Node: Time Functions513219 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1524152 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2524220 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3524378 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4524489 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5524601 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6524828 -Node: Bitwise Functions525094 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops525656 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1529877 -Node: Type Functions530061 -Node: I18N Functions531212 -Node: User-defined532839 -Node: Definition Syntax533643 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1538553 -Node: Function Example538622 -Node: Function Caveats541216 -Node: Calling A Function541637 -Node: Variable Scope542752 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference545715 -Node: Return Statement549223 -Node: Dynamic Typing552204 -Node: Indirect Calls553135 -Node: Library Functions562820 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1566333 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2566476 -Node: Library Names566647 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1570118 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2570338 -Node: General Functions570424 -Node: Strtonum Function571452 -Node: Assert Function574382 -Node: Round Function577708 -Node: Cliff Random Function579251 -Node: Ordinal Functions580267 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1583339 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2583591 -Node: Join Function583800 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1585571 -Node: Getlocaltime Function585771 -Node: Readfile Function589512 -Node: Data File Management591351 -Node: Filetrans Function591983 -Node: Rewind Function596052 -Node: File Checking597439 -Node: Empty Files598533 -Node: Ignoring Assigns600763 -Node: Getopt Function602316 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1613619 -Node: Passwd Functions613822 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1622797 -Node: Group Functions622885 -Node: Walking Arrays630969 -Node: Sample Programs633106 -Node: Running Examples633780 -Node: Clones634508 -Node: Cut Program635732 -Node: Egrep Program645577 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1653350 -Node: Id Program653460 -Node: Split Program657076 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1660595 -Node: Tee Program660723 -Node: Uniq Program663526 -Node: Wc Program670955 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1675221 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2675421 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs675513 -Node: Dupword Program676701 -Node: Alarm Program678732 -Node: Translate Program683539 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1687926 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2688174 -Node: Labels Program688308 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1691679 -Node: Word Sorting691763 -Node: History Sorting695647 -Node: Extract Program697486 -Ref: Extract Program-Footnote-1704989 -Node: Simple Sed705117 -Node: Igawk Program708179 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1723336 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2723537 -Node: Anagram Program723675 -Node: Signature Program726743 -Node: Advanced Features727843 -Node: Nondecimal Data729729 -Node: Array Sorting731312 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal732009 -Node: Array Sorting Functions740293 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1744162 -Node: Two-way I/O744356 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1749788 -Node: TCP/IP Networking749858 -Node: Profiling752702 -Node: Internationalization760199 -Node: I18N and L10N761624 -Node: Explaining gettext762310 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1767378 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2767562 -Node: Programmer i18n767727 -Node: Translator i18n771929 -Node: String Extraction772722 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1773683 -Node: Printf Ordering773769 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1776553 -Node: I18N Portability776617 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1779066 -Node: I18N Example779129 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1781767 -Node: Gawk I18N781839 -Node: Debugger782460 -Node: Debugging783431 -Node: Debugging Concepts783864 -Node: Debugging Terms785720 -Node: Awk Debugging788317 -Node: Sample Debugging Session789209 -Node: Debugger Invocation789729 -Node: Finding The Bug791061 -Node: List of Debugger Commands797549 -Node: Breakpoint Control798883 -Node: Debugger Execution Control802547 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data805907 -Node: Execution Stack809263 -Node: Debugger Info810730 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands814712 -Node: Readline Support819888 -Node: Limitations820719 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic822971 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1824620 -Node: General Arithmetic824768 -Node: Floating Point 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+Node: Rounding Mode847307 +Ref: table-rounding-modes847786 +Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1850801 +Node: Gawk and MPFR850980 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats852235 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1854678 +Node: Setting Precision854994 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings855680 +Node: Setting Rounding Mode857825 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes858229 +Node: Floating-point Constants859416 +Node: Changing Precision860845 +Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1862242 +Node: Exact Arithmetic862416 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers865554 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1868572 +Node: Dynamic Extensions868719 +Node: Extension Intro870177 +Node: Plugin License871442 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline872127 +Ref: load-extension872544 +Ref: load-new-function874022 +Ref: call-new-function875017 +Node: Extension API Description877032 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction878245 +Node: General Data Types883111 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1888713 +Node: Requesting Values889012 +Ref: table-value-types-returned889743 +Node: Constructor Functions890697 +Node: Registration Functions893717 +Node: Extension Functions894402 +Node: Exit Callback Functions896627 +Node: Extension Version String897876 +Node: Input Parsers898526 +Node: Output Wrappers908283 +Node: Two-way processors912793 +Node: Printing Messages915001 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1916078 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'916230 +Node: Accessing Parameters916969 +Node: Symbol Table Access918199 +Node: Symbol table by name918711 +Node: Symbol table by cookie920458 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1924588 +Node: Cached values924651 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1928100 +Node: Array Manipulation928191 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1929289 +Node: Array Data Types929328 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1932031 +Node: Array Functions932123 +Node: Flattening Arrays935889 +Node: Creating Arrays942741 +Node: Extension API Variables947466 +Node: Extension Versioning948102 +Node: Extension API 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Copying1154929 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1192486 +Node: Index1217623  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 4cea49ca8f817354ffd513c6ec808152e9299f21 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Thu, 27 Feb 2014 23:29:44 +0200 Subject: Finish up doc fixes before releasing. --- doc/gawk.info | 520 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 260 insertions(+), 260 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index eb7c52fb..73ab988f 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -19134,9 +19134,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Translator i18n, Next: I18N Example, Prev: Programmer =============================== Once a program's translatable strings have been marked, they must be -extracted to create the initial `.po' file. As part of translation, it -is often helpful to rearrange the order in which arguments to `printf' -are output. +extracted to create the initial `.pot' file. As part of translation, +it is often helpful to rearrange the order in which arguments to +`printf' are output. `gawk''s `--gen-pot' command-line option extracts the messages and is discussed next. After that, `printf''s ability to rearrange the @@ -19209,7 +19209,7 @@ second: $ gawk 'BEGIN { > string = "Dont Panic" - > printf _"%2$d characters live in \"%1$s\"\n", + > printf "%2$d characters live in \"%1$s\"\n", > string, length(string) > }' -| 10 characters live in "Dont Panic" @@ -19234,7 +19234,7 @@ precision capability: `gawk' does not allow you to mix regular format specifiers and those with positional specifiers in the same string: - $ gawk 'BEGIN { printf _"%d %3$s\n", 1, 2, "hi" }' + $ gawk 'BEGIN { printf "%d %3$s\n", 1, 2, "hi" }' error--> gawk: cmd. line:1: fatal: must use `count$' on all formats or none NOTE: There are some pathological cases that `gawk' may fail to @@ -19596,7 +19596,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Debugger Invocation, Next: Finding The Bug, Up: Sample 14.2.1 How to Start the Debugger -------------------------------- -Starting the debugger is almost exactly like running `awk', except you +Starting the debugger is almost exactly like running `gawk', except you have to pass an additional option `--debug' or the corresponding short option `-D'. The file(s) containing the program and any supporting code are given on the command line as arguments to one or more `-f' @@ -19709,8 +19709,8 @@ our test input above. Let's look at `NR': -| NR = number (2) So we can see that `are_equal()' was only called for the second record -of the file. Of course, this is because our program contained a rule -for `NR == 1': +of the file. Of course, this is because our program contains a rule for +`NR == 1': NR == 1 { last = $0 @@ -21525,7 +21525,7 @@ floating-point value to begin with: gawk -M 'BEGIN { n = 13.0; print n % 2.0 }' - Note that for the particular example above, there is likely best to + Note that for the particular example above, it is likely best to just use the following: gawk -M 'BEGIN { n = 13; print n % 2 }' @@ -22162,7 +22162,7 @@ Extension functions are described by the following record: `awk_value_t *(*function)(int num_actual_args, awk_value_t *result);' This is a pointer to the C function that provides the desired functionality. The function must fill in the result with either a - number or a string. `awk' takes ownership of any string memory. + number or a string. `gawk' takes ownership of any string memory. As mentioned earlier, string memory *must* come from `malloc()'. The `num_actual_args' argument tells the C function how many @@ -24057,7 +24057,7 @@ declarations and argument checking: awk_array_t array; int ret; struct stat sbuf; - /* default is stat() */ + /* default is lstat() */ int (*statfunc)(const char *path, struct stat *sbuf) = lstat; assert(result != NULL); @@ -24455,12 +24455,16 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch, Next: Extension Sample Fork, This extension provides an interface to the C library `fnmatch()' function. The usage is: - @load "fnmatch" +`@load "fnmatch"' + This is how you load the extension. - result = fnmatch(pattern, string, flags) +`result = fnmatch(pattern, string, flags)' + The return value is zero on success, `FNM_NOMATCH' if the string + did not match the pattern, or a different non-zero value if an + error occurred. - The `fnmatch' extension adds a single function named `fnmatch()', -one constant (`FNM_NOMATCH'), and an array of flag values named `FNM'. + Besides the `fnmatch()' function, the `fnmatch' extension adds one +constant (`FNM_NOMATCH'), and an array of flag values named `FNM'. The arguments to `fnmatch()' are: @@ -24474,10 +24478,6 @@ one constant (`FNM_NOMATCH'), and an array of flag values named `FNM'. Either zero, or the bitwise OR of one or more of the flags in the `FNM' array. - The return value is zero on success, `FNM_NOMATCH' if the string did -not match the pattern, or a different non-zero value if an error -occurred. - The flags are follows: `FNM["CASEFOLD"]' Corresponds to the `FNM_CASEFOLD' flag as defined in @@ -24513,14 +24513,14 @@ The `fork' extension adds three functions, as follows. This is how you load the extension. `pid = fork()' - This function creates a new process. The return value is the zero - in the child and the process-id number of the child in the parent, - or -1 upon error. In the latter case, `ERRNO' indicates the - problem. In the child, `PROCINFO["pid"]' and `PROCINFO["ppid"]' - are updated to reflect the correct values. + This function creates a new process. The return value is zero in + the child and the process-ID number of the child in the parent, or + -1 upon error. In the latter case, `ERRNO' indicates the problem. + In the child, `PROCINFO["pid"]' and `PROCINFO["ppid"]' are updated + to reflect the correct values. `ret = waitpid(pid)' - This function takes a numeric argument, which is the process-id to + This function takes a numeric argument, which is the process-ID to wait for. The return value is that of the `waitpid()' system call. `ret = wait()' @@ -25610,7 +25610,7 @@ in POSIX `awk', in the order they were added to `gawk'. - The `-i' and `--include' options load `awk' library files. - - The `-l' and `--load' options for load compiled dynamic + - The `-l' and `--load' options load compiled dynamic extensions. - The `-M' and `--bignum' options enable MPFR. @@ -25624,8 +25624,9 @@ in POSIX `awk', in the order they were added to `gawk'. * Support for high precision arithmetic with MPFR. (*note Gawk and MPFR::). - * The `and()', `or()' and `xor()' functions allow any number of - arguments, with a minimum of two (*note Bitwise Functions::). + * The `and()', `or()' and `xor()' functions changed to allow any + number of arguments, with a minimum of two (*note Bitwise + Functions::). * The dynamic extension interface was completely redone (*note Dynamic Extensions::). @@ -25644,18 +25645,18 @@ available versions of `awk' (*note Other Versions::). Feature BWK Awk Mawk GNU Awk -------------------------------------------------------- `\x' Escape sequence X X X -`RS' as regexp X X `FS' as null string X X X `/dev/stdin' special file X X X `/dev/stdout' special file X X X `/dev/stderr' special file X X X -`**' and `**=' operators X X -`fflush()' function X X X -`func' keyword X X -`nextfile' statement X X X `delete' without subscript X X X +`fflush()' function X X X `length()' of an array X X X +`nextfile' statement X X X +`**' and `**=' operators X X +`func' keyword X X `BINMODE' variable X X +`RS' as regexp X X Time related functions X X (Technically speaking, as of late 2012, `fflush()', `delete ARRAY', @@ -25751,17 +25752,17 @@ of range expressions was _undefined_.(3) By using this lovely technical term, the standard gives license to implementors to implement ranges in whatever way they choose. The `gawk' maintainer chose to apply the pre-POSIX meaning in all cases: -the default regexp matching; with `--traditional', and with `--posix'; +the default regexp matching; with `--traditional' and with `--posix'; in all cases, `gawk' remains POSIX compliant. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) And Life was good. - (2) And thus was born the Campain for Rational Range Interpretation -(or RRI). A number of GNU tools, such as `grep' and `sed', have either -implemented this change, or will soon. Thanks to Karl Berry for -coining the phrase "Rational Range Interpretation." + (2) And thus was born the Campaign for Rational Range Interpretation +(or RRI). A number of GNU tools have either implemented this change, or +will soon. Thanks to Karl Berry for coining the phrase "Rational Range +Interpretation." (3) See the standard (http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap09.html#tag_09_03_05) @@ -26243,8 +26244,8 @@ failure is not described there, please send in a bug report (*note Bugs::). Of course, once you've built `gawk', it is likely that you will wish -to install it. To do so, you need to run the command `make check', as -a user with the appropriate permissions. How to do this varies by +to install it. To do so, you need to run the command `make install', +as a user with the appropriate permissions. How to do this varies by system, but on many systems you can use the `sudo' command to do so. The command then becomes `sudo make install'. It is likely that you will be asked for your password, and you will have to have been set up @@ -26527,10 +26528,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: PC Using, Next: Cygwin, Prev: PC Testing, Up: PC Inst B.3.1.4 Using `gawk' on PC Operating Systems ............................................ -With the exception of the Cygwin environment, the `|&' operator and -TCP/IP networking (*note TCP/IP Networking::) are not supported for -MS-DOS or MS-Windows. EMX (OS/2 only) does support at least the `|&' -operator. +Under MS-DOS and MS-Windows, the Cygwin and MinGW environments support +both the `|&' operator and TCP/IP networking (*note TCP/IP +Networking::). EMX (OS/2 only) supports at least the `|&' operator. The MS-DOS and MS-Windows versions of `gawk' search for program files as described in *note AWKPATH Variable::. However, semicolons @@ -26623,9 +26623,9 @@ B.3.1.5 Using `gawk' In The Cygwin Environment `gawk' can be built and used "out of the box" under MS-Windows if you are using the Cygwin environment (http://www.cygwin.com). This -environment provides an excellent simulation of Unix, using the GNU -tools, such as Bash, the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), GNU Make, and -other GNU programs. Compilation and installation for Cygwin is the +environment provides an excellent simulation of GNU/Linux, using the +GNU tools, such as Bash, the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), GNU Make, +and other GNU programs. Compilation and installation for Cygwin is the same as for a Unix system: tar -xvpzf gawk-4.1.0.tar.gz @@ -26637,10 +26637,6 @@ same as for a Unix system: on Cygwin takes considerably longer. However, it does finish, and then the `make' proceeds as usual. - NOTE: The `|&' operator and TCP/IP networking (*note TCP/IP - Networking::) are fully supported in the Cygwin environment. This - is not true for any other environment on MS-Windows. -  File: gawk.info, Node: MSYS, Prev: Cygwin, Up: PC Installation @@ -26804,7 +26800,8 @@ add the `gawk' and `awk' to the system wide `DCLTABLES'. The DCL syntax is documented in the `gawk.hlp' file. - Optionally, `gawk.hlp' entry can be loaded into a VMS help library: + Optionally, the `gawk.hlp' entry can be loaded into a VMS help +library: $ LIBRARY/HELP sys$help:helplib [.vms]gawk.hlp @@ -30122,7 +30119,7 @@ Index * /inet4/... special files (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * /inet6/... special files (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * ; (semicolon): Statements/Lines. (line 91) -* ; (semicolon), AWKPATH variable and: PC Using. (line 11) +* ; (semicolon), AWKPATH variable and: PC Using. (line 10) * ; (semicolon), separating statements in actions <1>: Statements. (line 10) * ; (semicolon), separating statements in actions: Action Overview. @@ -30392,7 +30389,7 @@ Index * awk, versions of, See Also Brian Kernighan's awk: BTL. (line 6) * awka compiler for awk: Other Versions. (line 64) * AWKLIBPATH environment variable: AWKLIBPATH Variable. (line 6) -* AWKPATH environment variable <1>: PC Using. (line 11) +* AWKPATH environment variable <1>: PC Using. (line 10) * AWKPATH environment variable: AWKPATH Variable. (line 6) * awkprof.out file: Profiling. (line 6) * awksed.awk program: Simple Sed. (line 25) @@ -30485,7 +30482,7 @@ Index * bindtextdomain() function (gawk): I18N Functions. (line 12) * bindtextdomain() function (gawk), portability and: I18N Portability. (line 33) -* BINMODE variable <1>: PC Using. (line 34) +* BINMODE variable <1>: PC Using. (line 33) * BINMODE variable: User-modified. (line 10) * bits2str() user-defined function: Bitwise Functions. (line 70) * bitwise, complement: Bitwise Functions. (line 25) @@ -30630,7 +30627,7 @@ Index * common extensions, /dev/stdin special file: Special FD. (line 46) * common extensions, /dev/stdout special file: Special FD. (line 46) * common extensions, \x escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 61) -* common extensions, BINMODE variable: PC Using. (line 34) +* common extensions, BINMODE variable: PC Using. (line 33) * common extensions, delete to delete entire arrays: Delete. (line 39) * common extensions, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 83) * common extensions, length() applied to an array: String Functions. @@ -30899,7 +30896,7 @@ Index * differences in awk and gawk, BEGINFILE/ENDFILE patterns: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, BINMODE variable <1>: PC Using. - (line 34) + (line 33) * differences in awk and gawk, BINMODE variable: User-modified. (line 23) * differences in awk and gawk, close() function: Close Files And Pipes. @@ -31086,7 +31083,7 @@ Index * extensions, common, /dev/stdin special file: Special FD. (line 46) * extensions, common, /dev/stdout special file: Special FD. (line 46) * extensions, common, \x escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 61) -* extensions, common, BINMODE variable: PC Using. (line 34) +* extensions, common, BINMODE variable: PC Using. (line 33) * extensions, common, delete to delete entire arrays: Delete. (line 39) * extensions, common, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 83) * extensions, common, length() applied to an array: String Functions. @@ -31215,7 +31212,7 @@ Index * floating-point, numbers: General Arithmetic. (line 6) * floating-point, VAX/VMS: VMS Running. (line 51) * fnmatch() extension function: Extension Sample Fnmatch. - (line 6) + (line 12) * FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 103) * FNR variable: Records. (line 6) * FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 314) @@ -31375,11 +31372,11 @@ Index * gawk, line continuation in: Conditional Exp. (line 34) * gawk, LINT variable in: User-modified. (line 98) * gawk, list of contributors to: Contributors. (line 6) -* gawk, MS-DOS version of: PC Using. (line 11) -* gawk, MS-Windows version of: PC Using. (line 11) +* gawk, MS-DOS version of: PC Using. (line 10) +* gawk, MS-Windows version of: PC Using. (line 10) * gawk, newlines in: Statements/Lines. (line 12) * gawk, octal numbers and: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 42) -* gawk, OS/2 version of: PC Using. (line 11) +* gawk, OS/2 version of: PC Using. (line 10) * gawk, PROCINFO array in <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 116) * gawk, PROCINFO array in <2>: Time Functions. (line 47) * gawk, PROCINFO array in: Auto-set. (line 133) @@ -31743,7 +31740,7 @@ Index (line 9) * matching, leftmost longest: Multiple Line. (line 26) * matching, null strings: Gory Details. (line 164) -* mawk program: Other Versions. (line 44) +* mawk utility: Other Versions. (line 44) * McPhee, Patrick: Contributors. (line 100) * message object files: Explaining gettext. (line 41) * message object files, converting from portable object files: I18N Example. @@ -32143,6 +32140,7 @@ Index * r debugger command (alias for run): Debugger Execution Control. (line 62) * Rakitzis, Byron: History Sorting. (line 25) +* Ramey, Chet <1>: General Data Types. (line 6) * Ramey, Chet: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * rand() function: Numeric Functions. (line 34) * random numbers, Cliff: Cliff Random Function. @@ -32255,9 +32253,10 @@ Index * Robbins, Arnold <1>: Future Extensions. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <2>: Bugs. (line 32) * Robbins, Arnold <3>: Contributors. (line 132) -* Robbins, Arnold <4>: Alarm Program. (line 6) -* Robbins, Arnold <5>: Passwd Functions. (line 90) -* Robbins, Arnold <6>: Getline/Pipe. (line 39) +* Robbins, Arnold <4>: General Data Types. (line 6) +* Robbins, Arnold <5>: Alarm Program. (line 6) +* Robbins, Arnold <6>: Passwd Functions. (line 90) +* Robbins, Arnold <7>: Getline/Pipe. (line 39) * Robbins, Arnold: Command Line Field Separator. (line 80) * Robbins, Bill: Getline/Pipe. (line 39) @@ -32299,13 +32298,13 @@ Index * Schreiber, Bert: Acknowledgments. (line 38) * Schreiber, Rita: Acknowledgments. (line 38) * search paths <1>: VMS Running. (line 58) -* search paths <2>: PC Using. (line 11) +* search paths <2>: PC Using. (line 10) * search paths <3>: Igawk Program. (line 368) * search paths <4>: AWKLIBPATH Variable. (line 6) * search paths: AWKPATH Variable. (line 6) * search paths, for shared libraries: AWKLIBPATH Variable. (line 6) * search paths, for source files <1>: VMS Running. (line 58) -* search paths, for source files <2>: PC Using. (line 11) +* search paths, for source files <2>: PC Using. (line 10) * search paths, for source files <3>: Igawk Program. (line 368) * search paths, for source files: AWKPATH Variable. (line 6) * searching: String Functions. (line 150) @@ -32316,7 +32315,7 @@ Index * sed utility: Field Splitting Summary. (line 46) * semicolon (;): Statements/Lines. (line 91) -* semicolon (;), AWKPATH variable and: PC Using. (line 11) +* semicolon (;), AWKPATH variable and: PC Using. (line 10) * semicolon (;), separating statements in actions <1>: Statements. (line 10) * semicolon (;), separating statements in actions: Action Overview. @@ -32337,6 +32336,7 @@ Index (line 12) * shells, quoting, rules for: Quoting. (line 18) * shells, scripts: One-shot. (line 22) +* shells, sea: Undocumented. (line 8) * shells, variables: Using Shell Variables. (line 6) * shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) @@ -32625,7 +32625,7 @@ Index * Unix awk, password files, field separators and: Command Line Field Separator. (line 72) * Unix, awk scripts and: Executable Scripts. (line 6) -* UNIXROOT variable, on OS/2 systems: PC Using. (line 17) +* UNIXROOT variable, on OS/2 systems: PC Using. (line 16) * unsigned integers: General Arithmetic. (line 15) * until debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 83) @@ -33089,196 +33089,196 @@ Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1767494 Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2767678 Node: Programmer i18n767843 Node: Translator i18n772045 -Node: String Extraction772838 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1773799 -Node: Printf Ordering773885 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1776669 -Node: I18N Portability776733 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1779182 -Node: I18N Example779245 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1781883 -Node: Gawk I18N781955 -Node: Debugger782576 -Node: Debugging783547 -Node: Debugging Concepts783980 -Node: Debugging Terms785836 -Node: Awk Debugging788433 -Node: Sample Debugging Session789325 -Node: Debugger Invocation789845 +Node: String Extraction772839 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1773800 +Node: Printf Ordering773886 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1776668 +Node: I18N Portability776732 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1779181 +Node: I18N Example779244 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1781882 +Node: Gawk I18N781954 +Node: Debugger782575 +Node: 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Robbins" Date: Wed, 5 Mar 2014 20:36:11 +0200 Subject: Update VMS doc. --- doc/gawk.info | 87 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------------------- 1 file changed, 40 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 73ab988f..11e5a71a 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -26698,20 +26698,13 @@ available from `https://github.com/endlesssoftware/mmk'. With `ODS-5' volumes and extended parsing enabled, the case of the target parameter may need to be exact. - Older versions of `gawk' could be built with VAX C or GNU C on -VAX/VMS, as well as with DEC C, but that is no longer supported. DEC C -(also briefly known as "Compaq C" and now known as "HP C," but referred -to here as "DEC C") is required. Both `vmsbuild.com' and `descrip.mms' -contain some obsolete support for the older compilers but are set up to -use DEC C by default. - `gawk' has been tested under VAX/VMS 7.3 and Alpha/VMS 7.3-1 using Compaq C V6.4, and Alpha/VMS 7.3, Alpha/VMS 7.3-2, and IA64/VMS 8.3. The most recent builds used HP C V7.3 on Alpha VMS 8.3 and both Alpha and IA64 VMS 8.4 used HP C 7.3.(1) - Work is currently being done for a procedure to build `gawk' and -create a PCSI kit for compatible with the GNV product. + The `[.vms]gawk_build_steps.txt' provides information on how to build +`gawk' into a PCSI kit that is compatible with the GNV product. ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -33242,43 +33235,43 @@ Node: Cygwin1066583 Node: MSYS1067392 Node: VMS Installation1067906 Node: VMS Compilation1068670 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11070285 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1070343 -Node: VMS Installation Details1071716 -Node: VMS Running1073967 -Node: VMS GNV1076801 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1077524 -Node: Bugs1077994 -Node: Other Versions1081912 -Node: Notes1087996 -Node: Compatibility Mode1088796 -Node: Additions1089579 -Node: Accessing The Source1090506 -Node: Adding Code1091946 -Node: New Ports1097991 -Node: Derived Files1102126 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11107447 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21107481 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31108081 -Node: Future Extensions1108179 -Node: Implementation Limitations1108762 -Node: Extension Design1110014 -Node: Old Extension Problems1111168 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11112676 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1112733 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11116098 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1116284 -Node: Extension Future Growth1118390 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1119226 -Node: Basic Concepts1120966 -Node: Basic High Level1121647 -Ref: figure-general-flow1121918 -Ref: figure-process-flow1122517 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11125746 -Node: Basic Data Typing1125931 -Node: Glossary1129286 -Node: Copying1154748 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1192305 -Node: Index1217442 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11069922 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1069980 +Node: VMS Installation Details1071353 +Node: VMS Running1073604 +Node: VMS GNV1076438 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1077161 +Node: Bugs1077631 +Node: Other Versions1081549 +Node: Notes1087633 +Node: Compatibility Mode1088433 +Node: Additions1089216 +Node: Accessing The Source1090143 +Node: Adding Code1091583 +Node: New Ports1097628 +Node: Derived Files1101763 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11107084 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21107118 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31107718 +Node: Future Extensions1107816 +Node: Implementation Limitations1108399 +Node: Extension Design1109651 +Node: Old Extension Problems1110805 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11112313 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1112370 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11115735 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1115921 +Node: Extension Future Growth1118027 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1118863 +Node: Basic Concepts1120603 +Node: Basic High Level1121284 +Ref: figure-general-flow1121555 +Ref: figure-process-flow1122154 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11125383 +Node: Basic Data Typing1125568 +Node: Glossary1128923 +Node: Copying1154385 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1191942 +Node: Index1217079  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 4c0b1ddb06fd9329fd34db65a93e067d6426a7d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Fri, 7 Mar 2014 10:46:18 +0200 Subject: First round of indexing improvements. --- doc/gawk.info | 850 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 445 insertions(+), 405 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 11e5a71a..6fb7ee3e 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -8559,6 +8559,10 @@ worked around; range patterns do not combine with other patterns: error--> gawk: cmd. line:1: (/1/,/2/) || /Yes/ error--> gawk: cmd. line:1: ^ syntax error + As a minor point of interest, although it is poor style, POSIX +allows you to put a newline after the comma in a range pattern. +(d.c.) +  File: gawk.info, Node: BEGIN/END, Next: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE, Prev: Ranges, Up: Pattern Overview @@ -9379,12 +9383,12 @@ listed in `ARGV'. standard. See the Austin Group website (http://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=607). - The current version of the Brian Kernighan's `awk' (*note Other -Versions::) also supports `nextfile'. However, it doesn't allow the -`nextfile' statement inside function bodies (*note User-defined::). -`gawk' does; a `nextfile' inside a function body reads the next record -and starts processing it with the first rule in the program, just as -any other `nextfile' statement. + The current version of the Brian Kernighan's `awk', and `mawk' +(*note Other Versions::) also support `nextfile'. However, they don't +allow the `nextfile' statement inside function bodies (*note +User-defined::). `gawk' does; a `nextfile' inside a function body +reads the next record and starts processing it with the first rule in +the program, just as any other `nextfile' statement.  File: gawk.info, Node: Exit Statement, Prev: Nextfile Statement, Up: Statements @@ -29964,11 +29968,11 @@ Index * # (number sign), #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. (line 6) * # (number sign), commenting: Comments. (line 6) -* $ (dollar sign): Regexp Operators. (line 35) * $ (dollar sign), $ field operator <1>: Precedence. (line 43) * $ (dollar sign), $ field operator: Fields. (line 19) * $ (dollar sign), incrementing fields and arrays: Increment Ops. (line 30) +* $ (dollar sign), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 35) * % (percent sign), % operator: Precedence. (line 55) * % (percent sign), %= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * % (percent sign), %= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) @@ -29995,12 +29999,12 @@ Index * * (asterisk), **= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) * * (asterisk), *= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * * (asterisk), *= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) -* + (plus sign): Regexp Operators. (line 102) * + (plus sign), + operator: Precedence. (line 52) * + (plus sign), ++ operator <1>: Precedence. (line 46) * + (plus sign), ++ operator: Increment Ops. (line 11) * + (plus sign), += operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * + (plus sign), += operator: Assignment Ops. (line 82) +* + (plus sign), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 102) * , (comma), in range patterns: Ranges. (line 6) * - (hyphen), - operator: Precedence. (line 52) * - (hyphen), -- operator <1>: Precedence. (line 46) @@ -30106,17 +30110,18 @@ Index (line 147) * / (forward slash), patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 24) * /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. (line 147) -* /dev/... special files (gawk): Special FD. (line 46) -* /dev/fd/N special files: Special FD. (line 46) +* /dev/... special files: Special FD. (line 46) +* /dev/fd/N special files (gawk): Special FD. (line 46) * /inet/... special files (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * /inet4/... special files (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * /inet6/... special files (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) -* ; (semicolon): Statements/Lines. (line 91) * ; (semicolon), AWKPATH variable and: PC Using. (line 10) * ; (semicolon), separating statements in actions <1>: Statements. (line 10) -* ; (semicolon), separating statements in actions: Action Overview. +* ; (semicolon), separating statements in actions <2>: Action Overview. (line 19) +* ; (semicolon), separating statements in actions: Statements/Lines. + (line 91) * < (left angle bracket), < operator <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * < (left angle bracket), < operator: Comparison Operators. (line 11) @@ -30137,10 +30142,10 @@ Index (line 11) * > (right angle bracket), >> operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * > (right angle bracket), >> operator (I/O): Redirection. (line 50) -* ? (question mark) regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 59) -* ? (question mark) regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 111) * ? (question mark), ?: operator: Precedence. (line 92) +* ? (question mark), regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. + (line 59) +* ? (question mark), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 111) * [] (square brackets): Regexp Operators. (line 55) * \ (backslash) <1>: Regexp Operators. (line 18) * \ (backslash) <2>: Quoting. (line 31) @@ -30192,20 +30197,21 @@ Index * \ (backslash), in escape sequences, POSIX and: Escape Sequences. (line 112) * \ (backslash), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 28) -* ^ (caret): GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 59) * ^ (caret), ^ operator: Precedence. (line 49) * ^ (caret), ^= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * ^ (caret), ^= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) * ^ (caret), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17) -* ^ (caret), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 22) -* ^, in FS: Regexp Field Splitting. +* ^ (caret), in FS: Regexp Field Splitting. + (line 59) +* ^ (caret), regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 59) +* ^ (caret), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 22) * _ (underscore), C macro: Explaining gettext. (line 70) * _ (underscore), in names of private variables: Library Names. (line 29) * _ (underscore), translatable string: Programmer i18n. (line 69) * _gr_init() user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 82) +* _ord_init() user-defined function: Ordinal Functions. (line 16) * _pw_init() user-defined function: Passwd Functions. (line 105) * accessing fields: Fields. (line 6) * account information <1>: Group Functions. (line 6) @@ -30219,8 +30225,6 @@ Index * adding, fields: Changing Fields. (line 53) * advanced features, fixed-width data: Constant Size. (line 10) * advanced features, gawk: Advanced Features. (line 6) -* advanced features, network connections, See Also networks, connections: Advanced Features. - (line 6) * advanced features, network programming: TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * advanced features, nondecimal input data: Nondecimal Data. (line 6) * advanced features, processes, communicating with: Two-way I/O. @@ -30242,6 +30246,7 @@ Index * ampersand (&), gsub()/gensub()/sub() functions and: Gory Details. (line 6) * anagram.awk program: Anagram Program. (line 22) +* anagrams, finding: Anagram Program. (line 6) * AND bitwise operation: Bitwise Functions. (line 6) * and Boolean-logic operator: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * and() function (gawk): Bitwise Functions. (line 39) @@ -30440,8 +30445,8 @@ Index * backslash (\), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 28) * backtrace debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 13) * BBS-list file: Sample Data Files. (line 6) -* Beebe, Nelson <1>: Other Versions. (line 78) -* Beebe, Nelson: Acknowledgments. (line 60) +* Beebe, Nelson H.F. <1>: Other Versions. (line 78) +* Beebe, Nelson H.F.: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * BEGIN pattern <1>: Profiling. (line 62) * BEGIN pattern <2>: BEGIN/END. (line 6) * BEGIN pattern <3>: Field Separators. (line 45) @@ -30467,7 +30472,9 @@ Index * BEGINFILE pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 73) * beginfile() user-defined function: Filetrans Function. (line 62) +* Bentley, Jon: Glossary. (line 151) * Benzinger, Michael: Contributors. (line 97) +* Berry, Karl <1>: Ranges and Locales. (line 74) * Berry, Karl: Acknowledgments. (line 33) * binary input/output: User-modified. (line 10) * bindtextdomain() function (C library): Explaining gettext. (line 49) @@ -30509,9 +30516,28 @@ Index * Brennan, Michael <1>: Other Versions. (line 6) * Brennan, Michael <2>: Two-way I/O. (line 6) * Brennan, Michael <3>: Simple Sed. (line 25) -* Brennan, Michael: Delete. (line 56) -* Brian Kernighan's awk: Other Versions. (line 13) +* Brennan, Michael <4>: Delete. (line 56) +* Brennan, Michael: Foreword. (line 83) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <1>: I/O Functions. (line 40) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <2>: Gory Details. (line 15) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <3>: String Functions. (line 489) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <4>: Delete. (line 48) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <5>: Nextfile Statement. (line 47) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <6>: Continue Statement. (line 43) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <7>: Break Statement. (line 51) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <8>: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 16) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <9>: Concatenation. (line 36) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <10>: Getline/Pipe. (line 62) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <11>: Regexp Field Splitting. + (line 67) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <12>: GNU Regexp Operators. + (line 83) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <13>: Escape Sequences. (line 116) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <14>: When. (line 21) +* Brian Kernighan's awk: Preface. (line 15) * Brian Kernighan's awk, extensions: BTL. (line 6) +* Brian Kernighan's awk, source code: Other Versions. (line 13) +* Brini, Davide: Signature Program. (line 6) * Broder, Alan J.: Contributors. (line 88) * Brown, Martin: Contributors. (line 82) * BSD-based operating systems: Glossary. (line 624) @@ -30538,12 +30564,12 @@ Index (line 47) * call by value: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 18) -* caret (^): GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 59) * caret (^), ^ operator: Precedence. (line 49) * caret (^), ^= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * caret (^), ^= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) * caret (^), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17) +* caret (^), regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. + (line 59) * caret (^), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 22) * case keyword: Switch Statement. (line 6) * case sensitivity, array indices and: Array Intro. (line 91) @@ -30554,6 +30580,8 @@ Index * case sensitivity, regexps and: Case-sensitivity. (line 6) * case sensitivity, string comparisons and: User-modified. (line 82) * CGI, awk scripts for: Options. (line 125) +* character classes, See bracket expressions: Regexp Operators. + (line 55) * character lists, See bracket expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 55) * character sets (machine character encodings) <1>: Glossary. (line 141) * character sets (machine character encodings): Ordinal Functions. @@ -30894,6 +30922,8 @@ Index (line 23) * differences in awk and gawk, close() function: Close Files And Pipes. (line 81) +* differences in awk and gawk, command line directories: Command line directories. + (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 73) * differences in awk and gawk, error messages: Special FD. (line 16) * differences in awk and gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable: User-modified. @@ -30936,8 +30966,6 @@ Index (line 346) * differences in awk and gawk, strings: Scalar Constants. (line 20) * differences in awk and gawk, strings, storing: Records. (line 191) -* differences in awk and gawk, strtonum() function (gawk): String Functions. - (line 401) * differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 274) * differences in awk and gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. (line 162) @@ -30957,11 +30985,11 @@ Index * documentation, of awk programs: Library Names. (line 6) * documentation, online: Manual History. (line 11) * documents, searching: Dupword Program. (line 6) -* dollar sign ($): Regexp Operators. (line 35) * dollar sign ($), $ field operator <1>: Precedence. (line 43) * dollar sign ($), $ field operator: Fields. (line 19) * dollar sign ($), incrementing fields and arrays: Increment Ops. (line 30) +* dollar sign ($), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 35) * double precision floating-point: General Arithmetic. (line 21) * double quote (") <1>: Quoting. (line 37) * double quote ("): Read Terminal. (line 25) @@ -31078,6 +31106,7 @@ Index * extensions, common, \x escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 61) * extensions, common, BINMODE variable: PC Using. (line 33) * extensions, common, delete to delete entire arrays: Delete. (line 39) +* extensions, common, fflush() function: I/O Functions. (line 40) * extensions, common, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 83) * extensions, common, length() applied to an array: String Functions. (line 193) @@ -31199,10 +31228,10 @@ Index * fixed-width data: Constant Size. (line 10) * flag variables <1>: Tee Program. (line 20) * flag variables: Boolean Ops. (line 67) -* floating-point numbers, arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. - (line 6) * floating-point, numbers <1>: Unexpected Results. (line 6) * floating-point, numbers: General Arithmetic. (line 6) +* floating-point, numbers, arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. + (line 6) * floating-point, VAX/VMS: VMS Running. (line 51) * fnmatch() extension function: Extension Sample Fnmatch. (line 12) @@ -31605,14 +31634,16 @@ Index * Kahrs, Ju"rgen: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Kasal, Stepan: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Kenobi, Obi-Wan: Undocumented. (line 6) -* Kernighan, Brian <1>: Basic Data Typing. (line 55) -* Kernighan, Brian <2>: Other Versions. (line 13) -* Kernighan, Brian <3>: Contributors. (line 11) -* Kernighan, Brian <4>: BTL. (line 6) -* Kernighan, Brian <5>: Library Functions. (line 12) -* Kernighan, Brian <6>: Concatenation. (line 6) -* Kernighan, Brian <7>: Acknowledgments. (line 72) -* Kernighan, Brian <8>: Conventions. (line 34) +* Kernighan, Brian <1>: Glossary. (line 151) +* Kernighan, Brian <2>: Basic Data Typing. (line 55) +* Kernighan, Brian <3>: Other Versions. (line 13) +* Kernighan, Brian <4>: Contributors. (line 11) +* Kernighan, Brian <5>: BTL. (line 6) +* Kernighan, Brian <6>: Library Functions. (line 12) +* Kernighan, Brian <7>: Concatenation. (line 6) +* Kernighan, Brian <8>: Getline/Pipe. (line 6) +* Kernighan, Brian <9>: Acknowledgments. (line 72) +* Kernighan, Brian <10>: Conventions. (line 34) * Kernighan, Brian: History. (line 17) * kill command, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 188) * Knights, jedi: Undocumented. (line 6) @@ -31733,7 +31764,11 @@ Index (line 9) * matching, leftmost longest: Multiple Line. (line 26) * matching, null strings: Gory Details. (line 164) -* mawk utility: Other Versions. (line 44) +* mawk utility <1>: Other Versions. (line 44) +* mawk utility <2>: Nextfile Statement. (line 47) +* mawk utility <3>: Concatenation. (line 36) +* mawk utility <4>: Getline/Pipe. (line 62) +* mawk utility: Escape Sequences. (line 124) * McPhee, Patrick: Contributors. (line 100) * message object files: Explaining gettext. (line 41) * message object files, converting from portable object files: I18N Example. @@ -31952,12 +31987,12 @@ Index * Pitts, Dave <1>: Bugs. (line 73) * Pitts, Dave: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Plauger, P.J.: Library Functions. (line 12) -* plus sign (+): Regexp Operators. (line 102) * plus sign (+), + operator: Precedence. (line 52) * plus sign (+), ++ operator <1>: Precedence. (line 46) * plus sign (+), ++ operator: Increment Ops. (line 11) * plus sign (+), += operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * plus sign (+), += operator: Assignment Ops. (line 82) +* plus sign (+), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 102) * pointers to functions: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * portability: Escape Sequences. (line 94) * portability, #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. (line 33) @@ -32117,10 +32152,10 @@ Index (line 99) * QSE Awk: Other Versions. (line 130) * Quanstrom, Erik: Alarm Program. (line 8) -* question mark (?) regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. - (line 59) -* question mark (?) regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 111) * question mark (?), ?: operator: Precedence. (line 92) +* question mark (?), regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. + (line 59) +* question mark (?), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 111) * QuikTrim Awk: Other Versions. (line 134) * quit debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 99) @@ -32143,6 +32178,7 @@ Index * random numbers, seed of: Numeric Functions. (line 64) * range expressions (regexps): Bracket Expressions. (line 6) * range patterns: Ranges. (line 6) +* range patterns, line continuation and: Ranges. (line 65) * Rankin, Pat <1>: Bugs. (line 72) * Rankin, Pat <2>: Contributors. (line 37) * Rankin, Pat <3>: Assignment Ops. (line 100) @@ -32307,12 +32343,13 @@ Index * sed utility <2>: Simple Sed. (line 6) * sed utility: Field Splitting Summary. (line 46) -* semicolon (;): Statements/Lines. (line 91) * semicolon (;), AWKPATH variable and: PC Using. (line 10) * semicolon (;), separating statements in actions <1>: Statements. (line 10) -* semicolon (;), separating statements in actions: Action Overview. +* semicolon (;), separating statements in actions <2>: Action Overview. (line 19) +* semicolon (;), separating statements in actions: Statements/Lines. + (line 91) * separators, field: User-modified. (line 56) * separators, field, FIELDWIDTHS variable and: User-modified. (line 35) * separators, field, FPAT variable and: User-modified. (line 45) @@ -32385,6 +32422,7 @@ Index * signals, INT/SIGINT (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) * signals, QUIT/SIGQUIT (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) * signals, USR1/SIGUSR1: Profiling. (line 188) +* signature program: Signature Program. (line 6) * SIGQUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) * SIGUSR1 signal: Profiling. (line 188) * silent debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. @@ -32605,7 +32643,9 @@ Index * undisplay debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 80) * undocumented features: Undocumented. (line 6) -* Unicode: Glossary. (line 141) +* Unicode <1>: Glossary. (line 141) +* Unicode <2>: Ranges and Locales. (line 61) +* Unicode: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) * uninitialized variables, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 6) * uniq utility: Uniq Program. (line 6) @@ -32916,362 +32956,362 @@ Node: Pattern Overview358484 Node: Regexp Patterns360153 Node: Expression Patterns360696 Node: Ranges364381 -Node: BEGIN/END367347 -Node: Using BEGIN/END368109 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1370840 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END370946 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE373228 -Node: Empty376142 -Node: Using Shell Variables376458 -Node: Action Overview378743 -Node: Statements381100 -Node: If Statement382954 -Node: While Statement384453 -Node: Do Statement386497 -Node: For Statement387653 -Node: Switch Statement390805 -Node: Break Statement392959 -Node: Continue Statement394949 -Node: Next Statement396742 -Node: Nextfile Statement399132 -Node: Exit Statement401775 -Node: Built-in Variables404191 -Node: User-modified405286 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1413644 -Node: Auto-set413706 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1426784 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2426989 -Node: ARGC and ARGV427045 -Node: Arrays430896 -Node: Array Basics432401 -Node: Array Intro433227 -Node: Reference to Elements437544 -Node: Assigning Elements439814 -Node: Array Example440305 -Node: Scanning an Array442037 -Node: Controlling Scanning444351 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1449438 -Node: Delete449754 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1452519 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts452576 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts454759 -Node: Multidimensional456386 -Node: Multiscanning459479 -Node: Arrays of Arrays461068 -Node: Functions465708 -Node: Built-in466527 -Node: Calling Built-in467605 -Node: Numeric Functions469593 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1473425 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2473782 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3473830 -Node: String Functions474099 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1497019 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2497148 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3497396 -Node: Gory Details497483 -Ref: table-sub-escapes499162 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92500516 -Ref: table-sub-proposed501867 -Ref: table-posix-sub503221 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes504766 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1505942 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2505993 -Node: I/O Functions506144 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1513134 -Node: Time Functions513281 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1524214 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2524282 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3524440 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4524551 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5524663 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6524890 -Node: Bitwise Functions525156 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops525718 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1529939 -Node: Type Functions530123 -Node: I18N Functions531274 -Node: User-defined532901 -Node: Definition Syntax533705 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1538619 -Node: Function Example538688 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1541337 -Node: Function Caveats541359 -Node: Calling A Function541877 -Node: Variable Scope542832 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference545795 -Node: Return Statement549303 -Node: Dynamic Typing552284 -Node: Indirect Calls553215 -Node: Library Functions562902 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1566415 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2566558 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Schorr" Date: Sat, 8 Mar 2014 14:41:00 -0500 Subject: Add memory allocation functions to gawk API. --- doc/gawk.info | 1224 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 631 insertions(+), 593 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 6fb7ee3e..799d1c11 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -522,6 +522,7 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * Extension API Functions Introduction:: Introduction to the API functions. * General Data Types:: The data types. * Requesting Values:: How to get a value. +* Memory Allocation Functions:: Functions for allocating memory. * Constructor Functions:: Functions for creating values. * Registration Functions:: Functions to register things with `gawk'. @@ -21733,6 +21734,7 @@ This (rather large) minor node describes the API in detail. * Extension API Functions Introduction:: Introduction to the API functions. * General Data Types:: The data types. * Requesting Values:: How to get a value. +* Memory Allocation Functions:: Functions for allocating memory. * Constructor Functions:: Functions for creating values. * Registration Functions:: Functions to register things with `gawk'. @@ -21809,10 +21811,8 @@ operations: `EOF' `' `FILE' `' `NULL' `' - `malloc()' `' `memcpy()' `' `memset()' `' - `realloc()' `' `size_t' `' `struct stat' `' @@ -21838,7 +21838,9 @@ operations: * All pointers filled in by `gawk' are to memory managed by `gawk' and should be treated by the extension as read-only. Memory for _all_ strings passed into `gawk' from the extension _must_ come - from `malloc()' and is managed by `gawk' from then on. + from calling the api-provided function pointers `api_malloc()', + `api_calloc()' or `api_realloc()' and is managed by `gawk' from + then on. * The API defines several simple `struct's that map values as seen from `awk'. A value can be a `double', a string, or an array (as @@ -21910,7 +21912,9 @@ that use them. `} awk_string_t;' This represents a mutable string. `gawk' owns the memory pointed to if it supplied the value. Otherwise, it takes ownership of the - memory pointed to. *Such memory must come from `malloc()'!* + memory pointed to. *Such memory must come from calling the + api-provided function pointers `api_malloc()', `api_calloc()', or + `api_realloc()'!* As mentioned earlier, strings are maintained using the current multibyte encoding. @@ -22015,7 +22019,7 @@ the value. See also the entry for "Cookie" in the *note Glossary::.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Requesting Values, Next: Constructor Functions, Prev: General Data Types, Up: Extension API Description +File: gawk.info, Node: Requesting Values, Next: Memory Allocation Functions, Prev: General Data Types, Up: Extension API Description 16.4.3 Requesting Values ------------------------ @@ -22048,46 +22052,37 @@ Requested: Scalar Scalar Scalar false false Table 16.1: Value Types Returned  -File: gawk.info, Node: Constructor Functions, Next: Registration Functions, Prev: Requesting Values, Up: Extension API Description +File: gawk.info, Node: Memory Allocation Functions, Next: Constructor Functions, Prev: Requesting Values, Up: Extension API Description -16.4.4 Constructor Functions and Convenience Macros ---------------------------------------------------- +16.4.4 Memory Allocation Functions and Convenience Macros +--------------------------------------------------------- -The API provides a number of "constructor" functions for creating -string and numeric values, as well as a number of convenience macros. -This node presents them all as function prototypes, in the way that -extension code would use them. +The API provides a number of "memory allocation" functions for +allocating memory that can be passed to gawk, as well as a number of +convenience macros. -`static inline awk_value_t *' -`make_const_string(const char *string, size_t length, awk_value_t *result)' - This function creates a string value in the `awk_value_t' variable - pointed to by `result'. It expects `string' to be a C string - constant (or other string data), and automatically creates a - _copy_ of the data for storage in `result'. It returns `result'. +`void *gawk_malloc(size_t size);' + Call `gawk'-provided `api_malloc()' to allocate storage that may + be passed to `gawk'. -`static inline awk_value_t *' -`make_malloced_string(const char *string, size_t length, awk_value_t *result)' - This function creates a string value in the `awk_value_t' variable - pointed to by `result'. It expects `string' to be a `char *' value - pointing to data previously obtained from `malloc()'. The idea here - is that the data is passed directly to `gawk', which assumes - responsibility for it. It returns `result'. +`void *gawk_calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size);' + Call `gawk'-provided `api_calloc()' to allocate storage that may + be passed to `gawk'. -`static inline awk_value_t *' -`make_null_string(awk_value_t *result)' - This specialized function creates a null string (the "undefined" - value) in the `awk_value_t' variable pointed to by `result'. It - returns `result'. +`void *gawk_realloc(void *ptr, size_t size);' + Call `gawk'-provided `api_realloc()' to allocate storage that may + be passed to `gawk'. -`static inline awk_value_t *' -`make_number(double num, awk_value_t *result)' - This function simply creates a numeric value in the `awk_value_t' - variable pointed to by `result'. +`void gawk_free(void *ptr);' + Call `gawk'-provided `api_free()' to release storage that was + allocated with `gawk_malloc()', `gawk_calloc()' or + `gawk_realloc()'. - Two convenience macros may be used for allocating storage from -`malloc()' and `realloc()'. If the allocation fails, they cause `gawk' -to exit with a fatal error message. They should be used as if they were -procedure calls that do not return a value. + Two convenience macros may be used for allocating storage from the +api-provided function pointers `api_malloc()' and `api_realloc()'. If +the allocation fails, they cause `gawk' to exit with a fatal error +message. They should be used as if they were procedure calls that do +not return a value. `#define emalloc(pointer, type, size, message) ...' The arguments to this macro are as follows: @@ -22096,7 +22091,7 @@ procedure calls that do not return a value. `type' The type of the pointer variable, used to create a cast for - the call to `malloc()'. + the call to `api_malloc()'. `size' The total number of bytes to be allocated. @@ -22116,14 +22111,52 @@ procedure calls that do not return a value. make_malloced_string(message, strlen(message), & result); `#define erealloc(pointer, type, size, message) ...' - This is like `emalloc()', but it calls `realloc()', instead of - `malloc()'. The arguments are the same as for the `emalloc()' + This is like `emalloc()', but it calls `api_realloc()', instead of + `api_malloc()'. The arguments are the same as for the `emalloc()' macro. + +File: gawk.info, Node: Constructor Functions, Next: Registration Functions, Prev: Memory Allocation Functions, Up: Extension API Description + +16.4.5 Constructor Functions +---------------------------- + +The API provides a number of "constructor" functions for creating +string and numeric values, as well as a number of convenience macros. +This node presents them all as function prototypes, in the way that +extension code would use them. + +`static inline awk_value_t *' +`make_const_string(const char *string, size_t length, awk_value_t *result)' + This function creates a string value in the `awk_value_t' variable + pointed to by `result'. It expects `string' to be a C string + constant (or other string data), and automatically creates a + _copy_ of the data for storage in `result'. It returns `result'. + +`static inline awk_value_t *' +`make_malloced_string(const char *string, size_t length, awk_value_t *result)' + This function creates a string value in the `awk_value_t' variable + pointed to by `result'. It expects `string' to be a `char *' value + pointing to data previously obtained from the api-provided + functions `api_malloc()', `api_calloc()' or `api_realloc()'. The + idea here is that the data is passed directly to `gawk', which + assumes responsibility for it. It returns `result'. + +`static inline awk_value_t *' +`make_null_string(awk_value_t *result)' + This specialized function creates a null string (the "undefined" + value) in the `awk_value_t' variable pointed to by `result'. It + returns `result'. + +`static inline awk_value_t *' +`make_number(double num, awk_value_t *result)' + This function simply creates a numeric value in the `awk_value_t' + variable pointed to by `result'. +  File: gawk.info, Node: Registration Functions, Next: Printing Messages, Prev: Constructor Functions, Up: Extension API Description -16.4.5 Registration Functions +16.4.6 Registration Functions ----------------------------- This minor node describes the API functions for registering parts of @@ -22141,7 +22174,7 @@ your extension with `gawk'.  File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Functions, Next: Exit Callback Functions, Up: Registration Functions -16.4.5.1 Registering An Extension Function +16.4.6.1 Registering An Extension Function .......................................... Extension functions are described by the following record: @@ -22167,7 +22200,9 @@ Extension functions are described by the following record: This is a pointer to the C function that provides the desired functionality. The function must fill in the result with either a number or a string. `gawk' takes ownership of any string memory. - As mentioned earlier, string memory *must* come from `malloc()'. + As mentioned earlier, string memory *must* come from the + api-provided functions `api_malloc()', `api_calloc()' or + `api_realloc()'. The `num_actual_args' argument tells the C function how many actual parameters were passed from the calling `awk' code. @@ -22193,7 +22228,7 @@ register it with `gawk' using this API function:  File: gawk.info, Node: Exit Callback Functions, Next: Extension Version String, Prev: Extension Functions, Up: Registration Functions -16.4.5.2 Registering An Exit Callback Function +16.4.6.2 Registering An Exit Callback Function .............................................. An "exit callback" function is a function that `gawk' calls before it @@ -22222,7 +22257,7 @@ order--that is, in the reverse order in which they are registered with  File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Version String, Next: Input Parsers, Prev: Exit Callback Functions, Up: Registration Functions -16.4.5.3 Registering An Extension Version String +16.4.6.3 Registering An Extension Version String ................................................ You can register a version string which indicates the name and version @@ -22238,7 +22273,7 @@ invoked with the `--version' option.  File: gawk.info, Node: Input Parsers, Next: Output Wrappers, Prev: Extension Version String, Up: Registration Functions -16.4.5.4 Customized Input Parsers +16.4.6.4 Customized Input Parsers ................................. By default, `gawk' reads text files as its input. It uses the value of @@ -22460,7 +22495,7 @@ whether or not to activate an input parser (*note BEGINFILE/ENDFILE::).  File: gawk.info, Node: Output Wrappers, Next: Two-way processors, Prev: Input Parsers, Up: Registration Functions -16.4.5.5 Customized Output Wrappers +16.4.6.5 Customized Output Wrappers ................................... An "output wrapper" is the mirror image of an input parser. It allows @@ -22567,7 +22602,7 @@ normally.  File: gawk.info, Node: Two-way processors, Prev: Output Wrappers, Up: Registration Functions -16.4.5.6 Customized Two-way Processors +16.4.6.6 Customized Two-way Processors ...................................... A "two-way processor" combines an input parser and an output wrapper for @@ -22620,7 +22655,7 @@ can take this" and "take over for this" functions,  File: gawk.info, Node: Printing Messages, Next: Updating `ERRNO', Prev: Registration Functions, Up: Extension API Description -16.4.6 Printing Messages +16.4.7 Printing Messages ------------------------ You can print different kinds of warning messages from your extension, @@ -22651,7 +22686,7 @@ the pity.  File: gawk.info, Node: Updating `ERRNO', Next: Accessing Parameters, Prev: Printing Messages, Up: Extension API Description -16.4.7 Updating `ERRNO' +16.4.8 Updating `ERRNO' ----------------------- The following functions allow you to update the `ERRNO' variable: @@ -22672,7 +22707,7 @@ The following functions allow you to update the `ERRNO' variable:  File: gawk.info, Node: Accessing Parameters, Next: Symbol Table Access, Prev: Updating `ERRNO', Up: Extension API Description -16.4.8 Accessing and Updating Parameters +16.4.9 Accessing and Updating Parameters ---------------------------------------- Two functions give you access to the arguments (parameters) passed to @@ -22698,8 +22733,8 @@ your extension function. They are:  File: gawk.info, Node: Symbol Table Access, Next: Array Manipulation, Prev: Accessing Parameters, Up: Extension API Description -16.4.9 Symbol Table Access --------------------------- +16.4.10 Symbol Table Access +--------------------------- Two sets of routines provide access to global variables, and one set allows you to create and release cached values. @@ -22713,8 +22748,8 @@ allows you to create and release cached values.  File: gawk.info, Node: Symbol table by name, Next: Symbol table by cookie, Up: Symbol Table Access -16.4.9.1 Variable Access and Update by Name -........................................... +16.4.10.1 Variable Access and Update by Name +............................................ The following routines provide the ability to access and update global `awk'-level variables by name. In compiler terminology, identifiers of @@ -22749,8 +22784,8 @@ cannot change any of those variables.  File: gawk.info, Node: Symbol table by cookie, Next: Cached values, Prev: Symbol table by name, Up: Symbol Table Access -16.4.9.2 Variable Access and Update by Cookie -............................................. +16.4.10.2 Variable Access and Update by Cookie +.............................................. A "scalar cookie" is an opaque handle that provides access to a global variable or array. It is an optimization that avoids looking up @@ -22862,8 +22897,8 @@ like this:  File: gawk.info, Node: Cached values, Prev: Symbol table by cookie, Up: Symbol Table Access -16.4.9.3 Creating and Using Cached Values -......................................... +16.4.10.3 Creating and Using Cached Values +.......................................... The routines in this section allow you to create and release cached values. As with scalar cookies, in theory, cached values are not @@ -22873,8 +22908,9 @@ variables using `sym_update()' or `sym_update_scalar()', as you like. However, you can understand the point of cached values if you remember that _every_ string value's storage _must_ come from -`malloc()'. If you have 20 variables, all of which have the same -string value, you must create 20 identical copies of the string.(1) +`api_malloc()', `api_calloc()' or `api_realloc()'. If you have 20 +variables, all of which have the same string value, you must create 20 +identical copies of the string.(1) It is clearly more efficient, if possible, to create a value once, and then tell `gawk' to reuse the value for multiple variables. That is @@ -22957,7 +22993,7 @@ using `release_value()'.  File: gawk.info, Node: Array Manipulation, Next: Extension API Variables, Prev: Symbol Table Access, Up: Extension API Description -16.4.10 Array Manipulation +16.4.11 Array Manipulation -------------------------- The primary data structure(1) in `awk' is the associative array (*note @@ -22984,7 +23020,7 @@ arrays of arrays (*note General Data Types::).  File: gawk.info, Node: Array Data Types, Next: Array Functions, Up: Array Manipulation -16.4.10.1 Array Data Types +16.4.11.1 Array Data Types .......................... The data types associated with arrays are listed below. @@ -23051,7 +23087,7 @@ overuse this term.  File: gawk.info, Node: Array Functions, Next: Flattening Arrays, Prev: Array Data Types, Up: Array Manipulation -16.4.10.2 Array Functions +16.4.11.2 Array Functions ......................... The following functions relate to individual array elements. @@ -23077,7 +23113,8 @@ The following functions relate to individual array elements. strings (*note Conversion::); thus using integral values is safest. As with _all_ strings passed into `gawk' from an extension, the - string value of `index' must come from `malloc()', and `gawk' + string value of `index' must come from the api-provided functions + `api_malloc()', `api_calloc()' or `api_realloc()' and `gawk' releases the storage. `awk_bool_t set_array_element(awk_array_t a_cookie,' @@ -23128,7 +23165,7 @@ The following functions relate to individual array elements.  File: gawk.info, Node: Flattening Arrays, Next: Creating Arrays, Prev: Array Functions, Up: Array Manipulation -16.4.10.3 Working With All The Elements of an Array +16.4.11.3 Working With All The Elements of an Array ................................................... To "flatten" an array is create a structure that represents the full @@ -23302,7 +23339,7 @@ return value to success, and returns:  File: gawk.info, Node: Creating Arrays, Prev: Flattening Arrays, Up: Array Manipulation -16.4.10.4 How To Create and Populate Arrays +16.4.11.4 How To Create and Populate Arrays ........................................... Besides working with arrays created by `awk' code, you can create @@ -23441,7 +23478,7 @@ environment variable.)  File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Variables, Next: Extension API Boilerplate, Prev: Array Manipulation, Up: Extension API Description -16.4.11 API Variables +16.4.12 API Variables --------------------- The API provides two sets of variables. The first provides information @@ -23458,7 +23495,7 @@ information about how `gawk' was invoked.  File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Versioning, Next: Extension API Informational Variables, Up: Extension API Variables -16.4.11.1 API Version Constants and Variables +16.4.12.1 API Version Constants and Variables ............................................. The API provides both a "major" and a "minor" version number. The API @@ -23507,7 +23544,7 @@ Boilerplate::).  File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Informational Variables, Prev: Extension Versioning, Up: Extension API Variables -16.4.11.2 Informational Variables +16.4.12.2 Informational Variables ................................. The API provides access to several variables that describe whether the @@ -23543,7 +23580,7 @@ change during execution.  File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Boilerplate, Prev: Extension API Variables, Up: Extension API Description -16.4.12 Boilerplate Code +16.4.13 Boilerplate Code ------------------------ As mentioned earlier (*note Extension Mechanism Outline::), the function @@ -32792,526 +32829,527 @@ Index  Tag Table: Node: Top1366 -Node: Foreword40856 -Node: Preface45201 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-148254 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-248350 -Node: History48582 -Node: Names50956 -Ref: Names-Footnote-152433 -Node: This Manual52505 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-158279 -Node: Conventions58379 -Node: Manual History60535 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-163983 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-264024 -Node: How To Contribute64098 -Node: Acknowledgments65242 -Node: Getting Started69436 -Node: Running gawk71815 -Node: One-shot73001 -Node: Read Terminal74226 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-175876 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-276152 -Node: Long76323 -Node: Executable Scripts77699 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-179532 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-279634 -Node: Comments80181 -Node: Quoting82648 -Node: DOS Quoting87271 -Node: Sample Data Files87946 -Node: Very Simple90332 -Node: Two Rules94931 -Node: More Complex97078 -Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1100008 -Node: Statements/Lines100093 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1104555 -Node: Other Features104820 -Node: When105748 -Node: Invoking Gawk107895 -Node: Command Line109358 -Node: Options110141 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1125536 -Node: Other Arguments125561 -Node: Naming Standard Input128219 -Node: Environment Variables129313 -Node: AWKPATH Variable129871 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1132629 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable132889 -Node: Other Environment Variables133607 -Node: Exit Status136570 -Node: Include Files137245 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries140814 -Node: Obsolete142178 -Node: Undocumented142875 -Node: Regexp143117 -Node: Regexp Usage144506 -Node: Escape Sequences146532 -Node: Regexp Operators152201 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1159581 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2159728 -Node: Bracket Expressions159826 -Ref: table-char-classes161716 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators164239 -Node: Case-sensitivity167962 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1170930 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2171165 -Node: Leftmost Longest171273 -Node: Computed Regexps172474 -Node: Reading Files175811 -Node: Records177813 -Ref: Records-Footnote-1186901 -Node: Fields186938 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1189971 -Node: Nonconstant Fields190057 -Node: Changing Fields192259 -Node: Field Separators198218 -Node: Default Field Splitting200920 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting202037 -Node: Single Character Fields205379 -Node: Command Line Field Separator206438 -Node: Full Line Fields209872 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1210380 -Node: Field Splitting Summary210426 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1213525 -Node: Constant Size213626 -Node: Splitting By Content218233 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1221982 -Node: Multiple Line222022 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1227869 -Node: Getline228048 -Node: Plain Getline230264 -Node: Getline/Variable232359 -Node: Getline/File233506 -Node: Getline/Variable/File234847 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1236446 -Node: Getline/Pipe236533 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe239232 -Node: Getline/Coprocess240339 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess241591 -Node: Getline Notes242328 -Node: Getline Summary245115 -Ref: table-getline-variants245523 -Node: Read Timeout246435 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1250176 -Node: Command line directories250233 -Node: Printing250863 -Node: Print252494 -Node: Print Examples253831 -Node: Output Separators256615 -Node: OFMT258375 -Node: Printf259733 -Node: Basic Printf260639 -Node: Control Letters262178 -Node: Format Modifiers265990 -Node: Printf Examples271999 -Node: Redirection274714 -Node: Special Files281679 -Node: Special FD282212 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1285837 -Node: Special Network285911 -Node: Special Caveats286761 -Node: Close Files And Pipes287557 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1294540 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2294688 -Node: Expressions294838 -Node: Values295970 -Node: Constants296646 -Node: Scalar Constants297326 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1298185 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers298367 -Node: Regexp Constants301367 -Node: Using Constant Regexps301842 -Node: Variables304897 -Node: Using Variables305552 -Node: Assignment Options307276 -Node: Conversion309148 -Ref: table-locale-affects314648 -Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1315272 -Node: All Operators315381 -Node: Arithmetic Ops316011 -Node: Concatenation318516 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1321308 -Node: Assignment Ops321428 -Ref: table-assign-ops326416 -Node: Increment Ops327747 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions331181 -Node: Truth Values332264 -Node: Typing and Comparison333313 -Node: Variable Typing334106 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1338003 -Node: Comparison Operators338125 -Ref: table-relational-ops338535 -Node: POSIX String Comparison342083 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1343039 -Node: Boolean Ops343177 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1347255 -Node: Conditional Exp347346 -Node: Function Calls349078 -Node: Precedence352672 -Node: Locales356341 -Node: Patterns and Actions357430 -Node: Pattern Overview358484 -Node: Regexp Patterns360153 -Node: Expression Patterns360696 -Node: Ranges364381 -Node: BEGIN/END367485 -Node: Using BEGIN/END368247 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1370978 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END371084 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE373366 -Node: Empty376280 -Node: Using Shell Variables376596 -Node: Action Overview378881 -Node: Statements381238 -Node: If Statement383092 -Node: While Statement384591 -Node: Do Statement386635 -Node: For Statement387791 -Node: Switch Statement390943 -Node: Break Statement393097 -Node: Continue Statement395087 -Node: Next Statement396880 -Node: Nextfile Statement399270 -Node: Exit Statement401925 -Node: Built-in Variables404341 -Node: User-modified405436 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1413794 -Node: Auto-set413856 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1426934 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2427139 -Node: ARGC and ARGV427195 -Node: Arrays431046 -Node: Array Basics432551 -Node: Array Intro433377 -Node: Reference to Elements437694 -Node: Assigning Elements439964 -Node: Array Example440455 -Node: Scanning an Array442187 -Node: Controlling Scanning444501 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1449588 -Node: Delete449904 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1452669 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts452726 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts454909 -Node: Multidimensional456536 -Node: Multiscanning459629 -Node: Arrays of Arrays461218 -Node: Functions465858 -Node: Built-in466677 -Node: Calling Built-in467755 -Node: Numeric Functions469743 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1473575 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2473932 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3473980 -Node: String Functions474249 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1497169 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2497298 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3497546 -Node: Gory Details497633 -Ref: table-sub-escapes499312 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92500666 -Ref: table-sub-proposed502017 -Ref: table-posix-sub503371 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes504916 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1506092 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2506143 -Node: I/O Functions506294 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1513284 -Node: Time Functions513431 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1524364 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2524432 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3524590 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4524701 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5524813 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6525040 -Node: Bitwise Functions525306 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops525868 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1530089 -Node: Type Functions530273 -Node: I18N Functions531424 -Node: User-defined533051 -Node: Definition Syntax533855 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1538769 -Node: Function Example538838 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1541487 -Node: Function Caveats541509 -Node: Calling A Function542027 -Node: Variable Scope542982 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference545945 -Node: Return Statement549453 -Node: Dynamic Typing552434 -Node: Indirect Calls553365 -Node: Library Functions563052 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1566565 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2566708 -Node: Library Names566879 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1570352 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2570572 -Node: General Functions570658 -Node: Strtonum Function571686 -Node: Assert Function574616 -Node: Round Function577942 -Node: Cliff Random Function579483 -Node: Ordinal Functions580499 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1583576 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2583828 -Node: Join Function584039 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1585810 -Node: Getlocaltime Function586010 -Node: Readfile Function589751 -Node: Data File Management591590 -Node: Filetrans Function592222 -Node: Rewind Function596291 -Node: File Checking597678 -Node: Empty Files598772 -Node: Ignoring Assigns601002 -Node: Getopt Function602556 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1613859 -Node: Passwd Functions614062 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1623040 -Node: Group Functions623128 -Node: Walking Arrays631212 -Node: Sample Programs633348 -Node: Running Examples634022 -Node: Clones634750 -Node: Cut Program635974 -Node: Egrep Program645825 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1653598 -Node: Id Program653708 -Node: Split Program657324 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1660843 -Node: Tee Program660971 -Node: Uniq Program663774 -Node: Wc Program671203 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1675469 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2675669 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs675761 -Node: Dupword Program676949 -Node: Alarm Program678980 -Node: Translate Program683787 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1688174 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2688422 -Node: Labels Program688556 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1691927 -Node: Word Sorting692011 -Node: History Sorting695895 -Node: Extract Program697734 -Ref: Extract Program-Footnote-1705237 -Node: Simple Sed705365 -Node: Igawk Program708427 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1723584 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2723785 -Node: Anagram Program723923 -Node: Signature Program726991 -Node: Advanced Features728091 -Node: Nondecimal Data729977 -Node: Array Sorting731560 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal732257 -Node: Array Sorting Functions740541 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1744410 -Node: Two-way I/O744604 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1750036 -Node: TCP/IP Networking750118 -Node: Profiling752962 -Node: Internationalization760465 -Node: I18N and L10N761890 -Node: Explaining gettext762576 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1767644 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2767828 -Node: Programmer i18n767993 -Node: Translator i18n772195 -Node: String Extraction772989 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1773950 -Node: Printf Ordering774036 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1776818 -Node: I18N Portability776882 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1779331 -Node: I18N Example779394 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1782032 -Node: Gawk I18N782104 -Node: Debugger782725 -Node: Debugging783696 -Node: Debugging Concepts784129 -Node: Debugging Terms785985 -Node: Awk Debugging788582 -Node: Sample Debugging Session789474 -Node: Debugger Invocation789994 -Node: Finding The Bug791327 -Node: List of Debugger Commands797814 -Node: Breakpoint Control799148 -Node: Debugger Execution Control802812 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data806172 -Node: Execution Stack809528 -Node: Debugger Info810995 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands814977 -Node: Readline Support820153 -Node: Limitations820984 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic823236 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1824885 -Node: General Arithmetic825033 -Node: Floating Point Issues826753 -Node: String Conversion Precision827634 -Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1829339 -Node: Unexpected Results829448 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems831601 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1835426 -Node: Integer Programming835464 -Node: Floating-point Programming837203 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1843534 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2843804 -Node: 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+Node: Copying1156079 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1193636 +Node: Index1218773  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From c972e253abc34f8bd02f6ade74e7999a2b6d8a08 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Sat, 8 Mar 2014 22:11:34 +0200 Subject: Update doc on API memory allocation, add to NEWS. --- doc/gawk.info | 274 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 144 insertions(+), 130 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 799d1c11..9a569829 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -21783,6 +21783,8 @@ operations: * Symbol table access: retrieving a global variable, creating one, or changing one. + * Allocating, reallocating, and releasing memory. + * Creating and releasing cached values; this provides an efficient way to use values for multiple variables and can be a big performance win. @@ -21838,8 +21840,8 @@ operations: * All pointers filled in by `gawk' are to memory managed by `gawk' and should be treated by the extension as read-only. Memory for _all_ strings passed into `gawk' from the extension _must_ come - from calling the api-provided function pointers `api_malloc()', - `api_calloc()' or `api_realloc()' and is managed by `gawk' from + from calling the API-provided function pointers `api_malloc()', + `api_calloc()' or `api_realloc()', and is managed by `gawk' from then on. * The API defines several simple `struct's that map values as seen @@ -21913,7 +21915,7 @@ that use them. This represents a mutable string. `gawk' owns the memory pointed to if it supplied the value. Otherwise, it takes ownership of the memory pointed to. *Such memory must come from calling the - api-provided function pointers `api_malloc()', `api_calloc()', or + API-provided function pointers `api_malloc()', `api_calloc()', or `api_realloc()'!* As mentioned earlier, strings are maintained using the current @@ -22058,7 +22060,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Memory Allocation Functions, Next: Constructor Function --------------------------------------------------------- The API provides a number of "memory allocation" functions for -allocating memory that can be passed to gawk, as well as a number of +allocating memory that can be passed to `gawk', as well as a number of convenience macros. `void *gawk_malloc(size_t size);' @@ -22078,8 +22080,14 @@ convenience macros. allocated with `gawk_malloc()', `gawk_calloc()' or `gawk_realloc()'. + The API has to provide these functions because it is possible for an +extension to be compiled and linked against a different version of the +C library than was used for the `gawk' executable.(1) If `gawk' were to +use its version of `free()' when the memory came from an unrelated +version of `malloc()', unexpected behavior would likely result. + Two convenience macros may be used for allocating storage from the -api-provided function pointers `api_malloc()' and `api_realloc()'. If +API-provided function pointers `api_malloc()' and `api_realloc()'. If the allocation fails, they cause `gawk' to exit with a fatal error message. They should be used as if they were procedure calls that do not return a value. @@ -22115,6 +22123,11 @@ not return a value. `api_malloc()'. The arguments are the same as for the `emalloc()' macro. + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) This is more common on MS-Windows systems, but can happen on +Unix-like systems as well. +  File: gawk.info, Node: Constructor Functions, Next: Registration Functions, Prev: Memory Allocation Functions, Up: Extension API Description @@ -33226,130 +33239,131 @@ Ref: load-new-function874241 Ref: call-new-function875236 Node: Extension API Description877251 Node: Extension API Functions Introduction878538 -Node: General Data Types883410 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1889105 -Node: Requesting Values889404 -Ref: table-value-types-returned890141 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions891095 -Node: Constructor Functions893456 -Node: Registration Functions895214 -Node: Extension Functions895899 -Node: Exit Callback Functions898201 -Node: Extension Version String899450 -Node: Input Parsers900100 -Node: Output Wrappers909857 -Node: Two-way processors914367 -Node: Printing Messages916575 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1917652 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'917804 -Node: Accessing Parameters918543 -Node: Symbol Table Access919773 -Node: Symbol table by name920287 -Node: Symbol table by cookie922036 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1926168 -Node: Cached values926231 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1929721 -Node: Array Manipulation929812 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1930910 -Node: Array Data Types930949 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1933652 -Node: Array Functions933744 -Node: Flattening Arrays937580 -Node: Creating Arrays944432 -Node: Extension API Variables949157 -Node: Extension Versioning949793 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables951694 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate952780 -Node: Finding Extensions956584 -Node: Extension Example957144 -Node: Internal File Description957874 -Node: Internal File Ops961965 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1973474 -Node: Using Internal File Ops973614 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1975967 -Node: Extension Samples976233 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions977757 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch986242 -Node: Extension Sample Fork988011 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace989224 -Node: Extension Sample Ord991002 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir991838 -Node: Extension Sample Revout993370 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way993963 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array994653 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile996536 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests997354 -Node: Extension Sample Time997879 -Node: gawkextlib999243 -Node: Language History1002024 -Node: V7/SVR3.11003617 -Node: SVR41005937 -Node: POSIX1007379 -Node: BTL1008765 -Node: POSIX/GNU1009499 -Node: Feature History1015098 -Node: Common Extensions1028074 -Node: Ranges and Locales1029386 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11034003 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21034030 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31034264 -Node: Contributors1034485 -Node: Installation1039630 -Node: Gawk Distribution1040524 -Node: Getting1041008 -Node: Extracting1041834 -Node: Distribution contents1043526 -Node: Unix Installation1049231 -Node: Quick Installation1049848 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1052294 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1054030 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1056384 -Node: PC Installation1056842 -Node: PC Binary Installation1058141 -Node: PC Compiling1059989 -Node: PC Testing1062933 -Node: PC Using1064109 -Node: Cygwin1068277 -Node: MSYS1069086 -Node: VMS Installation1069600 -Node: VMS Compilation1070364 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11071616 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1071674 -Node: VMS Installation Details1073047 -Node: VMS Running1075298 -Node: VMS GNV1078132 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1078855 -Node: Bugs1079325 -Node: Other Versions1083243 -Node: Notes1089327 -Node: Compatibility Mode1090127 -Node: Additions1090910 -Node: Accessing The Source1091837 -Node: Adding Code1093277 -Node: New Ports1099322 -Node: Derived Files1103457 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11108778 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21108812 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31109412 -Node: Future Extensions1109510 -Node: Implementation Limitations1110093 -Node: Extension Design1111345 -Node: Old Extension Problems1112499 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11114007 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1114064 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11117429 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1117615 -Node: Extension Future Growth1119721 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1120557 -Node: Basic Concepts1122297 -Node: Basic High Level1122978 -Ref: figure-general-flow1123249 -Ref: figure-process-flow1123848 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11127077 -Node: Basic Data Typing1127262 -Node: Glossary1130617 -Node: Copying1156079 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1193636 -Node: Index1218773 +Node: General Data Types883465 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1889160 +Node: Requesting Values889459 +Ref: table-value-types-returned890196 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions891150 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1893896 +Node: Constructor Functions893992 +Node: Registration Functions895750 +Node: Extension Functions896435 +Node: Exit Callback Functions898737 +Node: Extension Version String899986 +Node: Input Parsers900636 +Node: Output Wrappers910393 +Node: Two-way processors914903 +Node: Printing Messages917111 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1918188 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'918340 +Node: Accessing Parameters919079 +Node: Symbol Table Access920309 +Node: Symbol table by name920823 +Node: Symbol table by cookie922572 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1926704 +Node: Cached values926767 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1930257 +Node: Array Manipulation930348 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1931446 +Node: Array Data Types931485 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1934188 +Node: Array Functions934280 +Node: Flattening Arrays938116 +Node: Creating Arrays944968 +Node: Extension API Variables949693 +Node: Extension Versioning950329 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables952230 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate953316 +Node: Finding Extensions957120 +Node: Extension Example957680 +Node: Internal File Description958410 +Node: Internal File Ops962501 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1974010 +Node: Using Internal File Ops974150 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1976503 +Node: Extension Samples976769 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions978293 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch986778 +Node: Extension Sample Fork988547 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace989760 +Node: Extension Sample Ord991538 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir992374 +Node: Extension Sample Revout993906 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way994499 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array995189 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile997072 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests997890 +Node: Extension Sample Time998415 +Node: gawkextlib999779 +Node: Language History1002560 +Node: V7/SVR3.11004153 +Node: SVR41006473 +Node: POSIX1007915 +Node: BTL1009301 +Node: POSIX/GNU1010035 +Node: Feature History1015634 +Node: Common Extensions1028610 +Node: Ranges and Locales1029922 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11034539 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21034566 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31034800 +Node: Contributors1035021 +Node: Installation1040166 +Node: Gawk Distribution1041060 +Node: Getting1041544 +Node: Extracting1042370 +Node: Distribution contents1044062 +Node: Unix Installation1049767 +Node: Quick Installation1050384 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1052830 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1054566 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1056920 +Node: PC Installation1057378 +Node: PC Binary Installation1058677 +Node: PC Compiling1060525 +Node: PC Testing1063469 +Node: PC Using1064645 +Node: Cygwin1068813 +Node: MSYS1069622 +Node: VMS Installation1070136 +Node: VMS Compilation1070900 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11072152 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1072210 +Node: VMS Installation Details1073583 +Node: VMS Running1075834 +Node: VMS GNV1078668 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1079391 +Node: Bugs1079861 +Node: Other Versions1083779 +Node: Notes1089863 +Node: Compatibility Mode1090663 +Node: Additions1091446 +Node: Accessing The Source1092373 +Node: Adding Code1093813 +Node: New Ports1099858 +Node: Derived Files1103993 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11109314 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21109348 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31109948 +Node: Future Extensions1110046 +Node: Implementation Limitations1110629 +Node: Extension Design1111881 +Node: Old Extension Problems1113035 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11114543 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1114600 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11117965 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1118151 +Node: Extension Future Growth1120257 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1121093 +Node: Basic Concepts1122833 +Node: Basic High Level1123514 +Ref: figure-general-flow1123785 +Ref: figure-process-flow1124384 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11127613 +Node: Basic Data Typing1127798 +Node: Glossary1131153 +Node: Copying1156615 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1194172 +Node: Index1219309  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 295bee08215e33ec82e34978cecc593b698c9ad9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Mon, 10 Mar 2014 22:32:14 +0200 Subject: Indexing improvements. --- doc/gawk.info | 148 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------------- 1 file changed, 82 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 9a569829..a275d9c2 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -25928,6 +25928,9 @@ Info file, in approximate chronological order: * Anders Wallin helped keep the VMS port going for several years. + * Assaf Gordon contributed the code to implement the `--sandbox' + option. + * John Haque made the following contributions: - The modifications to convert `gawk' into a byte-code @@ -31292,12 +31295,12 @@ Index * for statement, looping over arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 20) * fork() extension function: Extension Sample Fork. (line 11) +* format specifiers: Basic Printf. (line 15) * format specifiers, mixing regular with positional specifiers: Printf Ordering. (line 57) * format specifiers, printf statement: Control Letters. (line 6) * format specifiers, strftime() function (gawk): Time Functions. (line 88) -* format strings: Basic Printf. (line 15) * formats, numeric output: OFMT. (line 6) * formatting output: Printf. (line 6) * forward slash (/): Regexp. (line 10) @@ -31522,6 +31525,12 @@ Index * gettext() function (C library): Explaining gettext. (line 62) * gettimeofday() extension function: Extension Sample Time. (line 13) +* git utility <1>: Adding Code. (line 111) +* git utility <2>: Accessing The Source. + (line 10) +* git utility <3>: Other Versions. (line 29) +* git utility: gawkextlib. (line 29) +* git, use of for gawk source code: Derived Files. (line 6) * GMP: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. (line 6) * GNITS mailing list: Acknowledgments. (line 52) @@ -31538,6 +31547,7 @@ Index * GNU/Linux <1>: Glossary. (line 624) * GNU/Linux <2>: I18N Example. (line 55) * GNU/Linux: Manual History. (line 28) +* Gordon, Assaf: Contributors. (line 105) * GPL (General Public License) <1>: Glossary. (line 314) * GPL (General Public License): Manual History. (line 11) * GPL (General Public License), printing: Options. (line 88) @@ -31555,7 +31565,7 @@ Index (line 66) * Hankerson, Darrel <1>: Contributors. (line 60) * Hankerson, Darrel: Acknowledgments. (line 60) -* Haque, John: Contributors. (line 105) +* Haque, John: Contributors. (line 108) * Hartholz, Elaine: Acknowledgments. (line 38) * Hartholz, Marshall: Acknowledgments. (line 38) * Hasegawa, Isamu: Contributors. (line 94) @@ -31643,9 +31653,9 @@ Index * installing gawk: Installation. (line 6) * INT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) * int() function: Numeric Functions. (line 23) -* integer, arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Integers. - (line 6) * integers: General Arithmetic. (line 6) +* integers, arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Integers. + (line 6) * integers, unsigned: General Arithmetic. (line 15) * interacting with other programs: I/O Functions. (line 72) * internationalization <1>: I18N and L10N. (line 6) @@ -31791,10 +31801,15 @@ Index * login information: Passwd Functions. (line 16) * long options: Command Line. (line 13) * loops: While Statement. (line 6) +* loops, break statement and: Break Statement. (line 6) * loops, continue statements and: For Statement. (line 64) * loops, count for header: Profiling. (line 131) +* loops, do-while: Do Statement. (line 6) * loops, exiting: Break Statement. (line 6) +* loops, for, array scanning: Scanning an Array. (line 6) +* loops, for, iterative: For Statement. (line 6) * loops, See Also while statement: While Statement. (line 6) +* loops, while: While Statement. (line 6) * ls utility: More Complex. (line 15) * lshift() function (gawk): Bitwise Functions. (line 46) * lvalues/rvalues: Assignment Ops. (line 32) @@ -32191,10 +32206,10 @@ Index * programming conventions, private variable names: Library Names. (line 23) * programming language, recipe for: History. (line 6) -* Programming languages, Ada: Glossary. (line 20) +* programming languages, Ada: Glossary. (line 20) * programming languages, data-driven vs. procedural: Getting Started. (line 12) -* Programming languages, Java: Glossary. (line 388) +* programming languages, Java: Glossary. (line 388) * programming, basic steps: Basic High Level. (line 20) * programming, concepts: Basic Concepts. (line 6) * pwcat program: Passwd Functions. (line 23) @@ -32331,7 +32346,7 @@ Index * RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 220) * Robbins, Arnold <1>: Future Extensions. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <2>: Bugs. (line 32) -* Robbins, Arnold <3>: Contributors. (line 132) +* Robbins, Arnold <3>: Contributors. (line 135) * Robbins, Arnold <4>: General Data Types. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <5>: Alarm Program. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <6>: Passwd Functions. (line 90) @@ -32372,7 +32387,7 @@ Index (line 68) * sandbox mode: Options. (line 279) * scalar values: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) -* Schorr, Andrew <1>: Contributors. (line 128) +* Schorr, Andrew <1>: Contributors. (line 131) * Schorr, Andrew: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Schreiber, Bert: Acknowledgments. (line 38) * Schreiber, Rita: Acknowledgments. (line 38) @@ -32507,6 +32522,7 @@ Index * source code, mawk: Other Versions. (line 44) * source code, mixing: Options. (line 117) * source code, pawk: Other Versions. (line 78) +* source code, pawk (Python version): Other Versions. (line 124) * source code, QSE Awk: Other Versions. (line 130) * source code, QuikTrim Awk: Other Versions. (line 134) * source code, Solaris awk: Other Versions. (line 96) @@ -32807,7 +32823,7 @@ Index * xgettext utility: String Extraction. (line 13) * XOR bitwise operation: Bitwise Functions. (line 6) * xor() function (gawk): Bitwise Functions. (line 55) -* Yawitz, Efraim: Contributors. (line 126) +* Yawitz, Efraim: Contributors. (line 129) * Zaretskii, Eli <1>: Bugs. (line 70) * Zaretskii, Eli <2>: Contributors. (line 55) * Zaretskii, Eli: Acknowledgments. (line 60) @@ -33308,62 +33324,62 @@ Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11034539 Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21034566 Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31034800 Node: Contributors1035021 -Node: Installation1040166 -Node: Gawk Distribution1041060 -Node: Getting1041544 -Node: Extracting1042370 -Node: Distribution contents1044062 -Node: Unix Installation1049767 -Node: Quick Installation1050384 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1052830 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1054566 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1056920 -Node: PC Installation1057378 -Node: PC Binary Installation1058677 -Node: PC Compiling1060525 -Node: PC Testing1063469 -Node: PC Using1064645 -Node: Cygwin1068813 -Node: MSYS1069622 -Node: VMS Installation1070136 -Node: VMS Compilation1070900 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11072152 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1072210 -Node: VMS Installation Details1073583 -Node: VMS Running1075834 -Node: VMS GNV1078668 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1079391 -Node: Bugs1079861 -Node: Other Versions1083779 -Node: Notes1089863 -Node: Compatibility Mode1090663 -Node: Additions1091446 -Node: Accessing The Source1092373 -Node: Adding Code1093813 -Node: New Ports1099858 -Node: Derived Files1103993 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11109314 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21109348 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31109948 -Node: Future Extensions1110046 -Node: Implementation Limitations1110629 -Node: Extension Design1111881 -Node: Old Extension Problems1113035 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11114543 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1114600 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11117965 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1118151 -Node: Extension Future Growth1120257 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1121093 -Node: Basic Concepts1122833 -Node: Basic High Level1123514 -Ref: figure-general-flow1123785 -Ref: figure-process-flow1124384 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11127613 -Node: Basic Data Typing1127798 -Node: Glossary1131153 -Node: Copying1156615 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1194172 -Node: Index1219309 +Node: Installation1040248 +Node: Gawk Distribution1041142 +Node: Getting1041626 +Node: Extracting1042452 +Node: Distribution contents1044144 +Node: Unix Installation1049849 +Node: Quick Installation1050466 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1052912 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1054648 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1057002 +Node: PC Installation1057460 +Node: PC Binary Installation1058759 +Node: PC Compiling1060607 +Node: PC Testing1063551 +Node: PC Using1064727 +Node: Cygwin1068895 +Node: MSYS1069704 +Node: VMS Installation1070218 +Node: VMS Compilation1070982 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11072234 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1072292 +Node: VMS Installation Details1073665 +Node: VMS Running1075916 +Node: VMS GNV1078750 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1079473 +Node: Bugs1079943 +Node: Other Versions1083861 +Node: Notes1089945 +Node: Compatibility Mode1090745 +Node: Additions1091528 +Node: Accessing The Source1092455 +Node: Adding Code1093895 +Node: New Ports1099940 +Node: Derived Files1104075 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11109396 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21109430 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31110030 +Node: Future Extensions1110128 +Node: Implementation Limitations1110711 +Node: Extension Design1111963 +Node: Old Extension Problems1113117 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11114625 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1114682 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11118047 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1118233 +Node: Extension Future Growth1120339 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1121175 +Node: Basic Concepts1122915 +Node: Basic High Level1123596 +Ref: figure-general-flow1123867 +Ref: figure-process-flow1124466 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11127695 +Node: Basic Data Typing1127880 +Node: Glossary1131235 +Node: Copying1156697 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1194254 +Node: Index1219391  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 82da42cf14d16813bca40431e86dc78b2ca6d7f5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Thu, 27 Mar 2014 20:58:06 +0200 Subject: BBS-list examples redone. Yay! Thanks to Antonio. --- doc/gawk.info | 1658 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 834 insertions(+), 824 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index a275d9c2..2e18da5b 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -1767,30 +1767,30 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Sample Data Files, Next: Very Simple, Prev: Running ga =============================== Many of the examples in this Info file take their input from two sample -data files. The first, `BBS-list', represents a list of computer -bulletin board systems together with information about those systems. +data files. The first, `mail-list', represents a list of peoples' names +together with their email addresses and information about those people. The second data file, called `inventory-shipped', contains information about monthly shipments. In both files, each line is considered to be one "record". - In the data file `BBS-list', each record contains the name of a -computer bulletin board, its phone number, the board's baud rate(s), -and a code for the number of hours it is operational. An `A' in the -last column means the board operates 24 hours a day. A `B' in the last -column means the board only operates on evening and weekend hours. A -`C' means the board operates only on weekends: - - aardvark 555-5553 1200/300 B - alpo-net 555-3412 2400/1200/300 A - barfly 555-7685 1200/300 A - bites 555-1675 2400/1200/300 A - camelot 555-0542 300 C - core 555-2912 1200/300 C - fooey 555-1234 2400/1200/300 B - foot 555-6699 1200/300 B - macfoo 555-6480 1200/300 A - sdace 555-3430 2400/1200/300 A - sabafoo 555-2127 1200/300 C + In the data file `mail-list', each record contains the name of a +person, his/her phone number, his/her email-address, and a code for +their relationship with the author of the list. An `A' in the last +column means that the person is an acquaintance. An `F' in the last +column means that the person is a friend. An `R' means that the person +is a relative: + + Amelia 555-5553 amelia.zodiacusque@gmail.com F + Anthony 555-3412 anthony.asserturo@hotmail.com A + Becky 555-7685 becky.algebrarum@gmail.com A + Bill 555-1675 bill.drowning@hotmail.com A + Broderick 555-0542 broderick.aliquotiens@yahoo.com R + Camilla 555-2912 camilla.infusarum@skynet.be R + Fabius 555-1234 fabius.undevicesimus@ucb.edu F + Julie 555-6699 julie.perscrutabor@skeeve.com F + Martin 555-6480 martin.codicibus@hotmail.com A + Samuel 555-3430 samuel.lanceolis@shu.edu A + Jean-Paul 555-2127 jeanpaul.campanorum@nyu.edu R The data file `inventory-shipped' represents information about shipments during the year. Each record contains the month, the number @@ -1827,32 +1827,32 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Very Simple, Next: Two Rules, Prev: Sample Data Files, ======================== The following command runs a simple `awk' program that searches the -input file `BBS-list' for the character string `foo' (a grouping of +input file `mail-list' for the character string `li' (a grouping of characters is usually called a "string"; the term "string" is based on similar usage in English, such as "a string of pearls," or "a string of cars in a train"): - awk '/foo/ { print $0 }' BBS-list + awk '/li/ { print $0 }' mail-list -When lines containing `foo' are found, they are printed because +When lines containing `li' are found, they are printed because `print $0' means print the current line. (Just `print' by itself means the same thing, so we could have written that instead.) - You will notice that slashes (`/') surround the string `foo' in the -`awk' program. The slashes indicate that `foo' is the pattern to -search for. This type of pattern is called a "regular expression", -which is covered in more detail later (*note Regexp::). The pattern is -allowed to match parts of words. There are single quotes around the -`awk' program so that the shell won't interpret any of it as special -shell characters. + You will notice that slashes (`/') surround the string `li' in the +`awk' program. The slashes indicate that `li' is the pattern to search +for. This type of pattern is called a "regular expression", which is +covered in more detail later (*note Regexp::). The pattern is allowed +to match parts of words. There are single quotes around the `awk' +program so that the shell won't interpret any of it as special shell +characters. Here is what this program prints: - $ awk '/foo/ { print $0 }' BBS-list - -| fooey 555-1234 2400/1200/300 B - -| foot 555-6699 1200/300 B - -| macfoo 555-6480 1200/300 A - -| sabafoo 555-2127 1200/300 C + $ awk '/li/ { print $0 }' mail-list + -| Amelia 555-5553 amelia.zodiacusque@gmail.com F + -| Broderick 555-0542 broderick.aliquotiens@yahoo.com R + -| Julie 555-6699 julie.perscrutabor@skeeve.com F + -| Samuel 555-3430 samuel.lanceolis@shu.edu A In an `awk' rule, either the pattern or the action can be omitted, but not both. If the pattern is omitted, then the action is performed @@ -1861,7 +1861,7 @@ is to print all lines that match the pattern. Thus, we could leave out the action (the `print' statement and the curly braces) in the previous example and the result would be the same: -`awk' prints all lines matching the pattern `foo'. By comparison, +`awk' prints all lines matching the pattern `li'. By comparison, omitting the `print' statement but retaining the curly braces makes an empty action that does nothing (i.e., no lines are printed). @@ -1967,25 +1967,19 @@ the string `21'. If a line contains both strings, it is printed twice, once by each rule. This is what happens if we run this program on our two sample data -files, `BBS-list' and `inventory-shipped': +files, `mail-list' and `inventory-shipped': $ awk '/12/ { print $0 } - > /21/ { print $0 }' BBS-list inventory-shipped - -| aardvark 555-5553 1200/300 B - -| alpo-net 555-3412 2400/1200/300 A - -| barfly 555-7685 1200/300 A - -| bites 555-1675 2400/1200/300 A - -| core 555-2912 1200/300 C - -| fooey 555-1234 2400/1200/300 B - -| foot 555-6699 1200/300 B - -| macfoo 555-6480 1200/300 A - -| sdace 555-3430 2400/1200/300 A - -| sabafoo 555-2127 1200/300 C - -| sabafoo 555-2127 1200/300 C + > /21/ { print $0 }' mail-list inventory-shipped + -| Anthony 555-3412 anthony.asserturo@hotmail.com A + -| Camilla 555-2912 camilla.infusarum@skynet.be R + -| Fabius 555-1234 fabius.undevicesimus@ucb.edu F + -| Jean-Paul 555-2127 jeanpaul.campanorum@nyu.edu R + -| Jean-Paul 555-2127 jeanpaul.campanorum@nyu.edu R -| Jan 21 36 64 620 -| Apr 21 70 74 514 -Note how the line beginning with `sabafoo' in `BBS-list' was printed +Note how the line beginning with `Jean-Paul' in `mail-list' was printed twice, once for each rule.  @@ -2061,7 +2055,7 @@ Most often, each line in an `awk' program is a separate statement or separate rule, like this: awk '/12/ { print $0 } - /21/ { print $0 }' BBS-list inventory-shipped + /21/ { print $0 }' mail-list inventory-shipped However, `gawk' ignores newlines after any of the following symbols and keywords: @@ -3106,14 +3100,14 @@ A regular expression can be used as a pattern by enclosing it in slashes. Then the regular expression is tested against the entire text of each record. (Normally, it only needs to match some part of the text in order to succeed.) For example, the following prints the -second field of each record that contains the string `foo' anywhere in +second field of each record that contains the string `li' anywhere in it: - $ awk '/foo/ { print $2 }' BBS-list - -| 555-1234 + $ awk '/li/ { print $2 }' mail-list + -| 555-5553 + -| 555-0542 -| 555-6699 - -| 555-6480 - -| 555-2127 + -| 555-3430 Regular expressions can also be used in matching expressions. These expressions allow you to specify the string to match against; it need @@ -3921,67 +3915,82 @@ processed, so that the very first record is read with the proper separator. To do this, use the special `BEGIN' pattern (*note BEGIN/END::). For example: - awk 'BEGIN { RS = "/" } - { print $0 }' BBS-list - -changes the value of `RS' to `"/"', before reading any input. This is -a string whose first character is a slash; as a result, records are -separated by slashes. Then the input file is read, and the second rule -in the `awk' program (the action with no pattern) prints each record. -Because each `print' statement adds a newline at the end of its output, -this `awk' program copies the input with each slash changed to a -newline. Here are the results of running the program on `BBS-list': - - $ awk 'BEGIN { RS = "/" } - > { print $0 }' BBS-list - -| aardvark 555-5553 1200 - -| 300 B - -| alpo-net 555-3412 2400 - -| 1200 - -| 300 A - -| barfly 555-7685 1200 - -| 300 A - -| bites 555-1675 2400 - -| 1200 - -| 300 A - -| camelot 555-0542 300 C - -| core 555-2912 1200 - -| 300 C - -| fooey 555-1234 2400 - -| 1200 - -| 300 B - -| foot 555-6699 1200 - -| 300 B - -| macfoo 555-6480 1200 - -| 300 A - -| sdace 555-3430 2400 - -| 1200 - -| 300 A - -| sabafoo 555-2127 1200 - -| 300 C + awk 'BEGIN { RS = "u" } + { print $0 }' mail-list + +changes the value of `RS' to `u', before reading any input. This is a +string whose first character is the letter "u;" as a result, records +are separated by the letter "u." Then the input file is read, and the +second rule in the `awk' program (the action with no pattern) prints +each record. Because each `print' statement adds a newline at the end +of its output, this `awk' program copies the input with each `u' +changed to a newline. Here are the results of running the program on +`mail-list': + + $ awk 'BEGIN { RS = "u" } + > { print $0 }' mail-list + -| Amelia 555-5553 amelia.zodiac + -| sq + -| e@gmail.com F + -| Anthony 555-3412 anthony.assert + -| ro@hotmail.com A + -| Becky 555-7685 becky.algebrar + -| m@gmail.com A + -| Bill 555-1675 bill.drowning@hotmail.com A + -| Broderick 555-0542 broderick.aliq + -| otiens@yahoo.com R + -| Camilla 555-2912 camilla.inf + -| sar + -| m@skynet.be R + -| Fabi + -| s 555-1234 fabi + -| s. + -| ndevicesim + -| s@ + -| cb.ed + -| F + -| J + -| lie 555-6699 j + -| lie.perscr + -| tabor@skeeve.com F + -| Martin 555-6480 martin.codicib + -| s@hotmail.com A + -| Sam + -| el 555-3430 sam + -| el.lanceolis@sh + -| .ed + -| A + -| Jean-Pa + -| l 555-2127 jeanpa + -| l.campanor + -| m@ny + -| .ed + -| R -| -Note that the entry for the `camelot' BBS is not split. In the -original data file (*note Sample Data Files::), the line looks like -this: +Note that the entry for the name `Bill' is not split. In the original +data file (*note Sample Data Files::), the line looks like this: - camelot 555-0542 300 C + Bill 555-1675 bill.drowning@hotmail.com A -It has one baud rate only, so there are no slashes in the record, -unlike the others which have two or more baud rates. In fact, this -record is treated as part of the record for the `core' BBS; the newline +It contains no `u' so there is no reason to split the record, unlike +the others which have one or more occurrences of the `u'. In fact, +this record is treated as part of the previous record; the newline separating them in the output is the original newline in the data file, not the one added by `awk' when it printed the record! Another way to change the record separator is on the command line, using the variable-assignment feature (*note Other Arguments::): - awk '{ print $0 }' RS="/" BBS-list + awk '{ print $0 }' RS="u" mail-list -This sets `RS' to `/' before processing `BBS-list'. +This sets `RS' to `u' before processing `mail-list'. - Using an unusual character such as `/' for the record separator -produces correct behavior in the vast majority of cases. + Using an alphabetic character such as `u' for the record separator +is highly likely to produce strange results. Using an unusual +character such as `/' is more likely to produce correct behavior in the +majority of cases, but there are no guarantees. The moral is: Know Your +Data. There is one unusual case, that occurs when `gawk' is being fully POSIX-compliant (*note Options::). Then, the following (extreme) @@ -4150,26 +4159,24 @@ get the empty string. (If used in a numeric operation, you get zero.) field, is a special case: it represents the whole input record when you are not interested in specific fields. Here are some more examples: - $ awk '$1 ~ /foo/ { print $0 }' BBS-list - -| fooey 555-1234 2400/1200/300 B - -| foot 555-6699 1200/300 B - -| macfoo 555-6480 1200/300 A - -| sabafoo 555-2127 1200/300 C + $ awk '$1 ~ /li/ { print $0 }' mail-list + -| Amelia 555-5553 amelia.zodiacusque@gmail.com F + -| Julie 555-6699 julie.perscrutabor@skeeve.com F -This example prints each record in the file `BBS-list' whose first -field contains the string `foo'. The operator `~' is called a -"matching operator" (*note Regexp Usage::); it tests whether a string -(here, the field `$1') matches a given regular expression. +This example prints each record in the file `mail-list' whose first +field contains the string `li'. The operator `~' is called a "matching +operator" (*note Regexp Usage::); it tests whether a string (here, the +field `$1') matches a given regular expression. - By contrast, the following example looks for `foo' in _the entire + By contrast, the following example looks for `li' in _the entire record_ and prints the first field and the last field for each matching input record: - $ awk '/foo/ { print $1, $NF }' BBS-list - -| fooey B - -| foot B - -| macfoo A - -| sabafoo C + $ awk '/li/ { print $1, $NF }' mail-list + -| Amelia F + -| Broderick R + -| Julie F + -| Samuel A ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -4197,16 +4204,16 @@ For the twentieth record, field number 20 is printed; most likely, the record has fewer than 20 fields, so this prints a blank line. Here is another example of using expressions as field numbers: - awk '{ print $(2*2) }' BBS-list + awk '{ print $(2*2) }' mail-list `awk' evaluates the expression `(2*2)' and uses its value as the number of the field to print. The `*' sign represents multiplication, so the expression `2*2' evaluates to four. The parentheses are used so that the multiplication is done before the `$' operation; they are necessary whenever there is a binary operator in the field-number -expression. This example, then, prints the hours of operation (the -fourth field) for every line of the file `BBS-list'. (All of the `awk' -operators are listed, in order of decreasing precedence, in *note +expression. This example, then, prints the type of relationship (the +fourth field) for every line of the file `mail-list'. (All of the +`awk' operators are listed, in order of decreasing precedence, in *note Precedence::.) If the field number you compute is zero, you get the entire record. @@ -4603,53 +4610,46 @@ type `-F\t' at the shell, without any quotes, the `\' gets deleted, so TABs and not `t's. Use `-v FS="t"' or `-F"[t]"' on the command line if you really do want to separate your fields with `t's. - As an example, let's use an `awk' program file called `baud.awk' -that contains the pattern `/300/' and the action `print $1': + As an example, let's use an `awk' program file called `edu.awk' that +contains the pattern `/edu/' and the action `print $1': - /300/ { print $1 } + /edu/ { print $1 } Let's also set `FS' to be the `-' character and run the program on -the file `BBS-list'. The following command prints a list of the names -of the bulletin boards that operate at 300 baud and the first three +the file `mail-list'. The following command prints a list of the names +of the people that work at or attend a university, and the first three digits of their phone numbers: - $ awk -F- -f baud.awk BBS-list - -| aardvark 555 - -| alpo - -| barfly 555 - -| bites 555 - -| camelot 555 - -| core 555 - -| fooey 555 - -| foot 555 - -| macfoo 555 - -| sdace 555 - -| sabafoo 555 - -Note the second line of output. The second line in the original file + $ awk -F- -f edu.awk mail-list + -| Fabius 555 + -| Samuel 555 + -| Jean + +Note the third line of output. The third line in the original file looked like this: - alpo-net 555-3412 2400/1200/300 A + Jean-Paul 555-2127 jeanpaul.campanorum@nyu.edu R - The `-' as part of the system's name was used as the field + The `-' as part of the person's name was used as the field separator, instead of the `-' in the phone number that was originally intended. This demonstrates why you have to be careful in choosing your field and record separators. Perhaps the most common use of a single character as the field separator occurs when processing the Unix system password file. On -many Unix systems, each user has a separate entry in the system password -file, one line per user. The information in these lines is separated -by colons. The first field is the user's login name and the second is -the user's (encrypted or shadow) password. A password file entry might -look like this: +many Unix systems, each user has a separate entry in the system +password file, one line per user. The information in these lines is +separated by colons. The first field is the user's login name and the +second is the user's encrypted or shadow password. (A shadow password +is indicated by the presence of a single `x' in the second field.) A +password file entry might look like this: - arnold:xyzzy:2076:10:Arnold Robbins:/home/arnold:/bin/bash + arnold:x:2076:10:Arnold Robbins:/home/arnold:/bin/bash The following program searches the system password file and prints -the entries for users who have no password: +the entries for users whose full name is not indicated: - awk -F: '$2 == ""' /etc/passwd + awk -F: '$5 == ""' /etc/passwd  File: gawk.info, Node: Full Line Fields, Next: Field Splitting Summary, Prev: Command Line Field Separator, Up: Field Separators @@ -5835,13 +5835,29 @@ prints the first and second fields of each input record, separated by a semicolon, with a blank line added after each newline: $ awk 'BEGIN { OFS = ";"; ORS = "\n\n" } - > { print $1, $2 }' BBS-list - -| aardvark;555-5553 + > { print $1, $2 }' mail-list + -| Amelia;555-5553 -| - -| alpo-net;555-3412 + -| Anthony;555-3412 + -| + -| Becky;555-7685 + -| + -| Bill;555-1675 + -| + -| Broderick;555-0542 + -| + -| Camilla;555-2912 + -| + -| Fabius;555-1234 + -| + -| Julie;555-6699 + -| + -| Martin;555-6480 + -| + -| Samuel;555-3430 + -| + -| Jean-Paul;555-2127 -| - -| barfly;555-7685 - ... If the value of `ORS' does not contain a newline, the program's output runs together on a single line. @@ -6210,25 +6226,25 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Printf Examples, Prev: Format Modifiers, Up: Printf The following simple example shows how to use `printf' to make an aligned table: - awk '{ printf "%-10s %s\n", $1, $2 }' BBS-list + awk '{ printf "%-10s %s\n", $1, $2 }' mail-list -This command prints the names of the bulletin boards (`$1') in the file -`BBS-list' as a string of 10 characters that are left-justified. It +This command prints the names of the people (`$1') in the file +`mail-list' as a string of 10 characters that are left-justified. It also prints the phone numbers (`$2') next on the line. This produces an aligned two-column table of names and phone numbers, as shown here: - $ awk '{ printf "%-10s %s\n", $1, $2 }' BBS-list - -| aardvark 555-5553 - -| alpo-net 555-3412 - -| barfly 555-7685 - -| bites 555-1675 - -| camelot 555-0542 - -| core 555-2912 - -| fooey 555-1234 - -| foot 555-6699 - -| macfoo 555-6480 - -| sdace 555-3430 - -| sabafoo 555-2127 + $ awk '{ printf "%-10s %s\n", $1, $2 }' mail-list + -| Amelia 555-5553 + -| Anthony 555-3412 + -| Becky 555-7685 + -| Bill 555-1675 + -| Broderick 555-0542 + -| Camilla 555-2912 + -| Fabius 555-1234 + -| Julie 555-6699 + -| Martin 555-6480 + -| Samuel 555-3430 + -| Jean-Paul 555-2127 In this case, the phone numbers had to be printed as strings because the numbers are separated by a dash. Printing the phone numbers as @@ -6246,14 +6262,14 @@ beginning of the `awk' program: awk 'BEGIN { print "Name Number" print "---- ------" } - { printf "%-10s %s\n", $1, $2 }' BBS-list + { printf "%-10s %s\n", $1, $2 }' mail-list The above example mixes `print' and `printf' statements in the same program. Using just `printf' statements can produce the same results: awk 'BEGIN { printf "%-10s %s\n", "Name", "Number" printf "%-10s %s\n", "----", "------" } - { printf "%-10s %s\n", $1, $2 }' BBS-list + { printf "%-10s %s\n", $1, $2 }' mail-list Printing each column heading with the same format specification used for the column elements ensures that the headings are aligned just like @@ -6265,7 +6281,7 @@ be emphasized by storing it in a variable, like this: awk 'BEGIN { format = "%-10s %s\n" printf format, "Name", "Number" printf format, "----", "------" } - { printf format, $1, $2 }' BBS-list + { printf format, $1, $2 }' mail-list At this point, it would be a worthwhile exercise to use the `printf' statement to line up the headings and table data for the @@ -6305,19 +6321,19 @@ work identically for `printf': the same OUTPUT-FILE do not erase OUTPUT-FILE, but append to it. (This is different from how you use redirections in shell scripts.) If OUTPUT-FILE does not exist, it is created. For example, here - is how an `awk' program can write a list of BBS names to one file - named `name-list', and a list of phone numbers to another file + is how an `awk' program can write a list of peoples' names to one + file named `name-list', and a list of phone numbers to another file named `phone-list': $ awk '{ print $2 > "phone-list" - > print $1 > "name-list" }' BBS-list + > print $1 > "name-list" }' mail-list $ cat phone-list -| 555-5553 -| 555-3412 ... $ cat name-list - -| aardvark - -| alpo-net + -| Amelia + -| Anthony ... Each output file contains one name or number per line. @@ -6338,12 +6354,12 @@ work identically for `printf': The redirection argument COMMAND is actually an `awk' expression. Its value is converted to a string whose contents give the shell command to be run. For example, the following produces two files, - one unsorted list of BBS names, and one list sorted in reverse + one unsorted list of peoples' names, and one list sorted in reverse alphabetical order: awk '{ print $1 > "names.unsorted" command = "sort -r > names.sorted" - print $1 | command }' BBS-list + print $1 | command }' mail-list The unsorted list is written with an ordinary redirection, while the sorted list is written by piping through the `sort' utility. @@ -7073,16 +7089,16 @@ assignment is performed at a time determined by its position among the input file arguments--after the processing of the preceding input file argument. For example: - awk '{ print $n }' n=4 inventory-shipped n=2 BBS-list + awk '{ print $n }' n=4 inventory-shipped n=2 mail-list prints the value of field number `n' for all input records. Before the first file is read, the command line sets the variable `n' equal to four. This causes the fourth field to be printed in lines from `inventory-shipped'. After the first file has finished, but before the second file is started, `n' is set to two, so that the second field is -printed in lines from `BBS-list': +printed in lines from `mail-list': - $ awk '{ print $n }' n=4 inventory-shipped n=2 BBS-list + $ awk '{ print $n }' n=4 inventory-shipped n=2 mail-list -| 15 -| 24 ... @@ -7343,17 +7359,17 @@ a specific operator to represent it. Instead, concatenation is performed by writing expressions next to one another, with no operator. For example: - $ awk '{ print "Field number one: " $1 }' BBS-list - -| Field number one: aardvark - -| Field number one: alpo-net + $ awk '{ print "Field number one: " $1 }' mail-list + -| Field number one: Amelia + -| Field number one: Anthony ... Without the space in the string constant after the `:', the line runs together. For example: - $ awk '{ print "Field number one:" $1 }' BBS-list - -| Field number one:aardvark - -| Field number one:alpo-net + $ awk '{ print "Field number one:" $1 }' mail-list + -| Field number one:Amelia + -| Field number one:Anthony ... Because string concatenation does not have an explicit operator, it @@ -7999,9 +8015,9 @@ Boolean operators are: `BOOLEAN1 && BOOLEAN2' True if both BOOLEAN1 and BOOLEAN2 are true. For example, the following statement prints the current input record if it contains - both `2400' and `foo': + both `edu' and `li': - if ($0 ~ /2400/ && $0 ~ /foo/) print + if ($0 ~ /edu/ && $0 ~ /li/) print The subexpression BOOLEAN2 is evaluated only if BOOLEAN1 is true. This can make a difference when BOOLEAN2 contains expressions that @@ -8012,9 +8028,9 @@ Boolean operators are: `BOOLEAN1 || BOOLEAN2' True if at least one of BOOLEAN1 or BOOLEAN2 is true. For example, the following statement prints all records in the input - that contain _either_ `2400' or `foo' or both: + that contain _either_ `edu' or `li' or both: - if ($0 ~ /2400/ || $0 ~ /foo/) print + if ($0 ~ /edu/ || $0 ~ /li/) print The subexpression BOOLEAN2 is evaluated only if BOOLEAN1 is false. This can make a difference when BOOLEAN2 contains expressions that @@ -8434,56 +8450,53 @@ operand is either a constant regular expression enclosed in slashes (`/REGEXP/'), or any expression whose string value is used as a dynamic regular expression (*note Computed Regexps::). The following example prints the second field of each input record whose first field is -precisely `foo': +precisely `li': - $ awk '$1 == "foo" { print $2 }' BBS-list + $ awk '$1 == "li" { print $2 }' mail-list -(There is no output, because there is no BBS site with the exact name -`foo'.) Contrast this with the following regular expression match, -which accepts any record with a first field that contains `foo': +(There is no output, because there is no person with the exact name +`li'.) Contrast this with the following regular expression match, which +accepts any record with a first field that contains `li': - $ awk '$1 ~ /foo/ { print $2 }' BBS-list - -| 555-1234 + $ awk '$1 ~ /foo/ { print $2 }' mail-list + -| 555-5553 -| 555-6699 - -| 555-6480 - -| 555-2127 A regexp constant as a pattern is also a special case of an -expression pattern. The expression `/foo/' has the value one if `foo' -appears in the current input record. Thus, as a pattern, `/foo/' -matches any record containing `foo'. +expression pattern. The expression `/li/' has the value one if `li' +appears in the current input record. Thus, as a pattern, `/li/' matches +any record containing `li'. Boolean expressions are also commonly used as patterns. Whether the pattern matches an input record depends on whether its subexpressions match. For example, the following command prints all the records in -`BBS-list' that contain both `2400' and `foo': - - $ awk '/2400/ && /foo/' BBS-list - -| fooey 555-1234 2400/1200/300 B - - The following command prints all records in `BBS-list' that contain -_either_ `2400' or `foo' (or both, of course): - - $ awk '/2400/ || /foo/' BBS-list - -| alpo-net 555-3412 2400/1200/300 A - -| bites 555-1675 2400/1200/300 A - -| fooey 555-1234 2400/1200/300 B - -| foot 555-6699 1200/300 B - -| macfoo 555-6480 1200/300 A - -| sdace 555-3430 2400/1200/300 A - -| sabafoo 555-2127 1200/300 C - - The following command prints all records in `BBS-list' that do _not_ -contain the string `foo': - - $ awk '! /foo/' BBS-list - -| aardvark 555-5553 1200/300 B - -| alpo-net 555-3412 2400/1200/300 A - -| barfly 555-7685 1200/300 A - -| bites 555-1675 2400/1200/300 A - -| camelot 555-0542 300 C - -| core 555-2912 1200/300 C - -| sdace 555-3430 2400/1200/300 A +`mail-list' that contain both `edu' and `li': + + $ awk '/edu/ && /li/' mail-list + -| Samuel 555-3430 samuel.lanceolis@shu.edu A + + The following command prints all records in `mail-list' that contain +_either_ `edu' or `li' (or both, of course): + + $ awk '/edu/ || /li/' mail-list + -| Amelia 555-5553 amelia.zodiacusque@gmail.com F + -| Broderick 555-0542 broderick.aliquotiens@yahoo.com R + -| Fabius 555-1234 fabius.undevicesimus@ucb.edu F + -| Julie 555-6699 julie.perscrutabor@skeeve.com F + -| Samuel 555-3430 samuel.lanceolis@shu.edu A + -| Jean-Paul 555-2127 jeanpaul.campanorum@nyu.edu R + + The following command prints all records in `mail-list' that do +_not_ contain the string `li': + + $ awk '! /li/' mail-list + -| Anthony 555-3412 anthony.asserturo@hotmail.com A + -| Becky 555-7685 becky.algebrarum@gmail.com A + -| Bill 555-1675 bill.drowning@hotmail.com A + -| Camilla 555-2912 camilla.infusarum@skynet.be R + -| Fabius 555-1234 fabius.undevicesimus@ucb.edu F + -| Martin 555-6480 martin.codicibus@hotmail.com A + -| Jean-Paul 555-2127 jeanpaul.campanorum@nyu.edu R The subexpressions of a Boolean operator in a pattern can be constant regular expressions, comparisons, or any other `awk' @@ -8594,19 +8607,19 @@ read. Likewise, an `END' rule is executed once only, after all the input is read. For example: $ awk ' - > BEGIN { print "Analysis of \"foo\"" } - > /foo/ { ++n } - > END { print "\"foo\" appears", n, "times." }' BBS-list - -| Analysis of "foo" - -| "foo" appears 4 times. - - This program finds the number of records in the input file `BBS-list' -that contain the string `foo'. The `BEGIN' rule prints a title for the -report. There is no need to use the `BEGIN' rule to initialize the -counter `n' to zero, since `awk' does this automatically (*note -Variables::). The second rule increments the variable `n' every time a -record containing the pattern `foo' is read. The `END' rule prints the -value of `n' at the end of the run. + > BEGIN { print "Analysis of \"li\"" } + > /li/ { ++n } + > END { print "\"li\" appears in", n, "records." }' mail-list + -| Analysis of "li" + -| "li" appears in 4 records. + + This program finds the number of records in the input file +`mail-list' that contain the string `li'. The `BEGIN' rule prints a +title for the report. There is no need to use the `BEGIN' rule to +initialize the counter `n' to zero, since `awk' does this automatically +(*note Variables::). The second rule increments the variable `n' every +time a record containing the pattern `li' is read. The `END' rule +prints the value of `n' at the end of the run. The special patterns `BEGIN' and `END' cannot be used in ranges or with Boolean operators (indeed, they cannot be used with any operators). @@ -8757,7 +8770,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Empty, Prev: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE, Up: Pattern Overview An empty (i.e., nonexistent) pattern is considered to match _every_ input record. For example, the program: - awk '{ print $1 }' BBS-list + awk '{ print $1 }' mail-list prints the first field of every record. @@ -9673,13 +9686,13 @@ with a pound sign (`#'). $ awk 'BEGIN { > for (i = 0; i < ARGC; i++) > print ARGV[i] - > }' inventory-shipped BBS-list + > }' inventory-shipped mail-list -| awk -| inventory-shipped - -| BBS-list + -| mail-list `ARGV[0]' contains `awk', `ARGV[1]' contains `inventory-shipped', - and `ARGV[2]' contains `BBS-list'. The value of `ARGC' is three, + and `ARGV[2]' contains `mail-list'. The value of `ARGC' is three, one more than the index of the last element in `ARGV', because the elements are numbered from zero. @@ -10006,13 +10019,13 @@ information contained in `ARGC' and `ARGV': $ awk 'BEGIN { > for (i = 0; i < ARGC; i++) > print ARGV[i] - > }' inventory-shipped BBS-list + > }' inventory-shipped mail-list -| awk -| inventory-shipped - -| BBS-list + -| mail-list In this example, `ARGV[0]' contains `awk', `ARGV[1]' contains -`inventory-shipped', and `ARGV[2]' contains `BBS-list'. Notice that +`inventory-shipped', and `ARGV[2]' contains `mail-list'. Notice that the `awk' program is not entered in `ARGV'. The other command-line options, with their arguments, are also not entered. This includes variable assignments done with the `-v' option (*note Options::). @@ -25958,6 +25971,10 @@ Info file, in approximate chronological order: 4.1 was driven primarily by Arnold Robbins and Andrew Schorr, with notable contributions from the rest of the development team. + * Antonio Giovanni Colombo rewrote a number of examples in the early + chapters that were severely dated, for which I am incredibly + grateful. + * Arnold Robbins has been working on `gawk' since 1988, at first helping David Trueman, and as the primary maintainer since around 1994. @@ -28213,9 +28230,6 @@ Bash The GNU version of the standard shell (the Bourne-Again SHell). See also "Bourne Shell." -BBS - See "Bulletin Board System." - Bit Short for "Binary Digit." All values in computer memory ultimately reduce to binary digits: values that are either zero or @@ -28261,11 +28275,6 @@ Built-in Variable Braces See "Curly Braces." -Bulletin Board System - A computer system allowing users to log in and read and/or leave - messages for other users of the system, much like leaving paper - notes on a bulletin board. - C The system programming language that most GNU software is written in. The `awk' programming language has C-like syntax, and this @@ -30352,7 +30361,7 @@ Index (line 6) * artificial intelligence, gawk and: Distribution contents. (line 52) -* ASCII <1>: Glossary. (line 141) +* ASCII <1>: Glossary. (line 133) * ASCII: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) * asort() function (gawk) <1>: Array Sorting Functions. (line 6) @@ -30497,7 +30506,6 @@ Index (line 112) * backslash (\), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 28) * backtrace debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 13) -* BBS-list file: Sample Data Files. (line 6) * Beebe, Nelson H.F. <1>: Other Versions. (line 78) * Beebe, Nelson H.F.: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * BEGIN pattern <1>: Profiling. (line 62) @@ -30506,7 +30514,7 @@ Index * BEGIN pattern: Records. (line 29) * BEGIN pattern, assert() user-defined function and: Assert Function. (line 83) -* BEGIN pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 73) +* BEGIN pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 70) * BEGIN pattern, exit statement and: Exit Statement. (line 12) * BEGIN pattern, getline and: Getline Notes. (line 19) * BEGIN pattern, headings, adding: Print Examples. (line 43) @@ -30523,9 +30531,9 @@ Index * BEGIN pattern, TEXTDOMAIN variable and: Programmer i18n. (line 60) * BEGINFILE pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 6) * BEGINFILE pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. - (line 73) + (line 70) * beginfile() user-defined function: Filetrans Function. (line 62) -* Bentley, Jon: Glossary. (line 151) +* Bentley, Jon: Glossary. (line 143) * Benzinger, Michael: Contributors. (line 97) * Berry, Karl <1>: Ranges and Locales. (line 74) * Berry, Karl: Acknowledgments. (line 33) @@ -30544,7 +30552,7 @@ Index * body, in actions: Statements. (line 10) * body, in loops: While Statement. (line 14) * Boolean expressions: Boolean Ops. (line 6) -* Boolean expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 41) +* Boolean expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 39) * Boolean operators, See Boolean expressions: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * Bourne shell, quoting rules for: Quoting. (line 18) * braces ({}): Profiling. (line 142) @@ -30593,7 +30601,7 @@ Index * Brini, Davide: Signature Program. (line 6) * Broder, Alan J.: Contributors. (line 88) * Brown, Martin: Contributors. (line 82) -* BSD-based operating systems: Glossary. (line 624) +* BSD-based operating systems: Glossary. (line 616) * bt debugger command (alias for backtrace): Execution Stack. (line 13) * Buening, Andreas <1>: Bugs. (line 71) * Buening, Andreas <2>: Contributors. (line 92) @@ -30636,7 +30644,7 @@ Index * character classes, See bracket expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 55) * character lists, See bracket expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 55) -* character sets (machine character encodings) <1>: Glossary. (line 141) +* character sets (machine character encodings) <1>: Glossary. (line 133) * character sets (machine character encodings): Ordinal Functions. (line 45) * character sets, See Also bracket expressions: Regexp Operators. @@ -30647,7 +30655,7 @@ Index * Chassell, Robert J.: Acknowledgments. (line 33) * chdir() extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. (line 12) -* chem utility: Glossary. (line 151) +* chem utility: Glossary. (line 143) * chr() extension function: Extension Sample Ord. (line 15) * chr() user-defined function: Ordinal Functions. (line 16) @@ -30670,6 +30678,7 @@ Index * Collado, Manuel: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * collating elements: Bracket Expressions. (line 69) * collating symbols: Bracket Expressions. (line 76) +* Colombo, Antonio <1>: Contributors. (line 135) * Colombo, Antonio: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * columns, aligning: Print Examples. (line 70) * columns, cutting: Cut Program. (line 6) @@ -30706,7 +30715,7 @@ Index * common extensions, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 83) * common extensions, length() applied to an array: String Functions. (line 193) -* common extensions, RS as a regexp: Records. (line 120) +* common extensions, RS as a regexp: Records. (line 135) * common extensions, single character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * comp.lang.awk newsgroup: Bugs. (line 38) @@ -30722,7 +30731,7 @@ Index * compatibility mode (gawk), octal numbers: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 60) * compatibility mode (gawk), specifying: Options. (line 81) -* compiled programs <1>: Glossary. (line 165) +* compiled programs <1>: Glossary. (line 157) * compiled programs: Basic High Level. (line 15) * compiling gawk for Cygwin: Cygwin. (line 6) * compiling gawk for MS-DOS and MS-Windows: PC Compiling. (line 13) @@ -30764,7 +30773,7 @@ Index * CONVFMT variable: Conversion. (line 29) * CONVFMT variable, array subscripts and: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 6) -* cookie: Glossary. (line 157) +* cookie: Glossary. (line 149) * coprocesses <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 44) * coprocesses: Redirection. (line 102) * coprocesses, closing: Close Files And Pipes. @@ -30783,7 +30792,7 @@ Index * cut.awk program: Cut Program. (line 45) * d debugger command (alias for delete): Breakpoint Control. (line 64) * d.c., See dark corner: Conventions. (line 38) -* dark corner <1>: Glossary. (line 197) +* dark corner <1>: Glossary. (line 189) * dark corner: Conventions. (line 38) * dark corner, "0" is actually true: Truth Values. (line 24) * dark corner, /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. @@ -30810,7 +30819,7 @@ Index * dark corner, format-control characters: Control Letters. (line 18) * dark corner, FS as null string: Single Character Fields. (line 20) -* dark corner, input files: Records. (line 103) +* dark corner, input files: Records. (line 118) * dark corner, invoking awk: Command Line. (line 16) * dark corner, length() function: String Functions. (line 179) * dark corner, locale's decimal point character: Conversion. (line 77) @@ -30824,7 +30833,7 @@ Index * dark corner, regexp constants, as arguments to user-defined functions: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) * dark corner, split() function: String Functions. (line 358) -* dark corner, strings, storing: Records. (line 195) +* dark corner, strings, storing: Records. (line 210) * dark corner, value of ARGV[0]: Auto-set. (line 35) * data, fixed-width: Constant Size. (line 10) * data-driven languages: Basic High Level. (line 85) @@ -31006,19 +31015,19 @@ Index * differences in awk and gawk, print/printf statements: Format Modifiers. (line 13) * differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 133) -* differences in awk and gawk, record separators: Records. (line 117) +* differences in awk and gawk, record separators: Records. (line 132) * differences in awk and gawk, regexp constants: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) * differences in awk and gawk, regular expressions: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) -* differences in awk and gawk, RS/RT variables: Records. (line 172) +* differences in awk and gawk, RS/RT variables: Records. (line 187) * differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 266) * differences in awk and gawk, single-character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, split() function: String Functions. (line 346) * differences in awk and gawk, strings: Scalar Constants. (line 20) -* differences in awk and gawk, strings, storing: Records. (line 191) +* differences in awk and gawk, strings, storing: Records. (line 206) * differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 274) * differences in awk and gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. (line 162) @@ -31076,7 +31085,7 @@ Index * END pattern, assert() user-defined function and: Assert Function. (line 75) * END pattern, backslash continuation and: Egrep Program. (line 220) -* END pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 73) +* END pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 70) * END pattern, exit statement and: Exit Statement. (line 12) * END pattern, next/nextfile statements and <1>: Next Statement. (line 45) @@ -31085,7 +31094,7 @@ Index * END pattern, operators and: Using BEGIN/END. (line 17) * END pattern, print statement and: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 16) * ENDFILE pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 6) -* ENDFILE pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 73) +* ENDFILE pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 70) * endfile() user-defined function: Filetrans Function. (line 62) * endgrent() function (C library): Group Functions. (line 215) * endgrent() user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 218) @@ -31093,7 +31102,7 @@ Index * endpwent() user-defined function: Passwd Functions. (line 213) * ENVIRON array: Auto-set. (line 60) * environment variables: Auto-set. (line 60) -* epoch, definition of: Glossary. (line 243) +* epoch, definition of: Glossary. (line 235) * equals sign (=), = operator: Assignment Ops. (line 6) * equals sign (=), == operator <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * equals sign (=), == operator: Comparison Operators. @@ -31163,7 +31172,7 @@ Index * extensions, common, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 83) * extensions, common, length() applied to an array: String Functions. (line 193) -* extensions, common, RS as a regexp: Records. (line 120) +* extensions, common, RS as a regexp: Records. (line 135) * extensions, common, single character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * extensions, in gawk, not in POSIX awk: POSIX/GNU. (line 6) @@ -31236,7 +31245,7 @@ Index * files, /inet/... (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * files, /inet4/... (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * files, /inet6/... (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) -* files, as single records: Records. (line 204) +* files, as single records: Records. (line 219) * files, awk programs in: Long. (line 6) * files, awkprof.out: Profiling. (line 6) * files, awkvars.out: Options. (line 93) @@ -31316,10 +31325,10 @@ Index * frame debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 25) * Free Documentation License (FDL): GNU Free Documentation License. (line 6) -* Free Software Foundation (FSF) <1>: Glossary. (line 305) +* Free Software Foundation (FSF) <1>: Glossary. (line 297) * Free Software Foundation (FSF) <2>: Getting. (line 10) * Free Software Foundation (FSF): Manual History. (line 6) -* FreeBSD: Glossary. (line 624) +* FreeBSD: Glossary. (line 616) * FS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 56) * FS variable: Field Separators. (line 15) * FS variable, --field-separator option and: Options. (line 21) @@ -31332,7 +31341,7 @@ Index (line 6) * FS, containing ^: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 59) -* FSF (Free Software Foundation) <1>: Glossary. (line 305) +* FSF (Free Software Foundation) <1>: Glossary. (line 297) * FSF (Free Software Foundation) <2>: Getting. (line 10) * FSF (Free Software Foundation): Manual History. (line 6) * fts() extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. @@ -31466,7 +31475,7 @@ Index * gawk, RT variable in <2>: Getline/Variable/File. (line 10) * gawk, RT variable in <3>: Multiple Line. (line 129) -* gawk, RT variable in: Records. (line 117) +* gawk, RT variable in: Records. (line 132) * gawk, See Also awk: Preface. (line 36) * gawk, source code, obtaining: Getting. (line 6) * gawk, splitting fields and: Constant Size. (line 88) @@ -31480,7 +31489,7 @@ Index * gawk, word-boundary operator: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 63) * gawkextlib project: gawkextlib. (line 6) -* General Public License (GPL): Glossary. (line 314) +* General Public License (GPL): Glossary. (line 306) * General Public License, See GPL: Manual History. (line 11) * gensub() function (gawk) <1>: String Functions. (line 81) * gensub() function (gawk): Using Constant Regexps. @@ -31537,18 +31546,18 @@ Index * GNU awk, See gawk: Preface. (line 49) * GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License. (line 6) -* GNU General Public License: Glossary. (line 314) -* GNU Lesser General Public License: Glossary. (line 405) +* GNU General Public License: Glossary. (line 306) +* GNU Lesser General Public License: Glossary. (line 397) * GNU long options <1>: Options. (line 6) * GNU long options: Command Line. (line 13) * GNU long options, printing list of: Options. (line 154) -* GNU Project <1>: Glossary. (line 323) +* GNU Project <1>: Glossary. (line 315) * GNU Project: Manual History. (line 11) -* GNU/Linux <1>: Glossary. (line 624) +* GNU/Linux <1>: Glossary. (line 616) * GNU/Linux <2>: I18N Example. (line 55) * GNU/Linux: Manual History. (line 28) * Gordon, Assaf: Contributors. (line 105) -* GPL (General Public License) <1>: Glossary. (line 314) +* GPL (General Public License) <1>: Glossary. (line 306) * GPL (General Public License): Manual History. (line 11) * GPL (General Public License), printing: Options. (line 88) * grcat program: Group Functions. (line 16) @@ -31674,19 +31683,19 @@ Index * internationalization, localization, portability and: I18N Portability. (line 6) * internationalizing a program: Explaining gettext. (line 6) -* interpreted programs <1>: Glossary. (line 365) +* interpreted programs <1>: Glossary. (line 357) * interpreted programs: Basic High Level. (line 15) * interval expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 116) * inventory-shipped file: Sample Data Files. (line 32) * isarray() function (gawk): Type Functions. (line 11) -* ISO: Glossary. (line 376) -* ISO 8859-1: Glossary. (line 141) -* ISO Latin-1: Glossary. (line 141) +* ISO: Glossary. (line 368) +* ISO 8859-1: Glossary. (line 133) +* ISO Latin-1: Glossary. (line 133) * Jacobs, Andrew: Passwd Functions. (line 90) * Jaegermann, Michal <1>: Contributors. (line 45) * Jaegermann, Michal: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Java implementation of awk: Other Versions. (line 112) -* Java programming language: Glossary. (line 388) +* Java programming language: Glossary. (line 380) * jawk: Other Versions. (line 112) * Jedi knights: Undocumented. (line 6) * join() user-defined function: Join Function. (line 18) @@ -31694,7 +31703,7 @@ Index * Kahrs, Ju"rgen: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Kasal, Stepan: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Kenobi, Obi-Wan: Undocumented. (line 6) -* Kernighan, Brian <1>: Glossary. (line 151) +* Kernighan, Brian <1>: Glossary. (line 143) * Kernighan, Brian <2>: Basic Data Typing. (line 55) * Kernighan, Brian <3>: Other Versions. (line 13) * Kernighan, Brian <4>: Contributors. (line 11) @@ -31735,8 +31744,8 @@ Index * left shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) * leftmost longest match: Multiple Line. (line 26) * length() function: String Functions. (line 163) -* Lesser General Public License (LGPL): Glossary. (line 405) -* LGPL (Lesser General Public License): Glossary. (line 405) +* Lesser General Public License (LGPL): Glossary. (line 397) +* LGPL (Lesser General Public License): Glossary. (line 397) * libmawk: Other Versions. (line 120) * libraries of awk functions: Library Functions. (line 6) * libraries of awk functions, assertions: Assert Function. (line 6) @@ -31781,7 +31790,7 @@ Index * lint checking, undefined functions: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 88) * LINT variable: User-modified. (line 98) -* Linux <1>: Glossary. (line 624) +* Linux <1>: Glossary. (line 616) * Linux <2>: I18N Example. (line 55) * Linux: Manual History. (line 28) * list debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. @@ -31813,6 +31822,7 @@ Index * ls utility: More Complex. (line 15) * lshift() function (gawk): Bitwise Functions. (line 46) * lvalues/rvalues: Assignment Ops. (line 32) +* mail-list file: Sample Data Files. (line 6) * mailing labels, printing: Labels Program. (line 6) * mailing list, GNITS: Acknowledgments. (line 52) * Malmberg, John <1>: Bugs. (line 72) @@ -31862,7 +31872,7 @@ Index * namespace issues, functions: Definition Syntax. (line 20) * nawk utility: Names. (line 17) * negative zero: Unexpected Results. (line 34) -* NetBSD: Glossary. (line 624) +* NetBSD: Glossary. (line 616) * networks, programming: TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * networks, support for: Special Network. (line 6) * newlines <1>: Boolean Ops. (line 67) @@ -31909,7 +31919,7 @@ Index * null strings <2>: Truth Values. (line 6) * null strings <3>: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 43) -* null strings: Records. (line 107) +* null strings: Records. (line 122) * null strings, array elements and: Delete. (line 27) * null strings, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 43) @@ -31947,7 +31957,7 @@ Index * OFS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 124) * OFS variable <2>: Output Separators. (line 6) * OFS variable: Changing Fields. (line 64) -* OpenBSD: Glossary. (line 624) +* OpenBSD: Glossary. (line 616) * OpenSolaris: Other Versions. (line 96) * operating systems, BSD-based: Manual History. (line 28) * operating systems, PC, gawk on: PC Using. (line 6) @@ -32018,7 +32028,7 @@ Index * output, standard: Special FD. (line 6) * p debugger command (alias for print): Viewing And Changing Data. (line 36) -* P1003.1 POSIX standard: Glossary. (line 462) +* P1003.1 POSIX standard: Glossary. (line 454) * parentheses () <1>: Profiling. (line 146) * parentheses (): Regexp Operators. (line 79) * password file: Passwd Functions. (line 16) @@ -32031,7 +32041,7 @@ Index * patterns, empty: Empty. (line 6) * patterns, expressions as: Regexp Patterns. (line 6) * patterns, ranges in: Ranges. (line 6) -* patterns, regexp constants as: Expression Patterns. (line 36) +* patterns, regexp constants as: Expression Patterns. (line 34) * patterns, types of: Pattern Overview. (line 15) * pawk (profiling version of Brian Kernighan's awk): Other Versions. (line 78) @@ -32069,7 +32079,7 @@ Index (line 112) * portability, close() function and: Close Files And Pipes. (line 81) -* portability, data files as single record: Records. (line 179) +* portability, data files as single record: Records. (line 194) * portability, deleting array elements: Delete. (line 56) * portability, example programs: Library Functions. (line 42) * portability, functions, defining: Definition Syntax. (line 99) @@ -32209,7 +32219,7 @@ Index * programming languages, Ada: Glossary. (line 20) * programming languages, data-driven vs. procedural: Getting Started. (line 12) -* programming languages, Java: Glossary. (line 388) +* programming languages, Java: Glossary. (line 380) * programming, basic steps: Basic High Level. (line 20) * programming, concepts: Basic Concepts. (line 6) * pwcat program: Passwd Functions. (line 23) @@ -32260,16 +32270,16 @@ Index * recipe for a programming language: History. (line 6) * record separators <1>: User-modified. (line 143) * record separators: Records. (line 14) -* record separators, changing: Records. (line 81) -* record separators, regular expressions as: Records. (line 117) +* record separators, changing: Records. (line 93) +* record separators, regular expressions as: Records. (line 132) * record separators, with multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 10) * records <1>: Basic High Level. (line 73) * records: Reading Files. (line 14) * records, multiline: Multiple Line. (line 6) * records, printing: Print. (line 22) * records, splitting input into: Records. (line 6) -* records, terminating: Records. (line 117) -* records, treating files as: Records. (line 204) +* records, terminating: Records. (line 132) +* records, treating files as: Records. (line 219) * recursive functions: Definition Syntax. (line 73) * redirection of input: Getline/File. (line 6) * redirection of output: Redirection. (line 6) @@ -32280,7 +32290,7 @@ Index * regexp constants <2>: Regexp Constants. (line 6) * regexp constants: Regexp Usage. (line 57) * regexp constants, /=.../, /= operator and: Assignment Ops. (line 147) -* regexp constants, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 36) +* regexp constants, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 34) * regexp constants, in gawk: Using Constant Regexps. (line 28) * regexp constants, slashes vs. quotes: Computed Regexps. (line 28) @@ -32293,7 +32303,7 @@ Index (line 6) * regular expressions, as patterns <1>: Regexp Patterns. (line 6) * regular expressions, as patterns: Regexp Usage. (line 6) -* regular expressions, as record separators: Records. (line 117) +* regular expressions, as record separators: Records. (line 132) * regular expressions, case sensitivity <1>: User-modified. (line 82) * regular expressions, case sensitivity: Case-sensitivity. (line 6) * regular expressions, computed: Computed Regexps. (line 6) @@ -32346,13 +32356,13 @@ Index * RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 220) * Robbins, Arnold <1>: Future Extensions. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <2>: Bugs. (line 32) -* Robbins, Arnold <3>: Contributors. (line 135) +* Robbins, Arnold <3>: Contributors. (line 139) * Robbins, Arnold <4>: General Data Types. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <5>: Alarm Program. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <6>: Passwd Functions. (line 90) * Robbins, Arnold <7>: Getline/Pipe. (line 39) * Robbins, Arnold: Command Line Field Separator. - (line 80) + (line 73) * Robbins, Bill: Getline/Pipe. (line 39) * Robbins, Harry: Acknowledgments. (line 78) * Robbins, Jean: Acknowledgments. (line 78) @@ -32376,7 +32386,7 @@ Index * RT variable <2>: Getline/Variable/File. (line 10) * RT variable <3>: Multiple Line. (line 129) -* RT variable: Records. (line 117) +* RT variable: Records. (line 132) * Rubin, Paul <1>: Contributors. (line 15) * Rubin, Paul: History. (line 30) * rule, definition of: Getting Started. (line 21) @@ -32421,7 +32431,7 @@ Index * separators, field, POSIX and: Fields. (line 6) * separators, for records <1>: User-modified. (line 143) * separators, for records: Records. (line 14) -* separators, for records, regular expressions as: Records. (line 117) +* separators, for records, regular expressions as: Records. (line 132) * separators, for statements in actions: Action Overview. (line 19) * separators, subscript: User-modified. (line 156) * set debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. @@ -32471,7 +32481,7 @@ Index * sidebar, Piping into sh: Redirection. (line 140) * sidebar, Portability Issues with #!: Executable Scripts. (line 31) * sidebar, Recipe For A Programming Language: History. (line 6) -* sidebar, RS = "\0" Is Not Portable: Records. (line 177) +* sidebar, RS = "\0" Is Not Portable: Records. (line 192) * sidebar, So Why Does gawk have BEGINFILE and ENDFILE?: Filetrans Function. (line 83) * sidebar, Syntactic Ambiguities Between /= and Regular Expressions: Assignment Ops. @@ -32541,7 +32551,7 @@ Index * sqrt() function: Numeric Functions. (line 78) * square brackets ([]): Regexp Operators. (line 55) * srand() function: Numeric Functions. (line 82) -* Stallman, Richard <1>: Glossary. (line 305) +* Stallman, Richard <1>: Glossary. (line 297) * Stallman, Richard <2>: Contributors. (line 23) * Stallman, Richard <3>: Acknowledgments. (line 18) * Stallman, Richard: Manual History. (line 6) @@ -32571,7 +32581,7 @@ Index * strings, converting <1>: Bitwise Functions. (line 109) * strings, converting: Conversion. (line 6) * strings, converting, numbers to: User-modified. (line 28) -* strings, empty, See null strings: Records. (line 107) +* strings, empty, See null strings: Records. (line 122) * strings, extracting: String Extraction. (line 6) * strings, for localization: Programmer i18n. (line 14) * strings, length of: Scalar Constants. (line 20) @@ -32613,7 +32623,7 @@ Index * TCP/IP, support for: Special Network. (line 6) * tee utility: Tee Program. (line 6) * tee.awk program: Tee Program. (line 26) -* terminating records: Records. (line 117) +* terminating records: Records. (line 132) * testbits.awk program: Bitwise Functions. (line 70) * testext extension: Extension Sample API Tests. (line 6) @@ -32709,20 +32719,20 @@ Index * undisplay debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 80) * undocumented features: Undocumented. (line 6) -* Unicode <1>: Glossary. (line 141) +* Unicode <1>: Glossary. (line 133) * Unicode <2>: Ranges and Locales. (line 61) * Unicode: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) * uninitialized variables, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 6) * uniq utility: Uniq Program. (line 6) * uniq.awk program: Uniq Program. (line 65) -* Unix: Glossary. (line 624) +* Unix: Glossary. (line 616) * Unix awk, backslashes in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 124) * Unix awk, close() function and: Close Files And Pipes. (line 130) * Unix awk, password files, field separators and: Command Line Field Separator. - (line 72) + (line 64) * Unix, awk scripts and: Executable Scripts. (line 6) * UNIXROOT variable, on OS/2 systems: PC Using. (line 16) * unsigned integers: General Arithmetic. 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load-new-function874804 +Ref: call-new-function875799 +Node: Extension API Description877814 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction879101 +Node: General Data Types884028 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1889723 +Node: Requesting Values890022 +Ref: table-value-types-returned890759 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions891713 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1894459 +Node: Constructor Functions894555 +Node: Registration Functions896313 +Node: Extension Functions896998 +Node: Exit Callback Functions899300 +Node: Extension Version String900549 +Node: Input Parsers901199 +Node: Output Wrappers910956 +Node: Two-way processors915466 +Node: Printing Messages917674 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1918751 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'918903 +Node: Accessing Parameters919642 +Node: Symbol Table Access920872 +Node: Symbol table by name921386 +Node: Symbol table by cookie923135 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1927267 +Node: Cached values927330 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1930820 +Node: Array Manipulation930911 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1932009 +Node: Array Data Types932048 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1934751 +Node: Array Functions934843 +Node: Flattening Arrays938679 +Node: Creating Arrays945531 +Node: Extension API Variables950256 +Node: Extension Versioning950892 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables952793 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate953879 +Node: Finding Extensions957683 +Node: Extension Example958243 +Node: Internal File Description958973 +Node: Internal File Ops963064 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1974573 +Node: Using Internal File Ops974713 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1977066 +Node: Extension Samples977332 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions978856 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch987341 +Node: Extension Sample Fork989110 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace990323 +Node: Extension Sample Ord992101 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir992937 +Node: Extension Sample Revout994469 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way995062 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array995752 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile997635 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests998453 +Node: Extension Sample Time998978 +Node: gawkextlib1000342 +Node: Language History1003123 +Node: V7/SVR3.11004716 +Node: SVR41007036 +Node: POSIX1008478 +Node: BTL1009864 +Node: POSIX/GNU1010598 +Node: Feature History1016197 +Node: Common Extensions1029173 +Node: Ranges and Locales1030485 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11035102 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21035129 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31035363 +Node: Contributors1035584 +Node: Installation1040965 +Node: Gawk Distribution1041859 +Node: Getting1042343 +Node: Extracting1043169 +Node: Distribution contents1044861 +Node: Unix Installation1050566 +Node: Quick Installation1051183 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1053629 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1055365 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1057719 +Node: PC Installation1058177 +Node: PC Binary Installation1059476 +Node: PC Compiling1061324 +Node: PC Testing1064268 +Node: PC Using1065444 +Node: Cygwin1069612 +Node: MSYS1070421 +Node: VMS Installation1070935 +Node: VMS Compilation1071699 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11072951 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1073009 +Node: VMS Installation Details1074382 +Node: VMS Running1076633 +Node: VMS GNV1079467 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1080190 +Node: Bugs1080660 +Node: Other Versions1084578 +Node: Notes1090662 +Node: Compatibility Mode1091462 +Node: Additions1092245 +Node: Accessing The Source1093172 +Node: Adding Code1094612 +Node: New Ports1100657 +Node: Derived Files1104792 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11110113 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21110147 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31110747 +Node: Future Extensions1110845 +Node: Implementation Limitations1111428 +Node: Extension Design1112680 +Node: Old Extension Problems1113834 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11115342 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1115399 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11118764 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1118950 +Node: Extension Future Growth1121056 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1121892 +Node: Basic Concepts1123632 +Node: Basic High Level1124313 +Ref: figure-general-flow1124584 +Ref: figure-process-flow1125183 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11128412 +Node: Basic Data Typing1128597 +Node: Glossary1131952 +Node: Copying1157181 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1194738 +Node: Index1219875  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 00c8e9d7dbd0a868f066f3f83c277d0cd3901af5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Thu, 27 Mar 2014 21:57:30 +0200 Subject: First round of indexing changes. --- doc/gawk.info | 1577 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------- 1 file changed, 894 insertions(+), 683 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 2e18da5b..29af8ab4 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -2475,7 +2475,7 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: `--bignum' Force arbitrary precision arithmetic on numbers. This option has no effect if `gawk' is not compiled to use the GNU MPFR and MP - libraries (*note Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic::). + libraries (*note Gawk and MPFR::). `-n' `--non-decimal-data' @@ -2743,13 +2743,14 @@ on the command-line with the `-f' option. In most `awk' implementations, you must supply a precise path name for each program file, unless the file is in the current directory. But in `gawk', if the file name supplied to the `-f' or `-i' options does not contain a -`/', then `gawk' searches a list of directories (called the "search -path"), one by one, looking for a file with the specified name. +directory separator `/', then `gawk' searches a list of directories +(called the "search path"), one by one, looking for a file with the +specified name. The search path is a string consisting of directory names separated by -colons. `gawk' gets its search path from the `AWKPATH' environment +colons(1). `gawk' gets its search path from the `AWKPATH' environment variable. If that variable does not exist, `gawk' uses a default path, -`.:/usr/local/share/awk'.(1) +`.:/usr/local/share/awk'.(2) The search path feature is particularly useful for building libraries of useful `awk' functions. The library files can be placed in a @@ -2790,7 +2791,9 @@ found, and `gawk' no longer needs to use `AWKPATH'. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) Your version of `gawk' may use a different directory; it will + (1) Semicolons on MS-Windows and MS-DOS. + + (2) Your version of `gawk' may use a different directory; it will depend upon how `gawk' was built and installed. The actual directory is the value of `$(datadir)' generated when `gawk' was configured. You probably don't need to worry about this, though. @@ -9873,8 +9876,8 @@ with a pound sign (`#'). The following additional elements in the array are available to provide information about the MPFR and GMP libraries if your - version of `gawk' supports arbitrary precision numbers (*note - Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic::): + version of `gawk' supports arbitrary precision numbers (*note Gawk + and MPFR::): `PROCINFO["mpfr_version"]' The version of the GNU MPFR library. @@ -11272,9 +11275,10 @@ pound sign (`#'): SOURCE is duplicated into DEST. DEST is then sorted, leaving the indices of SOURCE unchanged. - When comparing strings, `IGNORECASE' affects the sorting. If the - SOURCE array contains subarrays as values (*note Arrays of - Arrays::), they will come last, after all scalar values. + When comparing strings, `IGNORECASE' affects the sorting (*note + Array Sorting Functions::). If the SOURCE array contains + subarrays as values (*note Arrays of Arrays::), they will come + last, after all scalar values. For example, if the contents of `a' are as follows: @@ -11313,7 +11317,7 @@ pound sign (`#'): `$0'. It returns the modified string as the result of the function and the original target string is _not_ changed. - `gensub()' is a general substitution function. It's purpose is to + `gensub()' is a general substitution function. Its purpose is to provide more features than the standard `sub()' and `gsub()' functions. @@ -16028,9 +16032,9 @@ groups in the `PROCINFO' array have the indices `"group1"' through However, we don't know in advance how many of these groups there are. This loop works by starting at one, concatenating the value with -`"group"', and then using `in' to see if that value is in the array. -Eventually, `i' is incremented past the last group in the array and the -loop exits. +`"group"', and then using `in' to see if that value is in the array +(*note Reference to Elements::). Eventually, `i' is incremented past +the last group in the array and the loop exits. The loop is also correct if there are _no_ supplementary groups; then the condition is false the first time it's tested, and the loop @@ -30024,9 +30028,9 @@ Index * ! (exclamation point), !~ operator <5>: Computed Regexps. (line 6) * ! (exclamation point), !~ operator <6>: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) * ! (exclamation point), !~ operator: Regexp Usage. (line 19) -* " (double quote) <1>: Quoting. (line 37) -* " (double quote): Read Terminal. (line 25) +* " (double quote) in shell commands: Read Terminal. (line 25) * " (double quote), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 28) +* " (double quote), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 37) * # (number sign), #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. (line 6) * # (number sign), commenting: Comments. (line 6) @@ -30042,13 +30046,13 @@ Index * & (ampersand), && operator: Boolean Ops. (line 57) * & (ampersand), gsub()/gensub()/sub() functions and: Gory Details. (line 6) -* ' (single quote) <1>: Quoting. (line 31) -* ' (single quote) <2>: Long. (line 33) * ' (single quote): One-shot. (line 15) +* ' (single quote) in gawk command lines: Long. (line 33) +* ' (single quote), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 31) * ' (single quote), vs. apostrophe: Comments. (line 27) * ' (single quote), with double quotes: Quoting. (line 53) -* () (parentheses) <1>: Profiling. (line 146) * () (parentheses): Regexp Operators. (line 79) +* () (parentheses), in a profile: Profiling. (line 146) * * (asterisk), * operator, as multiplication operator: Precedence. (line 55) * * (asterisk), * operator, as regexp operator: Regexp Operators. @@ -30086,8 +30090,9 @@ Index (line 15) * --disable-nls configuration option: Additional Configuration Options. (line 30) -* --dump-variables option <1>: Library Names. (line 45) * --dump-variables option: Options. (line 93) +* --dump-variables option, using for library functions: Library Names. + (line 45) * --exec option: Options. (line 125) * --field-separator option: Options. (line 21) * --file option: Options. (line 25) @@ -30130,12 +30135,12 @@ Index * -d option: Options. (line 93) * -E option: Options. (line 125) * -e option: Options. (line 117) -* -F option: Command Line Field Separator. - (line 6) * -f option: Options. (line 25) * -F option: Options. (line 21) * -f option: Long. (line 12) * -F option, -Ft sets FS to TAB: Options. (line 301) +* -F option, command line: Command Line Field Separator. + (line 6) * -f option, multiple uses: Options. (line 306) * -g option: Options. (line 147) * -h option: Options. (line 154) @@ -30155,7 +30160,7 @@ Index * -V option: Options. (line 293) * -v option: Options. (line 32) * -W option: Options. (line 46) -* . (period): Regexp Operators. (line 43) +* . (period), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 43) * .gmo files: Explaining gettext. (line 41) * .gmo files, converting from .po: I18N Example. (line 62) * .gmo files, specifying directory of <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 47) @@ -30164,7 +30169,7 @@ Index * .po files: Explaining gettext. (line 36) * .po files, converting to .gmo: I18N Example. (line 62) * .pot files: Explaining gettext. (line 30) -* / (forward slash): Regexp. (line 10) +* / (forward slash) to enclose regular expressions: Regexp. (line 10) * / (forward slash), / operator: Precedence. (line 55) * / (forward slash), /= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * / (forward slash), /= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) @@ -30208,11 +30213,9 @@ Index * ? (question mark), regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 59) * ? (question mark), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 111) -* [] (square brackets): Regexp Operators. (line 55) -* \ (backslash) <1>: Regexp Operators. (line 18) -* \ (backslash) <2>: Quoting. (line 31) -* \ (backslash) <3>: Comments. (line 50) -* \ (backslash): Read Terminal. (line 25) +* [] (square brackets), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 55) +* \ (backslash): Comments. (line 50) +* \ (backslash) in shell commands: Read Terminal. (line 25) * \ (backslash), \" escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 76) * \ (backslash), \' operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 56) @@ -30259,6 +30262,8 @@ Index * \ (backslash), in escape sequences, POSIX and: Escape Sequences. (line 112) * \ (backslash), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 28) +* \ (backslash), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 31) +* \ (backslash), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 18) * ^ (caret), ^ operator: Precedence. (line 49) * ^ (caret), ^= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * ^ (caret), ^= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) @@ -30276,6 +30281,8 @@ Index * _ord_init() user-defined function: Ordinal Functions. (line 16) * _pw_init() user-defined function: Passwd Functions. (line 105) * accessing fields: Fields. (line 6) +* accessing global variables from extensions: Symbol Table Access. + (line 6) * account information <1>: Group Functions. (line 6) * account information: Passwd Functions. (line 16) * actions: Action Overview. (line 6) @@ -30298,6 +30305,8 @@ Index * alarm clock example program: Alarm Program. (line 11) * alarm.awk program: Alarm Program. (line 31) * algorithms: Basic High Level. (line 68) +* allocating memory for extensions: Memory Allocation Functions. + (line 6) * Alpha (DEC): Manual History. (line 28) * amazing awk assembler (aaa): Glossary. (line 12) * amazingly workable formatter (awf): Glossary. (line 25) @@ -30313,13 +30322,20 @@ Index * and Boolean-logic operator: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * and() function (gawk): Bitwise Functions. (line 39) * ANSI: Glossary. (line 35) +* API informational variables: Extension API Informational Variables. + (line 6) +* API version: Extension Versioning. + (line 6) * arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. (line 6) +* arbitrary precision integers: Arbitrary Precision Integers. + (line 6) * archeologists: Bugs. (line 6) -* ARGC/ARGV variables <1>: ARGC and ARGV. (line 6) +* arctangent: Numeric Functions. (line 11) * ARGC/ARGV variables: Auto-set. (line 11) * ARGC/ARGV variables, command-line arguments: Other Arguments. (line 12) +* ARGC/ARGV variables, how to use: ARGC and ARGV. (line 6) * ARGC/ARGV variables, portability and: Executable Scripts. (line 42) * ARGIND variable: Auto-set. (line 40) * ARGIND variable, command-line arguments: Other Arguments. (line 12) @@ -30329,36 +30345,50 @@ Index * arguments, command-line, invoking awk: Command Line. (line 6) * arguments, in function calls: Function Calls. (line 16) * arguments, processing: Getopt Function. (line 6) +* ARGV array, indexing into: Other Arguments. (line 12) * arithmetic operators: Arithmetic Ops. (line 6) +* array manipulation in extensions: Array Manipulation. (line 6) +* array members: Reference to Elements. + (line 6) +* array scanning order, controlling: Controlling Scanning. + (line 12) +* array, number of elements: String Functions. (line 194) * arrays: Arrays. (line 6) +* arrays of arrays: Arrays of Arrays. (line 6) +* arrays, an example of using: Array Example. (line 6) +* arrays, and IGNORECASE variable: Array Intro. (line 91) * arrays, as parameters to functions: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 47) * arrays, associative: Array Intro. (line 49) * arrays, associative, library functions and: Library Names. (line 57) * arrays, deleting entire contents: Delete. (line 39) -* arrays, elements, assigning: Assigning Elements. (line 6) +* arrays, elements that don't exist: Reference to Elements. + (line 23) +* arrays, elements, assigning values: Assigning Elements. (line 6) * arrays, elements, deleting: Delete. (line 6) -* arrays, elements, order of: Scanning an Array. (line 48) -* arrays, elements, referencing: Reference to Elements. - (line 6) +* arrays, elements, order of access by in operator: Scanning an Array. + (line 48) * arrays, elements, retrieving number of: String Functions. (line 32) * arrays, for statement and: Scanning an Array. (line 20) -* arrays, IGNORECASE variable and: Array Intro. (line 91) * arrays, indexing: Array Intro. (line 49) * arrays, merging into strings: Join Function. (line 6) * arrays, multidimensional: Multidimensional. (line 10) * arrays, multidimensional, scanning: Multiscanning. (line 11) -* arrays, names of: Arrays. (line 18) +* arrays, names of, and names of functions/variables: Arrays. (line 18) +* arrays, numeric subscripts: Numeric Array Subscripts. + (line 6) +* arrays, referencing elements: Reference to Elements. + (line 6) * arrays, scanning: Scanning an Array. (line 6) * arrays, sorting: Array Sorting Functions. (line 6) -* arrays, sorting, IGNORECASE variable and: Array Sorting Functions. +* arrays, sorting, and IGNORECASE variable: Array Sorting Functions. (line 83) * arrays, sparse: Array Intro. (line 70) -* arrays, subscripts: Numeric Array Subscripts. - (line 6) * arrays, subscripts, uninitialized variables as: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 6) +* arrays, unassigned elements: Reference to Elements. + (line 18) * artificial intelligence, gawk and: Distribution contents. (line 52) * ASCII <1>: Glossary. (line 133) @@ -30376,6 +30406,8 @@ Index * assert() function (C library): Assert Function. (line 6) * assert() user-defined function: Assert Function. (line 28) * assertions: Assert Function. (line 6) +* assign values to variables, in debugger: Viewing And Changing Data. + (line 59) * assignment operators: Assignment Ops. (line 6) * assignment operators, evaluation order: Assignment Ops. (line 111) * assignment operators, lvalues/rvalues: Assignment Ops. (line 32) @@ -30394,6 +30426,7 @@ Index * asterisk (*), *= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * asterisk (*), *= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) * atan2() function: Numeric Functions. (line 11) +* automatic displays, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 24) * awf (amazingly workable formatter) program: Glossary. (line 25) * awk debugging, enabling: Options. (line 108) * awk language, POSIX version: Assignment Ops. (line 136) @@ -30455,10 +30488,8 @@ Index * awksed.awk program: Simple Sed. (line 25) * awkvars.out file: Options. (line 93) * b debugger command (alias for break): Breakpoint Control. (line 11) -* backslash (\) <1>: Regexp Operators. (line 18) -* backslash (\) <2>: Quoting. (line 31) -* backslash (\) <3>: Comments. (line 50) -* backslash (\): Read Terminal. (line 25) +* backslash (\): Comments. (line 50) +* backslash (\) in shell commands: Read Terminal. (line 25) * backslash (\), \" escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 76) * backslash (\), \' operator (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 56) @@ -30505,13 +30536,15 @@ Index * backslash (\), in escape sequences, POSIX and: Escape Sequences. (line 112) * backslash (\), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 28) +* backslash (\), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 31) +* backslash (\), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 18) * backtrace debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 13) * Beebe, Nelson H.F. <1>: Other Versions. (line 78) * Beebe, Nelson H.F.: Acknowledgments. (line 60) -* BEGIN pattern <1>: Profiling. (line 62) +* BEGIN pattern <1>: Using BEGIN/END. (line 6) * BEGIN pattern <2>: BEGIN/END. (line 6) -* BEGIN pattern <3>: Field Separators. (line 45) -* BEGIN pattern: Records. (line 29) +* BEGIN pattern: Field Separators. (line 45) +* BEGIN pattern, and profiling: Profiling. (line 62) * BEGIN pattern, assert() user-defined function and: Assert Function. (line 83) * BEGIN pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 70) @@ -30545,7 +30578,12 @@ Index (line 33) * BINMODE variable <1>: PC Using. (line 33) * BINMODE variable: User-modified. (line 10) +* bit-manipulation functions: Bitwise Functions. (line 6) * bits2str() user-defined function: Bitwise Functions. (line 70) +* bitwise AND: Bitwise Functions. (line 39) +* bitwise complement: Bitwise Functions. (line 43) +* bitwise OR: Bitwise Functions. (line 49) +* bitwise XOR: Bitwise Functions. (line 55) * bitwise, complement: Bitwise Functions. (line 25) * bitwise, operations: Bitwise Functions. (line 6) * bitwise, shift: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) @@ -30574,6 +30612,14 @@ Index (line 6) * break debugger command: Breakpoint Control. (line 11) * break statement: Break Statement. (line 6) +* breakpoint: Debugging Terms. (line 33) +* breakpoint at location, how to delete: Breakpoint Control. (line 36) +* breakpoint commands: Debugger Execution Control. + (line 10) +* breakpoint condition: Breakpoint Control. (line 54) +* breakpoint, delete by number: Breakpoint Control. (line 64) +* breakpoint, how to disable or enable: Breakpoint Control. (line 69) +* breakpoint, setting: Breakpoint Control. (line 11) * Brennan, Michael <1>: Other Versions. (line 6) * Brennan, Michael <2>: Two-way I/O. (line 6) * Brennan, Michael <3>: Simple Sed. (line 25) @@ -30581,7 +30627,7 @@ Index * Brennan, Michael: Foreword. (line 83) * Brian Kernighan's awk <1>: I/O Functions. (line 40) * Brian Kernighan's awk <2>: Gory Details. (line 15) -* Brian Kernighan's awk <3>: String Functions. (line 489) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <3>: String Functions. (line 490) * Brian Kernighan's awk <4>: Delete. (line 48) * Brian Kernighan's awk <5>: Nextfile Statement. (line 47) * Brian Kernighan's awk <6>: Continue Statement. (line 43) @@ -30625,6 +30671,7 @@ Index (line 47) * call by value: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 18) +* call stack, display in debugger: Execution Stack. (line 13) * caret (^), ^ operator: Precedence. (line 49) * caret (^), ^= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * caret (^), ^= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) @@ -30633,16 +30680,18 @@ Index (line 59) * caret (^), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 22) * case keyword: Switch Statement. (line 6) +* case sensitivity, and regexps: User-modified. (line 82) +* case sensitivity, and string comparisons: User-modified. (line 82) * case sensitivity, array indices and: Array Intro. (line 91) -* case sensitivity, converting case: String Functions. (line 519) +* case sensitivity, converting case: String Functions. (line 520) * case sensitivity, example programs: Library Functions. (line 53) * case sensitivity, gawk: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) -* case sensitivity, regexps and <1>: User-modified. (line 82) * case sensitivity, regexps and: Case-sensitivity. (line 6) -* case sensitivity, string comparisons and: User-modified. (line 82) * CGI, awk scripts for: Options. (line 125) +* changing precision of a number: Changing Precision. (line 6) * character classes, See bracket expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 55) +* character lists in regular expression: Bracket Expressions. (line 6) * character lists, See bracket expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 55) * character sets (machine character encodings) <1>: Glossary. (line 133) * character sets (machine character encodings): Ordinal Functions. @@ -30664,12 +30713,12 @@ Index (line 6) * cliff_rand() user-defined function: Cliff Random Function. (line 12) +* close file or coprocess: I/O Functions. (line 10) * close() function <1>: I/O Functions. (line 10) -* close() function <2>: Close Files And Pipes. +* close() function: Close Files And Pipes. (line 18) -* close() function <3>: Getline/Pipe. (line 27) -* close() function: Getline/Variable/File. - (line 30) +* close() function, portability: Close Files And Pipes. + (line 81) * close() function, return value: Close Files And Pipes. (line 130) * close() function, two-way pipes and: Two-way I/O. (line 77) @@ -30683,6 +30732,7 @@ Index * columns, aligning: Print Examples. (line 70) * columns, cutting: Cut Program. (line 6) * comma (,), in range patterns: Ranges. (line 6) +* command completion, in debugger: Readline Support. (line 6) * command line, arguments <1>: ARGC and ARGV. (line 6) * command line, arguments <2>: Auto-set. (line 11) * command line, arguments: Other Arguments. (line 6) @@ -30692,16 +30742,16 @@ Index * command line, FS on, setting: Command Line Field Separator. (line 6) * command line, invoking awk from: Command Line. (line 6) -* command line, options <1>: Command Line Field Separator. - (line 6) -* command line, options <2>: Options. (line 6) -* command line, options: Long. (line 12) +* command line, option -f: Long. (line 12) +* command line, options: Options. (line 6) * command line, options, end of: Options. (line 54) * command line, variables, assigning on: Assignment Options. (line 6) * command-line options, processing: Getopt Function. (line 6) * command-line options, string extraction: String Extraction. (line 6) * commands debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 10) +* commands to execute at breakpoint: Debugger Execution Control. + (line 10) * commenting: Comments. (line 6) * commenting, backslash continuation and: Statements/Lines. (line 76) * common extensions, ** operator: Arithmetic Ops. (line 30) @@ -30714,7 +30764,7 @@ Index * common extensions, delete to delete entire arrays: Delete. (line 39) * common extensions, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 83) * common extensions, length() applied to an array: String Functions. - (line 193) + (line 194) * common extensions, RS as a regexp: Records. (line 135) * common extensions, single character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) @@ -30753,25 +30803,33 @@ Index (line 35) * configuration options, gawk: Additional Configuration Options. (line 6) +* constant regexps: Regexp Usage. (line 57) * constants, floating-point: Floating-point Constants. (line 6) * constants, nondecimal: Nondecimal Data. (line 6) +* constants, numeric: Scalar Constants. (line 6) * constants, types of: Constants. (line 6) * context, floating-point: Floating-point Context. (line 6) +* continue program, in debugger: Debugger Execution Control. + (line 33) * continue statement: Continue Statement. (line 6) * control statements: Statements. (line 6) -* converting, case: String Functions. (line 519) -* converting, dates to timestamps: Time Functions. (line 75) -* converting, during subscripting: Numeric Array Subscripts. +* controlling array scanning order: Controlling Scanning. + (line 12) +* convert string to lower case: String Functions. (line 521) +* convert string to number: String Functions. (line 385) +* convert string to upper case: String Functions. (line 527) +* converting integer array subscripts: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 31) +* converting, dates to timestamps: Time Functions. (line 75) * converting, numbers to strings <1>: Bitwise Functions. (line 109) * converting, numbers to strings: Conversion. (line 6) * converting, strings to numbers <1>: Bitwise Functions. (line 109) * converting, strings to numbers: Conversion. (line 6) * CONVFMT variable <1>: User-modified. (line 28) * CONVFMT variable: Conversion. (line 29) -* CONVFMT variable, array subscripts and: Numeric Array Subscripts. +* CONVFMT variable, and array subscripts: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 6) * cookie: Glossary. (line 149) * coprocesses <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 44) @@ -30780,14 +30838,19 @@ Index (line 6) * coprocesses, getline from: Getline/Coprocess. (line 6) * cos() function: Numeric Functions. (line 15) +* cosine: Numeric Functions. (line 15) * counting: Wc Program. (line 6) * csh utility: Statements/Lines. (line 44) * csh utility, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 348) * csh utility, |& operator, comparison with: Two-way I/O. (line 44) * ctime() user-defined function: Function Example. (line 73) * currency symbols, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 103) +* current system time: Time Functions. (line 65) * custom.h file: Configuration Philosophy. (line 30) +* customized input parser: Input Parsers. (line 6) +* customized output wrapper: Output Wrappers. (line 6) +* customized two-way processor: Two-way processors. (line 6) * cut utility: Cut Program. (line 6) * cut.awk program: Cut Program. (line 45) * d debugger command (alias for delete): Breakpoint Control. (line 64) @@ -30821,7 +30884,7 @@ Index (line 20) * dark corner, input files: Records. (line 118) * dark corner, invoking awk: Command Line. (line 16) -* dark corner, length() function: String Functions. (line 179) +* dark corner, length() function: String Functions. (line 180) * dark corner, locale's decimal point character: Conversion. (line 77) * dark corner, multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 35) * dark corner, NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 107) @@ -30832,7 +30895,7 @@ Index (line 147) * dark corner, regexp constants, as arguments to user-defined functions: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) -* dark corner, split() function: String Functions. (line 358) +* dark corner, split() function: String Functions. (line 359) * dark corner, strings, storing: Records. (line 210) * dark corner, value of ARGV[0]: Auto-set. (line 35) * data, fixed-width: Constant Size. (line 10) @@ -30951,6 +31014,12 @@ Index (line 67) * debugger commands, watch: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 67) +* debugger history file: Debugger Info. (line 80) +* debugger history size: Debugger Info. (line 65) +* debugger options: Debugger Info. (line 57) +* debugger prompt: Debugger Info. (line 77) +* debugger, how to start: Debugger Invocation. (line 6) +* debugger, read commands from a file: Debugger Info. (line 96) * debugging awk programs: Debugger. (line 6) * debugging gawk, bug reports: Bugs. (line 9) * decimal point character, locale specific: Options. (line 263) @@ -30959,12 +31028,18 @@ Index * Deifik, Scott <1>: Bugs. (line 70) * Deifik, Scott <2>: Contributors. (line 53) * Deifik, Scott: Acknowledgments. (line 60) +* delete ARRAY: Delete. (line 39) +* delete breakpoint at location: Breakpoint Control. (line 36) +* delete breakpoint by number: Breakpoint Control. (line 64) * delete debugger command: Breakpoint Control. (line 64) * delete statement: Delete. (line 6) +* delete watchpoint: Viewing And Changing Data. + (line 84) * deleting elements in arrays: Delete. (line 6) * deleting entire arrays: Delete. (line 39) * Demaille, Akim: Acknowledgments. (line 60) -* differences between gawk and awk: String Functions. (line 193) +* describe call stack frame, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 27) +* differences between gawk and awk: String Functions. (line 194) * differences in awk and gawk, ARGC/ARGV variables: ARGC and ARGV. (line 88) * differences in awk and gawk, ARGIND variable: Auto-set. (line 40) @@ -31011,7 +31086,7 @@ Index (line 34) * differences in awk and gawk, LINT variable: User-modified. (line 98) * differences in awk and gawk, match() function: String Functions. - (line 256) + (line 257) * differences in awk and gawk, print/printf statements: Format Modifiers. (line 13) * differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 133) @@ -31025,7 +31100,7 @@ Index * differences in awk and gawk, single-character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, split() function: String Functions. - (line 346) + (line 347) * differences in awk and gawk, strings: Scalar Constants. (line 20) * differences in awk and gawk, strings, storing: Records. (line 206) * differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 274) @@ -31035,15 +31110,18 @@ Index (line 66) * directories, command line: Command line directories. (line 6) -* directories, searching <1>: Igawk Program. (line 368) -* directories, searching <2>: AWKLIBPATH Variable. (line 6) -* directories, searching: AWKPATH Variable. (line 6) +* directories, searching: Igawk Program. (line 368) +* directories, searching for shared libraries: AWKLIBPATH Variable. + (line 6) +* directories, searching for source files: AWKPATH Variable. (line 6) +* disable breakpoint: Breakpoint Control. (line 69) * disable debugger command: Breakpoint Control. (line 69) * display debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 8) +* display debugger options: Debugger Info. (line 57) * division: Arithmetic Ops. (line 44) -* do-while statement <1>: Do Statement. (line 6) -* do-while statement: Regexp Usage. (line 19) +* do-while statement: Do Statement. (line 6) +* do-while statement, use of regexps in: Regexp Usage. (line 19) * documentation, of awk programs: Library Names. (line 6) * documentation, online: Manual History. (line 11) * documents, searching: Dupword Program. (line 6) @@ -31053,35 +31131,46 @@ Index (line 30) * dollar sign ($), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 35) * double precision floating-point: General Arithmetic. (line 21) -* double quote (") <1>: Quoting. (line 37) -* double quote ("): Read Terminal. (line 25) +* double quote (") in shell commands: Read Terminal. (line 25) * double quote ("), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 28) +* double quote ("), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 37) * down debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 21) * Drepper, Ulrich: Acknowledgments. (line 52) +* dump all variables of a program: Options. (line 93) * dump debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 9) * dupword.awk program: Dupword Program. (line 31) +* dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 179) +* dynamically loaded extensions: Dynamic Extensions. (line 6) * e debugger command (alias for enable): Breakpoint Control. (line 73) * EBCDIC: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) +* effective group id of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 138) +* effective user id of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 142) * egrep utility <1>: Egrep Program. (line 6) * egrep utility: Bracket Expressions. (line 24) * egrep.awk program: Egrep Program. (line 54) -* elements in arrays: Reference to Elements. - (line 6) -* elements in arrays, assigning: Assigning Elements. (line 6) +* elements in arrays, assigning values: Assigning Elements. (line 6) * elements in arrays, deleting: Delete. (line 6) -* elements in arrays, order of: Scanning an Array. (line 48) +* elements in arrays, order of access by in operator: Scanning an Array. + (line 48) * elements in arrays, scanning: Scanning an Array. (line 6) +* elements of arrays: Reference to Elements. + (line 6) * email address for bug reports, bug-gawk@gnu.org: Bugs. (line 30) * EMISTERED: TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) +* empty array elements: Reference to Elements. + (line 18) * empty pattern: Empty. (line 6) +* empty strings: Records. (line 122) * empty strings, See null strings: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 43) +* enable breakpoint: Breakpoint Control. (line 73) * enable debugger command: Breakpoint Control. (line 73) * end debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 10) -* END pattern <1>: Profiling. (line 62) +* END pattern <1>: Using BEGIN/END. (line 6) * END pattern: BEGIN/END. (line 6) +* END pattern, and profiling: Profiling. (line 62) * END pattern, assert() user-defined function and: Assert Function. (line 75) * END pattern, backslash continuation and: Egrep Program. (line 220) @@ -31101,7 +31190,9 @@ Index * endpwent() function (C library): Passwd Functions. (line 210) * endpwent() user-defined function: Passwd Functions. (line 213) * ENVIRON array: Auto-set. (line 60) -* environment variables: Auto-set. (line 60) +* environment variables used by gawk: Environment Variables. + (line 6) +* environment variables, in ENVIRON array: Auto-set. (line 60) * epoch, definition of: Glossary. (line 235) * equals sign (=), = operator: Assignment Ops. (line 6) * equals sign (=), == operator <1>: Precedence. (line 65) @@ -31109,19 +31200,21 @@ Index (line 11) * EREs (Extended Regular Expressions): Bracket Expressions. (line 24) * ERRNO variable <1>: TCP/IP Networking. (line 54) -* ERRNO variable <2>: Auto-set. (line 73) -* ERRNO variable <3>: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26) -* ERRNO variable <4>: Close Files And Pipes. +* ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 73) +* ERRNO variable, with BEGINFILE pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26) +* ERRNO variable, with close() function: Close Files And Pipes. (line 138) -* ERRNO variable: Getline. (line 19) +* ERRNO variable, with getline command: Getline. (line 19) * error handling: Special FD. (line 16) * error handling, ERRNO variable and: Auto-set. (line 73) * error output: Special FD. (line 6) * escape processing, gsub()/gensub()/sub() functions: Gory Details. (line 6) -* escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 6) +* escape sequences, in strings: Escape Sequences. (line 6) * eval debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 23) +* evaluate expressions, in debugger: Viewing And Changing Data. + (line 23) * evaluation order: Increment Ops. (line 60) * evaluation order, concatenation: Concatenation. (line 41) * evaluation order, functions: Calling Built-in. (line 30) @@ -31144,9 +31237,12 @@ Index * exit statement: Exit Statement. (line 6) * exit status, of gawk: Exit Status. (line 6) * exit status, of VMS: VMS Running. (line 29) +* exit the debugger: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. + (line 99) * exp() function: Numeric Functions. (line 18) * expand utility: Very Simple. (line 69) * Expat XML parser library: gawkextlib. (line 35) +* exponent: Numeric Functions. (line 18) * expressions: Expressions. (line 6) * expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 6) * expressions, assignment: Assignment Ops. (line 6) @@ -31158,6 +31254,20 @@ Index (line 9) * expressions, selecting: Conditional Exp. (line 6) * Extended Regular Expressions (EREs): Bracket Expressions. (line 24) +* extension API: Extension API Description. + (line 6) +* extension API informational variables: Extension API Informational Variables. + (line 6) +* extension API version: Extension Versioning. + (line 6) +* extension API, version number: Auto-set. (line 229) +* extension example: Extension Example. (line 6) +* extension registration: Registration Functions. + (line 6) +* extension search path: Finding Extensions. (line 6) +* extensions distributed with gawk: Extension Samples. (line 6) +* extensions, allocating memory: Memory Allocation Functions. + (line 6) * extensions, Brian Kernighan's awk <1>: Common Extensions. (line 6) * extensions, Brian Kernighan's awk: BTL. (line 6) * extensions, common, ** operator: Arithmetic Ops. (line 30) @@ -31171,12 +31281,13 @@ Index * extensions, common, fflush() function: I/O Functions. (line 40) * extensions, common, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 83) * extensions, common, length() applied to an array: String Functions. - (line 193) + (line 194) * extensions, common, RS as a regexp: Records. (line 135) * extensions, common, single character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * extensions, in gawk, not in POSIX awk: POSIX/GNU. (line 6) * extensions, mawk: Common Extensions. (line 6) +* extensions, where to find: gawkextlib. (line 6) * extract.awk program: Extract Program. (line 79) * extraction, of marked strings (internationalization): String Extraction. (line 6) @@ -31194,16 +31305,16 @@ Index * field numbers: Nonconstant Fields. (line 6) * field operator $: Fields. (line 19) * field operators, dollar sign as: Fields. (line 19) +* field separator, in multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 41) +* field separator, on command line: Command Line Field Separator. + (line 6) +* field separator, POSIX and: Field Splitting Summary. + (line 40) * field separators <1>: User-modified. (line 56) * field separators: Field Separators. (line 15) * field separators, choice of: Field Separators. (line 51) * field separators, FIELDWIDTHS variable and: User-modified. (line 35) * field separators, FPAT variable and: User-modified. (line 45) -* field separators, in multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 41) -* field separators, on command line: Command Line Field Separator. - (line 6) -* field separators, POSIX and <1>: Field Splitting Summary. - (line 40) * field separators, POSIX and: Fields. (line 6) * field separators, regular expressions as <1>: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 6) @@ -31245,7 +31356,6 @@ Index * files, /inet/... (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * files, /inet4/... (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * files, /inet6/... (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) -* files, as single records: Records. (line 219) * files, awk programs in: Long. (line 6) * files, awkprof.out: Profiling. (line 6) * files, awkvars.out: Options. (line 93) @@ -31284,6 +31394,8 @@ Index * files, source, search path for: Igawk Program. (line 368) * files, splitting: Split Program. (line 6) * files, Texinfo, extracting programs from: Extract Program. (line 6) +* find substring in string: String Functions. (line 151) +* finding extensions: Finding Extensions. (line 6) * finish debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 39) * Fish, Fred: Contributors. (line 50) @@ -31295,6 +31407,7 @@ Index * floating-point, numbers, arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. (line 6) * floating-point, VAX/VMS: VMS Running. (line 51) +* flush buffered output: I/O Functions. (line 25) * fnmatch() extension function: Extension Sample Fnmatch. (line 12) * FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 103) @@ -31310,9 +31423,11 @@ Index * format specifiers, printf statement: Control Letters. (line 6) * format specifiers, strftime() function (gawk): Time Functions. (line 88) +* format time string: Time Functions. (line 48) * formats, numeric output: OFMT. (line 6) * formatting output: Printf. (line 6) -* forward slash (/): Regexp. (line 10) +* formatting strings: String Functions. (line 378) +* forward slash (/) to enclose regular expressions: Regexp. (line 10) * forward slash (/), / operator: Precedence. (line 55) * forward slash (/), /= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * forward slash (/), /= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) @@ -31341,6 +31456,7 @@ Index (line 6) * FS, containing ^: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 59) +* FS, in multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 41) * FSF (Free Software Foundation) <1>: Glossary. (line 297) * FSF (Free Software Foundation) <2>: Getting. (line 10) * FSF (Free Software Foundation): Manual History. (line 6) @@ -31349,6 +31465,7 @@ Index * FUNCTAB array: Auto-set. (line 119) * function calls: Function Calls. (line 6) * function calls, indirect: Indirect Calls. (line 6) +* function definition example: Function Example. (line 6) * function pointers: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * functions, arrays as parameters to: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 47) @@ -31386,7 +31503,7 @@ Index (line 71) * functions, user-defined: User-defined. (line 6) * functions, user-defined, calling: Function Caveats. (line 6) -* functions, user-defined, counts: Profiling. (line 137) +* functions, user-defined, counts, in a profile: Profiling. (line 137) * functions, user-defined, library of: Library Functions. (line 6) * functions, user-defined, next/nextfile statements and <1>: Nextfile Statement. (line 47) @@ -31395,6 +31512,7 @@ Index * G-d: Acknowledgments. (line 78) * Garfinkle, Scott: Contributors. (line 34) * gawk program, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 179) +* gawk version: Auto-set. (line 204) * gawk, ARGIND variable in: Other Arguments. (line 12) * gawk, awk and <1>: This Manual. (line 14) * gawk, awk and: Preface. (line 23) @@ -31403,7 +31521,7 @@ Index * gawk, built-in variables and: Built-in Variables. (line 14) * gawk, character classes and: Bracket Expressions. (line 90) * gawk, coding style in: Adding Code. (line 38) -* gawk, command-line options: GNU Regexp Operators. +* gawk, command-line options, and regular expressions: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 70) * gawk, comparison operators and: Comparison Operators. (line 50) @@ -31437,7 +31555,7 @@ Index * gawk, hexadecimal numbers and: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 42) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <1>: Array Sorting Functions. (line 83) -* gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <2>: String Functions. (line 32) +* gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <2>: String Functions. (line 48) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <3>: Array Intro. (line 91) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <4>: User-modified. (line 82) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) @@ -31472,9 +31590,7 @@ Index (line 6) * gawk, regular expressions, precedence: Regexp Operators. (line 161) * gawk, RT variable in <1>: Auto-set. (line 266) -* gawk, RT variable in <2>: Getline/Variable/File. - (line 10) -* gawk, RT variable in <3>: Multiple Line. (line 129) +* gawk, RT variable in <2>: Multiple Line. (line 129) * gawk, RT variable in: Records. (line 132) * gawk, See Also awk: Preface. (line 36) * gawk, source code, obtaining: Getting. (line 6) @@ -31488,10 +31604,12 @@ Index * gawk, VMS version of: VMS Installation. (line 6) * gawk, word-boundary operator: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 63) +* gawkextlib: gawkextlib. (line 6) * gawkextlib project: gawkextlib. (line 6) * General Public License (GPL): Glossary. (line 306) * General Public License, See GPL: Manual History. (line 11) -* gensub() function (gawk) <1>: String Functions. (line 81) +* generate time values: Time Functions. (line 25) +* gensub() function (gawk) <1>: String Functions. (line 82) * gensub() function (gawk): Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) * gensub() function (gawk), escape processing: Gory Details. (line 6) @@ -31517,6 +31635,8 @@ Index * getline command, FILENAME variable and: Getline Notes. (line 19) * getline command, return values: Getline. (line 19) * getline command, variants: Getline Summary. (line 6) +* getline from a file: Getline/File. (line 6) +* getline into a variable: Getline/Variable. (line 6) * getline statement, BEGINFILE/ENDFILE patterns and: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 54) * getlocaltime() user-defined function: Getlocaltime Function. @@ -31540,8 +31660,7 @@ Index * git utility <3>: Other Versions. (line 29) * git utility: gawkextlib. (line 29) * git, use of for gawk source code: Derived Files. (line 6) -* GMP: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. - (line 6) +* GMP: Gawk and MPFR. (line 6) * GNITS mailing list: Acknowledgments. (line 52) * GNU awk, See gawk: Preface. (line 49) * GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License. @@ -31564,11 +31683,12 @@ Index * Grigera, Juan: Contributors. (line 57) * group database, reading: Group Functions. (line 6) * group file: Group Functions. (line 6) +* group id of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 177) * groups, information about: Group Functions. (line 6) -* gsub() function <1>: String Functions. (line 134) +* gsub() function <1>: String Functions. (line 135) * gsub() function: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) -* gsub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 459) +* gsub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 460) * gsub() function, escape processing: Gory Details. (line 6) * h debugger command (alias for help): Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 66) @@ -31582,9 +31702,10 @@ Index (line 66) * hexadecimal numbers: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 6) * hexadecimal values, enabling interpretation of: Options. (line 207) +* history expansion, in debugger: Readline Support. (line 6) * histsort.awk program: History Sorting. (line 25) * Hughes, Phil: Acknowledgments. (line 43) -* HUP signal: Profiling. (line 211) +* HUP signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 211) * hyphen (-), - operator: Precedence. (line 52) * hyphen (-), -- operator <1>: Precedence. (line 46) * hyphen (-), -- operator: Increment Ops. (line 48) @@ -31597,38 +31718,37 @@ Index * id.awk program: Id Program. (line 30) * IEEE-754 format: Floating-point Representation. (line 6) -* if statement <1>: If Statement. (line 6) -* if statement: Regexp Usage. (line 19) +* if statement: If Statement. (line 6) * if statement, actions, changing: Ranges. (line 25) +* if statement, use of regexps in: Regexp Usage. (line 19) * igawk.sh program: Igawk Program. (line 124) +* ignore breakpoint: Breakpoint Control. (line 87) * ignore debugger command: Breakpoint Control. (line 87) -* IGNORECASE variable <1>: Array Sorting Functions. - (line 83) -* IGNORECASE variable <2>: String Functions. (line 32) -* IGNORECASE variable <3>: Array Intro. (line 91) -* IGNORECASE variable <4>: User-modified. (line 82) -* IGNORECASE variable: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) -* IGNORECASE variable, array sorting and: Array Sorting Functions. +* IGNORECASE variable: User-modified. (line 82) +* IGNORECASE variable, and array indices: Array Intro. (line 91) +* IGNORECASE variable, and array sorting functions: Array Sorting Functions. (line 83) -* IGNORECASE variable, array subscripts and: Array Intro. (line 91) * IGNORECASE variable, in example programs: Library Functions. (line 53) +* IGNORECASE variable, ~ and !~ operators: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) * Illumos: Other Versions. (line 104) * Illumos, POSIX-compliant awk: Other Versions. (line 104) * implementation issues, gawk: Notes. (line 6) * implementation issues, gawk, debugging: Compatibility Mode. (line 6) * implementation issues, gawk, limits <1>: Redirection. (line 135) * implementation issues, gawk, limits: Getline Notes. (line 14) -* in operator <1>: Id Program. (line 93) -* in operator <2>: Scanning an Array. (line 17) -* in operator <3>: Reference to Elements. - (line 37) -* in operator <4>: For Statement. (line 75) -* in operator <5>: Precedence. (line 83) +* in operator <1>: For Statement. (line 75) +* in operator <2>: Precedence. (line 83) * in operator: Comparison Operators. (line 11) +* in operator, index existence in multidimensional arrays: Multidimensional. + (line 43) +* in operator, order of array access: Scanning an Array. (line 48) +* in operator, testing if array element exists: Reference to Elements. + (line 37) +* in operator, use in loops: Scanning an Array. (line 17) * increment operators: Increment Ops. (line 6) -* index() function: String Functions. (line 150) +* index() function: String Functions. (line 151) * indexing arrays: Array Intro. (line 49) * indirect function calls: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * infinite precision: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. @@ -31646,6 +31766,7 @@ Index * input files, running awk without: Read Terminal. (line 6) * input files, variable assignments and: Other Arguments. (line 19) * input pipeline: Getline/Pipe. (line 9) +* input record, length of: String Functions. (line 171) * input redirection: Getline/File. (line 6) * input, data, nondecimal: Nondecimal Data. (line 6) * input, explicit: Getline. (line 6) @@ -31654,14 +31775,18 @@ Index * input, splitting into records: Records. (line 6) * input, standard <1>: Special FD. (line 6) * input, standard: Read Terminal. (line 6) +* input/output functions: I/O Functions. (line 6) * input/output, binary: User-modified. (line 10) * input/output, from BEGIN and END: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 6) * input/output, two-way: Two-way I/O. (line 44) * insomnia, cure for: Alarm Program. (line 6) * installation, VMS: VMS Installation. (line 6) * installing gawk: Installation. (line 6) +* instruction tracing, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 89) * INT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) * int() function: Numeric Functions. (line 23) +* integer array indices: Numeric Array Subscripts. + (line 31) * integers: General Arithmetic. (line 6) * integers, arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Integers. (line 6) @@ -31685,8 +31810,9 @@ Index * internationalizing a program: Explaining gettext. (line 6) * interpreted programs <1>: Glossary. (line 357) * interpreted programs: Basic High Level. (line 15) -* interval expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 116) +* interval expressions, regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 116) * inventory-shipped file: Sample Data Files. (line 32) +* invoke shell command: I/O Functions. (line 72) * isarray() function (gawk): Type Functions. (line 11) * ISO: Glossary. (line 368) * ISO 8859-1: Glossary. (line 133) @@ -31741,9 +31867,12 @@ Index * left angle bracket (<), <= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * left angle bracket (<), <= operator: Comparison Operators. (line 11) +* left shift: Bitwise Functions. (line 46) * left shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) * leftmost longest match: Multiple Line. (line 26) -* length() function: String Functions. (line 163) +* length of input record: String Functions. (line 171) +* length of string: String Functions. (line 164) +* length() function: String Functions. (line 164) * Lesser General Public License (LGPL): Glossary. (line 397) * LGPL (Lesser General Public License): Glossary. (line 397) * libmawk: Other Versions. (line 120) @@ -31793,10 +31922,12 @@ Index * Linux <1>: Glossary. (line 616) * Linux <2>: I18N Example. (line 55) * Linux: Manual History. (line 28) +* list all global variables, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 48) * list debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 72) +* list function definitions, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 30) * loading, library: Options. (line 173) -* local variables: Variable Scope. (line 6) +* local variables, in a function: Variable Scope. (line 6) * locale categories: Explaining gettext. (line 80) * locale decimal point character: Options. (line 263) * locale, definition of: Locales. (line 6) @@ -31805,6 +31936,7 @@ Index (line 6) * log files, timestamps in: Time Functions. (line 6) * log() function: Numeric Functions. (line 30) +* logarithm: Numeric Functions. (line 30) * logical false/true: Truth Values. (line 6) * logical operators, See Boolean expressions: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * login information: Passwd Functions. (line 16) @@ -31812,7 +31944,7 @@ Index * loops: While Statement. (line 6) * loops, break statement and: Break Statement. (line 6) * loops, continue statements and: For Statement. (line 64) -* loops, count for header: Profiling. (line 131) +* loops, count for header, in a profile: Profiling. (line 131) * loops, do-while: Do Statement. (line 6) * loops, exiting: Break Statement. (line 6) * loops, for, array scanning: Scanning an Array. (line 6) @@ -31832,9 +31964,10 @@ Index (line 6) * marked strings, extracting: String Extraction. (line 6) * Marx, Groucho: Increment Ops. (line 60) -* match() function: String Functions. (line 203) +* match regexp in string: String Functions. (line 204) +* match() function: String Functions. (line 204) * match() function, RSTART/RLENGTH variables: String Functions. - (line 220) + (line 221) * matching, expressions, See comparison expressions: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) * matching, leftmost longest: Multiple Line. (line 26) @@ -31844,6 +31977,7 @@ Index * mawk utility <3>: Concatenation. (line 36) * mawk utility <4>: Getline/Pipe. (line 62) * mawk utility: Escape Sequences. (line 124) +* maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 218) * McPhee, Patrick: Contributors. (line 100) * message object files: Explaining gettext. (line 41) * message object files, converting from portable object files: I18N Example. @@ -31852,15 +31986,18 @@ Index (line 47) * message object files, specifying directory of: Explaining gettext. (line 53) +* messages from extensions: Printing Messages. (line 6) +* metacharacters in regular expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 6) * metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 130) +* minimum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 221) * mktime() function (gawk): Time Functions. (line 25) * modifiers, in format specifiers: Format Modifiers. (line 6) * monetary information, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 103) -* MPFR: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. - (line 6) +* MPFR: Gawk and MPFR. (line 6) * msgfmt utility: I18N Example. (line 62) * multiple precision: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. (line 6) +* multiple-line records: Multiple Line. (line 6) * n debugger command (alias for next): Debugger Execution Control. (line 43) * names, arrays/variables <1>: Library Names. (line 6) @@ -31911,6 +32048,8 @@ Index * ni debugger command (alias for nexti): Debugger Execution Control. (line 49) * noassign.awk program: Ignoring Assigns. (line 15) +* non-existent array elements: Reference to Elements. + (line 23) * not Boolean-logic operator: Boolean Ops. (line 6) * NR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 128) * NR variable: Records. (line 6) @@ -31920,12 +32059,14 @@ Index * null strings <3>: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 43) * null strings: Records. (line 122) -* null strings, array elements and: Delete. (line 27) +* null strings in gawk arguments, quoting and: Quoting. (line 62) +* null strings, and deleting array elements: Delete. (line 27) * null strings, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 43) * null strings, converting numbers to strings: Conversion. (line 21) * null strings, matching: Gory Details. (line 164) -* null strings, quoting and: Quoting. (line 62) +* number as string of bits: Bitwise Functions. (line 109) +* number of array elements: String Functions. (line 194) * number sign (#), #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. (line 6) * number sign (#), commenting: Comments. (line 6) @@ -31940,9 +32081,9 @@ Index * numbers, floating-point: General Arithmetic. (line 6) * numbers, hexadecimal: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 6) * numbers, octal: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 6) -* numbers, random: Numeric Functions. (line 64) * numbers, rounding: Round Function. (line 6) -* numeric, constants: Scalar Constants. (line 6) +* numeric constants: Scalar Constants. (line 6) +* numeric functions: Numeric Functions. (line 6) * numeric, output format: OFMT. (line 6) * numeric, strings: Variable Typing. (line 6) * o debugger command (alias for option): Debugger Info. (line 57) @@ -31992,10 +32133,7 @@ Index * operators, word-boundary (gawk): GNU Regexp Operators. (line 63) * option debugger command: Debugger Info. (line 57) -* options, command-line <1>: Command Line Field Separator. - (line 6) -* options, command-line <2>: Options. (line 6) -* options, command-line: Long. (line 12) +* options, command-line: Options. (line 6) * options, command-line, end of: Options. (line 54) * options, command-line, invoking awk: Command Line. (line 6) * options, command-line, processing: Getopt Function. (line 6) @@ -32016,6 +32154,7 @@ Index * output record separator, See ORS variable: Output Separators. (line 20) * output redirection: Redirection. (line 6) +* output wrapper: Output Wrappers. (line 6) * output, buffering: I/O Functions. (line 29) * output, duplicating into files: Tee Program. (line 6) * output, files, closing: Close Files And Pipes. @@ -32029,14 +32168,15 @@ Index * p debugger command (alias for print): Viewing And Changing Data. (line 36) * P1003.1 POSIX standard: Glossary. (line 454) -* parentheses () <1>: Profiling. (line 146) +* parent process id of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 186) * parentheses (): Regexp Operators. (line 79) +* parentheses (), in a profile: Profiling. (line 146) * password file: Passwd Functions. (line 16) -* patsplit() function (gawk): String Functions. (line 290) +* patsplit() function (gawk): String Functions. (line 291) * patterns: Patterns and Actions. (line 6) * patterns, comparison expressions as: Expression Patterns. (line 14) -* patterns, counts: Profiling. (line 118) +* patterns, counts, in a profile: Profiling. (line 118) * patterns, default: Very Simple. (line 34) * patterns, empty: Empty. (line 6) * patterns, expressions as: Regexp Patterns. (line 6) @@ -32051,17 +32191,18 @@ Index * percent sign (%), % operator: Precedence. (line 55) * percent sign (%), %= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * percent sign (%), %= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) -* period (.): Regexp Operators. (line 43) +* period (.), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 43) * Perl: Future Extensions. (line 6) * Peters, Arno: Contributors. (line 85) * Peterson, Hal: Contributors. (line 39) -* pipes, closing: Close Files And Pipes. +* pipe, closing: Close Files And Pipes. (line 6) -* pipes, input: Getline/Pipe. (line 9) -* pipes, output: Redirection. (line 57) +* pipe, input: Getline/Pipe. (line 9) +* pipe, output: Redirection. (line 57) * Pitts, Dave <1>: Bugs. (line 73) * Pitts, Dave: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Plauger, P.J.: Library Functions. (line 12) +* plug-in: Extension Intro. (line 6) * plus sign (+), + operator: Precedence. (line 52) * plus sign (+), ++ operator <1>: Precedence. (line 46) * plus sign (+), ++ operator: Increment Ops. (line 11) @@ -32086,7 +32227,7 @@ Index * portability, gawk: New Ports. (line 6) * portability, gettext library and: Explaining gettext. (line 10) * portability, internationalization and: I18N Portability. (line 6) -* portability, length() function: String Functions. (line 172) +* portability, length() function: String Functions. (line 173) * portability, new awk vs. old awk: Conversion. (line 55) * portability, next statement in user-defined functions: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 91) @@ -32094,7 +32235,7 @@ Index * portability, operators: Increment Ops. (line 60) * portability, operators, not in POSIX awk: Precedence. (line 98) * portability, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 353) -* portability, substr() function: String Functions. (line 509) +* portability, substr() function: String Functions. (line 510) * portable object files <1>: Translator i18n. (line 6) * portable object files: Explaining gettext. (line 36) * portable object files, converting to message object files: I18N Example. @@ -32131,7 +32272,7 @@ Index * POSIX awk, FS variable and: User-modified. (line 66) * POSIX awk, function keyword in: Definition Syntax. (line 83) * POSIX awk, functions and, gsub()/sub(): Gory Details. (line 54) -* POSIX awk, functions and, length(): String Functions. (line 172) +* POSIX awk, functions and, length(): String Functions. (line 173) * POSIX awk, GNU long options and: Options. (line 15) * POSIX awk, interval expressions in: Regexp Operators. (line 135) * POSIX awk, next/nextfile statements and: Next Statement. (line 45) @@ -32164,6 +32305,8 @@ Index * print statement, See Also redirection, of output: Redirection. (line 17) * print statement, sprintf() function and: Round Function. (line 6) +* print variables, in debugger: Viewing And Changing Data. + (line 36) * printf debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 54) * printf statement <1>: Printf. (line 6) @@ -32183,22 +32326,30 @@ Index * printf statement, sprintf() function and: Round Function. (line 6) * printf statement, syntax of: Basic Printf. (line 6) * printing: Printing. (line 6) +* printing messages from extensions: Printing Messages. (line 6) * printing, list of options: Options. (line 154) * printing, mailing labels: Labels Program. (line 6) * printing, unduplicated lines of text: Uniq Program. (line 6) * printing, user information: Id Program. (line 6) * private variables: Library Names. (line 11) +* process group id of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 180) +* process id of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 183) * processes, two-way communications with: Two-way I/O. (line 23) * processing data: Basic High Level. (line 6) -* PROCINFO array <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 116) -* PROCINFO array <2>: Id Program. (line 15) -* PROCINFO array <3>: Group Functions. (line 6) -* PROCINFO array <4>: Passwd Functions. (line 6) -* PROCINFO array <5>: Time Functions. (line 47) -* PROCINFO array <6>: Auto-set. (line 133) -* PROCINFO array: Obsolete. (line 11) +* PROCINFO array <1>: Passwd Functions. (line 6) +* PROCINFO array <2>: Time Functions. (line 47) +* PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 133) +* PROCINFO array, and communications via ptys: Two-way I/O. (line 116) +* PROCINFO array, and group membership: Group Functions. (line 6) +* PROCINFO array, and user and group ID numbers: Id Program. (line 15) +* PROCINFO array, testing the field splitting: Passwd Functions. + (line 161) +* PROCINFO array, uses: Auto-set. (line 239) +* PROCINFO, values of sorted_in: Controlling Scanning. + (line 24) * profiling awk programs: Profiling. (line 6) * profiling awk programs, dynamically: Profiling. (line 179) +* program identifiers: Auto-set. (line 151) * program, definition of: Getting Started. (line 21) * programmers, attractiveness of: Two-way I/O. (line 6) * programming conventions, --non-decimal-data option: Nondecimal Data. @@ -32235,11 +32386,9 @@ Index * quit debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 99) * QUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) -* quoting <1>: Comments. (line 27) -* quoting <2>: Long. (line 26) -* quoting: Read Terminal. (line 25) -* quoting, rules for: Quoting. (line 6) -* quoting, tricks for: Quoting. (line 71) +* quoting in gawk command lines: Long. (line 26) +* quoting in gawk command lines, tricks for: Quoting. (line 71) +* quoting, for small awk programs: Comments. (line 27) * r debugger command (alias for run): Debugger Execution Control. (line 62) * Rakitzis, Byron: History Sorting. (line 25) @@ -32267,6 +32416,7 @@ Index * readfile() extension function: Extension Sample Readfile. (line 11) * readfile() user-defined function: Readfile Function. (line 30) +* reading input files: Reading Files. (line 6) * recipe for a programming language: History. (line 6) * record separators <1>: User-modified. (line 143) * record separators: Records. (line 14) @@ -32281,10 +32431,12 @@ Index * records, terminating: Records. (line 132) * records, treating files as: Records. (line 219) * recursive functions: Definition Syntax. (line 73) +* redirect gawk output, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 72) * redirection of input: Getline/File. (line 6) * redirection of output: Redirection. (line 6) * reference counting, sorting arrays: Array Sorting Functions. (line 77) +* regexp: Regexp. (line 6) * regexp constants <1>: Comparison Operators. (line 102) * regexp constants <2>: Regexp Constants. (line 6) @@ -32295,7 +32447,8 @@ Index (line 28) * regexp constants, slashes vs. quotes: Computed Regexps. (line 28) * regexp constants, vs. string constants: Computed Regexps. (line 38) -* regexp, See regular expressions: Regexp. (line 6) +* register extension: Registration Functions. + (line 6) * regular expressions: Regexp. (line 6) * regular expressions as field separators: Field Separators. (line 51) * regular expressions, anchors in: Regexp Operators. (line 22) @@ -32330,6 +32483,7 @@ Index * regular expressions, searching for: Egrep Program. (line 6) * relational operators, See comparison operators: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) +* replace in string: String Functions. (line 406) * return debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 54) * return statement, user-defined functions: Return Statement. (line 6) @@ -32350,10 +32504,11 @@ Index (line 11) * right angle bracket (>), >> operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * right angle bracket (>), >> operator (I/O): Redirection. (line 50) +* right shift: Bitwise Functions. (line 52) * right shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) * Ritchie, Dennis: Basic Data Typing. (line 55) * RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 253) -* RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 220) +* RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 221) * Robbins, Arnold <1>: Future Extensions. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <2>: Bugs. (line 32) * Robbins, Arnold <3>: Contributors. (line 139) @@ -32370,6 +32525,7 @@ Index * Robbins, Miriam <2>: Getline/Pipe. (line 39) * Robbins, Miriam: Acknowledgments. (line 78) * Rommel, Kai Uwe: Contributors. (line 42) +* round to nearest integer: Numeric Functions. (line 23) * round() user-defined function: Round Function. (line 16) * rounding mode, floating-point: Rounding Mode. (line 6) * rounding numbers: Round Function. (line 6) @@ -32381,11 +32537,9 @@ Index * RS variable, multiline records and: Multiple Line. (line 17) * rshift() function (gawk): Bitwise Functions. (line 52) * RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 259) -* RSTART variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 220) +* RSTART variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 221) * RT variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 266) -* RT variable <2>: Getline/Variable/File. - (line 10) -* RT variable <3>: Multiple Line. (line 129) +* RT variable <2>: Multiple Line. (line 129) * RT variable: Records. (line 132) * Rubin, Paul <1>: Contributors. (line 15) * Rubin, Paul: History. (line 30) @@ -32395,29 +32549,35 @@ Index * rvalues/lvalues: Assignment Ops. (line 32) * s debugger command (alias for step): Debugger Execution Control. (line 68) +* sample debugging session: Sample Debugging Session. + (line 6) * sandbox mode: Options. (line 279) +* save debugger options: Debugger Info. (line 84) +* scalar or array: Type Functions. (line 11) * scalar values: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) +* scanning arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 6) +* scanning multidimensional arrays: Multiscanning. (line 11) * Schorr, Andrew <1>: Contributors. (line 131) * Schorr, Andrew: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Schreiber, Bert: Acknowledgments. (line 38) * Schreiber, Rita: Acknowledgments. (line 38) +* search and replace in strings: String Functions. (line 82) +* search in string: String Functions. (line 151) * search paths <1>: VMS Running. (line 58) * search paths <2>: PC Using. (line 10) -* search paths <3>: Igawk Program. (line 368) -* search paths <4>: AWKLIBPATH Variable. (line 6) -* search paths: AWKPATH Variable. (line 6) +* search paths: Igawk Program. (line 368) * search paths, for shared libraries: AWKLIBPATH Variable. (line 6) * search paths, for source files <1>: VMS Running. (line 58) * search paths, for source files <2>: PC Using. (line 10) * search paths, for source files <3>: Igawk Program. (line 368) * search paths, for source files: AWKPATH Variable. (line 6) -* searching: String Functions. (line 150) * searching, files for regular expressions: Egrep Program. (line 6) * searching, for words: Dupword Program. (line 6) * sed utility <1>: Glossary. (line 12) * sed utility <2>: Simple Sed. (line 6) * sed utility: Field Splitting Summary. (line 46) +* seeding random number generator: Numeric Functions. (line 64) * semicolon (;), AWKPATH variable and: PC Using. (line 10) * semicolon (;), separating statements in actions <1>: Statements. (line 10) @@ -32434,8 +32594,18 @@ Index * separators, for records, regular expressions as: Records. (line 132) * separators, for statements in actions: Action Overview. (line 19) * separators, subscript: User-modified. (line 156) +* set breakpoint: Breakpoint Control. (line 11) * set debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 59) +* set directory of message catalogs: I18N Functions. (line 12) +* set watchpoint: Viewing And Changing Data. + (line 67) +* setting rounding mode: Setting Rounding Mode. + (line 6) +* setting working precision: Setting Precision. (line 6) +* shadowing of variable values: Definition Syntax. (line 61) +* shell quoting, double quote: Read Terminal. (line 25) +* shell quoting, rules for: Quoting. (line 6) * shells, piping commands into: Redirection. (line 142) * shells, quoting: Using Shell Variables. (line 12) @@ -32446,6 +32616,13 @@ Index (line 6) * shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) * short-circuit operators: Boolean Ops. (line 57) +* show all source files, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 45) +* show breakpoints: Debugger Info. (line 21) +* show function arguments, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 18) +* show local variables, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 34) +* show name of current source file, in debugger: Debugger Info. + (line 37) +* show watchpoints: Debugger Info. (line 51) * si debugger command (alias for stepi): Debugger Execution Control. (line 76) * side effects <1>: Increment Ops. (line 11) @@ -32491,31 +32668,36 @@ Index (line 56) * sidebar, Using close()'s Return Value: Close Files And Pipes. (line 128) -* SIGHUP signal: Profiling. (line 211) +* SIGHUP signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 211) * SIGINT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) -* signals, HUP/SIGHUP: Profiling. (line 211) +* signals, HUP/SIGHUP, for profiling: Profiling. (line 211) * signals, INT/SIGINT (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) * signals, QUIT/SIGQUIT (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) -* signals, USR1/SIGUSR1: Profiling. (line 188) +* signals, USR1/SIGUSR1, for profiling: Profiling. (line 188) * signature program: Signature Program. (line 6) * SIGQUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) -* SIGUSR1 signal: Profiling. (line 188) +* SIGUSR1 signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 188) * silent debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 10) * sin() function: Numeric Functions. (line 75) +* sine: Numeric Functions. (line 75) * single precision floating-point: General Arithmetic. (line 21) -* single quote (') <1>: Quoting. (line 31) -* single quote (') <2>: Long. (line 33) * single quote ('): One-shot. (line 15) +* single quote (') in gawk command lines: Long. (line 33) +* single quote ('), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 31) * single quote ('), vs. apostrophe: Comments. (line 27) * single quote ('), with double quotes: Quoting. (line 53) * single-character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) +* single-step execution, in the debugger: Debugger Execution Control. + (line 43) * Skywalker, Luke: Undocumented. (line 6) * sleep utility: Alarm Program. (line 111) * sleep() extension function: Extension Sample Time. (line 23) * Solaris, POSIX-compliant awk: Other Versions. (line 96) +* sort array: String Functions. (line 32) +* sort array indices: String Functions. (line 32) * sort function, arrays, sorting: Array Sorting Functions. (line 6) * sort utility: Word Sorting. (line 50) @@ -32539,18 +32721,21 @@ Index * source files, search path for: Igawk Program. (line 368) * sparse arrays: Array Intro. (line 70) * Spencer, Henry: Glossary. (line 12) +* split string into array: String Functions. (line 291) * split utility: Split Program. (line 6) -* split() function: String Functions. (line 312) +* split() function: String Functions. (line 313) * split() function, array elements, deleting: Delete. (line 61) * split.awk program: Split Program. (line 30) -* sprintf() function <1>: String Functions. (line 377) +* sprintf() function <1>: String Functions. (line 378) * sprintf() function: OFMT. (line 15) * sprintf() function, OFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 124) * sprintf() function, print/printf statements and: Round Function. (line 6) * sqrt() function: Numeric Functions. (line 78) -* square brackets ([]): Regexp Operators. (line 55) +* square brackets ([]), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 55) +* square root: Numeric Functions. (line 78) * srand() function: Numeric Functions. (line 82) +* stack frame: Debugging Terms. (line 10) * Stallman, Richard <1>: Glossary. (line 297) * Stallman, Richard <2>: Contributors. (line 23) * Stallman, Richard <3>: Acknowledgments. (line 18) @@ -32559,6 +32744,7 @@ Index * standard input <1>: Special FD. (line 6) * standard input: Read Terminal. (line 6) * standard output: Special FD. (line 6) +* starting the debugger: Debugger Invocation. (line 6) * stat() extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. (line 18) * statements, compound, control statements and: Statements. (line 10) @@ -32568,6 +32754,8 @@ Index (line 68) * stepi debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 76) +* stop automatic display, in debugger: Viewing And Changing Data. + (line 80) * stream editors <1>: Simple Sed. (line 6) * stream editors: Field Splitting Summary. (line 46) @@ -32576,27 +32764,32 @@ Index * string constants, vs. regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 38) * string extraction (internationalization): String Extraction. (line 6) +* string length: String Functions. (line 164) * string operators: Concatenation. (line 8) +* string, regular expression match: String Functions. (line 204) +* string-manipulation functions: String Functions. (line 6) * string-matching operators: Regexp Usage. (line 19) +* string-translation functions: I18N Functions. (line 6) +* strings splitting, example: String Functions. (line 333) * strings, converting <1>: Bitwise Functions. (line 109) * strings, converting: Conversion. (line 6) +* strings, converting letter case: String Functions. (line 520) * strings, converting, numbers to: User-modified. (line 28) * strings, empty, See null strings: Records. (line 122) * strings, extracting: String Extraction. (line 6) * strings, for localization: Programmer i18n. (line 14) -* strings, length of: Scalar Constants. (line 20) +* strings, length limitations: Scalar Constants. (line 20) * strings, merging arrays into: Join Function. (line 6) * strings, null: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 43) * strings, numeric: Variable Typing. (line 6) -* strings, splitting: String Functions. (line 332) -* strtonum() function (gawk): String Functions. (line 384) +* strtonum() function (gawk): String Functions. (line 385) * strtonum() function (gawk), --non-decimal-data option and: Nondecimal Data. (line 36) -* sub() function <1>: String Functions. (line 405) +* sub() function <1>: String Functions. (line 406) * sub() function: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) -* sub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 459) +* sub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 460) * sub() function, escape processing: Gory Details. (line 6) * subscript separators: User-modified. (line 156) * subscripts in arrays, multidimensional: Multidimensional. (line 10) @@ -32607,9 +32800,13 @@ Index * subscripts in arrays, uninitialized variables as: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 6) * SUBSEP variable: User-modified. (line 156) -* SUBSEP variable, multidimensional arrays: Multidimensional. (line 16) -* substr() function: String Functions. (line 478) +* SUBSEP variable, and multidimensional arrays: Multidimensional. + (line 16) +* substitute in string: String Functions. (line 82) +* substr() function: String Functions. (line 479) +* substring: String Functions. (line 479) * Sumner, Andrew: Other Versions. (line 64) +* supplementary groups of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 234) * switch statement: Switch Statement. (line 6) * SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 274) * syntactic ambiguity: /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. @@ -32623,6 +32820,7 @@ Index * TCP/IP, support for: Special Network. (line 6) * tee utility: Tee Program. (line 6) * tee.awk program: Tee Program. (line 26) +* temporary breakpoint: Breakpoint Control. (line 90) * terminating records: Records. (line 132) * testbits.awk program: Bitwise Functions. (line 70) * testext extension: Extension Sample API Tests. @@ -32652,6 +32850,7 @@ Index * tilde (~), ~ operator <5>: Computed Regexps. (line 6) * tilde (~), ~ operator <6>: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) * tilde (~), ~ operator: Regexp Usage. (line 19) +* time functions: Time Functions. (line 6) * time, alarm clock example program: Alarm Program. (line 11) * time, localization and: Explaining gettext. (line 115) * time, managing: Getlocaltime Function. @@ -32662,12 +32861,15 @@ Index * timestamps, converting dates to: Time Functions. (line 75) * timestamps, formatted: Getlocaltime Function. (line 6) -* tolower() function: String Functions. (line 520) -* toupper() function: String Functions. (line 526) +* tolower() function: String Functions. (line 521) +* toupper() function: String Functions. (line 527) * tr utility: Translate Program. (line 6) * trace debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 108) +* traceback, display in debugger: Execution Stack. (line 13) +* translate string: I18N Functions. (line 22) * translate.awk program: Translate Program. (line 55) +* treating files, as single records: Records. (line 219) * troubleshooting, --non-decimal-data option: Options. (line 207) * troubleshooting, == operator: Comparison Operators. (line 37) @@ -32686,9 +32888,9 @@ Index * troubleshooting, gawk, fatal errors, function arguments: Calling Built-in. (line 16) * troubleshooting, getline function: File Checking. (line 25) -* troubleshooting, gsub()/sub() functions: String Functions. (line 469) -* troubleshooting, match() function: String Functions. (line 285) -* troubleshooting, patsplit() function: String Functions. (line 308) +* troubleshooting, gsub()/sub() functions: String Functions. (line 470) +* troubleshooting, match() function: String Functions. (line 286) +* troubleshooting, patsplit() function: String Functions. (line 309) * troubleshooting, print statement, omitting commas: Print Examples. (line 31) * troubleshooting, printing: Redirection. (line 118) @@ -32697,7 +32899,7 @@ Index * troubleshooting, regexp constants vs. string constants: Computed Regexps. (line 38) * troubleshooting, string concatenation: Concatenation. (line 26) -* troubleshooting, substr() function: String Functions. (line 496) +* troubleshooting, substr() function: String Functions. (line 497) * troubleshooting, system() function: I/O Functions. (line 94) * troubleshooting, typographical errors, global variables: Options. (line 98) @@ -32710,6 +32912,8 @@ Index * type conversion: Conversion. (line 21) * u debugger command (alias for until): Debugger Execution Control. (line 83) +* unassigned array elements: Reference to Elements. + (line 18) * undefined functions: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 71) * underscore (_), C macro: Explaining gettext. (line 70) @@ -32742,15 +32946,16 @@ Index (line 84) * up debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 33) * user database, reading: Passwd Functions. (line 6) -* user-defined, functions: User-defined. (line 6) -* user-defined, functions, counts: Profiling. (line 137) +* user-defined functions: User-defined. (line 6) +* user-defined, functions, counts, in a profile: Profiling. (line 137) * user-defined, variables: Variables. (line 6) * user-modifiable variables: User-modified. (line 6) * users, information about, printing: Id Program. (line 6) * users, information about, retrieving: Passwd Functions. (line 16) -* USR1 signal: Profiling. (line 188) +* USR1 signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 188) * values, numeric: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) * values, string: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) +* variable assignments and input files: Other Arguments. (line 19) * variable typing: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) * variables <1>: Basic Data Typing. (line 6) @@ -32771,7 +32976,7 @@ Index * variables, global, for library functions: Library Names. (line 11) * variables, global, printing list of: Options. (line 93) * variables, initializing: Using Variables. (line 20) -* variables, local: Variable Scope. (line 6) +* variables, local to a function: Variable Scope. (line 6) * variables, names of: Arrays. (line 18) * variables, private: Library Names. (line 11) * variables, setting: Options. (line 32) @@ -32782,6 +32987,10 @@ Index * variables, uninitialized, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 6) * variables, user-defined: Variables. (line 6) +* version of gawk: Auto-set. (line 204) +* version of gawk extension API: Auto-set. (line 229) +* version of GNU MP library: Auto-set. (line 215) +* version of GNU MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 211) * vertical bar (|): Regexp Operators. (line 69) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O): Getline/Pipe. (line 9) @@ -32805,12 +33014,13 @@ Index * warnings, issuing: Options. (line 182) * watch debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 67) +* watchpoint: Debugging Terms. (line 42) * wc utility: Wc Program. (line 6) * wc.awk program: Wc Program. (line 46) * Weinberger, Peter <1>: Contributors. (line 11) * Weinberger, Peter: History. (line 17) -* while statement <1>: While Statement. (line 6) -* while statement: Regexp Usage. (line 19) +* while statement: While Statement. (line 6) +* while statement, use of regexps in: Regexp Usage. (line 19) * whitespace, as field separators: Default Field Splitting. (line 6) * whitespace, functions, calling: Calling Built-in. (line 10) @@ -32908,488 +33118,489 @@ Node: When105754 Node: Invoking Gawk107901 Node: Command Line109364 Node: Options110147 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1125542 -Node: Other Arguments125567 -Node: Naming Standard Input128225 -Node: Environment Variables129319 -Node: AWKPATH Variable129877 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1132635 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable132895 -Node: Other Environment Variables133613 -Node: Exit Status136576 -Node: Include Files137251 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries140820 -Node: Obsolete142184 -Node: Undocumented142881 -Node: Regexp143123 -Node: Regexp Usage144512 -Node: Escape Sequences146537 -Node: Regexp Operators152206 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1159586 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2159733 -Node: Bracket Expressions159831 -Ref: table-char-classes161721 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators164244 -Node: Case-sensitivity167967 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1170935 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2171170 -Node: Leftmost Longest171278 -Node: Computed Regexps172479 -Node: Reading Files175816 -Node: Records177818 -Ref: Records-Footnote-1187341 -Node: Fields187378 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1190334 -Node: Nonconstant Fields190420 -Node: Changing Fields192626 -Node: Field Separators198585 -Node: Default Field Splitting201287 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting202404 -Node: Single Character Fields205746 -Node: Command Line Field Separator206805 -Node: Full Line Fields210147 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1210655 -Node: Field Splitting Summary210701 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1213800 -Node: Constant Size213901 -Node: Splitting By Content218508 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1222257 -Node: Multiple Line222297 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1228144 -Node: Getline228323 -Node: Plain Getline230539 -Node: Getline/Variable232634 -Node: Getline/File233781 -Node: Getline/Variable/File235122 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1236721 -Node: Getline/Pipe236808 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe239507 -Node: Getline/Coprocess240614 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess241866 -Node: Getline Notes242603 -Node: Getline Summary245390 -Ref: table-getline-variants245798 -Node: Read Timeout246710 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1250451 -Node: Command line directories250508 -Node: Printing251138 -Node: Print252769 -Node: Print Examples254106 -Node: Output Separators256890 -Node: OFMT258906 -Node: Printf260264 -Node: Basic Printf261170 -Node: Control Letters262709 -Node: Format Modifiers266521 -Node: Printf Examples272530 -Node: Redirection275242 -Node: Special Files282216 -Node: Special FD282749 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1286374 -Node: Special Network286448 -Node: Special Caveats287298 -Node: Close Files And Pipes288094 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1295077 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2295225 -Node: Expressions295375 -Node: Values296507 -Node: Constants297183 -Node: Scalar Constants297863 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1298722 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers298904 -Node: Regexp Constants301904 -Node: Using Constant Regexps302379 -Node: Variables305434 -Node: Using Variables306089 -Node: Assignment Options307813 -Node: Conversion309688 -Ref: table-locale-affects315188 -Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1315812 -Node: All Operators315921 -Node: Arithmetic Ops316551 -Node: Concatenation319056 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1321844 -Node: Assignment Ops321964 -Ref: table-assign-ops326952 -Node: Increment Ops328283 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions331717 -Node: Truth Values332800 -Node: Typing and Comparison333849 -Node: Variable Typing334642 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1338539 -Node: Comparison Operators338661 -Ref: table-relational-ops339071 -Node: POSIX String Comparison342619 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1343575 -Node: Boolean Ops343713 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1347783 -Node: Conditional Exp347874 -Node: Function Calls349606 -Node: Precedence353200 -Node: Locales356869 -Node: Patterns and Actions357958 -Node: Pattern Overview359012 -Node: Regexp Patterns360681 -Node: Expression Patterns361224 -Node: Ranges365005 -Node: BEGIN/END368109 -Node: Using BEGIN/END368871 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1371607 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END371713 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE373995 -Node: Empty376909 -Node: Using Shell Variables377226 -Node: Action Overview379511 -Node: Statements381868 -Node: If Statement383722 -Node: While Statement385221 -Node: Do Statement387265 -Node: For Statement388421 -Node: Switch Statement391573 -Node: Break Statement393727 -Node: Continue Statement395717 -Node: Next Statement397510 -Node: Nextfile Statement399900 -Node: Exit Statement402555 -Node: Built-in Variables404971 -Node: User-modified406066 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1414424 -Node: Auto-set414486 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1427567 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2427772 -Node: ARGC and ARGV427828 -Node: Arrays431682 -Node: Array Basics433187 -Node: Array Intro434013 -Node: Reference to Elements438330 -Node: Assigning Elements440600 -Node: Array Example441091 -Node: Scanning an Array442823 -Node: Controlling Scanning445137 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1450224 -Node: Delete450540 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1453305 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts453362 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts455545 -Node: Multidimensional457172 -Node: Multiscanning460265 -Node: Arrays of Arrays461854 -Node: Functions466494 -Node: Built-in467313 -Node: Calling Built-in468391 -Node: Numeric Functions470379 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1474211 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2474568 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3474616 -Node: String Functions474885 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1497805 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2497934 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3498182 -Node: Gory Details498269 -Ref: table-sub-escapes499948 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92501302 -Ref: table-sub-proposed502653 -Ref: table-posix-sub504007 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes505552 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1506728 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2506779 -Node: I/O Functions506930 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1513920 -Node: Time Functions514067 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1525000 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2525068 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3525226 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4525337 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5525449 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6525676 -Node: Bitwise Functions525942 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops526504 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1530725 -Node: Type Functions530909 -Node: I18N Functions532060 -Node: User-defined533687 -Node: Definition Syntax534491 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1539405 -Node: Function Example539474 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1542123 -Node: Function Caveats542145 -Node: Calling A Function542663 -Node: Variable Scope543618 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference546581 -Node: Return Statement550089 -Node: Dynamic Typing553070 -Node: Indirect Calls554001 -Node: Library Functions563688 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1567201 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2567344 -Node: Library Names567515 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1570988 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2571208 -Node: General Functions571294 -Node: Strtonum Function572322 -Node: Assert Function575252 -Node: Round Function578578 -Node: Cliff Random Function580119 -Node: Ordinal Functions581135 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1584212 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2584464 -Node: Join Function584675 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1586446 -Node: Getlocaltime Function586646 -Node: Readfile Function590387 -Node: Data File Management592226 -Node: Filetrans Function592858 -Node: Rewind Function596927 -Node: File Checking598314 -Node: Empty Files599408 -Node: Ignoring Assigns601638 -Node: Getopt Function603192 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1614495 -Node: Passwd Functions614698 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1623676 -Node: Group Functions623764 -Node: Walking Arrays631848 -Node: Sample Programs633984 -Node: Running Examples634658 -Node: Clones635386 -Node: Cut Program636610 -Node: Egrep Program646461 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1654234 -Node: Id Program654344 -Node: Split Program657960 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1661479 -Node: Tee Program661607 -Node: Uniq Program664410 -Node: Wc Program671839 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1676105 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2676305 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs676397 -Node: Dupword Program677585 -Node: Alarm Program679616 -Node: Translate Program684423 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1688810 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2689058 -Node: Labels Program689192 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1692563 -Node: Word Sorting692647 -Node: History Sorting696531 -Node: Extract Program698370 -Ref: Extract Program-Footnote-1705873 -Node: Simple Sed706001 -Node: Igawk Program709063 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1724220 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2724421 -Node: Anagram Program724559 -Node: Signature Program727627 -Node: Advanced Features728727 -Node: Nondecimal Data730613 -Node: Array Sorting732196 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal732893 -Node: Array Sorting Functions741177 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1745046 -Node: Two-way I/O745240 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1750672 -Node: TCP/IP Networking750754 -Node: Profiling753598 -Node: Internationalization761101 -Node: I18N and L10N762526 -Node: Explaining gettext763212 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1768280 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2768464 -Node: Programmer i18n768629 -Node: Translator i18n772831 -Node: String Extraction773625 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1774586 -Node: Printf Ordering774672 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1777454 -Node: I18N Portability777518 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1779967 -Node: I18N Example780030 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1782668 -Node: Gawk I18N782740 -Node: Debugger783361 -Node: Debugging784332 -Node: Debugging Concepts784765 -Node: Debugging Terms786621 -Node: Awk Debugging789218 -Node: Sample Debugging Session790110 -Node: Debugger Invocation790630 -Node: Finding The Bug791963 -Node: List of Debugger Commands798450 -Node: Breakpoint Control799784 -Node: Debugger Execution Control803448 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data806808 -Node: Execution Stack810164 -Node: Debugger Info811631 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands815613 -Node: Readline Support820789 -Node: Limitations821620 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic823872 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1825521 -Node: General Arithmetic825669 -Node: Floating Point Issues827389 -Node: String Conversion Precision828270 -Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1829975 -Node: Unexpected Results830084 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems832237 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1836062 -Node: Integer Programming836100 -Node: Floating-point Programming837839 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1844170 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2844440 -Node: Floating-point Representation844704 -Node: Floating-point Context845869 -Ref: table-ieee-formats846708 -Node: Rounding Mode848092 -Ref: table-rounding-modes848571 -Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1851586 -Node: Gawk and MPFR851765 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats853020 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1855463 -Node: Setting Precision855779 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings856465 -Node: Setting Rounding Mode858610 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes859014 -Node: Floating-point Constants860201 -Node: Changing Precision861630 -Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1863027 -Node: Exact Arithmetic863201 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers866339 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1869354 -Node: Dynamic Extensions869501 -Node: Extension Intro870959 -Node: Plugin License872224 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline872909 -Ref: load-extension873326 -Ref: load-new-function874804 -Ref: call-new-function875799 -Node: Extension API Description877814 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction879101 -Node: General Data Types884028 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1889723 -Node: Requesting Values890022 -Ref: table-value-types-returned890759 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions891713 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1894459 -Node: Constructor Functions894555 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Commands815718 +Node: Readline Support820894 +Node: Limitations821725 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic823977 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1825626 +Node: General Arithmetic825774 +Node: Floating Point Issues827494 +Node: String Conversion Precision828375 +Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1830080 +Node: Unexpected Results830189 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems832342 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1836167 +Node: Integer Programming836205 +Node: Floating-point Programming837944 +Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1844275 +Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2844545 +Node: Floating-point Representation844809 +Node: Floating-point Context845974 +Ref: table-ieee-formats846813 +Node: Rounding Mode848197 +Ref: table-rounding-modes848676 +Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1851691 +Node: Gawk and MPFR851870 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats853125 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1855568 +Node: Setting Precision855884 +Ref: 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+Node: Exit Callback Functions899405 +Node: Extension Version String900654 +Node: Input Parsers901304 +Node: Output Wrappers911061 +Node: Two-way processors915571 +Node: Printing Messages917779 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1918856 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'919008 +Node: Accessing Parameters919747 +Node: Symbol Table Access920977 +Node: Symbol table by name921491 +Node: Symbol table by cookie923240 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1927372 +Node: Cached values927435 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1930925 +Node: Array Manipulation931016 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1932114 +Node: Array Data Types932153 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1934856 +Node: Array Functions934948 +Node: Flattening Arrays938784 +Node: Creating Arrays945636 +Node: Extension API Variables950361 +Node: Extension Versioning950997 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables952898 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate953984 +Node: Finding Extensions957788 +Node: Extension Example958348 +Node: Internal File Description959078 +Node: Internal File Ops963169 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1974678 +Node: Using Internal File Ops974818 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1977171 +Node: Extension Samples977437 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions978961 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch987446 +Node: Extension Sample Fork989215 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace990428 +Node: Extension Sample Ord992206 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir993042 +Node: Extension Sample Revout994574 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way995167 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array995857 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile997740 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests998558 +Node: Extension Sample Time999083 +Node: gawkextlib1000447 +Node: Language History1003228 +Node: V7/SVR3.11004821 +Node: SVR41007141 +Node: POSIX1008583 +Node: BTL1009969 +Node: POSIX/GNU1010703 +Node: Feature History1016302 +Node: Common Extensions1029278 +Node: Ranges and Locales1030590 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11035207 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21035234 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31035468 +Node: Contributors1035689 +Node: Installation1041070 +Node: Gawk Distribution1041964 +Node: Getting1042448 +Node: Extracting1043274 +Node: Distribution contents1044966 +Node: Unix Installation1050671 +Node: Quick Installation1051288 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1053734 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1055470 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1057824 +Node: PC Installation1058282 +Node: PC Binary Installation1059581 +Node: PC Compiling1061429 +Node: PC Testing1064373 +Node: PC Using1065549 +Node: Cygwin1069717 +Node: MSYS1070526 +Node: VMS Installation1071040 +Node: VMS Compilation1071804 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11073056 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1073114 +Node: VMS Installation Details1074487 +Node: VMS Running1076738 +Node: VMS GNV1079572 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1080295 +Node: Bugs1080765 +Node: Other Versions1084683 +Node: Notes1090767 +Node: Compatibility Mode1091567 +Node: Additions1092350 +Node: Accessing 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ef5a25cdb3af19a1f2cc14e25e1a93914aae82c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Thu, 27 Mar 2014 22:22:35 +0200 Subject: Finishing indexing changes, special treatment for functions. --- doc/gawk.info | 714 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 358 insertions(+), 356 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 29af8ab4..033a804e 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -12199,7 +12199,8 @@ enclosed in square brackets ([ ]): Variables::). The default string value is `"%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y"'. This format string produces output that is equivalent to that of the `date' utility. You can assign - a new value to `PROCINFO["strftime"]' to change the default format. + a new value to `PROCINFO["strftime"]' to change the default + format; see below for the various format directives. `systime()' Return the current time as the number of seconds since the system @@ -30051,8 +30052,8 @@ Index * ' (single quote), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 31) * ' (single quote), vs. apostrophe: Comments. (line 27) * ' (single quote), with double quotes: Quoting. (line 53) -* () (parentheses): Regexp Operators. (line 79) * () (parentheses), in a profile: Profiling. (line 146) +* () (parentheses), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 79) * * (asterisk), * operator, as multiplication operator: Precedence. (line 55) * * (asterisk), * operator, as regexp operator: Regexp Operators. @@ -30318,9 +30319,9 @@ Index (line 6) * anagram.awk program: Anagram Program. (line 22) * anagrams, finding: Anagram Program. (line 6) +* and: Bitwise Functions. (line 39) * AND bitwise operation: Bitwise Functions. (line 6) * and Boolean-logic operator: Boolean Ops. (line 6) -* and() function (gawk): Bitwise Functions. (line 39) * ANSI: Glossary. (line 35) * API informational variables: Extension API Informational Variables. (line 6) @@ -30393,14 +30394,14 @@ Index (line 52) * ASCII <1>: Glossary. (line 133) * ASCII: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) -* asort() function (gawk) <1>: Array Sorting Functions. +* asort <1>: Array Sorting Functions. (line 6) -* asort() function (gawk): String Functions. (line 32) +* asort: String Functions. (line 32) * asort() function (gawk), arrays, sorting: Array Sorting Functions. (line 6) -* asorti() function (gawk) <1>: Array Sorting Functions. +* asorti <1>: Array Sorting Functions. (line 6) -* asorti() function (gawk): String Functions. (line 32) +* asorti: String Functions. (line 32) * asorti() function (gawk), arrays, sorting: Array Sorting Functions. (line 6) * assert() function (C library): Assert Function. (line 6) @@ -30571,9 +30572,9 @@ Index * Berry, Karl <1>: Ranges and Locales. (line 74) * Berry, Karl: Acknowledgments. (line 33) * binary input/output: User-modified. (line 10) +* bindtextdomain <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 47) +* bindtextdomain: I18N Functions. (line 12) * bindtextdomain() function (C library): Explaining gettext. (line 49) -* bindtextdomain() function (gawk) <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 47) -* bindtextdomain() function (gawk): I18N Functions. (line 12) * bindtextdomain() function (gawk), portability and: I18N Portability. (line 33) * BINMODE variable <1>: PC Using. (line 33) @@ -30713,10 +30714,10 @@ Index (line 6) * cliff_rand() user-defined function: Cliff Random Function. (line 12) -* close file or coprocess: I/O Functions. (line 10) -* close() function <1>: I/O Functions. (line 10) -* close() function: Close Files And Pipes. +* close <1>: I/O Functions. (line 10) +* close: Close Files And Pipes. (line 18) +* close file or coprocess: I/O Functions. (line 10) * close() function, portability: Close Files And Pipes. (line 81) * close() function, return value: Close Files And Pipes. @@ -30787,7 +30788,7 @@ Index * compiling gawk for MS-DOS and MS-Windows: PC Compiling. (line 13) * compiling gawk for VMS: VMS Compilation. (line 6) * compiling gawk with EMX for OS/2: PC Compiling. (line 28) -* compl() function (gawk): Bitwise Functions. (line 43) +* compl: Bitwise Functions. (line 43) * complement, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 25) * compound statements, control statements and: Statements. (line 10) * concatenating: Concatenation. (line 8) @@ -30822,7 +30823,7 @@ Index * convert string to upper case: String Functions. (line 527) * converting integer array subscripts: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 31) -* converting, dates to timestamps: Time Functions. (line 75) +* converting, dates to timestamps: Time Functions. (line 76) * converting, numbers to strings <1>: Bitwise Functions. (line 109) * converting, numbers to strings: Conversion. (line 6) * converting, strings to numbers <1>: Bitwise Functions. (line 109) @@ -30837,7 +30838,7 @@ Index * coprocesses, closing: Close Files And Pipes. (line 6) * coprocesses, getline from: Getline/Coprocess. (line 6) -* cos() function: Numeric Functions. (line 15) +* cos: Numeric Functions. (line 15) * cosine: Numeric Functions. (line 15) * counting: Wc Program. (line 6) * csh utility: Statements/Lines. (line 44) @@ -30845,7 +30846,7 @@ Index * csh utility, |& operator, comparison with: Two-way I/O. (line 44) * ctime() user-defined function: Function Example. (line 73) * currency symbols, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 103) -* current system time: Time Functions. (line 65) +* current system time: Time Functions. (line 66) * custom.h file: Configuration Philosophy. (line 30) * customized input parser: Input Parsers. (line 6) @@ -30903,18 +30904,18 @@ Index * database, group, reading: Group Functions. (line 6) * database, users, reading: Passwd Functions. (line 6) * date utility, GNU: Time Functions. (line 17) -* date utility, POSIX: Time Functions. (line 262) -* dates, converting to timestamps: Time Functions. (line 75) +* date utility, POSIX: Time Functions. (line 263) +* dates, converting to timestamps: Time Functions. (line 76) * dates, information related to, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 115) * Davies, Stephen <1>: Contributors. (line 74) * Davies, Stephen: Acknowledgments. (line 60) -* dcgettext() function (gawk) <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 19) -* dcgettext() function (gawk): I18N Functions. (line 22) +* dcgettext <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 19) +* dcgettext: I18N Functions. (line 22) * dcgettext() function (gawk), portability and: I18N Portability. (line 33) -* dcngettext() function (gawk) <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 36) -* dcngettext() function (gawk): I18N Functions. (line 28) +* dcngettext <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 36) +* dcngettext: I18N Functions. (line 28) * dcngettext() function (gawk), portability and: I18N Portability. (line 33) * deadlocks: Two-way I/O. (line 70) @@ -31239,7 +31240,7 @@ Index * exit status, of VMS: VMS Running. (line 29) * exit the debugger: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 99) -* exp() function: Numeric Functions. (line 18) +* exp: Numeric Functions. (line 18) * expand utility: Very Simple. (line 69) * Expat XML parser library: gawkextlib. (line 35) * exponent: Numeric Functions. (line 18) @@ -31301,7 +31302,7 @@ Index * features, undocumented: Undocumented. (line 6) * Fenlason, Jay <1>: Contributors. (line 18) * Fenlason, Jay: History. (line 30) -* fflush() function: I/O Functions. (line 25) +* fflush: I/O Functions. (line 25) * field numbers: Nonconstant Fields. (line 6) * field operator $: Fields. (line 19) * field operators, dollar sign as: Fields. (line 19) @@ -31422,7 +31423,7 @@ Index (line 57) * format specifiers, printf statement: Control Letters. (line 6) * format specifiers, strftime() function (gawk): Time Functions. - (line 88) + (line 89) * format time string: Time Functions. (line 48) * formats, numeric output: OFMT. (line 6) * formatting output: Printf. (line 6) @@ -31609,8 +31610,8 @@ Index * General Public License (GPL): Glossary. (line 306) * General Public License, See GPL: Manual History. (line 11) * generate time values: Time Functions. (line 25) -* gensub() function (gawk) <1>: String Functions. (line 82) -* gensub() function (gawk): Using Constant Regexps. +* gensub <1>: String Functions. (line 82) +* gensub: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) * gensub() function (gawk), escape processing: Gory Details. (line 6) * getaddrinfo() function (C library): TCP/IP Networking. (line 38) @@ -31685,8 +31686,8 @@ Index * group file: Group Functions. (line 6) * group id of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 177) * groups, information about: Group Functions. (line 6) -* gsub() function <1>: String Functions. (line 135) -* gsub() function: Using Constant Regexps. +* gsub <1>: String Functions. (line 135) +* gsub: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) * gsub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 460) * gsub() function, escape processing: Gory Details. (line 6) @@ -31730,7 +31731,8 @@ Index (line 83) * IGNORECASE variable, in example programs: Library Functions. (line 53) -* IGNORECASE variable, ~ and !~ operators: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) +* IGNORECASE variable, with ~ and !~ operators: Case-sensitivity. + (line 26) * Illumos: Other Versions. (line 104) * Illumos, POSIX-compliant awk: Other Versions. (line 104) * implementation issues, gawk: Notes. (line 6) @@ -31748,7 +31750,7 @@ Index (line 37) * in operator, use in loops: Scanning an Array. (line 17) * increment operators: Increment Ops. (line 6) -* index() function: String Functions. (line 151) +* index: String Functions. (line 151) * indexing arrays: Array Intro. (line 49) * indirect function calls: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * infinite precision: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. @@ -31783,8 +31785,8 @@ Index * installation, VMS: VMS Installation. (line 6) * installing gawk: Installation. (line 6) * instruction tracing, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 89) +* int: Numeric Functions. (line 23) * INT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) -* int() function: Numeric Functions. (line 23) * integer array indices: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 31) * integers: General Arithmetic. (line 6) @@ -31813,7 +31815,7 @@ Index * interval expressions, regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 116) * inventory-shipped file: Sample Data Files. (line 32) * invoke shell command: I/O Functions. (line 72) -* isarray() function (gawk): Type Functions. (line 11) +* isarray: Type Functions. (line 11) * ISO: Glossary. (line 368) * ISO 8859-1: Glossary. (line 133) * ISO Latin-1: Glossary. (line 133) @@ -31870,9 +31872,9 @@ Index * left shift: Bitwise Functions. (line 46) * left shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) * leftmost longest match: Multiple Line. (line 26) +* length: String Functions. (line 164) * length of input record: String Functions. (line 171) * length of string: String Functions. (line 164) -* length() function: String Functions. (line 164) * Lesser General Public License (LGPL): Glossary. (line 397) * LGPL (Lesser General Public License): Glossary. (line 397) * libmawk: Other Versions. (line 120) @@ -31934,8 +31936,8 @@ Index * localization: I18N and L10N. (line 6) * localization, See internationalization, localization: I18N and L10N. (line 6) +* log: Numeric Functions. (line 30) * log files, timestamps in: Time Functions. (line 6) -* log() function: Numeric Functions. (line 30) * logarithm: Numeric Functions. (line 30) * logical false/true: Truth Values. (line 6) * logical operators, See Boolean expressions: Boolean Ops. (line 6) @@ -31952,7 +31954,7 @@ Index * loops, See Also while statement: While Statement. (line 6) * loops, while: While Statement. (line 6) * ls utility: More Complex. (line 15) -* lshift() function (gawk): Bitwise Functions. (line 46) +* lshift: Bitwise Functions. (line 46) * lvalues/rvalues: Assignment Ops. (line 32) * mail-list file: Sample Data Files. (line 6) * mailing labels, printing: Labels Program. (line 6) @@ -31964,8 +31966,8 @@ Index (line 6) * marked strings, extracting: String Extraction. (line 6) * Marx, Groucho: Increment Ops. (line 60) +* match: String Functions. (line 204) * match regexp in string: String Functions. (line 204) -* match() function: String Functions. (line 204) * match() function, RSTART/RLENGTH variables: String Functions. (line 221) * matching, expressions, See comparison expressions: Typing and Comparison. @@ -31990,7 +31992,7 @@ Index * metacharacters in regular expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 6) * metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 130) * minimum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 221) -* mktime() function (gawk): Time Functions. (line 25) +* mktime: Time Functions. (line 25) * modifiers, in format specifiers: Format Modifiers. (line 6) * monetary information, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 103) * MPFR: Gawk and MPFR. (line 6) @@ -32141,9 +32143,9 @@ Index * options, long <1>: Options. (line 6) * options, long: Command Line. (line 13) * options, printing list of: Options. (line 154) +* or: Bitwise Functions. (line 49) * OR bitwise operation: Bitwise Functions. (line 6) * or Boolean-logic operator: Boolean Ops. (line 6) -* or() function (gawk): Bitwise Functions. (line 49) * ord() extension function: Extension Sample Ord. (line 12) * ord() user-defined function: Ordinal Functions. (line 16) @@ -32169,10 +32171,10 @@ Index (line 36) * P1003.1 POSIX standard: Glossary. (line 454) * parent process id of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 186) -* parentheses (): Regexp Operators. (line 79) * parentheses (), in a profile: Profiling. (line 146) +* parentheses (), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 79) * password file: Passwd Functions. (line 16) -* patsplit() function (gawk): String Functions. (line 291) +* patsplit: String Functions. (line 291) * patterns: Patterns and Actions. (line 6) * patterns, comparison expressions as: Expression Patterns. (line 14) @@ -32265,7 +32267,7 @@ Index * POSIX awk, changes in awk versions: POSIX. (line 6) * POSIX awk, continue statement and: Continue Statement. (line 43) * POSIX awk, CONVFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 28) -* POSIX awk, date utility and: Time Functions. (line 262) +* POSIX awk, date utility and: Time Functions. (line 263) * POSIX awk, field separators and <1>: Field Splitting Summary. (line 40) * POSIX awk, field separators and: Fields. (line 6) @@ -32394,7 +32396,7 @@ Index * Rakitzis, Byron: History Sorting. (line 25) * Ramey, Chet <1>: General Data Types. (line 6) * Ramey, Chet: Acknowledgments. (line 60) -* rand() function: Numeric Functions. (line 34) +* rand: Numeric Functions. (line 34) * random numbers, Cliff: Cliff Random Function. (line 6) * random numbers, rand()/srand() functions: Numeric Functions. @@ -32535,7 +32537,7 @@ Index * RS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 143) * RS variable: Records. (line 20) * RS variable, multiline records and: Multiple Line. (line 17) -* rshift() function (gawk): Bitwise Functions. (line 52) +* rshift: Bitwise Functions. (line 52) * RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 259) * RSTART variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 221) * RT variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 266) @@ -32679,7 +32681,7 @@ Index * SIGUSR1 signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 188) * silent debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 10) -* sin() function: Numeric Functions. (line 75) +* sin: Numeric Functions. (line 75) * sine: Numeric Functions. (line 75) * single precision floating-point: General Arithmetic. (line 21) * single quote ('): One-shot. (line 15) @@ -32721,20 +32723,20 @@ Index * source files, search path for: Igawk Program. (line 368) * sparse arrays: Array Intro. (line 70) * Spencer, Henry: Glossary. (line 12) +* split: String Functions. (line 313) * split string into array: String Functions. (line 291) * split utility: Split Program. (line 6) -* split() function: String Functions. (line 313) * split() function, array elements, deleting: Delete. (line 61) * split.awk program: Split Program. (line 30) -* sprintf() function <1>: String Functions. (line 378) -* sprintf() function: OFMT. (line 15) +* sprintf <1>: String Functions. (line 378) +* sprintf: OFMT. (line 15) * sprintf() function, OFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 124) * sprintf() function, print/printf statements and: Round Function. (line 6) -* sqrt() function: Numeric Functions. (line 78) +* sqrt: Numeric Functions. (line 78) * square brackets ([]), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 55) * square root: Numeric Functions. (line 78) -* srand() function: Numeric Functions. (line 82) +* srand: Numeric Functions. (line 82) * stack frame: Debugging Terms. (line 10) * Stallman, Richard <1>: Glossary. (line 297) * Stallman, Richard <2>: Contributors. (line 23) @@ -32759,7 +32761,7 @@ Index * stream editors <1>: Simple Sed. (line 6) * stream editors: Field Splitting Summary. (line 46) -* strftime() function (gawk): Time Functions. (line 48) +* strftime: Time Functions. (line 48) * string constants: Scalar Constants. (line 15) * string constants, vs. regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 38) * string extraction (internationalization): String Extraction. @@ -32783,11 +32785,11 @@ Index * strings, null: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 43) * strings, numeric: Variable Typing. (line 6) -* strtonum() function (gawk): String Functions. (line 385) +* strtonum: String Functions. (line 385) * strtonum() function (gawk), --non-decimal-data option and: Nondecimal Data. (line 36) -* sub() function <1>: String Functions. (line 406) -* sub() function: Using Constant Regexps. +* sub <1>: String Functions. (line 406) +* sub: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) * sub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 460) * sub() function, escape processing: Gory Details. (line 6) @@ -32803,7 +32805,7 @@ Index * SUBSEP variable, and multidimensional arrays: Multidimensional. (line 16) * substitute in string: String Functions. (line 82) -* substr() function: String Functions. (line 479) +* substr: String Functions. (line 479) * substring: String Functions. (line 479) * Sumner, Andrew: Other Versions. (line 64) * supplementary groups of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 234) @@ -32811,8 +32813,8 @@ Index * SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 274) * syntactic ambiguity: /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. (line 147) -* system() function: I/O Functions. (line 72) -* systime() function (gawk): Time Functions. (line 65) +* system: I/O Functions. (line 72) +* systime: Time Functions. (line 66) * t debugger command (alias for tbreak): Breakpoint Control. (line 90) * tbreak debugger command: Breakpoint Control. (line 90) * Tcl: Library Names. (line 57) @@ -32858,11 +32860,11 @@ Index * time, retrieving: Time Functions. (line 17) * timeout, reading input: Read Timeout. (line 6) * timestamps: Time Functions. (line 6) -* timestamps, converting dates to: Time Functions. (line 75) +* timestamps, converting dates to: Time Functions. (line 76) * timestamps, formatted: Getlocaltime Function. (line 6) -* tolower() function: String Functions. (line 521) -* toupper() function: String Functions. (line 527) +* tolower: String Functions. (line 521) +* toupper: String Functions. (line 527) * tr utility: Translate Program. (line 6) * trace debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 108) @@ -33041,8 +33043,8 @@ Index * writea() extension function: Extension Sample Read write array. (line 9) * xgettext utility: String Extraction. (line 13) +* xor: Bitwise Functions. (line 55) * XOR bitwise operation: Bitwise Functions. (line 6) -* xor() function (gawk): Bitwise Functions. (line 55) * Yawitz, Efraim: Contributors. (line 129) * Zaretskii, Eli <1>: Bugs. (line 70) * Zaretskii, Eli <2>: Contributors. (line 55) @@ -33307,300 +33309,300 @@ Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2506851 Node: I/O Functions507002 Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1513992 Node: Time Functions514139 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1525072 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2525140 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3525298 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4525409 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5525521 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6525748 -Node: Bitwise Functions526014 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops526576 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1530797 -Node: Type Functions530981 -Node: I18N Functions532132 -Node: User-defined533759 -Node: Definition Syntax534563 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1539477 -Node: Function Example539546 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1542195 -Node: Function Caveats542217 -Node: Calling A Function542735 -Node: Variable Scope543690 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference546653 -Node: Return Statement550161 -Node: Dynamic Typing553142 -Node: Indirect Calls554073 -Node: Library Functions563760 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1567273 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2567416 -Node: Library Names567587 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1571060 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2571280 -Node: General Functions571366 -Node: Strtonum Function572394 -Node: Assert Function575324 -Node: Round Function578650 -Node: Cliff Random Function580191 -Node: Ordinal Functions581207 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1584284 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2584536 -Node: Join Function584747 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1586518 -Node: Getlocaltime Function586718 -Node: Readfile Function590459 -Node: Data File Management592298 -Node: Filetrans Function592930 -Node: Rewind Function596999 -Node: File Checking598386 -Node: Empty Files599480 -Node: Ignoring Assigns601710 -Node: Getopt Function603264 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1614567 -Node: Passwd Functions614770 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1623748 -Node: Group Functions623836 -Node: Walking Arrays631920 -Node: Sample Programs634056 -Node: Running Examples634730 -Node: Clones635458 -Node: Cut Program636682 -Node: Egrep Program646533 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1654306 -Node: Id Program654416 -Node: Split Program658065 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1661584 -Node: Tee Program661712 -Node: Uniq Program664515 -Node: Wc Program671944 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1676210 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2676410 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs676502 -Node: Dupword Program677690 -Node: Alarm Program679721 -Node: Translate Program684528 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1688915 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2689163 -Node: Labels Program689297 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1692668 -Node: Word Sorting692752 -Node: History Sorting696636 -Node: Extract Program698475 -Ref: Extract Program-Footnote-1705978 -Node: Simple Sed706106 -Node: Igawk Program709168 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1724325 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2724526 -Node: Anagram Program724664 -Node: Signature Program727732 -Node: Advanced Features728832 -Node: Nondecimal Data730718 -Node: Array Sorting732301 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal732998 -Node: Array Sorting Functions741282 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1745151 -Node: Two-way I/O745345 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1750777 -Node: TCP/IP Networking750859 -Node: Profiling753703 -Node: Internationalization761206 -Node: I18N and L10N762631 -Node: Explaining gettext763317 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1768385 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2768569 -Node: Programmer i18n768734 -Node: Translator i18n772936 -Node: String Extraction773730 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1774691 -Node: Printf Ordering774777 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1777559 -Node: I18N Portability777623 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1780072 -Node: I18N Example780135 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1782773 -Node: Gawk I18N782845 -Node: Debugger783466 -Node: Debugging784437 -Node: Debugging Concepts784870 -Node: Debugging Terms786726 -Node: Awk Debugging789323 -Node: Sample Debugging Session790215 -Node: Debugger Invocation790735 -Node: Finding The Bug792068 -Node: List of Debugger Commands798555 -Node: Breakpoint Control799889 -Node: Debugger Execution Control803553 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data806913 -Node: Execution Stack810269 -Node: Debugger Info811736 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands815718 -Node: Readline Support820894 -Node: Limitations821725 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic823977 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1825626 -Node: General Arithmetic825774 -Node: Floating Point Issues827494 -Node: String Conversion Precision828375 -Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1830080 -Node: Unexpected Results830189 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems832342 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1836167 -Node: Integer Programming836205 -Node: Floating-point Programming837944 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1844275 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2844545 -Node: Floating-point Representation844809 -Node: Floating-point Context845974 -Ref: table-ieee-formats846813 -Node: Rounding Mode848197 -Ref: table-rounding-modes848676 -Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1851691 -Node: Gawk and MPFR851870 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats853125 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1855568 -Node: Setting Precision855884 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings856570 -Node: Setting Rounding Mode858715 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes859119 -Node: Floating-point Constants860306 -Node: Changing Precision861735 -Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1863132 -Node: Exact Arithmetic863306 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers866444 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1869459 -Node: Dynamic Extensions869606 -Node: Extension Intro871064 -Node: Plugin License872329 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline873014 -Ref: load-extension873431 -Ref: load-new-function874909 -Ref: call-new-function875904 -Node: Extension API Description877919 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction879206 -Node: General Data Types884133 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1889828 -Node: Requesting Values890127 -Ref: table-value-types-returned890864 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions891818 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1894564 -Node: Constructor Functions894660 -Node: Registration Functions896418 -Node: Extension Functions897103 -Node: Exit Callback Functions899405 -Node: Extension Version String900654 -Node: Input Parsers901304 -Node: Output Wrappers911061 -Node: Two-way processors915571 -Node: Printing Messages917779 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1918856 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'919008 -Node: Accessing Parameters919747 -Node: Symbol Table Access920977 -Node: Symbol table by name921491 -Node: Symbol table by cookie923240 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1927372 -Node: Cached values927435 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1930925 -Node: Array Manipulation931016 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1932114 -Node: Array Data Types932153 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1934856 -Node: Array Functions934948 -Node: Flattening Arrays938784 -Node: Creating Arrays945636 -Node: Extension API Variables950361 -Node: Extension Versioning950997 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables952898 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate953984 -Node: Finding Extensions957788 -Node: Extension Example958348 -Node: Internal File Description959078 -Node: Internal File Ops963169 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1974678 -Node: Using Internal File Ops974818 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1977171 -Node: Extension Samples977437 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions978961 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch987446 -Node: Extension Sample Fork989215 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace990428 -Node: Extension Sample Ord992206 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir993042 -Node: Extension Sample Revout994574 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way995167 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array995857 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile997740 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests998558 -Node: Extension Sample Time999083 -Node: gawkextlib1000447 -Node: Language History1003228 -Node: V7/SVR3.11004821 -Node: SVR41007141 -Node: 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table-value-types-returned890914 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions891868 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1894614 +Node: Constructor Functions894710 +Node: Registration Functions896468 +Node: Extension Functions897153 +Node: Exit Callback Functions899455 +Node: Extension Version String900704 +Node: Input Parsers901354 +Node: Output Wrappers911111 +Node: Two-way processors915621 +Node: Printing Messages917829 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1918906 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'919058 +Node: Accessing Parameters919797 +Node: Symbol Table Access921027 +Node: Symbol table by name921541 +Node: Symbol table by cookie923290 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1927422 +Node: Cached values927485 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1930975 +Node: Array Manipulation931066 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1932164 +Node: Array Data Types932203 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1934906 +Node: Array Functions934998 +Node: Flattening Arrays938834 +Node: Creating Arrays945686 +Node: Extension API 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+Node: Basic Data Typing1128752 +Node: Glossary1132107 +Node: Copying1157336 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1194893 +Node: Index1220030  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 17cb726be0dea75864a89d31054459c02702786e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Thu, 27 Mar 2014 22:28:23 +0200 Subject: Add note that lookup of PROCINFO can fail. --- doc/gawk.info | 217 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 111 insertions(+), 106 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 033a804e..ea2a718f 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -22812,6 +22812,11 @@ termed a "symbol table". However, with the exception of the `PROCINFO' array, an extension cannot change any of those variables. + NOTE: It is possible for the lookup of `PROCINFO' to fail. This + happens if the `awk' program being run does not reference + `PROCINFO'; in this case `gawk' doesn't bother to create the array + and populate it. +  File: gawk.info, Node: Symbol table by cookie, Next: Cached values, Prev: Symbol table by name, Up: Symbol Table Access @@ -33498,111 +33503,111 @@ Node: Updating `ERRNO'919058 Node: Accessing Parameters919797 Node: Symbol Table Access921027 Node: Symbol table by name921541 -Node: Symbol table by cookie923290 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1927422 -Node: Cached values927485 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1930975 -Node: Array Manipulation931066 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1932164 -Node: Array Data Types932203 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1934906 -Node: Array Functions934998 -Node: Flattening Arrays938834 -Node: Creating Arrays945686 -Node: Extension API Variables950411 -Node: Extension Versioning951047 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables952948 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate954034 -Node: Finding Extensions957838 -Node: Extension Example958398 -Node: Internal File Description959128 -Node: Internal File Ops963219 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1974728 -Node: Using Internal File Ops974868 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1977221 -Node: Extension Samples977487 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions979011 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch987496 -Node: Extension Sample Fork989265 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace990478 -Node: Extension Sample Ord992256 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir993092 -Node: Extension Sample Revout994624 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way995217 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array995907 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile997790 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests998608 -Node: Extension Sample Time999133 -Node: gawkextlib1000497 -Node: Language History1003278 -Node: V7/SVR3.11004871 -Node: SVR41007191 -Node: POSIX1008633 -Node: BTL1010019 -Node: POSIX/GNU1010753 -Node: Feature History1016352 -Node: Common Extensions1029328 -Node: Ranges and Locales1030640 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11035257 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21035284 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31035518 -Node: Contributors1035739 -Node: Installation1041120 -Node: Gawk Distribution1042014 -Node: Getting1042498 -Node: Extracting1043324 -Node: Distribution contents1045016 -Node: Unix Installation1050721 -Node: Quick Installation1051338 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1053784 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1055520 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1057874 -Node: PC Installation1058332 -Node: PC Binary Installation1059631 -Node: PC Compiling1061479 -Node: PC Testing1064423 -Node: PC Using1065599 -Node: Cygwin1069767 -Node: MSYS1070576 -Node: VMS Installation1071090 -Node: VMS Compilation1071854 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11073106 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1073164 -Node: VMS Installation Details1074537 -Node: VMS Running1076788 -Node: VMS GNV1079622 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1080345 -Node: Bugs1080815 -Node: Other Versions1084733 -Node: Notes1090817 -Node: 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Robbins" Date: Thu, 27 Mar 2014 22:49:58 +0200 Subject: Add input parser to readfile extension, document it and test it. --- doc/gawk.info | 157 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 82 insertions(+), 75 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index ea2a718f..6bff2719 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -24830,7 +24830,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Sample Readfile, Next: Extension Sample API T 16.7.10 Reading An Entire File ------------------------------ -The `readfile' extension adds a single function named `readfile()': +The `readfile' extension adds a single function named `readfile()', and +an input parser: `@load "readfile"' This is how you load the extension. @@ -24840,6 +24841,12 @@ The `readfile' extension adds a single function named `readfile()': a string containing the entire contents of the requested file. Upon error, the function returns the empty string and sets `ERRNO'. +`BEGIN { PROCINFO["readfile"] = 1 }' + In addition, the extension adds an input parser that is activated + if `PROCINFO["readfile"]' exists. When activated, each input file + is returned in its entirety as `$0'. `RT' is set to the null + string. + Here is an example: @load "readfile" @@ -32421,7 +32428,7 @@ Index * readdir extension: Extension Sample Readdir. (line 9) * readfile() extension function: Extension Sample Readfile. - (line 11) + (line 12) * readfile() user-defined function: Readfile Function. (line 30) * reading input files: Reading Files. (line 6) * recipe for a programming language: History. (line 6) @@ -33536,78 +33543,78 @@ Node: Extension Sample Revout994851 Node: Extension Sample Rev2way995444 Node: Extension Sample Read write array996134 Node: Extension Sample Readfile998017 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests998835 -Node: Extension Sample Time999360 -Node: gawkextlib1000724 -Node: Language History1003505 -Node: V7/SVR3.11005098 -Node: SVR41007418 -Node: POSIX1008860 -Node: BTL1010246 -Node: POSIX/GNU1010980 -Node: Feature History1016579 -Node: Common Extensions1029555 -Node: Ranges and Locales1030867 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11035484 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21035511 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31035745 -Node: Contributors1035966 -Node: Installation1041347 -Node: Gawk Distribution1042241 -Node: Getting1042725 -Node: Extracting1043551 -Node: Distribution contents1045243 -Node: Unix Installation1050948 -Node: Quick Installation1051565 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1054011 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1055747 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1058101 -Node: PC Installation1058559 -Node: PC Binary Installation1059858 -Node: PC Compiling1061706 -Node: PC Testing1064650 -Node: PC Using1065826 -Node: Cygwin1069994 -Node: MSYS1070803 -Node: VMS Installation1071317 -Node: VMS Compilation1072081 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11073333 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1073391 -Node: VMS Installation Details1074764 -Node: VMS Running1077015 -Node: VMS GNV1079849 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1080572 -Node: Bugs1081042 -Node: Other Versions1084960 -Node: Notes1091044 -Node: Compatibility Mode1091844 -Node: Additions1092627 -Node: Accessing The Source1093554 -Node: Adding Code1094994 -Node: New Ports1101039 -Node: Derived Files1105174 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11110495 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21110529 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31111129 -Node: Future Extensions1111227 -Node: Implementation Limitations1111810 -Node: Extension Design1113062 -Node: Old Extension Problems1114216 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11115724 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1115781 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11119146 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1119332 -Node: Extension Future Growth1121438 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1122274 -Node: Basic Concepts1124014 -Node: Basic High Level1124695 -Ref: figure-general-flow1124966 -Ref: figure-process-flow1125565 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11128794 -Node: Basic Data Typing1128979 -Node: Glossary1132334 -Node: Copying1157563 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1195120 -Node: Index1220257 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests999117 +Node: Extension Sample Time999642 +Node: gawkextlib1001006 +Node: Language History1003787 +Node: V7/SVR3.11005380 +Node: SVR41007700 +Node: POSIX1009142 +Node: BTL1010528 +Node: POSIX/GNU1011262 +Node: Feature History1016861 +Node: Common Extensions1029837 +Node: Ranges and Locales1031149 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11035766 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21035793 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31036027 +Node: Contributors1036248 +Node: Installation1041629 +Node: Gawk Distribution1042523 +Node: Getting1043007 +Node: Extracting1043833 +Node: Distribution contents1045525 +Node: Unix Installation1051230 +Node: Quick Installation1051847 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1054293 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1056029 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1058383 +Node: PC Installation1058841 +Node: PC Binary Installation1060140 +Node: PC Compiling1061988 +Node: PC Testing1064932 +Node: PC Using1066108 +Node: Cygwin1070276 +Node: MSYS1071085 +Node: VMS Installation1071599 +Node: VMS Compilation1072363 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11073615 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1073673 +Node: VMS Installation Details1075046 +Node: VMS Running1077297 +Node: VMS GNV1080131 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1080854 +Node: Bugs1081324 +Node: Other Versions1085242 +Node: Notes1091326 +Node: Compatibility Mode1092126 +Node: Additions1092909 +Node: Accessing The Source1093836 +Node: Adding Code1095276 +Node: New Ports1101321 +Node: Derived Files1105456 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11110777 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21110811 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31111411 +Node: Future Extensions1111509 +Node: Implementation Limitations1112092 +Node: Extension Design1113344 +Node: Old Extension Problems1114498 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11116006 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1116063 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11119428 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1119614 +Node: Extension Future Growth1121720 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1122556 +Node: Basic Concepts1124296 +Node: Basic High Level1124977 +Ref: figure-general-flow1125248 +Ref: figure-process-flow1125847 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11129076 +Node: Basic Data Typing1129261 +Node: Glossary1132616 +Node: Copying1157845 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1195402 +Node: Index1220539  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 4368c38c91c0909c8e111e7511680af65dd0a983 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Fri, 28 Mar 2014 14:27:30 +0300 Subject: Minor cleanup to indexing. --- doc/gawk.info | 17 +++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 6bff2719..41c35282 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -23149,7 +23149,7 @@ The following functions relate to individual array elements. strings (*note Conversion::); thus using integral values is safest. As with _all_ strings passed into `gawk' from an extension, the - string value of `index' must come from the api-provided functions + string value of `index' must come from the API-provided functions `api_malloc()', `api_calloc()' or `api_realloc()' and `gawk' releases the storage. @@ -30438,7 +30438,7 @@ Index * asterisk (*), **= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) * asterisk (*), *= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * asterisk (*), *= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) -* atan2() function: Numeric Functions. (line 11) +* atan2: Numeric Functions. (line 11) * automatic displays, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 24) * awf (amazingly workable formatter) program: Glossary. (line 25) * awk debugging, enabling: Options. (line 108) @@ -31027,6 +31027,7 @@ Index (line 67) * debugger commands, watch: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 67) +* debugger default list amount: Debugger Info. (line 69) * debugger history file: Debugger Info. (line 80) * debugger history size: Debugger Info. (line 65) * debugger options: Debugger Info. (line 57) @@ -31157,8 +31158,8 @@ Index * dynamically loaded extensions: Dynamic Extensions. (line 6) * e debugger command (alias for enable): Breakpoint Control. (line 73) * EBCDIC: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) -* effective group id of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 138) -* effective user id of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 142) +* effective group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 138) +* effective user ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 142) * egrep utility <1>: Egrep Program. (line 6) * egrep utility: Bracket Expressions. (line 24) * egrep.awk program: Egrep Program. (line 54) @@ -31696,7 +31697,7 @@ Index * Grigera, Juan: Contributors. (line 57) * group database, reading: Group Functions. (line 6) * group file: Group Functions. (line 6) -* group id of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 177) +* group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 177) * groups, information about: Group Functions. (line 6) * gsub <1>: String Functions. (line 135) * gsub: Using Constant Regexps. @@ -32182,7 +32183,7 @@ Index * p debugger command (alias for print): Viewing And Changing Data. (line 36) * P1003.1 POSIX standard: Glossary. (line 454) -* parent process id of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 186) +* parent process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 186) * parentheses (), in a profile: Profiling. (line 146) * parentheses (), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 79) * password file: Passwd Functions. (line 16) @@ -32346,8 +32347,8 @@ Index * printing, unduplicated lines of text: Uniq Program. (line 6) * printing, user information: Id Program. (line 6) * private variables: Library Names. (line 11) -* process group id of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 180) -* process id of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 183) +* process group idIDof gawk process: Auto-set. (line 180) +* process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 183) * processes, two-way communications with: Two-way I/O. (line 23) * processing data: Basic High Level. (line 6) * PROCINFO array <1>: Passwd Functions. (line 6) -- cgit v1.2.3 From 97ffd21c9b52c3405d27fb9f8d69480a9e681c4e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Fri, 28 Mar 2014 14:54:40 +0300 Subject: Create valid DocBook XML output with current makeinfo. --- doc/gawk.info | 1078 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 537 insertions(+), 541 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 41c35282..f63c62ce 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -9,8 +9,7 @@ START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY * awk: (gawk)Invoking gawk. Text scanning and processing. END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY - Copyright (C) 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, -2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 + Copyright (C) 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996-2005, 2007, 2009-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @@ -41,8 +40,7 @@ General Introduction This file documents `awk', a program that you can use to select particular records in a file and perform operations upon them. - Copyright (C) 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, -2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 + Copyright (C) 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996-2005, 2007, 2009-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @@ -28014,7 +28012,7 @@ D.1 What a Program Does ======================= At the most basic level, the job of a program is to process some input -data and produce results. See *note figure-general-flow::. +data and produce results. See *note figure-general-flow::. _______ +------+ / \ +---------+ @@ -28398,8 +28396,8 @@ Dynamic Regular Expression (*Note Computed Regexps::.) Environment - A collection of strings, of the form NAME`='VAL, that each program - has available to it. Users generally place values into the + A collection of strings, of the form NAME`='`val', that each + program has available to it. Users generally place values into the environment in order to provide information to various programs. Typical examples are the environment variables `HOME' and `PATH'. @@ -28814,7 +28812,6 @@ GNU General Public License ************************** Version 3, 29 June 2007 - Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. `http://fsf.org/' Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this @@ -29537,7 +29534,6 @@ GNU Free Documentation License ****************************** Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 - Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. `http://fsf.org/' @@ -30662,7 +30658,7 @@ Index * Brown, Martin: Contributors. (line 82) * BSD-based operating systems: Glossary. (line 616) * bt debugger command (alias for backtrace): Execution Stack. (line 13) -* Buening, Andreas <1>: Bugs. (line 71) +* Buening, Andreas <1>: Bugs. (line 70) * Buening, Andreas <2>: Contributors. (line 92) * Buening, Andreas: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * buffering, input/output <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 70) @@ -31308,7 +31304,7 @@ Index * f debugger command (alias for frame): Execution Stack. (line 25) * false, logical: Truth Values. (line 6) * FDL (Free Documentation License): GNU Free Documentation License. - (line 6) + (line 7) * features, adding to gawk: Adding Code. (line 6) * features, advanced, See advanced features: Obsolete. (line 6) * features, deprecated: Obsolete. (line 6) @@ -31453,7 +31449,7 @@ Index (line 27) * frame debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 25) * Free Documentation License (FDL): GNU Free Documentation License. - (line 6) + (line 7) * Free Software Foundation (FSF) <1>: Glossary. (line 297) * Free Software Foundation (FSF) <2>: Getting. (line 10) * Free Software Foundation (FSF): Manual History. (line 6) @@ -31678,7 +31674,7 @@ Index * GNITS mailing list: Acknowledgments. (line 52) * GNU awk, See gawk: Preface. (line 49) * GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License. - (line 6) + (line 7) * GNU General Public License: Glossary. (line 306) * GNU Lesser General Public License: Glossary. (line 397) * GNU long options <1>: Options. (line 6) @@ -31972,7 +31968,7 @@ Index * mail-list file: Sample Data Files. (line 6) * mailing labels, printing: Labels Program. (line 6) * mailing list, GNITS: Acknowledgments. (line 52) -* Malmberg, John <1>: Bugs. (line 72) +* Malmberg, John <1>: Bugs. (line 70) * Malmberg, John: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * mark parity: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) * marked string extraction (internationalization): String Extraction. @@ -32214,7 +32210,7 @@ Index (line 6) * pipe, input: Getline/Pipe. (line 9) * pipe, output: Redirection. (line 57) -* Pitts, Dave <1>: Bugs. (line 73) +* Pitts, Dave <1>: Bugs. (line 70) * Pitts, Dave: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Plauger, P.J.: Library Functions. (line 12) * plug-in: Extension Intro. (line 6) @@ -32418,7 +32414,7 @@ Index * range expressions (regexps): Bracket Expressions. (line 6) * range patterns: Ranges. (line 6) * range patterns, line continuation and: Ranges. (line 65) -* Rankin, Pat <1>: Bugs. (line 72) +* Rankin, Pat <1>: Bugs. (line 70) * Rankin, Pat <2>: Contributors. (line 37) * Rankin, Pat <3>: Assignment Ops. (line 100) * Rankin, Pat: Acknowledgments. (line 60) @@ -33092,530 +33088,530 @@ Index  Tag Table: -Node: Top1366 -Node: Foreword40929 -Node: Preface45274 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-148327 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-248423 -Node: History48655 -Node: Names51029 -Ref: Names-Footnote-152506 -Node: This Manual52578 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-158352 -Node: Conventions58452 -Node: Manual History60608 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-164056 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-264097 -Node: How To Contribute64171 -Node: Acknowledgments65315 -Node: Getting Started69509 -Node: Running gawk71888 -Node: One-shot73074 -Node: Read Terminal74299 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-175949 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-276225 -Node: Long76396 -Node: Executable Scripts77772 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-179605 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-279707 -Node: Comments80254 -Node: Quoting82721 -Node: DOS Quoting87344 -Node: Sample Data Files88019 -Node: Very Simple90534 -Node: Two Rules95185 -Node: More Complex97083 -Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1100013 -Node: Statements/Lines100098 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1104561 -Node: Other Features104826 -Node: When105754 -Node: Invoking Gawk107901 -Node: Command Line109364 -Node: Options110147 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1125525 -Node: Other Arguments125550 -Node: Naming Standard Input128208 -Node: Environment Variables129302 -Node: AWKPATH Variable129860 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1132641 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2132686 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable132946 -Node: Other Environment Variables133664 -Node: Exit Status136627 -Node: Include Files137302 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries140871 -Node: Obsolete142235 -Node: Undocumented142932 -Node: Regexp143174 -Node: Regexp Usage144563 -Node: Escape Sequences146588 -Node: Regexp Operators152257 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1159637 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2159784 -Node: Bracket Expressions159882 -Ref: table-char-classes161772 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators164295 -Node: Case-sensitivity168018 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1170986 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2171221 -Node: Leftmost Longest171329 -Node: Computed Regexps172530 -Node: Reading Files175867 -Node: Records177869 -Ref: Records-Footnote-1187392 -Node: Fields187429 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1190385 -Node: Nonconstant Fields190471 -Node: Changing Fields192677 -Node: Field Separators198636 -Node: Default Field Splitting201338 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting202455 -Node: Single Character Fields205797 -Node: Command Line Field Separator206856 -Node: Full Line Fields210198 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1210706 -Node: Field Splitting Summary210752 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1213851 -Node: Constant Size213952 -Node: Splitting By Content218559 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1222308 -Node: Multiple Line222348 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1228195 -Node: Getline228374 -Node: Plain Getline230590 -Node: Getline/Variable232685 -Node: Getline/File233832 -Node: Getline/Variable/File235173 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1236772 -Node: Getline/Pipe236859 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe239558 -Node: Getline/Coprocess240665 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess241917 -Node: Getline Notes242654 -Node: Getline Summary245441 -Ref: table-getline-variants245849 -Node: Read Timeout246761 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1250502 -Node: Command line directories250559 -Node: Printing251189 -Node: Print252820 -Node: Print Examples254157 -Node: Output Separators256941 -Node: OFMT258957 -Node: Printf260315 -Node: Basic Printf261221 -Node: Control Letters262760 -Node: Format Modifiers266572 -Node: Printf Examples272581 -Node: Redirection275293 -Node: Special Files282267 -Node: Special FD282800 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1286425 -Node: Special Network286499 -Node: Special Caveats287349 -Node: Close Files And Pipes288145 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1295128 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2295276 -Node: Expressions295426 -Node: Values296558 -Node: Constants297234 -Node: Scalar Constants297914 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1298773 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers298955 -Node: Regexp Constants301955 -Node: Using Constant Regexps302430 -Node: Variables305485 -Node: Using Variables306140 -Node: Assignment Options307864 -Node: Conversion309739 -Ref: table-locale-affects315239 -Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1315863 -Node: All Operators315972 -Node: Arithmetic Ops316602 -Node: Concatenation319107 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1321895 -Node: Assignment Ops322015 -Ref: table-assign-ops327003 -Node: Increment Ops328334 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions331768 -Node: Truth Values332851 -Node: Typing and Comparison333900 -Node: Variable Typing334693 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1338590 -Node: Comparison Operators338712 -Ref: table-relational-ops339122 -Node: POSIX String Comparison342670 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1343626 -Node: Boolean Ops343764 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1347834 -Node: Conditional Exp347925 -Node: Function Calls349657 -Node: Precedence353251 -Node: Locales356920 -Node: Patterns and Actions358009 -Node: Pattern Overview359063 -Node: Regexp Patterns360732 -Node: Expression Patterns361275 -Node: Ranges365056 -Node: BEGIN/END368160 -Node: Using BEGIN/END368922 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1371658 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END371764 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE374046 -Node: Empty376960 -Node: Using Shell Variables377277 -Node: Action Overview379562 -Node: Statements381919 -Node: If Statement383773 -Node: While Statement385272 -Node: Do Statement387316 -Node: For Statement388472 -Node: Switch Statement391624 -Node: Break Statement393778 -Node: Continue Statement395768 -Node: Next Statement397561 -Node: Nextfile Statement399951 -Node: Exit Statement402606 -Node: Built-in Variables405022 -Node: User-modified406117 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1414475 -Node: Auto-set414537 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1427601 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2427806 -Node: ARGC and ARGV427862 -Node: Arrays431716 -Node: Array Basics433221 -Node: Array Intro434047 -Node: Reference to Elements438364 -Node: Assigning Elements440634 -Node: Array Example441125 -Node: Scanning an Array442857 -Node: Controlling Scanning445171 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1450258 -Node: Delete450574 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1453339 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts453396 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts455579 -Node: Multidimensional457206 -Node: Multiscanning460299 -Node: Arrays of Arrays461888 -Node: Functions466528 -Node: Built-in467347 -Node: Calling Built-in468425 -Node: Numeric Functions470413 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1474245 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2474602 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3474650 -Node: String Functions474919 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1497877 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2498006 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3498254 -Node: Gory Details498341 -Ref: table-sub-escapes500020 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92501374 -Ref: table-sub-proposed502725 -Ref: table-posix-sub504079 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes505624 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1506800 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2506851 -Node: I/O Functions507002 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1513992 -Node: Time Functions514139 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1525122 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2525190 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3525348 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4525459 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5525571 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6525798 -Node: Bitwise Functions526064 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops526626 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1530847 -Node: Type Functions531031 -Node: I18N Functions532182 -Node: User-defined533809 -Node: Definition Syntax534613 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1539527 -Node: Function Example539596 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1542245 -Node: Function Caveats542267 -Node: Calling A Function542785 -Node: Variable Scope543740 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference546703 -Node: Return Statement550211 -Node: Dynamic Typing553192 -Node: Indirect Calls554123 -Node: Library Functions563810 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1567323 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2567466 -Node: Library Names567637 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1571110 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2571330 -Node: General Functions571416 -Node: Strtonum Function572444 -Node: Assert Function575374 -Node: Round Function578700 -Node: Cliff Random Function580241 -Node: Ordinal Functions581257 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1584334 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2584586 -Node: Join Function584797 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1586568 -Node: Getlocaltime Function586768 -Node: Readfile Function590509 -Node: Data File Management592348 -Node: Filetrans Function592980 -Node: Rewind Function597049 -Node: File Checking598436 -Node: Empty Files599530 -Node: Ignoring Assigns601760 -Node: Getopt Function603314 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1614617 -Node: Passwd Functions614820 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1623798 -Node: Group Functions623886 -Node: Walking Arrays631970 -Node: Sample Programs634106 -Node: Running Examples634780 -Node: Clones635508 -Node: Cut Program636732 -Node: Egrep Program646583 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1654356 -Node: Id Program654466 -Node: Split Program658115 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1661634 -Node: Tee Program661762 -Node: Uniq Program664565 -Node: Wc Program671994 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1676260 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2676460 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs676552 -Node: Dupword Program677740 -Node: Alarm Program679771 -Node: Translate Program684578 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1688965 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2689213 -Node: Labels Program689347 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1692718 -Node: Word Sorting692802 -Node: History Sorting696686 -Node: Extract Program698525 -Ref: Extract Program-Footnote-1706028 -Node: Simple Sed706156 -Node: Igawk Program709218 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1724375 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2724576 -Node: Anagram Program724714 -Node: Signature Program727782 -Node: Advanced Features728882 -Node: Nondecimal Data730768 -Node: Array Sorting732351 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal733048 -Node: Array Sorting Functions741332 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1745201 -Node: Two-way I/O745395 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1750827 -Node: TCP/IP Networking750909 -Node: Profiling753753 -Node: Internationalization761256 -Node: I18N and L10N762681 -Node: Explaining gettext763367 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1768435 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2768619 -Node: Programmer i18n768784 -Node: Translator i18n772986 -Node: String Extraction773780 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1774741 -Node: Printf Ordering774827 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1777609 -Node: I18N Portability777673 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1780122 -Node: I18N Example780185 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1782823 -Node: Gawk I18N782895 -Node: Debugger783516 -Node: Debugging784487 -Node: Debugging Concepts784920 -Node: Debugging Terms786776 -Node: Awk Debugging789373 -Node: Sample Debugging Session790265 -Node: Debugger Invocation790785 -Node: Finding The Bug792118 -Node: List of Debugger Commands798605 -Node: Breakpoint Control799939 -Node: Debugger Execution Control803603 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data806963 -Node: Execution Stack810319 -Node: Debugger Info811786 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands815768 -Node: Readline Support820944 -Node: Limitations821775 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic824027 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1825676 -Node: General Arithmetic825824 -Node: Floating Point Issues827544 -Node: String Conversion Precision828425 -Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1830130 -Node: Unexpected Results830239 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems832392 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1836217 -Node: Integer Programming836255 -Node: Floating-point Programming837994 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1844325 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2844595 -Node: Floating-point Representation844859 -Node: Floating-point Context846024 -Ref: table-ieee-formats846863 -Node: Rounding Mode848247 -Ref: table-rounding-modes848726 -Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1851741 -Node: Gawk and MPFR851920 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Documentation License1195256 +Node: Index1220392  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From dc5af665700d9b04fdf9c18930526d28eef5d5d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Tue, 8 Apr 2014 21:15:08 +0300 Subject: Make release tar ball. --- doc/gawk.info | 1087 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 546 insertions(+), 541 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index f63c62ce..8a26992f 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Free Software Foundation, Inc. This is Edition 4.1 of `GAWK: Effective AWK Programming: A User's -Guide for GNU Awk', for the 4.1.0 (or later) version of the GNU +Guide for GNU Awk', for the 4.1.1 (or later) version of the GNU implementation of AWK. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ Free Software Foundation, Inc. This is Edition 4.1 of `GAWK: Effective AWK Programming: A User's -Guide for GNU Awk', for the 4.1.0 (or later) version of the GNU +Guide for GNU Awk', for the 4.1.1 (or later) version of the GNU implementation of AWK. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document @@ -583,7 +583,8 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) version of `awk'. * POSIX/GNU:: The extensions in `gawk' not in POSIX `awk'. -* Feature History:: The history of the features in `gawk'. +* Feature History:: The history of the features in + `gawk'. * Common Extensions:: Common Extensions Summary. * Ranges and Locales:: How locales used to affect regexp ranges. @@ -9954,7 +9955,7 @@ with a pound sign (`#'). the `delete' statement with the `SYMTAB' array. You may use an index for `SYMTAB' that is not a predefined - identifer: + identifier: SYMTAB["xxx"] = 5 print SYMTAB["xxx"] @@ -12611,7 +12612,7 @@ of Arrays::). traversing a multidimensional array: you can test if an element is itself an array or not. The second is inside the body of a user-defined function (not discussed yet; *note User-defined::), to -test if a paramater is an array or not. +test if a parameter is an array or not. Note, however, that using `isarray()' at the global level to test variables makes no sense. Since you are the one writing the program, you @@ -21172,11 +21173,15 @@ need it. arbitrary precision arithmetic. The easiest way to find out is to look at the output of the following command: - $ gawk --version - -| GNU Awk 4.1.0, API: 1.0 (GNU MPFR 3.1.0-p3, GNU MP 5.0.2) - -| Copyright (C) 1989, 1991-2013 Free Software Foundation. + $ ./gawk --version + -| GNU Awk 4.1.1, API: 1.1 (GNU MPFR 3.1.0-p3, GNU MP 5.0.2) + -| Copyright (C) 1989, 1991-2014 Free Software Foundation. ... +(You may see different version numbers than what's shown here. That's +OK; what's important is to see that GNU MPFR and GNU MP are listed in +the output.) + `gawk' uses the GNU MPFR (http://www.mpfr.org) and GNU MP (http://gmplib.org) (GMP) libraries for arbitrary precision arithmetic on numbers. So if you do not see the names of these libraries in the @@ -26046,7 +26051,7 @@ There are three ways to get GNU software: supported. If you have the `wget' program, you can use a command like the following: - wget http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gawk/gawk-4.1.0.tar.gz + wget http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gawk/gawk-4.1.1.tar.gz The GNU software archive is mirrored around the world. The up-to-date list of mirror sites is available from the main FSF web site @@ -26065,26 +26070,26 @@ compression programs: `gzip', `bzip2', and `xz'. For simplicity, the rest of these instructions assume you are using the one compressed with the GNU Zip program, `gzip'. - Once you have the distribution (for example, `gawk-4.1.0.tar.gz'), + Once you have the distribution (for example, `gawk-4.1.1.tar.gz'), use `gzip' to expand the file and then use `tar' to extract it. You can use the following pipeline to produce the `gawk' distribution: # Under System V, add 'o' to the tar options - gzip -d -c gawk-4.1.0.tar.gz | tar -xvpf - + gzip -d -c gawk-4.1.1.tar.gz | tar -xvpf - On a system with GNU `tar', you can let `tar' do the decompression for you: - tar -xvpzf gawk-4.1.0.tar.gz + tar -xvpzf gawk-4.1.1.tar.gz -Extracting the archive creates a directory named `gawk-4.1.0' in the +Extracting the archive creates a directory named `gawk-4.1.1' in the current directory. The distribution file name is of the form `gawk-V.R.P.tar.gz'. The V represents the major version of `gawk', the R represents the current release of version V, and the P represents a "patch level", meaning that minor bugs have been fixed in the release. The current patch -level is 0, but when retrieving distributions, you should get the +level is 1, but when retrieving distributions, you should get the version with the highest version, release, and patch level. (Note, however, that patch levels greater than or equal to 70 denote "beta" or nonproduction software; you might not want to retrieve such a version @@ -26294,7 +26299,7 @@ Unix-derived systems, GNU/Linux, BSD-based systems, and the Cygwin environment for MS-Windows. After you have extracted the `gawk' distribution, `cd' to -`gawk-4.1.0'. Like most GNU software, `gawk' is configured +`gawk-4.1.1'. Like most GNU software, `gawk' is configured automatically for your system by running the `configure' program. This program is a Bourne shell script that is generated automatically using GNU `autoconf'. (The `autoconf' software is described fully starting @@ -26717,8 +26722,8 @@ GNU tools, such as Bash, the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), GNU Make, and other GNU programs. Compilation and installation for Cygwin is the same as for a Unix system: - tar -xvpzf gawk-4.1.0.tar.gz - cd gawk-4.1.0 + tar -xvpzf gawk-4.1.1.tar.gz + cd gawk-4.1.1 ./configure make @@ -33089,529 +33094,529 @@ Index  Tag Table: Node: Top1292 -Node: Foreword40781 -Node: Preface45126 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-148179 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-248275 -Node: History48507 -Node: Names50881 -Ref: Names-Footnote-152358 -Node: This Manual52430 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-158204 -Node: Conventions58304 -Node: Manual History60460 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-163908 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-263949 -Node: How To Contribute64023 -Node: Acknowledgments65167 -Node: Getting Started69361 -Node: Running gawk71740 -Node: One-shot72926 -Node: Read Terminal74151 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-175801 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-276077 -Node: Long76248 -Node: Executable Scripts77624 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-179457 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-279559 -Node: Comments80106 -Node: Quoting82573 -Node: DOS Quoting87196 -Node: Sample Data Files87871 -Node: Very Simple90386 -Node: Two Rules95037 -Node: More Complex96935 -Ref: More Complex-Footnote-199865 -Node: Statements/Lines99950 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1104413 -Node: Other Features104678 -Node: When105606 -Node: Invoking Gawk107753 -Node: Command Line109216 -Node: Options109999 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1125377 -Node: Other Arguments125402 -Node: Naming Standard Input128060 -Node: Environment Variables129154 -Node: AWKPATH Variable129712 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1132493 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2132538 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable132798 -Node: Other Environment Variables133516 -Node: Exit Status136479 -Node: Include Files137154 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries140723 -Node: Obsolete142087 -Node: Undocumented142784 -Node: Regexp143026 -Node: Regexp Usage144415 -Node: Escape Sequences146440 -Node: Regexp Operators152109 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1159489 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2159636 -Node: Bracket Expressions159734 -Ref: table-char-classes161624 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators164147 -Node: Case-sensitivity167870 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1170838 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2171073 -Node: Leftmost Longest171181 -Node: Computed Regexps172382 -Node: Reading Files175719 -Node: Records177721 -Ref: Records-Footnote-1187244 -Node: Fields187281 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1190237 -Node: Nonconstant Fields190323 -Node: Changing Fields192529 -Node: Field Separators198488 -Node: Default Field Splitting201190 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting202307 -Node: Single Character Fields205649 -Node: Command Line Field Separator206708 -Node: Full Line Fields210050 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1210558 -Node: Field Splitting Summary210604 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1213703 -Node: Constant Size213804 -Node: Splitting By Content218411 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1222160 -Node: Multiple Line222200 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1228047 -Node: Getline228226 -Node: Plain Getline230442 -Node: Getline/Variable232537 -Node: Getline/File233684 -Node: Getline/Variable/File235025 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1236624 -Node: Getline/Pipe236711 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe239410 -Node: Getline/Coprocess240517 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess241769 -Node: Getline Notes242506 -Node: Getline Summary245293 -Ref: table-getline-variants245701 -Node: Read Timeout246613 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1250354 -Node: Command line directories250411 -Node: Printing251041 -Node: Print252672 -Node: Print Examples254009 -Node: Output Separators256793 -Node: OFMT258809 -Node: Printf260167 -Node: Basic Printf261073 -Node: Control Letters262612 -Node: Format Modifiers266424 -Node: Printf Examples272433 -Node: Redirection275145 -Node: Special Files282119 -Node: Special FD282652 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1286277 -Node: Special Network286351 -Node: Special Caveats287201 -Node: Close Files And Pipes287997 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1294980 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2295128 -Node: Expressions295278 -Node: Values296410 -Node: Constants297086 -Node: Scalar Constants297766 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1298625 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers298807 -Node: Regexp Constants301807 -Node: Using Constant Regexps302282 -Node: Variables305337 -Node: Using Variables305992 -Node: Assignment Options307716 -Node: Conversion309591 -Ref: table-locale-affects315091 -Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1315715 -Node: All Operators315824 -Node: Arithmetic Ops316454 -Node: Concatenation318959 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1321747 -Node: Assignment Ops321867 -Ref: table-assign-ops326855 -Node: Increment Ops328186 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions331620 -Node: Truth Values332703 -Node: Typing and Comparison333752 -Node: Variable Typing334545 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1338442 -Node: Comparison Operators338564 -Ref: table-relational-ops338974 -Node: POSIX String Comparison342522 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1343478 -Node: Boolean Ops343616 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1347686 -Node: Conditional Exp347777 -Node: Function Calls349509 -Node: Precedence353103 -Node: Locales356772 -Node: Patterns and Actions357861 -Node: Pattern Overview358915 -Node: Regexp Patterns360584 -Node: Expression Patterns361127 -Node: Ranges364908 -Node: BEGIN/END368012 -Node: Using BEGIN/END368774 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1371510 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END371616 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE373898 -Node: Empty376812 -Node: Using Shell Variables377129 -Node: Action Overview379414 -Node: Statements381771 -Node: If Statement383625 -Node: While Statement385124 -Node: Do Statement387168 -Node: For Statement388324 -Node: Switch Statement391476 -Node: Break Statement393630 -Node: Continue Statement395620 -Node: Next Statement397413 -Node: Nextfile Statement399803 -Node: Exit Statement402458 -Node: Built-in Variables404874 -Node: User-modified405969 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1414327 -Node: Auto-set414389 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1427453 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2427658 -Node: ARGC and ARGV427714 -Node: Arrays431568 -Node: Array Basics433073 -Node: Array Intro433899 -Node: Reference to Elements438216 -Node: Assigning Elements440486 -Node: Array Example440977 -Node: Scanning an Array442709 -Node: Controlling Scanning445023 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1450110 -Node: Delete450426 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1453191 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts453248 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts455431 -Node: Multidimensional457058 -Node: Multiscanning460151 -Node: Arrays of Arrays461740 -Node: Functions466380 -Node: Built-in467199 -Node: Calling Built-in468277 -Node: Numeric Functions470265 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1474097 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2474454 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3474502 -Node: String Functions474771 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1497729 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2497858 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3498106 -Node: Gory Details498193 -Ref: table-sub-escapes499872 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92501226 -Ref: table-sub-proposed502577 -Ref: table-posix-sub503931 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes505476 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1506652 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2506703 -Node: I/O Functions506854 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1513844 -Node: Time Functions513991 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1524974 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2525042 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3525200 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4525311 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5525423 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6525650 -Node: Bitwise Functions525916 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops526478 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1530699 -Node: Type Functions530883 -Node: I18N Functions532034 -Node: User-defined533661 -Node: Definition Syntax534465 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1539379 -Node: Function Example539448 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1542097 -Node: Function Caveats542119 -Node: Calling A Function542637 -Node: Variable Scope543592 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference546555 -Node: Return Statement550063 -Node: Dynamic Typing553044 -Node: Indirect Calls553975 -Node: Library Functions563662 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1567175 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2567318 -Node: Library Names567489 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1570962 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2571182 -Node: General Functions571268 -Node: Strtonum Function572296 -Node: Assert Function575226 -Node: Round Function578552 -Node: Cliff Random Function580093 -Node: Ordinal Functions581109 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1584186 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2584438 -Node: Join Function584649 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1586420 -Node: Getlocaltime Function586620 -Node: Readfile Function590361 -Node: Data File Management592200 -Node: Filetrans Function592832 -Node: Rewind Function596901 -Node: File Checking598288 -Node: Empty Files599382 -Node: Ignoring Assigns601612 -Node: Getopt Function603166 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1614469 -Node: Passwd Functions614672 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1623650 -Node: Group Functions623738 -Node: Walking Arrays631822 -Node: Sample Programs633958 -Node: Running Examples634632 -Node: Clones635360 -Node: Cut Program636584 -Node: Egrep Program646435 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1654208 -Node: Id Program654318 -Node: Split Program657967 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1661486 -Node: Tee Program661614 -Node: Uniq Program664417 -Node: Wc Program671846 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1676112 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2676312 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs676404 -Node: Dupword Program677592 -Node: Alarm Program679623 -Node: Translate Program684430 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1688817 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2689065 -Node: Labels Program689199 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1692570 -Node: Word Sorting692654 -Node: History Sorting696538 -Node: Extract Program698377 -Ref: Extract Program-Footnote-1705880 -Node: Simple Sed706008 -Node: Igawk Program709070 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1724227 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2724428 -Node: Anagram Program724566 -Node: Signature Program727634 -Node: Advanced Features728734 -Node: Nondecimal Data730620 -Node: Array Sorting732203 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal732900 -Node: Array Sorting Functions741184 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1745053 -Node: Two-way I/O745247 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1750679 -Node: TCP/IP Networking750761 -Node: Profiling753605 -Node: Internationalization761108 -Node: I18N and L10N762533 -Node: Explaining gettext763219 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1768287 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2768471 -Node: Programmer i18n768636 -Node: Translator i18n772838 -Node: String Extraction773632 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1774593 -Node: Printf Ordering774679 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1777461 -Node: I18N Portability777525 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1779974 -Node: I18N Example780037 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1782675 -Node: Gawk I18N782747 -Node: Debugger783368 -Node: Debugging784339 -Node: Debugging Concepts784772 -Node: Debugging Terms786628 -Node: Awk Debugging789225 -Node: Sample Debugging Session790117 -Node: Debugger Invocation790637 -Node: Finding The Bug791970 -Node: List of Debugger Commands798457 -Node: Breakpoint Control799791 -Node: Debugger Execution Control803455 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data806815 -Node: Execution Stack810171 -Node: Debugger Info811638 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands815620 -Node: Readline Support820796 -Node: Limitations821627 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic823879 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1825528 -Node: General Arithmetic825676 -Node: Floating Point Issues827396 -Node: String Conversion Precision828277 -Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1829982 -Node: Unexpected Results830091 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems832244 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1836069 -Node: Integer Programming836107 -Node: Floating-point Programming837846 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1844177 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2844447 -Node: Floating-point Representation844711 -Node: Floating-point Context845876 -Ref: table-ieee-formats846715 -Node: Rounding Mode848099 -Ref: table-rounding-modes848578 -Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1851593 -Node: Gawk and MPFR851772 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats853027 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1855470 -Node: Setting Precision855786 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings856472 -Node: Setting Rounding Mode858617 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes859021 -Node: Floating-point Constants860208 -Node: Changing Precision861637 -Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1863034 -Node: Exact Arithmetic863208 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers866346 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1869361 -Node: Dynamic Extensions869508 -Node: Extension Intro870966 -Node: Plugin License872231 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline872916 -Ref: load-extension873333 -Ref: load-new-function874811 -Ref: call-new-function875806 -Node: Extension API Description877821 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction879108 -Node: General Data Types884035 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1889730 -Node: Requesting Values890029 -Ref: table-value-types-returned890766 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions891720 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1894466 -Node: Constructor Functions894562 -Node: Registration Functions896320 -Node: Extension Functions897005 -Node: Exit Callback Functions899307 -Node: Extension Version String900556 -Node: Input Parsers901206 -Node: Output Wrappers910963 -Node: Two-way processors915473 -Node: Printing Messages917681 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1918758 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'918910 -Node: Accessing Parameters919649 -Node: Symbol Table Access920879 -Node: Symbol table by name921393 -Node: Symbol table by cookie923369 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1927501 -Node: Cached values927564 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1931054 -Node: Array Manipulation931145 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1932243 -Node: Array Data Types932282 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1934985 -Node: Array Functions935077 -Node: Flattening Arrays938913 -Node: Creating Arrays945765 -Node: Extension API Variables950490 -Node: Extension Versioning951126 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables953027 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate954113 -Node: Finding Extensions957917 -Node: Extension Example958477 -Node: Internal File Description959207 -Node: Internal File Ops963298 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1974807 -Node: Using Internal File Ops974947 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1977300 -Node: Extension Samples977566 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions979090 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch987575 -Node: Extension Sample Fork989344 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace990557 -Node: Extension Sample Ord992335 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir993171 -Node: Extension Sample Revout994703 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way995296 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array995986 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile997869 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests998969 -Node: Extension Sample Time999494 -Node: gawkextlib1000858 -Node: Language History1003639 -Node: V7/SVR3.11005232 -Node: SVR41007552 -Node: POSIX1008994 -Node: BTL1010380 -Node: POSIX/GNU1011114 -Node: Feature History1016713 -Node: Common Extensions1029689 -Node: Ranges and Locales1031001 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11035618 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21035645 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31035879 -Node: Contributors1036100 -Node: Installation1041481 -Node: Gawk Distribution1042375 -Node: Getting1042859 -Node: Extracting1043685 -Node: Distribution contents1045377 -Node: Unix Installation1051082 -Node: Quick Installation1051699 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1054145 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1055881 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1058235 -Node: PC Installation1058693 -Node: PC Binary Installation1059992 -Node: PC Compiling1061840 -Node: PC Testing1064784 -Node: PC Using1065960 -Node: Cygwin1070128 -Node: MSYS1070937 -Node: VMS Installation1071451 -Node: VMS Compilation1072215 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11073467 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1073525 -Node: VMS Installation Details1074898 -Node: VMS Running1077149 -Node: VMS GNV1079983 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1080706 -Node: Bugs1081176 -Node: Other Versions1085094 -Node: Notes1091178 -Node: Compatibility Mode1091978 -Node: Additions1092761 -Node: Accessing The Source1093688 -Node: Adding Code1095128 -Node: New Ports1101173 -Node: Derived Files1105308 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11110629 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21110663 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31111263 -Node: Future Extensions1111361 -Node: Implementation Limitations1111944 -Node: Extension Design1113196 -Node: Old Extension Problems1114350 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11115858 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1115915 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11119280 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1119466 -Node: Extension Future Growth1121572 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1122408 -Node: Basic Concepts1124148 -Node: Basic High Level1124829 -Ref: figure-general-flow1125101 -Ref: figure-process-flow1125700 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11128929 -Node: Basic Data Typing1129114 -Node: Glossary1132469 -Node: Copying1157700 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1195256 -Node: Index1220392 +Node: Foreword40821 +Node: Preface45166 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-148219 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-248315 +Node: History48547 +Node: Names50921 +Ref: Names-Footnote-152398 +Node: This Manual52470 +Ref: This Manual-Footnote-158244 +Node: Conventions58344 +Node: Manual History60500 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-163948 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-263989 +Node: How To Contribute64063 +Node: Acknowledgments65207 +Node: Getting Started69401 +Node: Running gawk71780 +Node: One-shot72966 +Node: Read Terminal74191 +Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-175841 +Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-276117 +Node: Long76288 +Node: Executable Scripts77664 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-179497 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-279599 +Node: Comments80146 +Node: Quoting82613 +Node: DOS Quoting87236 +Node: Sample Data Files87911 +Node: Very Simple90426 +Node: Two Rules95077 +Node: More Complex96975 +Ref: More Complex-Footnote-199905 +Node: Statements/Lines99990 +Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1104453 +Node: Other Features104718 +Node: When105646 +Node: Invoking Gawk107793 +Node: Command Line109256 +Node: Options110039 +Ref: Options-Footnote-1125417 +Node: Other Arguments125442 +Node: Naming Standard Input128100 +Node: Environment Variables129194 +Node: AWKPATH Variable129752 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1132533 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2132578 +Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable132838 +Node: Other Environment Variables133556 +Node: Exit Status136519 +Node: Include Files137194 +Node: Loading Shared Libraries140763 +Node: Obsolete142127 +Node: Undocumented142824 +Node: Regexp143066 +Node: Regexp Usage144455 +Node: Escape Sequences146480 +Node: Regexp Operators152149 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1159529 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2159676 +Node: Bracket Expressions159774 +Ref: table-char-classes161664 +Node: GNU Regexp Operators164187 +Node: Case-sensitivity167910 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1170878 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2171113 +Node: Leftmost Longest171221 +Node: Computed Regexps172422 +Node: Reading Files175759 +Node: Records177761 +Ref: Records-Footnote-1187284 +Node: Fields187321 +Ref: Fields-Footnote-1190277 +Node: Nonconstant Fields190363 +Node: Changing Fields192569 +Node: Field Separators198528 +Node: Default Field Splitting201230 +Node: Regexp Field Splitting202347 +Node: Single Character Fields205689 +Node: Command Line Field Separator206748 +Node: Full Line Fields210090 +Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1210598 +Node: Field Splitting Summary210644 +Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1213743 +Node: Constant Size213844 +Node: Splitting By Content218451 +Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1222200 +Node: Multiple Line222240 +Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1228087 +Node: Getline228266 +Node: Plain Getline230482 +Node: Getline/Variable232577 +Node: Getline/File233724 +Node: Getline/Variable/File235065 +Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1236664 +Node: Getline/Pipe236751 +Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe239450 +Node: Getline/Coprocess240557 +Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess241809 +Node: Getline Notes242546 +Node: Getline Summary245333 +Ref: table-getline-variants245741 +Node: Read Timeout246653 +Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1250394 +Node: Command line directories250451 +Node: Printing251081 +Node: Print252712 +Node: Print Examples254049 +Node: Output Separators256833 +Node: OFMT258849 +Node: Printf260207 +Node: Basic Printf261113 +Node: Control Letters262652 +Node: Format Modifiers266464 +Node: Printf Examples272473 +Node: Redirection275185 +Node: Special Files282159 +Node: Special FD282692 +Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1286317 +Node: Special Network286391 +Node: Special Caveats287241 +Node: Close Files And Pipes288037 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1295020 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2295168 +Node: Expressions295318 +Node: Values296450 +Node: Constants297126 +Node: Scalar Constants297806 +Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1298665 +Node: Nondecimal-numbers298847 +Node: Regexp Constants301847 +Node: Using Constant Regexps302322 +Node: Variables305377 +Node: Using Variables306032 +Node: Assignment Options307756 +Node: Conversion309631 +Ref: table-locale-affects315131 +Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1315755 +Node: All Operators315864 +Node: Arithmetic Ops316494 +Node: Concatenation318999 +Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1321787 +Node: Assignment Ops321907 +Ref: table-assign-ops326895 +Node: Increment Ops328226 +Node: Truth Values and Conditions331660 +Node: Truth Values332743 +Node: Typing and Comparison333792 +Node: Variable Typing334585 +Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1338482 +Node: Comparison Operators338604 +Ref: table-relational-ops339014 +Node: POSIX String Comparison342562 +Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1343518 +Node: Boolean Ops343656 +Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1347726 +Node: Conditional Exp347817 +Node: Function Calls349549 +Node: Precedence353143 +Node: Locales356812 +Node: Patterns and Actions357901 +Node: Pattern Overview358955 +Node: Regexp Patterns360624 +Node: Expression Patterns361167 +Node: Ranges364948 +Node: BEGIN/END368052 +Node: Using BEGIN/END368814 +Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1371550 +Node: I/O And BEGIN/END371656 +Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE373938 +Node: Empty376852 +Node: Using Shell Variables377169 +Node: Action Overview379454 +Node: Statements381811 +Node: If Statement383665 +Node: While Statement385164 +Node: Do Statement387208 +Node: For Statement388364 +Node: Switch Statement391516 +Node: Break Statement393670 +Node: Continue Statement395660 +Node: Next Statement397453 +Node: Nextfile Statement399843 +Node: Exit Statement402498 +Node: Built-in Variables404914 +Node: User-modified406009 +Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1414367 +Node: Auto-set414429 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1427494 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2427699 +Node: ARGC and ARGV427755 +Node: Arrays431609 +Node: Array Basics433114 +Node: Array Intro433940 +Node: Reference to Elements438257 +Node: Assigning Elements440527 +Node: Array Example441018 +Node: Scanning an Array442750 +Node: Controlling Scanning445064 +Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1450151 +Node: Delete450467 +Ref: Delete-Footnote-1453232 +Node: Numeric Array Subscripts453289 +Node: Uninitialized Subscripts455472 +Node: Multidimensional457099 +Node: Multiscanning460192 +Node: Arrays of Arrays461781 +Node: Functions466421 +Node: Built-in467240 +Node: Calling Built-in468318 +Node: Numeric Functions470306 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1474138 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2474495 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3474543 +Node: String Functions474812 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1497770 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2497899 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3498147 +Node: Gory Details498234 +Ref: table-sub-escapes499913 +Ref: table-sub-posix-92501267 +Ref: table-sub-proposed502618 +Ref: table-posix-sub503972 +Ref: table-gensub-escapes505517 +Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1506693 +Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2506744 +Node: I/O Functions506895 +Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1513885 +Node: Time Functions514032 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1525015 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2525083 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3525241 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4525352 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5525464 +Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6525691 +Node: Bitwise Functions525957 +Ref: table-bitwise-ops526519 +Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1530740 +Node: Type Functions530924 +Node: I18N Functions532075 +Node: User-defined533702 +Node: Definition Syntax534506 +Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1539420 +Node: Function Example539489 +Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1542138 +Node: Function Caveats542160 +Node: Calling A Function542678 +Node: Variable Scope543633 +Node: Pass By Value/Reference546596 +Node: Return Statement550104 +Node: Dynamic Typing553085 +Node: Indirect Calls554016 +Node: Library Functions563703 +Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1567216 +Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2567359 +Node: Library Names567530 +Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1571003 +Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2571223 +Node: General Functions571309 +Node: Strtonum Function572337 +Node: Assert Function575267 +Node: Round Function578593 +Node: Cliff Random Function580134 +Node: Ordinal Functions581150 +Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1584227 +Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2584479 +Node: Join Function584690 +Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1586461 +Node: Getlocaltime Function586661 +Node: Readfile Function590402 +Node: Data File Management592241 +Node: Filetrans Function592873 +Node: Rewind Function596942 +Node: File Checking598329 +Node: Empty Files599423 +Node: Ignoring Assigns601653 +Node: Getopt Function603207 +Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1614510 +Node: Passwd Functions614713 +Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1623691 +Node: Group Functions623779 +Node: Walking Arrays631863 +Node: Sample Programs633999 +Node: Running Examples634673 +Node: Clones635401 +Node: Cut Program636625 +Node: Egrep Program646476 +Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1654249 +Node: Id Program654359 +Node: Split Program658008 +Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1661527 +Node: Tee Program661655 +Node: Uniq Program664458 +Node: Wc Program671887 +Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1676153 +Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2676353 +Node: Miscellaneous Programs676445 +Node: Dupword Program677633 +Node: Alarm Program679664 +Node: Translate Program684471 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1688858 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2689106 +Node: Labels Program689240 +Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1692611 +Node: Word Sorting692695 +Node: History Sorting696579 +Node: Extract Program698418 +Ref: Extract Program-Footnote-1705921 +Node: Simple Sed706049 +Node: Igawk Program709111 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1724268 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2724469 +Node: Anagram Program724607 +Node: Signature Program727675 +Node: Advanced Features728775 +Node: Nondecimal Data730661 +Node: Array Sorting732244 +Node: Controlling Array Traversal732941 +Node: Array Sorting Functions741225 +Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1745094 +Node: Two-way I/O745288 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1750720 +Node: TCP/IP Networking750802 +Node: Profiling753646 +Node: Internationalization761149 +Node: I18N and L10N762574 +Node: Explaining gettext763260 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1768328 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2768512 +Node: Programmer i18n768677 +Node: Translator i18n772879 +Node: String Extraction773673 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1774634 +Node: Printf Ordering774720 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1777502 +Node: I18N Portability777566 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1780015 +Node: I18N Example780078 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1782716 +Node: Gawk I18N782788 +Node: Debugger783409 +Node: Debugging784380 +Node: Debugging Concepts784813 +Node: Debugging Terms786669 +Node: Awk Debugging789266 +Node: Sample Debugging Session790158 +Node: Debugger Invocation790678 +Node: Finding The Bug792011 +Node: List of Debugger Commands798498 +Node: Breakpoint Control799832 +Node: Debugger Execution Control803496 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data806856 +Node: Execution Stack810212 +Node: Debugger Info811679 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands815661 +Node: Readline Support820837 +Node: Limitations821668 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic823920 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1825569 +Node: General Arithmetic825717 +Node: Floating Point Issues827437 +Node: String Conversion Precision828318 +Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1830023 +Node: Unexpected Results830132 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems832285 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1836110 +Node: Integer Programming836148 +Node: Floating-point Programming837887 +Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1844218 +Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2844488 +Node: Floating-point Representation844752 +Node: Floating-point Context845917 +Ref: table-ieee-formats846756 +Node: Rounding Mode848140 +Ref: table-rounding-modes848619 +Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1851634 +Node: Gawk and MPFR851813 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats853224 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1855667 +Node: Setting Precision855983 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings856669 +Node: Setting Rounding Mode858814 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes859218 +Node: Floating-point Constants860405 +Node: Changing Precision861834 +Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1863231 +Node: Exact Arithmetic863405 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers866543 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1869558 +Node: Dynamic Extensions869705 +Node: Extension Intro871163 +Node: Plugin License872428 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline873113 +Ref: load-extension873530 +Ref: load-new-function875008 +Ref: call-new-function876003 +Node: Extension API Description878018 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction879305 +Node: General Data Types884232 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1889927 +Node: Requesting Values890226 +Ref: table-value-types-returned890963 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions891917 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1894663 +Node: Constructor Functions894759 +Node: Registration Functions896517 +Node: Extension Functions897202 +Node: Exit Callback Functions899504 +Node: Extension Version String900753 +Node: Input Parsers901403 +Node: Output Wrappers911160 +Node: Two-way processors915670 +Node: Printing Messages917878 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1918955 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'919107 +Node: Accessing Parameters919846 +Node: Symbol Table Access921076 +Node: Symbol table by name921590 +Node: Symbol table by cookie923566 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1927698 +Node: Cached values927761 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1931251 +Node: Array Manipulation931342 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1932440 +Node: Array Data Types932479 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1935182 +Node: Array Functions935274 +Node: Flattening Arrays939110 +Node: Creating Arrays945962 +Node: Extension API Variables950687 +Node: Extension Versioning951323 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables953224 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate954310 +Node: Finding Extensions958114 +Node: Extension Example958674 +Node: Internal File Description959404 +Node: Internal File Ops963495 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1975004 +Node: Using Internal File Ops975144 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1977497 +Node: Extension Samples977763 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions979287 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch987772 +Node: Extension Sample Fork989541 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace990754 +Node: Extension Sample Ord992532 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir993368 +Node: Extension Sample Revout994900 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way995493 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array996183 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile998066 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests999166 +Node: Extension Sample Time999691 +Node: gawkextlib1001055 +Node: Language History1003836 +Node: V7/SVR3.11005429 +Node: SVR41007749 +Node: POSIX1009191 +Node: BTL1010577 +Node: POSIX/GNU1011311 +Node: Feature History1016910 +Node: Common Extensions1029886 +Node: Ranges and Locales1031198 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11035815 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21035842 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31036076 +Node: Contributors1036297 +Node: Installation1041678 +Node: Gawk Distribution1042572 +Node: Getting1043056 +Node: Extracting1043882 +Node: Distribution contents1045574 +Node: Unix Installation1051279 +Node: Quick Installation1051896 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1054342 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1056078 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1058432 +Node: PC Installation1058890 +Node: PC Binary Installation1060189 +Node: PC Compiling1062037 +Node: PC Testing1064981 +Node: PC Using1066157 +Node: Cygwin1070325 +Node: MSYS1071134 +Node: VMS Installation1071648 +Node: VMS Compilation1072412 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11073664 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1073722 +Node: VMS Installation Details1075095 +Node: VMS Running1077346 +Node: VMS GNV1080180 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1080903 +Node: Bugs1081373 +Node: Other Versions1085291 +Node: Notes1091375 +Node: Compatibility Mode1092175 +Node: Additions1092958 +Node: Accessing The Source1093885 +Node: Adding Code1095325 +Node: New Ports1101370 +Node: Derived Files1105505 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11110826 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21110860 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31111460 +Node: Future Extensions1111558 +Node: Implementation Limitations1112141 +Node: Extension Design1113393 +Node: Old Extension Problems1114547 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11116055 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1116112 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11119477 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1119663 +Node: Extension Future Growth1121769 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1122605 +Node: Basic Concepts1124345 +Node: Basic High Level1125026 +Ref: figure-general-flow1125298 +Ref: figure-process-flow1125897 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11129126 +Node: Basic Data Typing1129311 +Node: Glossary1132666 +Node: Copying1157897 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1195453 +Node: Index1220589  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 6c29291112b6b767e98ce3fb93dd4752d0ef1469 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Thu, 24 Apr 2014 05:46:08 +0300 Subject: Start on gawk manual updating. --- doc/gawk.info | 1156 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 581 insertions(+), 575 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 8a26992f..589ac015 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * One-shot:: Running a short throwaway `awk' program. * Read Terminal:: Using no input files (input from - terminal instead). + the keyboard instead). * Long:: Putting permanent `awk' programs in files. * Executable Scripts:: Making self-contained `awk' @@ -791,6 +791,10 @@ and other `awk' implementations. * Perform simple network communications + * Profile and debug `awk' programs. + + * Extend the language with functions written in C or C++. + This Info file teaches you about the `awk' language and how you can use it effectively. You should already be familiar with basic system commands, such as `cat' and `ls',(2) as well as basic shell facilities, @@ -799,13 +803,12 @@ such as input/output (I/O) redirection and pipes. Implementations of the `awk' language are available for many different computing environments. This Info file, while describing the `awk' language in general, also describes the particular implementation -of `awk' called `gawk' (which stands for "GNU awk"). `gawk' runs on a -broad range of Unix systems, ranging from Intel(R)-architecture -PC-based computers up through large-scale systems, such as Crays. -`gawk' has also been ported to Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows (all -versions) and OS/2 PCs, and VMS. (Some other, obsolete systems to -which `gawk' was once ported are no longer supported and the code for -those systems has been removed.) +of `awk' called `gawk' (which stands for "GNU `awk'"). `gawk' runs on +a broad range of Unix systems, ranging from Intel(R)-architecture +PC-based computers up through large-scale systems. `gawk' has also +been ported to Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows (all versions), and OpenVMS. +(Some other, obsolete systems to which `gawk' was once ported are no +longer supported and the code for those systems has been removed.) * Menu: @@ -822,7 +825,7 @@ those systems has been removed.) ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) The 2008 POSIX standard is online at + (1) The 2008 POSIX standard is accessable online at `http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/'. (2) These commands are available on POSIX-compliant systems, as well @@ -892,20 +895,21 @@ The `awk' language has evolved over the years. Full details are provided in *note Language History::. The language described in this Info file is often referred to as "new `awk'" (`nawk'). - Because of this, there are systems with multiple versions of `awk'. -Some systems have an `awk' utility that implements the original version -of the `awk' language and a `nawk' utility for the new version. Others -have an `oawk' version for the "old `awk'" language and plain `awk' for -the new one. Still others only have one version, which is usually the -new one.(1) - - All in all, this makes it difficult for you to know which version of -`awk' you should run when writing your programs. The best advice we -can give here is to check your local documentation. Look for `awk', -`oawk', and `nawk', as well as for `gawk'. It is likely that you -already have some version of new `awk' on your system, which is what -you should use when running your programs. (Of course, if you're -reading this Info file, chances are good that you have `gawk'!) + For some time after new `awk' was introduced, there were systems +with multiple versions of `awk'. Some systems had an `awk' utility +that implemented the original version of the `awk' language and a +`nawk' utility for the new version. Others had an `oawk' version for +the "old `awk'" language and plain `awk' for the new one. Still others +only had one version, which is usually the new one. + + Today, only Solaris systems still use an old `awk' for the default +`awk' utility. (A more modern `awk' lives in `/usr/xpg6/bin' on these +systems.) All other modern systems use some version of new `awk'.(1) + + It is likely that you already have some version of new `awk' on your +system, which is what you should use when running your programs. (Of +course, if you're reading this Info file, chances are good that you +have `gawk'!) Throughout this Info file, whenever we refer to a language feature that should be available in any complete implementation of POSIX `awk', @@ -914,7 +918,7 @@ specific to the GNU implementation, we use the term `gawk'. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) Often, these systems use `gawk' for their `awk' implementation! + (1) Many of these systems use `gawk' for their `awk' implementation!  File: gawk.info, Node: This Manual, Next: Conventions, Prev: Names, Up: Preface @@ -1168,11 +1172,10 @@ significant note for this edition was *note Debugger::. the major new additions are *note Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic::, and *note Dynamic Extensions::. - `GAWK: Effective AWK Programming' will undoubtedly continue to -evolve. An electronic version comes with the `gawk' distribution from -the FSF. If you find an error in this Info file, please report it! -*Note Bugs::, for information on submitting problem reports -electronically. + This Info file will undoubtedly continue to evolve. An electronic +version comes with the `gawk' distribution from the FSF. If you find +an error in this Info file, please report it! *Note Bugs::, for +information on submitting problem reports electronically. ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -1199,14 +1202,17 @@ something more broad, I acquired the `awk.info' domain. contributed code: the archive did not grow and the domain went unused for several years. - Fortunately, late in 2008, a volunteer took on the task of setting up -an `awk'-related web site--`http://awk.info'--and did a very nice job. + Late in 2008, a volunteer took on the task of setting up an +`awk'-related web site--`http://awk.info'--and did a very nice job. If you have written an interesting `awk' program, or have written a `gawk' extension that you would like to share with the rest of the world, please see `http://awk.info/?contribute' for how to contribute it to the web site. + As of this writing, this website is in search of a maintainer; please +contact me if you are interested. +  File: gawk.info, Node: Acknowledgments, Prev: How To Contribute, Up: Preface @@ -1297,7 +1303,7 @@ to take advantage of those opportunities. Arnold Robbins Nof Ayalon ISRAEL -May, 2013 +May, 2014  File: gawk.info, Node: Getting Started, Next: Invoking Gawk, Prev: Preface, Up: Top @@ -1375,7 +1381,7 @@ variations of each. * One-shot:: Running a short throwaway `awk' program. -* Read Terminal:: Using no input files (input from terminal +* Read Terminal:: Using no input files (input from the keyboard instead). * Long:: Putting permanent `awk' programs in files. @@ -1425,7 +1431,7 @@ following command line: awk 'PROGRAM' `awk' applies the PROGRAM to the "standard input", which usually means -whatever you type on the terminal. This continues until you indicate +whatever you type on the keyboard. This continues until you indicate end-of-file by typing `Ctrl-d'. (On other operating systems, the end-of-file character may be different. For example, on OS/2, it is `Ctrl-z'.) @@ -2381,7 +2387,7 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: `--debug=[FILE]' Enable debugging of `awk' programs (*note Debugging::). By default, the debugger reads commands interactively from the - terminal. The optional FILE argument allows you to specify a file + keyboard. The optional FILE argument allows you to specify a file with a list of commands for the debugger to execute non-interactively. No space is allowed between the `-D' and FILE, if FILE is supplied. @@ -2586,7 +2592,7 @@ having to be included into each individual program. (As mentioned in *note Definition Syntax::, function names must be unique.) With standard `awk', library functions can still be used, even if -the program is entered at the terminal, by specifying `-f /dev/tty'. +the program is entered at the keyboard, by specifying `-f /dev/tty'. After typing your program, type `Ctrl-d' (the end-of-file character) to terminate it. (You may also use `-f -' to read program source from the standard input but then you will not be able to also use the standard @@ -5111,7 +5117,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Getline, Next: Read Timeout, Prev: Multiple Line, Up: ================================= So far we have been getting our input data from `awk''s main input -stream--either the standard input (usually your terminal, sometimes the +stream--either the standard input (usually your keyboard, sometimes the output from another program) or from the files specified on the command line. The `awk' language has a special built-in command called `getline' that can be used to read input under your explicit control. @@ -5560,8 +5566,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Read Timeout, Next: Command line directories, Prev: Ge 4.10 Reading Input With A Timeout ================================= -You may specify a timeout in milliseconds for reading input from a -terminal, pipe or two-way communication including, TCP/IP sockets. This +You may specify a timeout in milliseconds for reading input from the +keyboard, pipe or two-way communication including, TCP/IP sockets. This can be done on a per input, command or connection basis, by setting a special element in the `PROCINFO' array: @@ -5579,8 +5585,8 @@ from the server after a certain amount of time: else if (ERRNO != "") print ERRNO - Here is how to read interactively from the terminal(1) without -waiting for more than five seconds: + Here is how to read interactively from the user(1) without waiting +for more than five seconds: PROCINFO["/dev/stdin", "READ_TIMEOUT"] = 5000 while ((getline < "/dev/stdin") > 0) @@ -5591,7 +5597,7 @@ after waiting for the timeout period, return failure and set the `ERRNO' variable to an appropriate string value. A negative or zero value for the timeout is the same as specifying no timeout at all. - A timeout can also be set for reading from the terminal in the + A timeout can also be set for reading from the keyboard in the implicit loop that reads input records and matches them against patterns, like so: @@ -5644,7 +5650,7 @@ writing. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) This assumes that standard input is the keyboard + (1) This assumes that standard input is the keyboard.  File: gawk.info, Node: Command line directories, Prev: Read Timeout, Up: Reading Files @@ -21173,7 +21179,7 @@ need it. arbitrary precision arithmetic. The easiest way to find out is to look at the output of the following command: - $ ./gawk --version + $ gawk --version -| GNU Awk 4.1.1, API: 1.1 (GNU MPFR 3.1.0-p3, GNU MP 5.0.2) -| Copyright (C) 1989, 1991-2014 Free Software Foundation. ... @@ -26263,8 +26269,8 @@ Various `.c', `.y', and `.h' files PC Installation::, for details). `vms/*' - Files needed for building `gawk' under VMS (*note VMS - Installation::, for details). + Files needed for building `gawk' under Vax/VMS and OpenVMS (*note + VMS Installation::, for details). `test/*' A test suite for `gawk'. You can use `make check' from the @@ -26748,8 +26754,8 @@ translation of `"\r\n"', since it won't. Caveat Emptor!  File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Installation, Prev: PC Installation, Up: Non-Unix Installation -B.3.2 How to Compile and Install `gawk' on VMS ----------------------------------------------- +B.3.2 How to Compile and Install `gawk' on Vax/VMS and OpenVMS +-------------------------------------------------------------- This node describes how to compile and install `gawk' under VMS. The older designation "VMS" is used throughout to refer to OpenVMS. @@ -31677,7 +31683,7 @@ Index * git, use of for gawk source code: Derived Files. (line 6) * GMP: Gawk and MPFR. (line 6) * GNITS mailing list: Acknowledgments. (line 52) -* GNU awk, See gawk: Preface. (line 49) +* GNU awk, See gawk: Preface. (line 53) * GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License. (line 7) * GNU General Public License: Glossary. (line 306) @@ -32023,7 +32029,7 @@ Index * namespace issues <1>: Library Names. (line 6) * namespace issues: Arrays. (line 18) * namespace issues, functions: Definition Syntax. (line 20) -* nawk utility: Names. (line 17) +* nawk utility: Names. (line 10) * negative zero: Unexpected Results. (line 34) * NetBSD: Glossary. (line 616) * networks, programming: TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) @@ -32103,7 +32109,7 @@ Index * numeric, output format: OFMT. (line 6) * numeric, strings: Variable Typing. (line 6) * o debugger command (alias for option): Debugger Info. (line 57) -* oawk utility: Names. (line 17) +* oawk utility: Names. (line 10) * obsolete features: Obsolete. (line 6) * octal numbers: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 6) * octal values, enabling interpretation of: Options. (line 207) @@ -33094,529 +33100,529 @@ Index  Tag Table: Node: Top1292 -Node: Foreword40821 -Node: Preface45166 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-148219 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-248315 -Node: History48547 -Node: Names50921 -Ref: Names-Footnote-152398 -Node: This Manual52470 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-158244 -Node: Conventions58344 -Node: Manual History60500 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-163948 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-263989 -Node: How To Contribute64063 -Node: Acknowledgments65207 -Node: Getting Started69401 -Node: Running gawk71780 -Node: One-shot72966 -Node: Read Terminal74191 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-175841 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-276117 -Node: Long76288 -Node: Executable Scripts77664 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-179497 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-279599 -Node: Comments80146 -Node: Quoting82613 -Node: DOS Quoting87236 -Node: Sample Data Files87911 -Node: Very Simple90426 -Node: Two Rules95077 -Node: More Complex96975 -Ref: More Complex-Footnote-199905 -Node: Statements/Lines99990 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1104453 -Node: Other Features104718 -Node: When105646 -Node: Invoking Gawk107793 -Node: Command Line109256 -Node: Options110039 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1125417 -Node: Other Arguments125442 -Node: Naming Standard Input128100 -Node: Environment Variables129194 -Node: AWKPATH Variable129752 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1132533 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2132578 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable132838 -Node: Other Environment Variables133556 -Node: Exit Status136519 -Node: Include Files137194 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries140763 -Node: Obsolete142127 -Node: Undocumented142824 -Node: Regexp143066 -Node: Regexp Usage144455 -Node: Escape Sequences146480 -Node: Regexp Operators152149 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1159529 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2159676 -Node: Bracket Expressions159774 -Ref: table-char-classes161664 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators164187 -Node: Case-sensitivity167910 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1170878 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2171113 -Node: Leftmost Longest171221 -Node: Computed Regexps172422 -Node: Reading Files175759 -Node: Records177761 -Ref: Records-Footnote-1187284 -Node: Fields187321 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1190277 -Node: Nonconstant Fields190363 -Node: Changing Fields192569 -Node: Field Separators198528 -Node: Default Field Splitting201230 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting202347 -Node: Single Character Fields205689 -Node: Command Line Field Separator206748 -Node: Full Line Fields210090 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1210598 -Node: Field Splitting Summary210644 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1213743 -Node: Constant Size213844 -Node: Splitting By Content218451 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1222200 -Node: Multiple Line222240 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1228087 -Node: Getline228266 -Node: Plain Getline230482 -Node: Getline/Variable232577 -Node: Getline/File233724 -Node: Getline/Variable/File235065 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1236664 -Node: Getline/Pipe236751 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe239450 -Node: Getline/Coprocess240557 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess241809 -Node: Getline Notes242546 -Node: Getline Summary245333 -Ref: table-getline-variants245741 -Node: Read Timeout246653 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1250394 -Node: Command line directories250451 -Node: Printing251081 -Node: Print252712 -Node: Print Examples254049 -Node: Output Separators256833 -Node: OFMT258849 -Node: Printf260207 -Node: Basic Printf261113 -Node: Control Letters262652 -Node: Format Modifiers266464 -Node: Printf Examples272473 -Node: Redirection275185 -Node: Special Files282159 -Node: Special FD282692 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1286317 -Node: Special Network286391 -Node: Special Caveats287241 -Node: Close Files And Pipes288037 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1295020 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2295168 -Node: Expressions295318 -Node: Values296450 -Node: Constants297126 -Node: Scalar Constants297806 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1298665 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers298847 -Node: Regexp Constants301847 -Node: Using Constant Regexps302322 -Node: Variables305377 -Node: Using Variables306032 -Node: Assignment Options307756 -Node: Conversion309631 -Ref: table-locale-affects315131 -Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1315755 -Node: All Operators315864 -Node: Arithmetic Ops316494 -Node: Concatenation318999 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1321787 -Node: Assignment Ops321907 -Ref: table-assign-ops326895 -Node: Increment Ops328226 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions331660 -Node: Truth Values332743 -Node: Typing and Comparison333792 -Node: Variable Typing334585 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1338482 -Node: Comparison Operators338604 -Ref: table-relational-ops339014 -Node: POSIX String Comparison342562 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1343518 -Node: Boolean Ops343656 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1347726 -Node: Conditional Exp347817 -Node: Function Calls349549 -Node: Precedence353143 -Node: Locales356812 -Node: Patterns and Actions357901 -Node: Pattern Overview358955 -Node: Regexp Patterns360624 -Node: Expression Patterns361167 -Node: Ranges364948 -Node: BEGIN/END368052 -Node: Using BEGIN/END368814 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1371550 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END371656 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE373938 -Node: Empty376852 -Node: Using Shell Variables377169 -Node: Action Overview379454 -Node: Statements381811 -Node: If Statement383665 -Node: While Statement385164 -Node: Do Statement387208 -Node: For Statement388364 -Node: Switch Statement391516 -Node: Break Statement393670 -Node: Continue Statement395660 -Node: Next Statement397453 -Node: Nextfile Statement399843 -Node: Exit Statement402498 -Node: Built-in Variables404914 -Node: User-modified406009 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1414367 -Node: Auto-set414429 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1427494 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2427699 -Node: ARGC and ARGV427755 -Node: Arrays431609 -Node: Array Basics433114 -Node: Array Intro433940 -Node: Reference to Elements438257 -Node: Assigning Elements440527 -Node: Array Example441018 -Node: Scanning an Array442750 -Node: Controlling Scanning445064 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1450151 -Node: Delete450467 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1453232 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts453289 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts455472 -Node: Multidimensional457099 -Node: Multiscanning460192 -Node: Arrays of Arrays461781 -Node: Functions466421 -Node: Built-in467240 -Node: Calling Built-in468318 -Node: Numeric Functions470306 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1474138 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2474495 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3474543 -Node: String Functions474812 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1497770 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2497899 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3498147 -Node: Gory Details498234 -Ref: table-sub-escapes499913 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92501267 -Ref: table-sub-proposed502618 -Ref: table-posix-sub503972 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes505517 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1506693 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2506744 -Node: I/O Functions506895 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1513885 -Node: Time Functions514032 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1525015 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2525083 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3525241 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4525352 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5525464 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6525691 -Node: Bitwise Functions525957 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops526519 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1530740 -Node: Type Functions530924 -Node: I18N Functions532075 -Node: User-defined533702 -Node: Definition Syntax534506 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1539420 -Node: Function Example539489 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1542138 -Node: Function Caveats542160 -Node: Calling A Function542678 -Node: Variable Scope543633 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference546596 -Node: Return Statement550104 -Node: Dynamic Typing553085 -Node: Indirect Calls554016 -Node: Library Functions563703 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1567216 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2567359 -Node: Library Names567530 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1571003 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2571223 -Node: General Functions571309 -Node: Strtonum Function572337 -Node: Assert Function575267 -Node: Round Function578593 -Node: Cliff Random Function580134 -Node: Ordinal Functions581150 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1584227 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2584479 -Node: Join Function584690 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1586461 -Node: Getlocaltime Function586661 -Node: Readfile Function590402 -Node: Data File Management592241 -Node: Filetrans Function592873 -Node: Rewind Function596942 -Node: File Checking598329 -Node: Empty Files599423 -Node: Ignoring Assigns601653 -Node: Getopt Function603207 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1614510 -Node: Passwd Functions614713 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1623691 -Node: Group Functions623779 -Node: Walking Arrays631863 -Node: Sample Programs633999 -Node: Running Examples634673 -Node: Clones635401 -Node: Cut Program636625 -Node: Egrep Program646476 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1654249 -Node: Id Program654359 -Node: Split Program658008 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1661527 -Node: Tee Program661655 -Node: Uniq Program664458 -Node: Wc Program671887 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1676153 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2676353 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs676445 -Node: Dupword Program677633 -Node: Alarm Program679664 -Node: Translate Program684471 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1688858 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2689106 -Node: Labels Program689240 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1692611 -Node: Word Sorting692695 -Node: History Sorting696579 -Node: Extract Program698418 -Ref: Extract Program-Footnote-1705921 -Node: Simple Sed706049 -Node: Igawk Program709111 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1724268 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2724469 -Node: Anagram Program724607 -Node: Signature Program727675 -Node: Advanced Features728775 -Node: Nondecimal Data730661 -Node: Array Sorting732244 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal732941 -Node: Array Sorting Functions741225 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1745094 -Node: Two-way I/O745288 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1750720 -Node: TCP/IP Networking750802 -Node: Profiling753646 -Node: Internationalization761149 -Node: I18N and L10N762574 -Node: Explaining gettext763260 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1768328 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2768512 -Node: Programmer i18n768677 -Node: Translator i18n772879 -Node: String Extraction773673 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1774634 -Node: Printf Ordering774720 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1777502 -Node: I18N Portability777566 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1780015 -Node: I18N Example780078 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1782716 -Node: Gawk I18N782788 -Node: Debugger783409 -Node: Debugging784380 -Node: Debugging Concepts784813 -Node: Debugging Terms786669 -Node: Awk Debugging789266 -Node: Sample Debugging Session790158 -Node: Debugger Invocation790678 -Node: Finding The Bug792011 -Node: List of Debugger Commands798498 -Node: Breakpoint Control799832 -Node: Debugger Execution Control803496 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data806856 -Node: Execution Stack810212 -Node: Debugger Info811679 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands815661 -Node: Readline Support820837 -Node: Limitations821668 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic823920 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1825569 -Node: General Arithmetic825717 -Node: Floating Point Issues827437 -Node: String Conversion Precision828318 -Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1830023 -Node: Unexpected Results830132 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems832285 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1836110 -Node: Integer Programming836148 -Node: Floating-point Programming837887 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1844218 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2844488 -Node: Floating-point Representation844752 -Node: Floating-point Context845917 -Ref: table-ieee-formats846756 -Node: Rounding Mode848140 -Ref: table-rounding-modes848619 -Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1851634 -Node: Gawk and MPFR851813 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats853224 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1855667 -Node: Setting Precision855983 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings856669 -Node: Setting Rounding Mode858814 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes859218 -Node: Floating-point Constants860405 -Node: Changing Precision861834 -Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1863231 -Node: Exact Arithmetic863405 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers866543 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1869558 -Node: Dynamic Extensions869705 -Node: Extension Intro871163 -Node: Plugin License872428 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline873113 -Ref: load-extension873530 -Ref: load-new-function875008 -Ref: call-new-function876003 -Node: Extension API Description878018 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction879305 -Node: General Data Types884232 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1889927 -Node: Requesting Values890226 -Ref: table-value-types-returned890963 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions891917 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1894663 -Node: Constructor Functions894759 -Node: Registration Functions896517 -Node: Extension Functions897202 -Node: Exit Callback Functions899504 -Node: Extension Version String900753 -Node: Input Parsers901403 -Node: Output Wrappers911160 -Node: Two-way processors915670 -Node: Printing Messages917878 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1918955 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'919107 -Node: Accessing Parameters919846 -Node: Symbol Table Access921076 -Node: Symbol table by name921590 -Node: Symbol table by cookie923566 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1927698 -Node: Cached values927761 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1931251 -Node: Array Manipulation931342 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1932440 -Node: Array Data Types932479 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1935182 -Node: Array Functions935274 -Node: Flattening Arrays939110 -Node: Creating Arrays945962 -Node: Extension API Variables950687 -Node: Extension Versioning951323 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables953224 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate954310 -Node: Finding Extensions958114 -Node: Extension Example958674 -Node: Internal File Description959404 -Node: Internal File Ops963495 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1975004 -Node: Using Internal File Ops975144 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1977497 -Node: Extension Samples977763 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions979287 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch987772 -Node: Extension Sample Fork989541 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace990754 -Node: Extension Sample Ord992532 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir993368 -Node: Extension Sample Revout994900 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way995493 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array996183 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile998066 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests999166 -Node: Extension Sample Time999691 -Node: gawkextlib1001055 -Node: Language History1003836 -Node: V7/SVR3.11005429 -Node: SVR41007749 -Node: POSIX1009191 -Node: BTL1010577 -Node: POSIX/GNU1011311 -Node: Feature History1016910 -Node: Common Extensions1029886 -Node: Ranges and Locales1031198 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11035815 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21035842 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31036076 -Node: Contributors1036297 -Node: Installation1041678 -Node: Gawk Distribution1042572 -Node: Getting1043056 -Node: Extracting1043882 -Node: Distribution contents1045574 -Node: Unix Installation1051279 -Node: Quick Installation1051896 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1054342 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1056078 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1058432 -Node: PC Installation1058890 -Node: PC Binary Installation1060189 -Node: PC Compiling1062037 -Node: PC Testing1064981 -Node: PC Using1066157 -Node: Cygwin1070325 -Node: MSYS1071134 -Node: VMS Installation1071648 -Node: VMS Compilation1072412 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11073664 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1073722 -Node: VMS Installation Details1075095 -Node: VMS Running1077346 -Node: VMS GNV1080180 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1080903 -Node: Bugs1081373 -Node: Other Versions1085291 -Node: Notes1091375 -Node: Compatibility Mode1092175 -Node: Additions1092958 -Node: Accessing The Source1093885 -Node: Adding Code1095325 -Node: New Ports1101370 -Node: Derived Files1105505 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11110826 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21110860 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31111460 -Node: Future Extensions1111558 -Node: Implementation Limitations1112141 -Node: Extension Design1113393 -Node: Old Extension Problems1114547 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11116055 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1116112 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11119477 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1119663 -Node: Extension Future Growth1121769 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1122605 -Node: Basic Concepts1124345 -Node: Basic High Level1125026 -Ref: figure-general-flow1125298 -Ref: figure-process-flow1125897 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11129126 -Node: Basic Data Typing1129311 -Node: Glossary1132666 -Node: Copying1157897 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1195453 -Node: Index1220589 +Node: Foreword40825 +Node: Preface45170 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-148303 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-248410 +Node: History48642 +Node: Names51016 +Ref: Names-Footnote-152480 +Node: This Manual52553 +Ref: This Manual-Footnote-158327 +Node: Conventions58427 +Node: Manual History60583 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-164013 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-264054 +Node: How To Contribute64128 +Node: Acknowledgments65367 +Node: Getting Started69561 +Node: Running gawk71940 +Node: One-shot73130 +Node: Read Terminal74355 +Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-176005 +Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-276281 +Node: Long76452 +Node: Executable Scripts77828 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-179661 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-279763 +Node: Comments80310 +Node: Quoting82777 +Node: DOS Quoting87400 +Node: Sample Data Files88075 +Node: Very Simple90590 +Node: Two Rules95241 +Node: More Complex97139 +Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1100069 +Node: Statements/Lines100154 +Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1104617 +Node: Other Features104882 +Node: When105810 +Node: Invoking Gawk107957 +Node: Command Line109420 +Node: Options110203 +Ref: Options-Footnote-1125581 +Node: Other Arguments125606 +Node: Naming Standard Input128264 +Node: Environment Variables129358 +Node: AWKPATH Variable129916 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1132697 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2132742 +Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable133002 +Node: Other Environment Variables133720 +Node: Exit Status136683 +Node: Include Files137358 +Node: Loading Shared Libraries140927 +Node: Obsolete142291 +Node: Undocumented142988 +Node: Regexp143230 +Node: Regexp Usage144619 +Node: Escape Sequences146644 +Node: Regexp Operators152313 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1159693 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2159840 +Node: Bracket Expressions159938 +Ref: table-char-classes161828 +Node: GNU Regexp Operators164351 +Node: Case-sensitivity168074 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1171042 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2171277 +Node: Leftmost Longest171385 +Node: Computed Regexps172586 +Node: Reading Files175923 +Node: Records177925 +Ref: Records-Footnote-1187448 +Node: Fields187485 +Ref: Fields-Footnote-1190441 +Node: Nonconstant Fields190527 +Node: Changing Fields192733 +Node: Field Separators198692 +Node: Default Field Splitting201394 +Node: Regexp Field Splitting202511 +Node: Single Character Fields205853 +Node: Command Line Field Separator206912 +Node: Full Line Fields210254 +Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1210762 +Node: Field Splitting Summary210808 +Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1213907 +Node: Constant Size214008 +Node: Splitting By Content218615 +Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1222364 +Node: Multiple Line222404 +Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1228251 +Node: Getline228430 +Node: Plain Getline230646 +Node: Getline/Variable232741 +Node: Getline/File233888 +Node: Getline/Variable/File235229 +Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1236828 +Node: Getline/Pipe236915 +Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe239614 +Node: Getline/Coprocess240721 +Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess241973 +Node: Getline Notes242710 +Node: Getline Summary245497 +Ref: table-getline-variants245905 +Node: Read Timeout246817 +Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1250556 +Node: Command line directories250614 +Node: Printing251244 +Node: Print252875 +Node: Print Examples254212 +Node: Output Separators256996 +Node: OFMT259012 +Node: Printf260370 +Node: Basic Printf261276 +Node: Control Letters262815 +Node: Format Modifiers266627 +Node: Printf Examples272636 +Node: Redirection275348 +Node: Special Files282322 +Node: Special FD282855 +Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1286480 +Node: Special Network286554 +Node: Special Caveats287404 +Node: Close Files And Pipes288200 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1295183 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2295331 +Node: Expressions295481 +Node: Values296613 +Node: Constants297289 +Node: Scalar Constants297969 +Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1298828 +Node: Nondecimal-numbers299010 +Node: Regexp Constants302010 +Node: Using Constant Regexps302485 +Node: Variables305540 +Node: Using Variables306195 +Node: Assignment Options307919 +Node: Conversion309794 +Ref: table-locale-affects315294 +Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1315918 +Node: All Operators316027 +Node: Arithmetic Ops316657 +Node: Concatenation319162 +Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1321950 +Node: Assignment Ops322070 +Ref: table-assign-ops327058 +Node: Increment Ops328389 +Node: Truth Values and Conditions331823 +Node: Truth Values332906 +Node: Typing and Comparison333955 +Node: Variable Typing334748 +Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1338645 +Node: Comparison Operators338767 +Ref: table-relational-ops339177 +Node: POSIX String Comparison342725 +Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1343681 +Node: Boolean Ops343819 +Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1347889 +Node: Conditional Exp347980 +Node: Function Calls349712 +Node: Precedence353306 +Node: Locales356975 +Node: Patterns and Actions358064 +Node: Pattern Overview359118 +Node: Regexp Patterns360787 +Node: Expression Patterns361330 +Node: Ranges365111 +Node: BEGIN/END368215 +Node: Using BEGIN/END368977 +Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1371713 +Node: I/O And BEGIN/END371819 +Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE374101 +Node: Empty377015 +Node: Using Shell Variables377332 +Node: Action Overview379617 +Node: Statements381974 +Node: If Statement383828 +Node: While Statement385327 +Node: Do Statement387371 +Node: For Statement388527 +Node: Switch Statement391679 +Node: Break Statement393833 +Node: Continue Statement395823 +Node: Next Statement397616 +Node: Nextfile Statement400006 +Node: Exit Statement402661 +Node: Built-in Variables405077 +Node: User-modified406172 +Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1414530 +Node: Auto-set414592 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1427657 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2427862 +Node: ARGC and ARGV427918 +Node: Arrays431772 +Node: Array Basics433277 +Node: Array Intro434103 +Node: Reference to Elements438420 +Node: Assigning Elements440690 +Node: Array Example441181 +Node: Scanning an Array442913 +Node: Controlling Scanning445227 +Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1450314 +Node: Delete450630 +Ref: Delete-Footnote-1453395 +Node: Numeric Array Subscripts453452 +Node: Uninitialized Subscripts455635 +Node: Multidimensional457262 +Node: Multiscanning460355 +Node: Arrays of Arrays461944 +Node: Functions466584 +Node: Built-in467403 +Node: Calling Built-in468481 +Node: Numeric Functions470469 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1474301 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2474658 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3474706 +Node: String Functions474975 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1497933 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2498062 +Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3498310 +Node: Gory Details498397 +Ref: table-sub-escapes500076 +Ref: table-sub-posix-92501430 +Ref: table-sub-proposed502781 +Ref: table-posix-sub504135 +Ref: table-gensub-escapes505680 +Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1506856 +Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2506907 +Node: I/O Functions507058 +Ref: I/O 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Other Versions1085500 +Node: Notes1091584 +Node: Compatibility Mode1092384 +Node: Additions1093167 +Node: Accessing The Source1094094 +Node: Adding Code1095534 +Node: New Ports1101579 +Node: Derived Files1105714 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11111035 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21111069 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31111669 +Node: Future Extensions1111767 +Node: Implementation Limitations1112350 +Node: Extension Design1113602 +Node: Old Extension Problems1114756 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11116264 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1116321 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11119686 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1119872 +Node: Extension Future Growth1121978 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1122814 +Node: Basic Concepts1124554 +Node: Basic High Level1125235 +Ref: figure-general-flow1125507 +Ref: figure-process-flow1126106 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11129335 +Node: Basic Data Typing1129520 +Node: Glossary1132875 +Node: Copying1158106 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1195662 +Node: Index1220798  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 4e4446794686a101e0c64ff7242a44a646c56d7e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Tue, 29 Apr 2014 06:13:23 +0300 Subject: Working on documentation edits. --- doc/gawk.info | 1630 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 831 insertions(+), 799 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 589ac015..1d5f496d 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -1652,6 +1652,23 @@ knowledge of shell quoting rules. The following rules apply only to POSIX-compliant, Bourne-style shells (such as Bash, the GNU Bourne-Again Shell). If you use the C shell, you're on your own. + Before diving into the rules, we introduce a concept that appears +throughout this Info file, which is that of the "null", or empty, +string. + + The null string is character data that has no value. In other +words, it is empty. It is written in `awk' programs like this: `""'. +In the shell, it can be written using single or double quotes: `""' or +`'''. While the null string has no characters in it, it does exist. +Consider this command: + + $ echo "" + +Here, the `echo' utility receives a single argument, even though that +argument has no characters in it. In the rest of this Info file, we use +the terms "null string" and "empty string" interchangeably. Now, on to +the quoting rules. + * Quoted items can be concatenated with nonquoted items as well as with other quoted items. The shell turns everything into one argument for the command. @@ -1892,7 +1909,7 @@ different ways to do the same things shown here: awk 'length($0) > 80' data The sole rule has a relational expression as its pattern and it - has no action--so the default action, printing the record, is used. + has no action--so it uses the default action, printing the record. * Print the length of the longest line in `data': @@ -1949,9 +1966,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Two Rules, Next: More Complex, Prev: Very Simple, Up: The `awk' utility reads the input files one line at a time. For each line, `awk' tries the patterns of each of the rules. If several -patterns match, then several actions are run in the order in which they -appear in the `awk' program. If no patterns match, then no actions are -run. +patterns match, then several actions execture in the order in which +they appear in the `awk' program. If no patterns match, then no +actions run. After processing all the rules that match the line (and perhaps there are none), `awk' reads the next line. (However, *note Next @@ -2027,12 +2044,12 @@ contains the file name.(1) The `$6 == "Nov"' in our `awk' program is an expression that tests whether the sixth field of the output from `ls -l' matches the string -`Nov'. Each time a line has the string `Nov' for its sixth field, the -action `sum += $5' is performed. This adds the fifth field (the file's -size) to the variable `sum'. As a result, when `awk' has finished -reading all the input lines, `sum' is the total of the sizes of the -files whose lines matched the pattern. (This works because `awk' -variables are automatically initialized to zero.) +`Nov'. Each time a line has the string `Nov' for its sixth field, +`awk' performs the action `sum += $5'. This adds the fifth field (the +file's size) to the variable `sum'. As a result, when `awk' has +finished reading all the input lines, `sum' is the total of the sizes +of the files whose lines matched the pattern. (This works because +`awk' variables are automatically initialized to zero.) After the last line of output from `ls' has been processed, the `END' rule executes and prints the value of `sum'. In this example, @@ -2084,15 +2101,15 @@ We have generally not used backslash continuation in our sample programs. `gawk' places no limit on the length of a line, so backslash continuation is never strictly necessary; it just makes programs more readable. For this same reason, as well as for clarity, we have kept -most statements short in the sample programs presented throughout the -Info file. Backslash continuation is most useful when your `awk' -program is in a separate source file instead of entered from the -command line. You should also note that many `awk' implementations are -more particular about where you may use backslash continuation. For -example, they may not allow you to split a string constant using -backslash continuation. Thus, for maximum portability of your `awk' -programs, it is best not to split your lines in the middle of a regular -expression or a string. +most statements short in the programs presented throughout the Info +file. Backslash continuation is most useful when your `awk' program is +in a separate source file instead of entered from the command line. +You should also note that many `awk' implementations are more +particular about where you may use backslash continuation. For example, +they may not allow you to split a string constant using backslash +continuation. Thus, for maximum portability of your `awk' programs, it +is best not to split your lines in the middle of a regular expression +or a string. CAUTION: _Backslash continuation does not work as described with the C shell._ It works for `awk' programs in files and for @@ -2213,14 +2230,15 @@ those that it has are much larger than they used to be. If you find yourself writing `awk' scripts of more than, say, a few hundred lines, you might consider using a different programming -language. Emacs Lisp is a good choice if you need sophisticated string -or pattern matching capabilities. The shell is also good at string and -pattern matching; in addition, it allows powerful use of the system -utilities. More conventional languages, such as C, C++, and Java, offer -better facilities for system programming and for managing the complexity -of large programs. Programs in these languages may require more lines -of source code than the equivalent `awk' programs, but they are easier -to maintain and usually run more efficiently. +language. The shell is good at string and pattern matching; in +addition, it allows powerful use of the system utilities. More +conventional languages, such as C, C++, and Java, offer better +facilities for system programming and for managing the complexity of +large programs. Python offers a nice balance between high-level ease +of programming and access to system facilities. Programs in these +languages may require more lines of source code than the equivalent +`awk' programs, but they are easier to maintain and usually run more +efficiently.  File: gawk.info, Node: Invoking Gawk, Next: Regexp, Prev: Getting Started, Up: Top @@ -2350,11 +2368,11 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: treated as single-byte characters. Normally, `gawk' follows the POSIX standard and attempts to process - its input data according to the current locale. This can often - involve converting multibyte characters into wide characters - (internally), and can lead to problems or confusion if the input - data does not contain valid multibyte characters. This option is - an easy way to tell `gawk': "hands off my data!". + its input data according to the current locale (*note Locales::). + This can often involve converting multibyte characters into wide + characters (internally), and can lead to problems or confusion if + the input data does not contain valid multibyte characters. This + option is an easy way to tell `gawk': "hands off my data!". `-c' `--traditional' @@ -2368,8 +2386,8 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: Print the short version of the General Public License and then exit. -`-d[FILE]' -`--dump-variables[=FILE]' +`-d'[FILE] +`--dump-variables'[`='FILE] Print a sorted list of global variables, their types, and final values to FILE. If no FILE is provided, print this list to the file named `awkvars.out' in the current directory. No space is @@ -2383,8 +2401,8 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: particularly easy mistake to make with simple variable names like `i', `j', etc.) -`-D[FILE]' -`--debug=[FILE]' +`-D'[FILE] +`--debug'[`='FILE] Enable debugging of `awk' programs (*note Debugging::). By default, the debugger reads commands interactively from the keyboard. The optional FILE argument allows you to specify a file @@ -2392,16 +2410,16 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: non-interactively. No space is allowed between the `-D' and FILE, if FILE is supplied. -`-e PROGRAM-TEXT' -`--source PROGRAM-TEXT' +`-e' PROGRAM-TEXT +`--source' PROGRAM-TEXT Provide program source code in the PROGRAM-TEXT. This option allows you to mix source code in files with source code that you enter on the command line. This is particularly useful when you have library functions that you want to use from your command-line programs (*note AWKPATH Variable::). -`-E FILE' -`--exec FILE' +`-E' FILE +`--exec' FILE Similar to `-f', read `awk' program text from FILE. There are two differences from `-f': @@ -2434,37 +2452,41 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: Print a "usage" message summarizing the short and long style options that `gawk' accepts and then exit. -`-i SOURCE-FILE' -`--include SOURCE-FILE' +`-i' SOURCE-FILE +`--include' SOURCE-FILE Read `awk' source library from SOURCE-FILE. This option is completely equivalent to using the `@include' directive inside your program. This option is very similar to the `-f' option, but there are two important differences. First, when `-i' is used, - the program source will not be loaded if it has been previously - loaded, whereas the `-f' will always load the file. Second, - because this option is intended to be used with code libraries, - `gawk' does not recognize such files as constituting main program - input. Thus, after processing an `-i' argument, `gawk' still - expects to find the main source code via the `-f' option or on the + the program source is not loaded if it has been previously loaded, + whereas with `-f', `gawk' always loads the file. Second, because + this option is intended to be used with code libraries, `gawk' + does not recognize such files as constituting main program input. + Thus, after processing an `-i' argument, `gawk' still expects to + find the main source code via the `-f' option or on the command-line. -`-l LIB' -`--load LIB' - Load a shared library LIB. This searches for the library using the - `AWKLIBPATH' environment variable. The correct library suffix for - your platform will be supplied by default, so it need not be - specified in the library name. The library initialization routine - should be named `dl_load()'. An alternative is to use the `@load' - keyword inside the program to load a shared library. - -`-L [value]' -`--lint[=value]' +`-l' EXT +`--load' EXT + Load a dynamic extension named EXT. Extensions are stored as + system shared libraries. This option searches for the library + using the `AWKLIBPATH' environment variable. The correct library + suffix for your platform will be supplied by default, so it need + not be specified in the extension name. The extension + initialization routine should be named `dl_load()'. An + alternative is to use the `@load' keyword inside the program to + load a shared library. This feature is described in detail in + *note Dynamic Extensions::. + +`-L'[VALUE] +`--lint'[`='VALUE] Warn about constructs that are dubious or nonportable to other - `awk' implementations. Some warnings are issued when `gawk' first - reads your program. Others are issued at runtime, as your program - executes. With an optional argument of `fatal', lint warnings - become fatal errors. This may be drastic, but its use will - certainly encourage the development of cleaner `awk' programs. + `awk' implementations. No space is allowed between the `-D' and + VALUE, if VALUE is supplied. Some warnings are issued when `gawk' + first reads your program. Others are issued at runtime, as your + program executes. With an optional argument of `fatal', lint + warnings become fatal errors. This may be drastic, but its use + will certainly encourage the development of cleaner `awk' programs. With an optional argument of `invalid', only warnings about things that are actually invalid are issued. (This is not fully implemented yet.) @@ -2495,23 +2517,26 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: Force the use of the locale's decimal point character when parsing numeric input data (*note Locales::). -`-o[FILE]' -`--pretty-print[=FILE]' +`-o'[FILE] +`--pretty-print'[`='FILE] Enable pretty-printing of `awk' programs. By default, output - program is created in a file named `awkprof.out'. The optional - FILE argument allows you to specify a different file name for the - output. No space is allowed between the `-o' and FILE, if FILE is - supplied. + program is created in a file named `awkprof.out' (*note + Profiling::). The optional FILE argument allows you to specify a + different file name for the output. No space is allowed between + the `-o' and FILE, if FILE is supplied. + + NOTE: Due to the way `gawk' has evolved, with this option + your program is still executed. This will change in the next + major release such that `gawk' will only pretty-print the + program and not run it. `-O' `--optimize' Enable some optimizations on the internal representation of the - program. At the moment this includes just simple constant - folding. The `gawk' maintainer hopes to add more optimizations - over time. + program. At the moment this includes just simple constant folding. -`-p[FILE]' -`--profile[=FILE]' +`-p'[FILE] +`--profile'[`='FILE] Enable profiling of `awk' programs (*note Profiling::). By default, profiles are created in a file named `awkprof.out'. The optional FILE argument allows you to specify a different file name @@ -2544,15 +2569,15 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: data (*note Locales::). If you supply both `--traditional' and `--posix' on the command - line, `--posix' takes precedence. `gawk' also issues a warning if - both options are supplied. + line, `--posix' takes precedence. `gawk' issues a warning if both + options are supplied. `-r' `--re-interval' Allow interval expressions (*note Regexp Operators::) in regexps. This is now `gawk''s default behavior. Nevertheless, this option remains both for backward compatibility, and for use in - combination with the `--traditional' option. + combination with `--traditional'. `-S' `--sandbox' @@ -2602,25 +2627,25 @@ input as a source of data.) source file and command-line `awk' programs, `gawk' provides the `--source' option. This does not require you to pre-empt the standard input for your source code; it allows you to easily mix command-line -and library source code (*note AWKPATH Variable::). The `--source' -option may also be used multiple times on the command line. +and library source code (*note AWKPATH Variable::). As with `-f', the +`--source' and `--include' options may also be used multiple times on +the command line. If no `-f' or `--source' option is specified, then `gawk' uses the first non-option command-line argument as the text of the program source code. If the environment variable `POSIXLY_CORRECT' exists, then `gawk' -behaves in strict POSIX mode, exactly as if you had supplied the -`--posix' command-line option. Many GNU programs look for this -environment variable to suppress extensions that conflict with POSIX, -but `gawk' behaves differently: it suppresses all extensions, even -those that do not conflict with POSIX, and behaves in strict POSIX -mode. If `--lint' is supplied on the command line and `gawk' turns on -POSIX mode because of `POSIXLY_CORRECT', then it issues a warning -message indicating that POSIX mode is in effect. You would typically -set this variable in your shell's startup file. For a -Bourne-compatible shell (such as Bash), you would add these lines to -the `.profile' file in your home directory: +behaves in strict POSIX mode, exactly as if you had supplied `--posix'. +Many GNU programs look for this environment variable to suppress +extensions that conflict with POSIX, but `gawk' behaves differently: it +suppresses all extensions, even those that do not conflict with POSIX, +and behaves in strict POSIX mode. If `--lint' is supplied on the +command line and `gawk' turns on POSIX mode because of +`POSIXLY_CORRECT', then it issues a warning message indicating that +POSIX mode is in effect. You would typically set this variable in your +shell's startup file. For a Bourne-compatible shell (such as Bash), +you would add these lines to the `.profile' file in your home directory: POSIXLY_CORRECT=true export POSIXLY_CORRECT @@ -2672,18 +2697,18 @@ begins scanning the argument list. The variable values given on the command line are processed for escape sequences (*note Escape Sequences::). (d.c.) - In some earlier implementations of `awk', when a variable assignment -occurred before any file names, the assignment would happen _before_ -the `BEGIN' rule was executed. `awk''s behavior was thus inconsistent; -some command-line assignments were available inside the `BEGIN' rule, -while others were not. Unfortunately, some applications came to depend -upon this "feature." When `awk' was changed to be more consistent, the -`-v' option was added to accommodate applications that depended upon -the old behavior. + In some very early implementations of `awk', when a variable +assignment occurred before any file names, the assignment would happen +_before_ the `BEGIN' rule was executed. `awk''s behavior was thus +inconsistent; some command-line assignments were available inside the +`BEGIN' rule, while others were not. Unfortunately, some applications +came to depend upon this "feature." When `awk' was changed to be more +consistent, the `-v' option was added to accommodate applications that +depended upon the old behavior. The variable assignment feature is most useful for assigning to variables such as `RS', `OFS', and `ORS', which control input and -output formats before scanning the data files. It is also useful for +output formats, before scanning the data files. It is also useful for controlling state if multiple passes are needed over a data file. For example: @@ -2718,7 +2743,7 @@ with `getline' (*note Getline/File::). In addition, `gawk' allows you to specify the special file name `/dev/stdin', both on the command line and with `getline'. Some other versions of `awk' also support this, but it is not standard. (Some -operating systems provide a `/dev/stdin' file in the file system, +operating systems provide a `/dev/stdin' file in the file system; however, `gawk' always processes this file name itself.)  @@ -2757,9 +2782,9 @@ colons(1). `gawk' gets its search path from the `AWKPATH' environment variable. If that variable does not exist, `gawk' uses a default path, `.:/usr/local/share/awk'.(2) - The search path feature is particularly useful for building libraries -of useful `awk' functions. The library files can be placed in a -standard directory in the default path and then specified on the + The search path feature is particularly helpful for building +libraries of useful `awk' functions. The library files can be placed +in a standard directory in the default path and then specified on the command line with a short file name. Otherwise, the full file name would have to be typed for each file. @@ -2776,7 +2801,7 @@ filename. NOTE: To include the current directory in the path, either place `.' explicitly in the path or write a null entry in the path. (A null entry is indicated by starting or ending the path with a - colon or by placing two colons next to each other (`::').) This + colon or by placing two colons next to each other [`::'].) This path search mechanism is similar to the shell's. However, `gawk' always looks in the current directory _before_ @@ -2785,8 +2810,8 @@ filename. If `AWKPATH' is not defined in the environment, `gawk' places its default search path into `ENVIRON["AWKPATH"]'. This makes it easy to -determine the actual search path that `gawk' will use from within an -`awk' program. +determine the actual search path that `gawk' used from within an `awk' +program. While you can change `ENVIRON["AWKPATH"]' within your `awk' program, this has no effect on the running program's behavior. This makes @@ -2810,13 +2835,13 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable, Next: Other Environment Variables, ------------------------------------------- The `AWKLIBPATH' environment variable is similar to the `AWKPATH' -variable, but it is used to search for shared libraries specified with -the `-l' option rather than for source files. If the library is not -found, the path is searched again after adding the appropriate shared -library suffix for the platform. For example, on GNU/Linux systems, -the suffix `.so' is used. The search path specified is also used for -libraries loaded via the `@load' keyword (*note Loading Shared -Libraries::). +variable, but it is used to search for loadable extensions (stored as +system shared libraries) specified with the `-l' option rather than for +source files. If the extension is not found, the path is searched +again after adding the appropriate shared library suffix for the +platform. For example, on GNU/Linux systems, the suffix `.so' is used. +The search path specified is also used for extensions loaded via the +`@load' keyword (*note Loading Shared Libraries::).  File: gawk.info, Node: Other Environment Variables, Prev: AWKLIBPATH Variable, Up: Environment Variables @@ -2833,7 +2858,7 @@ used by regular users. traditional and GNU extensions. *Note Options::. `GAWK_SOCK_RETRIES' - Controls the number of time `gawk' will attempt to retry a two-way + Controls the number of times `gawk' attempts to retry a two-way TCP/IP (socket) connection before giving up. *Note TCP/IP Networking::. @@ -2876,6 +2901,11 @@ change. The variables are: supposed to be differences, but occasionally theory and practice don't coordinate with each other.) +`GAWK_NO_PP_RUN' + If this variable exists, then when invoked with the + `--pretty-print' option, `gawk' skips running the program. This + variable will not survive into the next major release. + `GAWK_STACKSIZE' This specifies the amount by which `gawk' should grow its internal evaluation stack, when needed. @@ -2955,7 +2985,7 @@ enclosed in double quotes. NOTE: Keep in mind that this is a language construct and the file name cannot be a string variable, but rather just a literal string - in double quotes. + constant in double quotes. The files to be included may be nested; e.g., given a third script, namely `test3': @@ -3010,19 +3040,19 @@ and this also applies to files named with `@include'.  File: gawk.info, Node: Loading Shared Libraries, Next: Obsolete, Prev: Include Files, Up: Invoking Gawk -2.8 Loading Shared Libraries Into Your Program -============================================== +2.8 Loading Dynamic Extensions Into Your Program +================================================ This minor node describes a feature that is specific to `gawk'. - The `@load' keyword can be used to read external `awk' shared -libraries. This allows you to link in compiled code that may offer -superior performance and/or give you access to extended capabilities -not supported by the `awk' language. The `AWKLIBPATH' variable is used -to search for the shared library. Using `@load' is completely -equivalent to using the `-l' command-line option. + The `@load' keyword can be used to read external `awk' extensions +(stored as system shared libraries). This allows you to link in +compiled code that may offer superior performance and/or give you +access to extended capabilities not supported by the `awk' language. +The `AWKLIBPATH' variable is used to search for the extension. Using +`@load' is completely equivalent to using the `-l' command-line option. - If the shared library is not initially found in `AWKLIBPATH', another + If the extension is not initially found in `AWKLIBPATH', another search is conducted after appending the platform's default shared library suffix to the filename. For example, on GNU/Linux systems, the suffix `.so' is used. @@ -3037,7 +3067,7 @@ This is equivalent to the following example: For command-line usage, the `-l' option is more convenient, but `@load' is useful for embedding inside an `awk' source file that requires -access to a shared library. +access to an extension. *note Dynamic Extensions::, describes how to write extensions (in C or C++) that can be loaded with either `@load' or the `-l' option. @@ -3108,8 +3138,8 @@ A regular expression can be used as a pattern by enclosing it in slashes. Then the regular expression is tested against the entire text of each record. (Normally, it only needs to match some part of the text in order to succeed.) For example, the following prints the -second field of each record that contains the string `li' anywhere in -it: +second field of each record where the string `li' appears anywhere in +the record: $ awk '/li/ { print $2 }' mail-list -| 555-5553 @@ -3194,8 +3224,8 @@ apply to both string constants and regexp constants: A literal backslash, `\'. `\a' - The "alert" character, `Ctrl-g', ASCII code 7 (BEL). (This - usually makes some sort of audible noise.) + The "alert" character, `Ctrl-g', ASCII code 7 (BEL). (This often + makes some sort of audible noise.) `\b' Backspace, `Ctrl-h', ASCII code 8 (BS). @@ -3330,20 +3360,21 @@ sequences and that are not listed in the table stand for themselves: at the beginning of the string. It is important to realize that `^' does not match the beginning of - a line embedded in a string. The condition is not true in the - following example: + a line (the point right after a `\n' newline character) embedded + in a string. The condition is not true in the following example: if ("line1\nLINE 2" ~ /^L/) ... `$' This is similar to `^', but it matches only at the end of a string. For example, `p$' matches a record that ends with a `p'. The `$' - is an anchor and does not match the end of a line embedded in a - string. The condition in the following example is not true: + is an anchor and does not match the end of a line (the point right + before a `\n' newline character) embedded in a string. The + condition in the following example is not true: if ("line1\nLINE 2" ~ /1$/) ... -`. (period)' +`.' (period) This matches any single character, _including_ the newline character. For example, `.P' matches any single character followed by a `P' in a string. Using concatenation, we can make a @@ -3355,7 +3386,7 @@ sequences and that are not listed in the table stand for themselves: Otherwise, NUL is just another character. Other versions of `awk' may not be able to match the NUL character. -`[...]' +`['...`]' This is called a "bracket expression".(1) It matches any _one_ of the characters that are enclosed in the square brackets. For example, `[MVX]' matches any one of the characters `M', `V', or @@ -3363,7 +3394,7 @@ sequences and that are not listed in the table stand for themselves: square brackets of a bracket expression is given in *note Bracket Expressions::. -`[^ ...]' +`[^'...`]' This is a "complemented bracket expression". The first character after the `[' _must_ be a `^'. It matches any characters _except_ those in the square brackets. For example, `[^awk]' matches any @@ -3379,7 +3410,7 @@ sequences and that are not listed in the table stand for themselves: The alternation applies to the largest possible regexps on either side. -`(...)' +`('...`)' Parentheses are used for grouping in regular expressions, as in arithmetic. They can be used to concatenate regular expressions containing the alternation operator, `|'. For example, @@ -3406,8 +3437,8 @@ sequences and that are not listed in the table stand for themselves: This symbol is similar to `*', except that the preceding expression must be matched at least once. This means that `wh+y' would match `why' and `whhy', but not `wy', whereas `wh*y' would - match all three of these strings. The following is a simpler way - of writing the last `*' example: + match all three. The following is a simpler way of writing the + last `*' example: awk '/\(c[ad]+r x\)/ { print }' sample @@ -3416,9 +3447,9 @@ sequences and that are not listed in the table stand for themselves: expression can be matched either once or not at all. For example, `fe?d' matches `fed' and `fd', but nothing else. -`{N}' -`{N,}' -`{N,M}' +`{'N`}' +`{'N`,}' +`{'N`,'M`}' One or two numbers inside braces denote an "interval expression". If there is one number in the braces, the preceding regexp is repeated N times. If there are two numbers separated by a comma, @@ -3698,7 +3729,9 @@ works in any POSIX-compliant `awk'. Another method, specific to `gawk', is to set the variable `IGNORECASE' to a nonzero value (*note Built-in Variables::). When `IGNORECASE' is not zero, _all_ regexp and string operations ignore -case. Changing the value of `IGNORECASE' dynamically controls the +case. + + Changing the value of `IGNORECASE' dynamically controls the case-sensitivity of the program as it runs. Case is significant by default because `IGNORECASE' (like most variables) is initialized to zero: @@ -3721,9 +3754,6 @@ dynamically turn case-sensitivity on or off for all the rules at once. `IGNORECASE' from the command line is a way to make a program case-insensitive without having to edit it. - Both regexp and string comparison operations are affected by -`IGNORECASE'. - In multibyte locales, the equivalences between upper- and lowercase characters are tested based on the wide-character values of the locale's character set. Otherwise, the characters are tested based on @@ -3785,7 +3815,8 @@ The righthand side of a `~' or `!~' operator need not be a regexp constant (i.e., a string of characters between slashes). It may be any expression. The expression is evaluated and converted to a string if necessary; the contents of the string are then used as the regexp. A -regexp computed in this way is called a "dynamic regexp": +regexp computed in this way is called a "dynamic regexp" or a "computed +regexp": BEGIN { digits_regexp = "[[:digit:]]+" } $0 ~ digits_regexp { print } @@ -3833,8 +3864,8 @@ constants," for several reasons: Using `\n' in Bracket Expressions of Dynamic Regexps - Some commercial versions of `awk' do not allow the newline character -to be used inside a bracket expression for a dynamic regexp: + Some versions of `awk' do not allow the newline character to be used +inside a bracket expression for a dynamic regexp: $ awk '$0 ~ "[ \t\n]"' error--> awk: newline in character class [ @@ -4517,7 +4548,7 @@ letter): > { print $2 }' -| a -In this case, the first field is "null" or empty. +In this case, the first field is null, or empty. The stripping of leading and trailing whitespace also comes into play whenever `$0' is recomputed. For instance, study this pipeline: @@ -5993,11 +6024,11 @@ width. Here is a list of the format-control letters: the first byte of a string or to numeric values within the range of a single byte (0-255). -`%d, %i' +`%d', `%i' Print a decimal integer. The two control letters are equivalent. (The `%i' specification is for compatibility with ISO C.) -`%e, %E' +`%e', `%E' Print a number in scientific (exponential) notation; for example: printf "%4.3e\n", 1950 @@ -6028,7 +6059,7 @@ width. Here is a list of the format-control letters: The `%F' format is a POSIX extension to ISO C; not all systems support it. On those that don't, `gawk' uses `%f' instead. -`%g, %G' +`%g', `%G' Print a number in either scientific notation or in floating-point notation, whichever uses fewer characters; if the result is printed in scientific notation, `%G' uses `E' instead of `e'. @@ -6044,7 +6075,7 @@ width. Here is a list of the format-control letters: use, because all numbers in `awk' are floating-point; it is provided primarily for compatibility with C.) -`%x, %X' +`%x', `%X' Print an unsigned hexadecimal integer; `%X' uses the letters `A' through `F' instead of `a' through `f' (*note Nondecimal-numbers::). @@ -8264,7 +8295,7 @@ to avoid the problem the expression can be rewritten as `$($0++)--'. This table presents `awk''s operators, in order of highest to lowest precedence: -`(...)' +`('...`)' Grouping. `$' @@ -8285,7 +8316,7 @@ precedence: `+ -' Addition, subtraction. -`String Concatenation' +String Concatenation There is no special symbol for concatenation. The operands are simply written side by side (*note Concatenation::). @@ -9684,7 +9715,7 @@ automatically on certain occasions in order to provide information to your program. The variables that are specific to `gawk' are marked with a pound sign (`#'). -`ARGC, ARGV' +`ARGC', `ARGV' The command-line arguments available to `awk' programs are stored in an array called `ARGV'. `ARGC' is the number of command-line arguments present. *Note Other Arguments::. Unlike most `awk' @@ -9713,7 +9744,7 @@ with a pound sign (`#'). are any of `awk''s command-line options. *Note ARGC and ARGV::, for information about how `awk' uses these variables. (d.c.) -`ARGIND #' +`ARGIND' # The index in `ARGV' of the current file being processed. Every time `gawk' opens a new data file for processing, it sets `ARGIND' to the index in `ARGV' of the file name. When `gawk' is @@ -9746,7 +9777,7 @@ with a pound sign (`#'). `ENVIRON["AWKPATH"]', *note AWKPATH Variable:: and `ENVIRON["AWKLIBPATH"]', *note AWKLIBPATH Variable::). -`ERRNO #' +`ERRNO' # If a system error occurs during a redirection for `getline', during a read for `getline', or during a `close()' operation, then `ERRNO' contains a string describing the error. @@ -9792,7 +9823,7 @@ with a pound sign (`#'). create or remove fields from the current record. *Note Changing Fields::. -`FUNCTAB #' +`FUNCTAB' # An array whose indices and corresponding values are the names of all the user-defined or extension functions in the program. @@ -9806,7 +9837,7 @@ with a pound sign (`#'). beginning of the program's execution (*note Records::). `NR' is incremented each time a new record is read. -`PROCINFO #' +`PROCINFO' # The elements of this array provide access to information about the running `awk' program. The following elements (listed alphabetically) are guaranteed to be available: @@ -9939,7 +9970,7 @@ with a pound sign (`#'). of the string where the matched substring starts, or zero if no match was found. -`RT #' +`RT' # This is set each time a record is read. It contains the input text that matched the text denoted by `RS', the record separator. @@ -9947,7 +9978,7 @@ with a pound sign (`#'). implementations, or if `gawk' is in compatibility mode (*note Options::), it is not special. -`SYMTAB #' +`SYMTAB' # An array whose indices are the names of all currently defined global variables and arrays in the program. The array may be used for indirect access to read or write the value of a variable: @@ -11195,7 +11226,7 @@ brackets ([ ]): Return the positive square root of X. `gawk' prints a warning message if X is negative. Thus, `sqrt(4)' is 2. -`srand([X])' +`srand('[X]`)' Set the starting point, or seed, for generating random numbers to the value X. @@ -11262,8 +11293,8 @@ pound sign (`#'): `&' with `sub()', `gsub()', and `gensub()'. -`asort(SOURCE [, DEST [, HOW ] ]) #' -`asorti(SOURCE [, DEST [, HOW ] ]) #' +`asort('SOURCE [`,' DEST [`,' HOW ] ]`)' # +`asorti('SOURCE [`,' DEST [`,' HOW ] ]`)' # These two functions are similar in behavior, so they are described together. @@ -11313,7 +11344,7 @@ pound sign (`#'): `asort()' and `asorti()' are `gawk' extensions; they are not available in compatibility mode (*note Options::). -`gensub(REGEXP, REPLACEMENT, HOW [, TARGET]) #' +`gensub(REGEXP, REPLACEMENT, HOW' [`, TARGET']`)' # Search the target string TARGET for matches of the regular expression REGEXP. If HOW is a string beginning with `g' or `G' (short for "global"), then replace all matches of REGEXP with @@ -11366,7 +11397,7 @@ pound sign (`#'): `gensub()' is a `gawk' extension; it is not available in compatibility mode (*note Options::). -`gsub(REGEXP, REPLACEMENT [, TARGET])' +`gsub(REGEXP, REPLACEMENT' [`, TARGET']`)' Search TARGET for _all_ of the longest, leftmost, _nonoverlapping_ matching substrings it can find and replace them with REPLACEMENT. The `g' in `gsub()' stands for "global," which means replace @@ -11395,7 +11426,7 @@ pound sign (`#'): It is a fatal error to use a regexp constant for FIND. -`length([STRING])' +`length('[STRING]`)' Return the number of characters in STRING. If STRING is a number, the length of the digit string representing that number is returned. For example, `length("abcde")' is five. By contrast, @@ -11435,7 +11466,7 @@ pound sign (`#'): array argument is not portable. If `--posix' is supplied, using an array argument is a fatal error (*note Arrays::). -`match(STRING, REGEXP [, ARRAY])' +`match(STRING, REGEXP' [`, ARRAY']`)' Search STRING for the longest, leftmost substring matched by the regular expression, REGEXP and return the character position, or "index", at which that substring begins (one, if it starts at the @@ -11522,7 +11553,7 @@ pound sign (`#'): compatibility mode (*note Options::), using a third argument is a fatal error. -`patsplit(STRING, ARRAY [, FIELDPAT [, SEPS ] ]) #' +`patsplit(STRING, ARRAY' [`, FIELDPAT' [`, SEPS' ] ]`)' # Divide STRING into pieces defined by FIELDPAT and store the pieces in ARRAY and the separator strings in the SEPS array. The first piece is stored in `ARRAY[1]', the second piece in `ARRAY[2]', and @@ -11544,7 +11575,7 @@ pound sign (`#'): The `patsplit()' function is a `gawk' extension. In compatibility mode (*note Options::), it is not available. -`split(STRING, ARRAY [, FIELDSEP [, SEPS ] ])' +`split(STRING, ARRAY' [`, FIELDSEP' [`, SEPS' ] ]`)' Divide STRING into pieces separated by FIELDSEP and store the pieces in ARRAY and the separator strings in the SEPS array. The first piece is stored in `ARRAY[1]', the second piece in @@ -11617,7 +11648,7 @@ pound sign (`#'): assigns the string `pi = 3.14 (approx.)' to the variable `pival'. -`strtonum(STR) #' +`strtonum(STR)' # Examine STR and return its numeric value. If STR begins with a leading `0', `strtonum()' assumes that STR is an octal number. If STR begins with a leading `0x' or `0X', `strtonum()' assumes that @@ -11637,7 +11668,7 @@ pound sign (`#'): `strtonum()' is a `gawk' extension; it is not available in compatibility mode (*note Options::). -`sub(REGEXP, REPLACEMENT [, TARGET])' +`sub(REGEXP, REPLACEMENT' [`, TARGET']`)' Search TARGET, which is treated as a string, for the leftmost, longest substring matched by the regular expression REGEXP. Modify the entire string by replacing the matched text with @@ -11710,7 +11741,7 @@ pound sign (`#'): into a string, and then the value of that string is treated as the regexp to match. -`substr(STRING, START [, LENGTH])' +`substr(STRING, START' [`, LENGTH' ]`)' Return a LENGTH-character-long substring of STRING, starting at character number START. The first character of a string is character number one.(3) For example, `substr("washington", 5, 3)' @@ -11967,7 +11998,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: I/O Functions, Next: Time Functions, Prev: String Func The following functions relate to input/output (I/O). Optional parameters are enclosed in square brackets ([ ]): -`close(FILENAME [, HOW])' +`close('FILENAME [`,' HOW]`)' Close the file FILENAME for input or output. Alternatively, the argument may be a shell command that was used for creating a coprocess, or for redirecting to or from a pipe; then the @@ -11982,7 +12013,7 @@ parameters are enclosed in square brackets ([ ]): not matter. *Note Two-way I/O::, which discusses this feature in more detail and gives an example. -`fflush([FILENAME])' +`fflush('[FILENAME]`)' Flush any buffered output associated with FILENAME, which is either a file opened for writing or a shell command for redirecting output to a pipe or coprocess. @@ -12189,7 +12220,7 @@ enclosed in square brackets ([ ]): If DATESPEC does not contain enough elements or if the resulting time is out of range, `mktime()' returns -1. -`strftime([FORMAT [, TIMESTAMP [, UTC-FLAG]]])' +``strftime(' [FORMAT [`,' TIMESTAMP [`,' UTC-FLAG ]]]`)'' Format the time specified by TIMESTAMP based on the contents of the FORMAT string and return the result. It is similar to the function of the same name in ISO C. If UTC-FLAG is present and is @@ -12507,23 +12538,23 @@ again with `10111001' and shift it left by three bits, you end up with `11001000'. `gawk' provides built-in functions that implement the bitwise operations just described. They are: -`and(V1, V2 [, ...])' +``and(V1, V2' [`,' ...]`)'' Return the bitwise AND of the arguments. There must be at least two. -`compl(VAL)' +``compl(VAL)'' Return the bitwise complement of VAL. -`lshift(VAL, COUNT)' +``lshift(VAL, COUNT)'' Return the value of VAL, shifted left by COUNT bits. -`or(V1, V2 [, ...])' +``or(V1, V2' [`,' ...]`)'' Return the bitwise OR of the arguments. There must be at least two. -`rshift(VAL, COUNT)' +``rshift(VAL, COUNT)'' Return the value of VAL, shifted right by COUNT bits. -`xor(V1, V2 [, ...])' +``xor(V1, V2' [`,' ...]`)'' Return the bitwise XOR of the arguments. There must be at least two. @@ -12639,7 +12670,7 @@ descriptions here are purposely brief. *Note Internationalization::, for the full story. Optional parameters are enclosed in square brackets ([ ]): -`bindtextdomain(DIRECTORY [, DOMAIN])' +``bindtextdomain(DIRECTORY' [`,' DOMAIN ]`)'' Set the directory in which `gawk' will look for message translation files, in case they will not or cannot be placed in the "standard" locations (e.g., during testing). It returns the @@ -12649,13 +12680,13 @@ brackets ([ ]): the null string (`""'), then `bindtextdomain()' returns the current binding for the given DOMAIN. -`dcgettext(STRING [, DOMAIN [, CATEGORY]])' +``dcgettext(STRING' [`,' DOMAIN [`,' CATEGORY ]]`)'' Return the translation of STRING in text domain DOMAIN for locale category CATEGORY. The default value for DOMAIN is the current value of `TEXTDOMAIN'. The default value for CATEGORY is `"LC_MESSAGES"'. -`dcngettext(STRING1, STRING2, NUMBER [, DOMAIN [, CATEGORY]])' +``dcngettext(STRING1, STRING2, NUMBER' [`,' DOMAIN [`,' CATEGORY ]]`)'' Return the plural form used for NUMBER of the translation of STRING1 and STRING2 in text domain DOMAIN for locale category CATEGORY. STRING1 is the English singular variant of a message, @@ -17577,10 +17608,10 @@ are several cases of interest: programming trick. Don't worry about it if you are not familiar with `sh'.) -`-v, -F' +`-v', `-F' These are saved and passed on to `gawk'. -`-f, --file, --file=, -Wfile=' +`-f', `--file', `--file=', `-Wfile=' The file name is appended to the shell variable `program' with an `@include' statement. The `expr' utility is used to remove the leading option part of the argument (e.g., `--file='). (Typical @@ -17589,10 +17620,10 @@ are several cases of interest: sequences in their arguments, possibly mangling the program text. Using `expr' avoids this problem.) -`--source, --source=, -Wsource=' +`--source', `--source=', `-Wsource=' The source text is appended to `program'. -`--version, -Wversion' +`--version', `-Wversion' `igawk' prints its version number, runs `gawk --version' to get the `gawk' version information, and then exits. @@ -19067,7 +19098,7 @@ internationalization: for translation at runtime. String constants without a leading underscore are not translated. -`dcgettext(STRING [, DOMAIN [, CATEGORY]])' +``dcgettext(STRING' [`,' DOMAIN [`,' CATEGORY ]]`)'' Return the translation of STRING in text domain DOMAIN for locale category CATEGORY. The default value for DOMAIN is the current value of `TEXTDOMAIN'. The default value for CATEGORY is @@ -19084,7 +19115,7 @@ internationalization: be simple and to allow for reasonable `awk'-style default arguments. -`dcngettext(STRING1, STRING2, NUMBER [, DOMAIN [, CATEGORY]])' +``dcngettext(STRING1, STRING2, NUMBER' [`,' DOMAIN [`,' CATEGORY ]]`)'' Return the plural form used for NUMBER of the translation of STRING1 and STRING2 in text domain DOMAIN for locale category CATEGORY. STRING1 is the English singular variant of a message, @@ -19095,7 +19126,7 @@ internationalization: The same remarks about argument order as for the `dcgettext()' function apply. -`bindtextdomain(DIRECTORY [, DOMAIN])' +``bindtextdomain(DIRECTORY' [`,' DOMAIN ]`)'' Change the directory in which `gettext' looks for `.gmo' files, in case they will not or cannot be placed in the standard locations (e.g., during testing). Return the directory in which DOMAIN is @@ -20276,16 +20307,16 @@ from a file. The commands are: `prompt' The debugger prompt. The default is `gawk> '. - `save_history [on | off]' + `save_history' [`on' | `off'] Save command history to file `./.gawk_history'. The default is `on'. - `save_options [on | off]' + `save_options' [`on' | `off'] Save current options to file `./.gawkrc' upon exit. The default is `on'. Options are read back in to the next session upon startup. - `trace [on | off]' + `trace' [`on' | `off'] Turn instruction tracing on or off. The default is `off'. `save' FILENAME @@ -20414,7 +20445,7 @@ categories, as follows: accidentally type `q' or `quit', to make sure you really want to quit. -`trace' `on' | `off' +`trace' [`on' | `off'] Turn on or off a continuous printing of instructions which are about to be executed, along with printing the `awk' line which they implement. The default is `off'. @@ -24281,8 +24312,8 @@ create a GNU/Linux shared library: } The `AWKLIBPATH' environment variable tells `gawk' where to find -shared libraries (*note Finding Extensions::). We set it to the -current directory and run the program: +extensions (*note Finding Extensions::). We set it to the current +directory and run the program: $ AWKLIBPATH=$PWD gawk -f testff.awk -| /tmp @@ -24355,7 +24386,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Sample File Functions, Next: Extension Sample The `filefuncs' extension provides three different functions, as follows: The usage is: -`@load "filefuncs"' +@load "filefuncs" This is how you load the extension. `result = chdir("/some/directory")' @@ -24364,7 +24395,7 @@ follows: The usage is: success or less than zero upon error. In the latter case it updates `ERRNO'. -`result = stat("/some/path", statdata [, follow])' +`result = stat("/some/path", statdata' [`, follow']`)' The `stat()' function provides a hook into the `stat()' system call. It returns zero upon success or less than zero upon error. In the latter case it updates `ERRNO'. @@ -30049,8 +30080,8 @@ Index * ! (exclamation point), !~ operator <6>: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) * ! (exclamation point), !~ operator: Regexp Usage. (line 19) * " (double quote) in shell commands: Read Terminal. (line 25) -* " (double quote), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 28) -* " (double quote), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 37) +* " (double quote), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 29) +* " (double quote), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 54) * # (number sign), #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. (line 6) * # (number sign), commenting: Comments. (line 6) @@ -30068,15 +30099,15 @@ Index (line 6) * ' (single quote): One-shot. (line 15) * ' (single quote) in gawk command lines: Long. (line 33) -* ' (single quote), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 31) +* ' (single quote), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 48) * ' (single quote), vs. apostrophe: Comments. (line 27) -* ' (single quote), with double quotes: Quoting. (line 53) +* ' (single quote), with double quotes: Quoting. (line 70) * () (parentheses), in a profile: Profiling. (line 146) -* () (parentheses), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 79) +* () (parentheses), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 80) * * (asterisk), * operator, as multiplication operator: Precedence. (line 55) * * (asterisk), * operator, as regexp operator: Regexp Operators. - (line 87) + (line 88) * * (asterisk), * operator, null strings, matching: Gory Details. (line 164) * * (asterisk), ** operator <1>: Precedence. (line 49) @@ -30090,7 +30121,7 @@ Index * + (plus sign), ++ operator: Increment Ops. (line 11) * + (plus sign), += operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * + (plus sign), += operator: Assignment Ops. (line 82) -* + (plus sign), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 102) +* + (plus sign), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 103) * , (comma), in range patterns: Ranges. (line 6) * - (hyphen), - operator: Precedence. (line 52) * - (hyphen), -- operator <1>: Precedence. (line 46) @@ -30100,7 +30131,7 @@ Index * - (hyphen), filenames beginning with: Options. (line 59) * - (hyphen), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17) * --assign option: Options. (line 32) -* --bignum option: Options. (line 201) +* --bignum option: Options. (line 205) * --characters-as-bytes option: Options. (line 68) * --copyright option: Options. (line 88) * --debug option: Options. (line 108) @@ -30120,22 +30151,22 @@ Index * --gen-pot option: Options. (line 147) * --help option: Options. (line 154) * --include option: Options. (line 159) -* --lint option <1>: Options. (line 182) +* --lint option <1>: Options. (line 185) * --lint option: Command Line. (line 20) -* --lint-old option: Options. (line 288) +* --lint-old option: Options. (line 295) * --load option: Options. (line 173) * --non-decimal-data option <1>: Nondecimal Data. (line 6) -* --non-decimal-data option: Options. (line 207) +* --non-decimal-data option: Options. (line 211) * --non-decimal-data option, strtonum() function and: Nondecimal Data. (line 36) -* --optimize option: Options. (line 228) -* --posix option: Options. (line 247) -* --posix option, --traditional option and: Options. (line 266) -* --pretty-print option: Options. (line 220) +* --optimize option: Options. (line 237) +* --posix option: Options. (line 254) +* --posix option, --traditional option and: Options. (line 273) +* --pretty-print option: Options. (line 224) * --profile option <1>: Profiling. (line 12) -* --profile option: Options. (line 235) -* --re-interval option: Options. (line 272) -* --sandbox option: Options. (line 279) +* --profile option: Options. (line 242) +* --re-interval option: Options. (line 279) +* --sandbox option: Options. (line 286) * --sandbox option, disabling system() function: I/O Functions. (line 94) * --sandbox option, input redirection with getline: Getline. (line 19) @@ -30143,9 +30174,9 @@ Index (line 6) * --source option: Options. (line 117) * --traditional option: Options. (line 81) -* --traditional option, --posix option and: Options. (line 266) -* --use-lc-numeric option: Options. (line 215) -* --version option: Options. (line 293) +* --traditional option, --posix option and: Options. (line 273) +* --use-lc-numeric option: Options. (line 219) +* --version option: Options. (line 300) * --with-whiny-user-strftime configuration option: Additional Configuration Options. (line 35) * -b option: Options. (line 68) @@ -30158,29 +30189,29 @@ Index * -f option: Options. (line 25) * -F option: Options. (line 21) * -f option: Long. (line 12) -* -F option, -Ft sets FS to TAB: Options. (line 301) +* -F option, -Ft sets FS to TAB: Options. (line 308) * -F option, command line: Command Line Field Separator. (line 6) -* -f option, multiple uses: Options. (line 306) +* -f option, multiple uses: Options. (line 313) * -g option: Options. (line 147) * -h option: Options. (line 154) * -i option: Options. (line 159) -* -L option: Options. (line 288) +* -L option: Options. (line 295) * -l option: Options. (line 173) -* -M option: Options. (line 201) -* -N option: Options. (line 215) -* -n option: Options. (line 207) -* -O option: Options. (line 228) -* -o option: Options. (line 220) -* -P option: Options. (line 247) -* -p option: Options. (line 235) -* -r option: Options. (line 272) -* -S option: Options. (line 279) +* -M option: Options. (line 205) +* -N option: Options. (line 219) +* -n option: Options. (line 211) +* -O option: Options. (line 237) +* -o option: Options. (line 224) +* -P option: Options. (line 254) +* -p option: Options. (line 242) +* -r option: Options. (line 279) +* -S option: Options. (line 286) * -v option: Assignment Options. (line 12) -* -V option: Options. (line 293) +* -V option: Options. (line 300) * -v option: Options. (line 32) * -W option: Options. (line 46) -* . (period), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 43) +* . (period), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 44) * .gmo files: Explaining gettext. (line 41) * .gmo files, converting from .po: I18N Example. (line 62) * .gmo files, specifying directory of <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 47) @@ -30232,8 +30263,8 @@ Index * ? (question mark), ?: operator: Precedence. (line 92) * ? (question mark), regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 59) -* ? (question mark), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 111) -* [] (square brackets), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 55) +* ? (question mark), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 112) +* [] (square brackets), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 56) * \ (backslash): Comments. (line 50) * \ (backslash) in shell commands: Read Terminal. (line 25) * \ (backslash), \" escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 76) @@ -30281,8 +30312,8 @@ Index * \ (backslash), in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 6) * \ (backslash), in escape sequences, POSIX and: Escape Sequences. (line 112) -* \ (backslash), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 28) -* \ (backslash), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 31) +* \ (backslash), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 29) +* \ (backslash), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 48) * \ (backslash), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 18) * ^ (caret), ^ operator: Precedence. (line 49) * ^ (caret), ^= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) @@ -30436,7 +30467,7 @@ Index * asterisk (*), * operator, as multiplication operator: Precedence. (line 55) * asterisk (*), * operator, as regexp operator: Regexp Operators. - (line 87) + (line 88) * asterisk (*), * operator, null strings, matching: Gory Details. (line 164) * asterisk (*), ** operator <1>: Precedence. (line 49) @@ -30450,7 +30481,7 @@ Index * awf (amazingly workable formatter) program: Glossary. (line 25) * awk debugging, enabling: Options. (line 108) * awk language, POSIX version: Assignment Ops. (line 136) -* awk profiling, enabling: Options. (line 235) +* awk profiling, enabling: Options. (line 242) * awk programs <1>: Two Rules. (line 6) * awk programs <2>: Executable Scripts. (line 6) * awk programs: Getting Started. (line 12) @@ -30555,8 +30586,8 @@ Index * backslash (\), in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 6) * backslash (\), in escape sequences, POSIX and: Escape Sequences. (line 112) -* backslash (\), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 28) -* backslash (\), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 31) +* backslash (\), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 29) +* backslash (\), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 48) * backslash (\), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 18) * backtrace debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 13) * Beebe, Nelson H.F. <1>: Other Versions. (line 78) @@ -30617,14 +30648,14 @@ Index * braces ({}), actions and: Action Overview. (line 19) * braces ({}), statements, grouping: Statements. (line 10) * bracket expressions <1>: Bracket Expressions. (line 6) -* bracket expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 55) +* bracket expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 56) * bracket expressions, character classes: Bracket Expressions. (line 30) * bracket expressions, collating elements: Bracket Expressions. (line 69) * bracket expressions, collating symbols: Bracket Expressions. (line 76) -* bracket expressions, complemented: Regexp Operators. (line 63) +* bracket expressions, complemented: Regexp Operators. (line 64) * bracket expressions, equivalence classes: Bracket Expressions. (line 82) * bracket expressions, non-ASCII: Bracket Expressions. (line 69) @@ -30665,6 +30696,7 @@ Index * Brian Kernighan's awk, extensions: BTL. (line 6) * Brian Kernighan's awk, source code: Other Versions. (line 13) * Brini, Davide: Signature Program. (line 6) +* Brink, Jeroen: DOS Quoting. (line 10) * Broder, Alan J.: Contributors. (line 88) * Brown, Martin: Contributors. (line 82) * BSD-based operating systems: Glossary. (line 616) @@ -30710,14 +30742,14 @@ Index * CGI, awk scripts for: Options. (line 125) * changing precision of a number: Changing Precision. (line 6) * character classes, See bracket expressions: Regexp Operators. - (line 55) + (line 56) * character lists in regular expression: Bracket Expressions. (line 6) -* character lists, See bracket expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 55) +* character lists, See bracket expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 56) * character sets (machine character encodings) <1>: Glossary. (line 133) * character sets (machine character encodings): Ordinal Functions. (line 45) * character sets, See Also bracket expressions: Regexp Operators. - (line 55) + (line 56) * characters, counting: Wc Program. (line 6) * characters, transliterating: Translate Program. (line 6) * characters, values of as numbers: Ordinal Functions. (line 6) @@ -30861,7 +30893,7 @@ Index * cosine: Numeric Functions. (line 15) * counting: Wc Program. (line 6) * csh utility: Statements/Lines. (line 44) -* csh utility, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 348) +* csh utility, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 355) * csh utility, |& operator, comparison with: Two-way I/O. (line 44) * ctime() user-defined function: Function Example. (line 73) * currency symbols, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 103) @@ -31043,7 +31075,7 @@ Index * debugger, read commands from a file: Debugger Info. (line 96) * debugging awk programs: Debugger. (line 6) * debugging gawk, bug reports: Bugs. (line 9) -* decimal point character, locale specific: Options. (line 263) +* decimal point character, locale specific: Options. (line 270) * decrement operators: Increment Ops. (line 35) * default keyword: Switch Statement. (line 6) * Deifik, Scott <1>: Bugs. (line 70) @@ -31132,7 +31164,7 @@ Index * directories, command line: Command line directories. (line 6) * directories, searching: Igawk Program. (line 368) -* directories, searching for shared libraries: AWKLIBPATH Variable. +* directories, searching for loadable extensions: AWKLIBPATH Variable. (line 6) * directories, searching for source files: AWKPATH Variable. (line 6) * disable breakpoint: Breakpoint Control. (line 69) @@ -31153,8 +31185,8 @@ Index * dollar sign ($), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 35) * double precision floating-point: General Arithmetic. (line 21) * double quote (") in shell commands: Read Terminal. (line 25) -* double quote ("), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 28) -* double quote ("), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 37) +* double quote ("), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 29) +* double quote ("), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 54) * down debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 21) * Drepper, Ulrich: Acknowledgments. (line 52) * dump all variables of a program: Options. (line 93) @@ -31470,7 +31502,7 @@ Index * FS variable, --field-separator option and: Options. (line 21) * FS variable, as null string: Single Character Fields. (line 20) -* FS variable, as TAB character: Options. (line 259) +* FS variable, as TAB character: Options. (line 266) * FS variable, changing value of: Field Separators. (line 35) * FS variable, running awk programs and: Cut Program. (line 68) * FS variable, setting from command line: Command Line Field Separator. @@ -31560,7 +31592,7 @@ Index (line 138) * gawk, ERRNO variable in: Getline. (line 19) * gawk, escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 124) -* gawk, extensions, disabling: Options. (line 247) +* gawk, extensions, disabling: Options. (line 254) * gawk, features, adding: Adding Code. (line 6) * gawk, features, advanced: Advanced Features. (line 6) * gawk, field separators and: User-modified. (line 77) @@ -31591,7 +31623,7 @@ Index (line 13) * gawk, interpreter, adding code to: Using Internal File Ops. (line 6) -* gawk, interval expressions and: Regexp Operators. (line 139) +* gawk, interval expressions and: Regexp Operators. (line 140) * gawk, line continuation in: Conditional Exp. (line 34) * gawk, LINT variable in: User-modified. (line 98) * gawk, list of contributors to: Contributors. (line 6) @@ -31609,7 +31641,7 @@ Index (line 26) * gawk, regular expressions, operators: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 6) -* gawk, regular expressions, precedence: Regexp Operators. (line 161) +* gawk, regular expressions, precedence: Regexp Operators. (line 162) * gawk, RT variable in <1>: Auto-set. (line 266) * gawk, RT variable in <2>: Multiple Line. (line 129) * gawk, RT variable in: Records. (line 132) @@ -31621,7 +31653,7 @@ Index * gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable in: User-modified. (line 162) * gawk, timestamps: Time Functions. (line 6) * gawk, uses for: Preface. (line 36) -* gawk, versions of, information about, printing: Options. (line 293) +* gawk, versions of, information about, printing: Options. (line 300) * gawk, VMS version of: VMS Installation. (line 6) * gawk, word-boundary operator: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 63) @@ -31722,7 +31754,7 @@ Index * help debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 66) * hexadecimal numbers: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 6) -* hexadecimal values, enabling interpretation of: Options. (line 207) +* hexadecimal values, enabling interpretation of: Options. (line 211) * history expansion, in debugger: Readline Support. (line 6) * histsort.awk program: History Sorting. (line 25) * Hughes, Phil: Acknowledgments. (line 43) @@ -31832,7 +31864,7 @@ Index * internationalizing a program: Explaining gettext. (line 6) * interpreted programs <1>: Glossary. (line 357) * interpreted programs: Basic High Level. (line 15) -* interval expressions, regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 116) +* interval expressions, regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 117) * inventory-shipped file: Sample Data Files. (line 32) * invoke shell command: I/O Functions. (line 72) * isarray: Type Functions. (line 11) @@ -31935,9 +31967,9 @@ Index * lint checking, array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 43) * lint checking, empty programs: Command Line. (line 16) -* lint checking, issuing warnings: Options. (line 182) +* lint checking, issuing warnings: Options. (line 185) * lint checking, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. - (line 332) + (line 340) * lint checking, undefined functions: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 88) * LINT variable: User-modified. (line 98) @@ -31948,10 +31980,10 @@ Index * list debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 72) * list function definitions, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 30) -* loading, library: Options. (line 173) +* loading, extensions: Options. (line 173) * local variables, in a function: Variable Scope. (line 6) * locale categories: Explaining gettext. (line 80) -* locale decimal point character: Options. (line 263) +* locale decimal point character: Options. (line 270) * locale, definition of: Locales. (line 6) * localization: I18N and L10N. (line 6) * localization, See internationalization, localization: I18N and L10N. @@ -32035,13 +32067,13 @@ Index * networks, programming: TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * networks, support for: Special Network. (line 6) * newlines <1>: Boolean Ops. (line 67) -* newlines <2>: Options. (line 253) +* newlines <2>: Options. (line 260) * newlines: Statements/Lines. (line 6) * newlines, as field separators: Default Field Splitting. (line 6) * newlines, as record separators: Records. (line 20) -* newlines, in dynamic regexps: Computed Regexps. (line 58) -* newlines, in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 68) +* newlines, in dynamic regexps: Computed Regexps. (line 59) +* newlines, in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 69) * newlines, printing: Print Examples. (line 12) * newlines, separating statements in actions <1>: Statements. (line 10) * newlines, separating statements in actions: Action Overview. @@ -32081,7 +32113,7 @@ Index * null strings <3>: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 43) * null strings: Records. (line 122) -* null strings in gawk arguments, quoting and: Quoting. (line 62) +* null strings in gawk arguments, quoting and: Quoting. (line 79) * null strings, and deleting array elements: Delete. (line 27) * null strings, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 43) @@ -32112,7 +32144,7 @@ Index * oawk utility: Names. (line 10) * obsolete features: Obsolete. (line 6) * octal numbers: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 6) -* octal values, enabling interpretation of: Options. (line 207) +* octal values, enabling interpretation of: Options. (line 211) * OFMT variable <1>: User-modified. (line 115) * OFMT variable <2>: Conversion. (line 55) * OFMT variable: OFMT. (line 15) @@ -32192,7 +32224,7 @@ Index * P1003.1 POSIX standard: Glossary. (line 454) * parent process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 186) * parentheses (), in a profile: Profiling. (line 146) -* parentheses (), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 79) +* parentheses (), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 80) * password file: Passwd Functions. (line 16) * patsplit: String Functions. (line 291) * patterns: Patterns and Actions. @@ -32213,7 +32245,7 @@ Index * percent sign (%), % operator: Precedence. (line 55) * percent sign (%), %= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * percent sign (%), %= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) -* period (.), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 43) +* period (.), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 44) * Perl: Future Extensions. (line 6) * Peters, Arno: Contributors. (line 85) * Peterson, Hal: Contributors. (line 39) @@ -32230,7 +32262,7 @@ Index * plus sign (+), ++ operator: Increment Ops. (line 11) * plus sign (+), += operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) * plus sign (+), += operator: Assignment Ops. (line 82) -* plus sign (+), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 102) +* plus sign (+), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 103) * pointers to functions: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * portability: Escape Sequences. (line 94) * portability, #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. (line 33) @@ -32256,7 +32288,7 @@ Index * portability, NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 115) * portability, operators: Increment Ops. (line 60) * portability, operators, not in POSIX awk: Precedence. (line 98) -* portability, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 353) +* portability, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 360) * portability, substr() function: String Functions. (line 510) * portable object files <1>: Translator i18n. (line 6) * portable object files: Explaining gettext. (line 36) @@ -32296,26 +32328,26 @@ Index * POSIX awk, functions and, gsub()/sub(): Gory Details. (line 54) * POSIX awk, functions and, length(): String Functions. (line 173) * POSIX awk, GNU long options and: Options. (line 15) -* POSIX awk, interval expressions in: Regexp Operators. (line 135) +* POSIX awk, interval expressions in: Regexp Operators. (line 136) * POSIX awk, next/nextfile statements and: Next Statement. (line 45) * POSIX awk, numeric strings and: Variable Typing. (line 6) * POSIX awk, OFMT variable and <1>: Conversion. (line 55) * POSIX awk, OFMT variable and: OFMT. (line 27) -* POSIX awk, period (.), using: Regexp Operators. (line 50) +* POSIX awk, period (.), using: Regexp Operators. (line 51) * POSIX awk, printf format strings and: Format Modifiers. (line 159) -* POSIX awk, regular expressions and: Regexp Operators. (line 161) +* POSIX awk, regular expressions and: Regexp Operators. (line 162) * POSIX awk, timestamps and: Time Functions. (line 6) * POSIX awk, | I/O operator and: Getline/Pipe. (line 55) -* POSIX mode: Options. (line 247) +* POSIX mode: Options. (line 254) * POSIX, awk and: Preface. (line 23) * POSIX, gawk extensions not included in: POSIX/GNU. (line 6) * POSIX, programs, implementing in awk: Clones. (line 6) -* POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 332) +* POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 340) * PREC variable <1>: Setting Precision. (line 6) * PREC variable: User-modified. (line 134) * precedence <1>: Precedence. (line 6) * precedence: Increment Ops. (line 60) -* precedence, regexp operators: Regexp Operators. (line 156) +* precedence, regexp operators: Regexp Operators. (line 157) * print debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 36) * print statement: Printing. (line 16) @@ -32403,13 +32435,13 @@ Index * question mark (?), ?: operator: Precedence. (line 92) * question mark (?), regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 59) -* question mark (?), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 111) +* question mark (?), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 112) * QuikTrim Awk: Other Versions. (line 134) * quit debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 99) * QUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) * quoting in gawk command lines: Long. (line 26) -* quoting in gawk command lines, tricks for: Quoting. (line 71) +* quoting in gawk command lines, tricks for: Quoting. (line 88) * quoting, for small awk programs: Comments. (line 27) * r debugger command (alias for run): Debugger Execution Control. (line 62) @@ -32467,8 +32499,8 @@ Index * regexp constants, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 34) * regexp constants, in gawk: Using Constant Regexps. (line 28) -* regexp constants, slashes vs. quotes: Computed Regexps. (line 28) -* regexp constants, vs. string constants: Computed Regexps. (line 38) +* regexp constants, slashes vs. quotes: Computed Regexps. (line 29) +* regexp constants, vs. string constants: Computed Regexps. (line 39) * register extension: Registration Functions. (line 6) * regular expressions: Regexp. (line 6) @@ -32486,10 +32518,10 @@ Index (line 57) * regular expressions, dynamic: Computed Regexps. (line 6) * regular expressions, dynamic, with embedded newlines: Computed Regexps. - (line 58) + (line 59) * regular expressions, gawk, command-line options: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 70) -* regular expressions, interval expressions and: Options. (line 272) +* regular expressions, interval expressions and: Options. (line 279) * regular expressions, leftmost longest match: Leftmost Longest. (line 6) * regular expressions, operators <1>: Regexp Operators. (line 6) @@ -32501,7 +32533,7 @@ Index * regular expressions, operators, gawk: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 6) * regular expressions, operators, precedence of: Regexp Operators. - (line 156) + (line 157) * regular expressions, searching for: Egrep Program. (line 6) * relational operators, See comparison operators: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) @@ -32573,7 +32605,7 @@ Index (line 68) * sample debugging session: Sample Debugging Session. (line 6) -* sandbox mode: Options. (line 279) +* sandbox mode: Options. (line 286) * save debugger options: Debugger Info. (line 84) * scalar or array: Type Functions. (line 11) * scalar values: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) @@ -32588,7 +32620,7 @@ Index * search paths <1>: VMS Running. (line 58) * search paths <2>: PC Using. (line 10) * search paths: Igawk Program. (line 368) -* search paths, for shared libraries: AWKLIBPATH Variable. (line 6) +* search paths, for loadable extensions: AWKLIBPATH Variable. (line 6) * search paths, for source files <1>: VMS Running. (line 58) * search paths, for source files <2>: PC Using. (line 10) * search paths, for source files <3>: Igawk Program. (line 368) @@ -32687,7 +32719,7 @@ Index (line 145) * sidebar, Understanding $0: Changing Fields. (line 134) * sidebar, Using \n in Bracket Expressions of Dynamic Regexps: Computed Regexps. - (line 56) + (line 57) * sidebar, Using close()'s Return Value: Close Files And Pipes. (line 128) * SIGHUP signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 211) @@ -32706,9 +32738,9 @@ Index * single precision floating-point: General Arithmetic. (line 21) * single quote ('): One-shot. (line 15) * single quote (') in gawk command lines: Long. (line 33) -* single quote ('), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 31) +* single quote ('), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 48) * single quote ('), vs. apostrophe: Comments. (line 27) -* single quote ('), with double quotes: Quoting. (line 53) +* single quote ('), with double quotes: Quoting. (line 70) * single-character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * single-step execution, in the debugger: Debugger Execution Control. @@ -32754,7 +32786,7 @@ Index * sprintf() function, print/printf statements and: Round Function. (line 6) * sqrt: Numeric Functions. (line 78) -* square brackets ([]), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 55) +* square brackets ([]), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 56) * square root: Numeric Functions. (line 78) * srand: Numeric Functions. (line 82) * stack frame: Debugging Terms. (line 10) @@ -32783,7 +32815,7 @@ Index (line 46) * strftime: Time Functions. (line 48) * string constants: Scalar Constants. (line 15) -* string constants, vs. regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 38) +* string constants, vs. regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 39) * string extraction (internationalization): String Extraction. (line 6) * string length: String Functions. (line 164) @@ -32892,7 +32924,7 @@ Index * translate string: I18N Functions. (line 22) * translate.awk program: Translate Program. (line 55) * treating files, as single records: Records. (line 219) -* troubleshooting, --non-decimal-data option: Options. (line 207) +* troubleshooting, --non-decimal-data option: Options. (line 211) * troubleshooting, == operator: Comparison Operators. (line 37) * troubleshooting, awk uses FS not IFS: Field Separators. (line 30) @@ -32919,7 +32951,7 @@ Index * troubleshooting, quotes with file names: Special FD. (line 68) * troubleshooting, readable data files: File Checking. (line 6) * troubleshooting, regexp constants vs. string constants: Computed Regexps. - (line 38) + (line 39) * troubleshooting, string concatenation: Concatenation. (line 26) * troubleshooting, substr() function: String Functions. (line 497) * troubleshooting, system() function: I/O Functions. (line 94) @@ -33013,7 +33045,7 @@ Index * version of gawk extension API: Auto-set. (line 229) * version of GNU MP library: Auto-set. (line 215) * version of GNU MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 211) -* vertical bar (|): Regexp Operators. (line 69) +* vertical bar (|): Regexp Operators. (line 70) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O): Getline/Pipe. (line 9) * vertical bar (|), |& operator (I/O) <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 44) @@ -33033,7 +33065,7 @@ Index * Wall, Larry <1>: Future Extensions. (line 6) * Wall, Larry: Array Intro. (line 6) * Wallin, Anders: Contributors. (line 103) -* warnings, issuing: Options. (line 182) +* warnings, issuing: Options. (line 185) * watch debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 67) * watchpoint: Debugging Terms. (line 42) @@ -33046,7 +33078,7 @@ Index * whitespace, as field separators: Default Field Splitting. (line 6) * whitespace, functions, calling: Calling Built-in. (line 10) -* whitespace, newlines as: Options. (line 253) +* whitespace, newlines as: Options. (line 260) * Williams, Kent: Contributors. (line 34) * Woehlke, Matthew: Contributors. (line 79) * Woods, John: Contributors. (line 27) @@ -33075,7 +33107,7 @@ Index * {} (braces): Profiling. (line 142) * {} (braces), actions and: Action Overview. (line 19) * {} (braces), statements, grouping: Statements. (line 10) -* | (vertical bar): Regexp Operators. (line 69) +* | (vertical bar): Regexp Operators. (line 70) * | (vertical bar), | operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * | (vertical bar), | operator (I/O) <2>: Redirection. (line 57) * | (vertical bar), | operator (I/O): Getline/Pipe. (line 9) @@ -33127,502 +33159,502 @@ Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-179661 Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-279763 Node: Comments80310 Node: Quoting82777 -Node: DOS Quoting87400 -Node: Sample Data Files88075 -Node: Very Simple90590 -Node: Two Rules95241 -Node: More Complex97139 -Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1100069 -Node: Statements/Lines100154 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1104617 -Node: Other Features104882 -Node: When105810 -Node: Invoking Gawk107957 -Node: Command Line109420 -Node: Options110203 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1125581 -Node: Other Arguments125606 -Node: Naming Standard Input128264 -Node: Environment Variables129358 -Node: AWKPATH Variable129916 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1132697 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2132742 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable133002 -Node: Other Environment Variables133720 -Node: Exit Status136683 -Node: Include Files137358 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries140927 -Node: Obsolete142291 -Node: Undocumented142988 -Node: Regexp143230 -Node: Regexp Usage144619 -Node: Escape Sequences146644 -Node: Regexp Operators152313 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1159693 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2159840 -Node: Bracket Expressions159938 -Ref: table-char-classes161828 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators164351 -Node: Case-sensitivity168074 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1171042 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2171277 -Node: Leftmost Longest171385 -Node: Computed Regexps172586 -Node: Reading Files175923 -Node: Records177925 -Ref: Records-Footnote-1187448 -Node: Fields187485 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1190441 -Node: Nonconstant Fields190527 -Node: Changing Fields192733 -Node: Field Separators198692 -Node: Default Field Splitting201394 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting202511 -Node: Single Character Fields205853 -Node: Command Line Field Separator206912 -Node: Full Line Fields210254 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1210762 -Node: Field Splitting Summary210808 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1213907 -Node: Constant Size214008 -Node: Splitting By Content218615 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1222364 -Node: Multiple Line222404 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1228251 -Node: Getline228430 -Node: Plain Getline230646 -Node: Getline/Variable232741 -Node: Getline/File233888 -Node: Getline/Variable/File235229 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1236828 -Node: Getline/Pipe236915 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe239614 -Node: Getline/Coprocess240721 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess241973 -Node: Getline Notes242710 -Node: Getline Summary245497 -Ref: table-getline-variants245905 -Node: Read Timeout246817 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1250556 -Node: Command line directories250614 -Node: Printing251244 -Node: Print252875 -Node: Print Examples254212 -Node: Output Separators256996 -Node: OFMT259012 -Node: Printf260370 -Node: Basic Printf261276 -Node: Control Letters262815 -Node: Format Modifiers266627 -Node: Printf Examples272636 -Node: Redirection275348 -Node: Special Files282322 -Node: Special FD282855 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1286480 -Node: Special Network286554 -Node: Special Caveats287404 -Node: Close Files And Pipes288200 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1295183 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2295331 -Node: Expressions295481 -Node: Values296613 -Node: Constants297289 -Node: Scalar Constants297969 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1298828 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers299010 -Node: Regexp Constants302010 -Node: Using Constant Regexps302485 -Node: Variables305540 -Node: Using Variables306195 -Node: Assignment Options307919 -Node: Conversion309794 -Ref: table-locale-affects315294 -Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1315918 -Node: All Operators316027 -Node: Arithmetic Ops316657 -Node: Concatenation319162 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1321950 -Node: Assignment Ops322070 -Ref: table-assign-ops327058 -Node: Increment Ops328389 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions331823 -Node: Truth Values332906 -Node: Typing and Comparison333955 -Node: Variable Typing334748 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1338645 -Node: Comparison Operators338767 -Ref: table-relational-ops339177 -Node: POSIX String Comparison342725 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1343681 -Node: Boolean Ops343819 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1347889 -Node: Conditional Exp347980 -Node: Function Calls349712 -Node: Precedence353306 -Node: Locales356975 -Node: Patterns and Actions358064 -Node: Pattern Overview359118 -Node: Regexp Patterns360787 -Node: Expression Patterns361330 -Node: Ranges365111 -Node: BEGIN/END368215 -Node: Using BEGIN/END368977 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1371713 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END371819 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE374101 -Node: Empty377015 -Node: Using Shell Variables377332 -Node: Action Overview379617 -Node: Statements381974 -Node: If Statement383828 -Node: While Statement385327 -Node: Do Statement387371 -Node: For Statement388527 -Node: Switch Statement391679 -Node: Break Statement393833 -Node: Continue Statement395823 -Node: Next Statement397616 -Node: Nextfile Statement400006 -Node: Exit Statement402661 -Node: Built-in Variables405077 -Node: User-modified406172 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1414530 -Node: Auto-set414592 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1427657 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2427862 -Node: ARGC and ARGV427918 -Node: Arrays431772 -Node: Array Basics433277 -Node: Array Intro434103 -Node: Reference to Elements438420 -Node: Assigning Elements440690 -Node: Array Example441181 -Node: Scanning an Array442913 -Node: Controlling Scanning445227 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1450314 -Node: Delete450630 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1453395 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts453452 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts455635 -Node: Multidimensional457262 -Node: Multiscanning460355 -Node: Arrays of Arrays461944 -Node: Functions466584 -Node: Built-in467403 -Node: Calling Built-in468481 -Node: Numeric Functions470469 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1474301 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2474658 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3474706 -Node: String Functions474975 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1497933 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2498062 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3498310 -Node: Gory Details498397 -Ref: table-sub-escapes500076 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92501430 -Ref: table-sub-proposed502781 -Ref: table-posix-sub504135 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes505680 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1506856 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2506907 -Node: I/O Functions507058 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1514048 -Node: Time Functions514195 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1525178 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2525246 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3525404 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4525515 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5525627 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6525854 -Node: Bitwise Functions526120 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops526682 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1530903 -Node: Type Functions531087 -Node: I18N Functions532238 -Node: User-defined533865 -Node: Definition Syntax534669 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1539583 -Node: Function Example539652 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1542301 -Node: Function Caveats542323 -Node: Calling A Function542841 -Node: Variable Scope543796 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference546759 -Node: Return Statement550267 -Node: Dynamic Typing553248 -Node: Indirect Calls554179 -Node: Library Functions563866 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1567379 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2567522 -Node: Library Names567693 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1571166 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2571386 -Node: General Functions571472 -Node: Strtonum Function572500 -Node: Assert Function575430 -Node: Round Function578756 -Node: Cliff Random Function580297 -Node: Ordinal Functions581313 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1584390 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2584642 -Node: Join Function584853 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1586624 -Node: Getlocaltime Function586824 -Node: Readfile Function590565 -Node: Data File Management592404 -Node: Filetrans Function593036 -Node: Rewind Function597105 -Node: File Checking598492 -Node: Empty Files599586 -Node: Ignoring Assigns601816 -Node: Getopt Function603370 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1614673 -Node: Passwd Functions614876 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1623854 -Node: Group Functions623942 -Node: Walking Arrays632026 -Node: Sample Programs634162 -Node: Running Examples634836 -Node: Clones635564 -Node: Cut Program636788 -Node: Egrep Program646639 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1654412 -Node: Id Program654522 -Node: Split Program658171 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1661690 -Node: Tee Program661818 -Node: Uniq Program664621 -Node: Wc Program672050 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1676316 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2676516 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs676608 -Node: Dupword Program677796 -Node: Alarm Program679827 -Node: Translate Program684634 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1689021 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2689269 -Node: Labels Program689403 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1692774 -Node: Word Sorting692858 -Node: History Sorting696742 -Node: Extract Program698581 -Ref: Extract Program-Footnote-1706084 -Node: Simple Sed706212 -Node: Igawk Program709274 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1724431 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2724632 -Node: Anagram Program724770 -Node: Signature Program727838 -Node: Advanced Features728938 -Node: Nondecimal Data730824 -Node: Array Sorting732407 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal733104 -Node: Array Sorting Functions741388 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1745257 -Node: Two-way I/O745451 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1750883 -Node: TCP/IP Networking750965 -Node: Profiling753809 -Node: Internationalization761312 -Node: I18N and L10N762737 -Node: Explaining gettext763423 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1768491 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2768675 -Node: Programmer i18n768840 -Node: Translator i18n773042 -Node: String Extraction773836 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1774797 -Node: Printf Ordering774883 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1777665 -Node: I18N Portability777729 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1780178 -Node: I18N Example780241 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1782879 -Node: Gawk I18N782951 -Node: Debugger783572 -Node: Debugging784543 -Node: Debugging Concepts784976 -Node: Debugging Terms786832 -Node: Awk Debugging789429 -Node: Sample Debugging Session790321 -Node: Debugger Invocation790841 -Node: Finding The Bug792174 -Node: List of Debugger Commands798661 -Node: Breakpoint Control799995 -Node: Debugger Execution Control803659 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data807019 -Node: Execution Stack810375 -Node: Debugger Info811842 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands815824 -Node: Readline Support821000 -Node: Limitations821831 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic824083 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1825732 -Node: General Arithmetic825880 -Node: Floating Point Issues827600 -Node: String Conversion Precision828481 -Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1830186 -Node: Unexpected Results830295 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems832448 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1836273 -Node: Integer Programming836311 -Node: Floating-point Programming838050 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1844381 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2844651 -Node: Floating-point Representation844915 -Node: Floating-point Context846080 -Ref: table-ieee-formats846919 -Node: Rounding Mode848303 -Ref: table-rounding-modes848782 -Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1851797 -Node: Gawk and MPFR851976 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats853385 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1855828 -Node: Setting Precision856144 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings856830 -Node: Setting Rounding Mode858975 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes859379 -Node: Floating-point Constants860566 -Node: Changing Precision861995 -Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1863392 -Node: Exact Arithmetic863566 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers866704 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1869719 -Node: Dynamic Extensions869866 -Node: Extension Intro871324 -Node: Plugin License872589 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline873274 -Ref: load-extension873691 -Ref: load-new-function875169 -Ref: call-new-function876164 -Node: Extension API Description878179 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction879466 -Node: General Data Types884393 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1890088 -Node: Requesting Values890387 -Ref: table-value-types-returned891124 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions892078 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1894824 -Node: Constructor Functions894920 -Node: Registration Functions896678 -Node: Extension Functions897363 -Node: Exit Callback Functions899665 -Node: Extension Version String900914 -Node: Input Parsers901564 -Node: Output Wrappers911321 -Node: Two-way processors915831 -Node: Printing Messages918039 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1919116 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'919268 -Node: Accessing Parameters920007 -Node: Symbol Table Access921237 -Node: Symbol table by name921751 -Node: Symbol table by cookie923727 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1927859 -Node: Cached values927922 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1931412 -Node: Array Manipulation931503 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1932601 -Node: Array Data Types932640 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1935343 -Node: Array Functions935435 -Node: Flattening Arrays939271 -Node: Creating Arrays946123 -Node: Extension API Variables950848 -Node: Extension Versioning951484 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables953385 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate954471 -Node: Finding Extensions958275 -Node: Extension Example958835 -Node: Internal File Description959565 -Node: Internal File Ops963656 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1975165 -Node: Using Internal File Ops975305 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1977658 -Node: Extension Samples977924 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions979448 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch987933 -Node: Extension Sample Fork989702 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace990915 -Node: Extension Sample Ord992693 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir993529 -Node: Extension Sample Revout995061 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way995654 -Node: 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Testing1065158 -Node: PC Using1066334 -Node: Cygwin1070502 -Node: MSYS1071311 -Node: VMS Installation1071825 -Node: VMS Compilation1072621 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11073873 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1073931 -Node: VMS Installation Details1075304 -Node: VMS Running1077555 -Node: VMS GNV1080389 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1081112 -Node: Bugs1081582 -Node: Other Versions1085500 -Node: Notes1091584 -Node: Compatibility Mode1092384 -Node: Additions1093167 -Node: Accessing The Source1094094 -Node: Adding Code1095534 -Node: New Ports1101579 -Node: Derived Files1105714 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11111035 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21111069 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31111669 -Node: Future Extensions1111767 -Node: Implementation Limitations1112350 -Node: Extension Design1113602 -Node: Old Extension Problems1114756 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11116264 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1116321 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11119686 -Node: Extension Other Design 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AWKLIBPATH Variable134121 +Node: Other Environment Variables134880 +Node: Exit Status138045 +Node: Include Files138720 +Node: Loading Shared Libraries142298 +Node: Obsolete143681 +Node: Undocumented144378 +Node: Regexp144620 +Node: Regexp Usage146009 +Node: Escape Sequences148042 +Node: Regexp Operators153709 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1161189 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2161336 +Node: Bracket Expressions161434 +Ref: table-char-classes163324 +Node: GNU Regexp Operators165847 +Node: Case-sensitivity169570 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1172462 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2172697 +Node: Leftmost Longest172805 +Node: Computed Regexps174006 +Node: Reading Files177355 +Node: Records179357 +Ref: Records-Footnote-1188880 +Node: Fields188917 +Ref: Fields-Footnote-1191873 +Node: Nonconstant Fields191959 +Node: Changing Fields194165 +Node: Field Separators200124 +Node: Default Field Splitting202826 +Node: Regexp Field Splitting203943 +Node: Single Character Fields207284 +Node: 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+Node: Accessing Parameters921613 +Node: Symbol Table Access922843 +Node: Symbol table by name923357 +Node: Symbol table by cookie925333 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1929465 +Node: Cached values929528 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1933018 +Node: Array Manipulation933109 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1934207 +Node: Array Data Types934246 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1936949 +Node: Array Functions937041 +Node: Flattening Arrays940877 +Node: Creating Arrays947729 +Node: Extension API Variables952454 +Node: Extension Versioning953090 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables954991 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate956077 +Node: Finding Extensions959881 +Node: Extension Example960441 +Node: Internal File Description961171 +Node: Internal File Ops965262 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1976771 +Node: Using Internal File Ops976911 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1979258 +Node: Extension Samples979524 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions981048 +Node: Extension Sample 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Installation1053675 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1056121 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1057857 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1060211 +Node: PC Installation1060669 +Node: PC Binary Installation1061968 +Node: PC Compiling1063816 +Node: PC Testing1066760 +Node: PC Using1067936 +Node: Cygwin1072104 +Node: MSYS1072913 +Node: VMS Installation1073427 +Node: VMS Compilation1074223 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11075475 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1075533 +Node: VMS Installation Details1076906 +Node: VMS Running1079157 +Node: VMS GNV1081991 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1082714 +Node: Bugs1083184 +Node: Other Versions1087102 +Node: Notes1093186 +Node: Compatibility Mode1093986 +Node: Additions1094769 +Node: Accessing The Source1095696 +Node: Adding Code1097136 +Node: New Ports1103181 +Node: Derived Files1107316 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11112637 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21112671 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31113271 +Node: Future Extensions1113369 +Node: Implementation Limitations1113952 +Node: Extension Design1115204 +Node: Old Extension Problems1116358 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11117866 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1117923 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11121288 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1121474 +Node: Extension Future Growth1123580 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1124416 +Node: Basic Concepts1126156 +Node: Basic High Level1126837 +Ref: figure-general-flow1127109 +Ref: figure-process-flow1127708 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11130937 +Node: Basic Data Typing1131122 +Node: Glossary1134477 +Node: Copying1159708 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1197264 +Node: Index1222400  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 2535d8a18e8c0d328fe6d1d8ae015320eeec6b5d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Wed, 30 Apr 2014 06:06:06 +0300 Subject: Editing progress through chapter 5. --- doc/gawk.info | 1344 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 696 insertions(+), 648 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 1d5f496d..57fdc3d4 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -651,15 +651,15 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * Basic High Level:: The high level view. * Basic Data Typing:: A very quick intro to data types. - To Miriam, for making me complete. + To my parents, for their love, and for the wonderful example they +set for me. - To Chana, for the joy you bring us. + To my wife Miriam, for making me complete. Thank you for building +your life together with me. - To Rivka, for the exponential increase. + To our children Chana, Rivka, Nachum and Malka, for enrichening our +lives in innumerable ways. - To Nachum, for the added dimension. - - To Malka, for the new beginning.  File: gawk.info, Node: Foreword, Next: Preface, Prev: Top, Up: Top @@ -3939,8 +3939,19 @@ started. Another built-in variable, `NR', records the total number of input records read so far from all data files. It starts at zero, but is never automatically reset to zero. - Records are separated by a character called the "record separator". -By default, the record separator is the newline character. This is why +* Menu: + +* awk split records:: How standard `awk' splits records. +* gawk split records:: How `gawk' splits records. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: awk split records, Next: gawk split records, Up: Records + +4.1.1 Record Splitting With Standard `awk' +------------------------------------------ + +Records are separated by a character called the "record separator". By +default, the record separator is the newline character. This is why records are, by default, single lines. A different character can be used for the record separator by assigning the character to the built-in variable `RS'. @@ -4060,16 +4071,22 @@ affected. After the end of the record has been determined, `gawk' sets the variable `RT' to the text in the input that matched `RS'. - When using `gawk', the value of `RS' is not limited to a -one-character string. It can be any regular expression (*note -Regexp::). (c.e.) In general, each record ends at the next string that -matches the regular expression; the next record starts at the end of -the matching string. This general rule is actually at work in the -usual case, where `RS' contains just a newline: a record ends at the -beginning of the next matching string (the next newline in the input), -and the following record starts just after the end of this string (at -the first character of the following line). The newline, because it -matches `RS', is not part of either record. + +File: gawk.info, Node: gawk split records, Prev: awk split records, Up: Records + +4.1.2 Record Splitting With `gawk' +---------------------------------- + +When using `gawk', the value of `RS' is not limited to a one-character +string. It can be any regular expression (*note Regexp::). (c.e.) In +general, each record ends at the next string that matches the regular +expression; the next record starts at the end of the matching string. +This general rule is actually at work in the usual case, where `RS' +contains just a newline: a record ends at the beginning of the next +matching string (the next newline in the input), and the following +record starts just after the end of this string (at the first character +of the following line). The newline, because it matches `RS', is not +part of either record. When `RS' is a single character, `RT' contains the same single character. However, when `RS' is a regular expression, `RT' contains @@ -4132,8 +4149,10 @@ use for `RS' in this case: BEGIN { RS = "\0" } # whole file becomes one record? `gawk' in fact accepts this, and uses the NUL character for the -record separator. However, this usage is _not_ portable to most other -`awk' implementations. +record separator. This works for certain special files, such as +`/proc/environ' on GNU/Linux systems, where the NUL character is in +fact the record separator. However, this usage is _not_ portable to +most other `awk' implementations. Almost all other `awk' implementations(1) store strings internally as C-style strings. C strings use the NUL character as the string @@ -4144,10 +4163,9 @@ terminator. In effect, this means that `RS = "\0"' is the same as `RS as a record separator. However, this is a special case: `mawk' does not allow embedded NUL characters in strings. - The best way to treat a whole file as a single record is to simply -read the file in, one record at a time, concatenating each record onto -the end of the previous ones. - + *Note Readfile Function::, for an interesting, portable way to read +whole files. If you are using `gawk', see *note Extension Sample +Readfile::, for another option. ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -4172,7 +4190,7 @@ to these pieces of the record. You don't have to use them--you can operate on the whole record if you want--but fields are what make simple `awk' programs so powerful. - A dollar-sign (`$') is used to refer to a field in an `awk' program, + You use a dollar-sign (`$') to refer to a field in an `awk' program, followed by the number of the field you want. Thus, `$1' refers to the first field, `$2' to the second, and so on. (Unlike the Unix shells, the field numbers are not limited to single digits. `$127' is the one @@ -4195,8 +4213,9 @@ the last one (such as `$8' when the record has only seven fields), you get the empty string. (If used in a numeric operation, you get zero.) The use of `$0', which looks like a reference to the "zero-th" -field, is a special case: it represents the whole input record when you -are not interested in specific fields. Here are some more examples: +field, is a special case: it represents the whole input record. Use it +when you are not interested in specific fields. Here are some more +examples: $ awk '$1 ~ /li/ { print $0 }' mail-list -| Amelia 555-5553 amelia.zodiacusque@gmail.com F @@ -4228,11 +4247,11 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Nonconstant Fields, Next: Changing Fields, Prev: Field 4.3 Nonconstant Field Numbers ============================= -The number of a field does not need to be a constant. Any expression in -the `awk' language can be used after a `$' to refer to a field. The -value of the expression specifies the field number. If the value is a -string, rather than a number, it is converted to a number. Consider -this example: +A field number need not be a constant. Any expression in the `awk' +language can be used after a `$' to refer to a field. The value of the +expression specifies the field number. If the value is a string, +rather than a number, it is converted to a number. Consider this +example: awk '{ print $NR }' @@ -4249,7 +4268,7 @@ another example of using expressions as field numbers: number of the field to print. The `*' sign represents multiplication, so the expression `2*2' evaluates to four. The parentheses are used so that the multiplication is done before the `$' operation; they are -necessary whenever there is a binary operator in the field-number +necessary whenever there is a binary operator(1) in the field-number expression. This example, then, prints the type of relationship (the fourth field) for every line of the file `mail-list'. (All of the `awk' operators are listed, in order of decreasing precedence, in *note @@ -4268,6 +4287,12 @@ Variables::). The expression `$NF' is not a special feature--it is the direct consequence of evaluating `NF' and using its value as a field number. + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) A "binary operator", such as `*' for multiplication, is one that +takes two operands. The distinction is required, since `awk' also has +unary (one-operand) and ternary (three-operand) operators. +  File: gawk.info, Node: Changing Fields, Next: Field Separators, Prev: Nonconstant Fields, Up: Reading Files @@ -4293,11 +4318,11 @@ three minus ten: `$3 - 10'. (*Note Arithmetic Ops::.) Then it prints the original and new values for field three. (Someone in the warehouse made a consistent mistake while inventorying the red boxes.) - For this to work, the text in field `$3' must make sense as a -number; the string of characters must be converted to a number for the -computer to do arithmetic on it. The number resulting from the -subtraction is converted back to a string of characters that then -becomes field three. *Note Conversion::. + For this to work, the text in `$3' must make sense as a number; the +string of characters must be converted to a number for the computer to +do arithmetic on it. The number resulting from the subtraction is +converted back to a string of characters that then becomes field three. +*Note Conversion::. When the value of a field is changed (as perceived by `awk'), the text of the input record is recalculated to contain the new field where @@ -4362,7 +4387,7 @@ even when you assign the empty string to a field. For example: -| a::c:d -| 4 -The field is still there; it just has an empty value, denoted by the +The field is still there; it just has an empty value, delimited by the two colons between `a' and `c'. This example shows what happens if you create a new field: @@ -4987,7 +5012,7 @@ affects field splitting with `FPAT'. deal with this. Since there is no formal specification for CSV data, there isn't much more to be done; the `FPAT' mechanism provides an elegant solution for the majority of cases, and the - `gawk' maintainer is satisfied with that. + `gawk' developers are satisfied with that. As written, the regexp used for `FPAT' requires that each field have a least one character. A straightforward modification (changing @@ -5037,8 +5062,8 @@ doesn't start until the first nonblank line that follows--no matter how many blank lines appear in a row, they are considered one record separator. - There is an important difference between `RS = ""' and `RS = -"\n\n+"'. In the first case, leading newlines in the input data file + However, there is an important difference between `RS = ""' and `RS += "\n\n+"'. In the first case, leading newlines in the input data file are ignored, and if a file ends without extra blank lines after the last record, the final newline is removed from the record. In the second case, this special processing is not done. (d.c.) @@ -5310,9 +5335,9 @@ are changed, resulting in a new value of `NF'. `RT' is also set. According to POSIX, `getline < EXPRESSION' is ambiguous if EXPRESSION contains unparenthesized operators other than `$'; for example, `getline < dir "/" file' is ambiguous because the -concatenation operator is not parenthesized. You should write it as -`getline < (dir "/" file)' if you want your program to be portable to -all `awk' implementations. +concatenation operator (not discussed yet; *note Concatenation::) is +not parenthesized. You should write it as `getline < (dir "/" file)' if +you want your program to be portable to all `awk' implementations.  File: gawk.info, Node: Getline/Variable/File, Next: Getline/Pipe, Prev: Getline/File, Up: Getline @@ -5517,10 +5542,10 @@ in mind: testing the new record against every pattern. However, the new record is tested against any subsequent rules. - * Many `awk' implementations limit the number of pipelines that an - `awk' program may have open to just one. In `gawk', there is no - such limit. You can open as many pipelines (and coprocesses) as - the underlying operating system permits. + * Some very old `awk' implementations limit the number of pipelines + that an `awk' program may have open to just one. In `gawk', there + is no such limit. You can open as many pipelines (and + coprocesses) as the underlying operating system permits. * An interesting side effect occurs if you use `getline' without a redirection inside a `BEGIN' rule. Because an unredirected @@ -5559,9 +5584,9 @@ in mind: file is encountered, before the element in `a' is assigned? `gawk' treats `getline' like a function call, and evaluates the - expression `a[++c]' before attempting to read from `f'. Other - versions of `awk' only evaluate the expression once they know that - there is a string value to be assigned. Caveat Emptor. + expression `a[++c]' before attempting to read from `f'. However, + some versions of `awk' only evaluate the expression once they know + that there is a string value to be assigned. Caveat Emptor.  File: gawk.info, Node: Getline Summary, Prev: Getline Notes, Up: Getline @@ -5597,10 +5622,12 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Read Timeout, Next: Command line directories, Prev: Ge 4.10 Reading Input With A Timeout ================================= -You may specify a timeout in milliseconds for reading input from the -keyboard, pipe or two-way communication including, TCP/IP sockets. This -can be done on a per input, command or connection basis, by setting a -special element in the `PROCINFO' array: +This minor node describes a feature that is specific to `gawk'. + + You may specify a timeout in milliseconds for reading input from the +keyboard, a pipe, or two-way communication, including TCP/IP sockets. +This can be done on a per input, command or connection basis, by +setting a special element in the `PROCINFO' (*note Auto-set::) array: PROCINFO["input_name", "READ_TIMEOUT"] = TIMEOUT IN MILLISECONDS @@ -5623,10 +5650,10 @@ for more than five seconds: while ((getline < "/dev/stdin") > 0) print $0 - `gawk' will terminate the read operation if input does not arrive -after waiting for the timeout period, return failure and set the -`ERRNO' variable to an appropriate string value. A negative or zero -value for the timeout is the same as specifying no timeout at all. + `gawk' terminates the read operation if input does not arrive after +waiting for the timeout period, returns failure and sets the `ERRNO' +variable to an appropriate string value. A negative or zero value for +the timeout is the same as specifying no timeout at all. A timeout can also be set for reading from the keyboard in the implicit loop that reads input records and matches them against @@ -5690,14 +5717,21 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Command line directories, Prev: Read Timeout, Up: Read ==================================== According to the POSIX standard, files named on the `awk' command line -must be text files. It is a fatal error if they are not. Most -versions of `awk' treat a directory on the command line as a fatal -error. +must be text files; it is a fatal error if they are not. Most versions +of `awk' treat a directory on the command line as a fatal error. By default, `gawk' produces a warning for a directory on the command -line, but otherwise ignores it. If either of the `--posix' or -`--traditional' options is given, then `gawk' reverts to treating a -directory on the command line as a fatal error. +line, but otherwise ignores it. This makes it easier to use shell +wildcards with your `awk' program: + + $ gawk -f whizprog.awk * Directories could kill this progam + + If either of the `--posix' or `--traditional' options is given, then +`gawk' reverts to treating a directory on the command line as a fatal +error. + + *Note Extension Sample Readdir::, for a way to treat directories as +usable data from an `awk' program.  File: gawk.info, Node: Printing, Next: Expressions, Prev: Reading Files, Up: Top @@ -5741,9 +5775,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Print, Next: Print Examples, Up: Printing ========================= The `print' statement is used for producing output with simple, -standardized formatting. Specify only the strings or numbers to print, -in a list separated by commas. They are output, separated by single -spaces, followed by a newline. The statement looks like this: +standardized formatting. You specify only the strings or numbers to +print, in a list separated by commas. They are output, separated by +single spaces, followed by a newline. The statement looks like this: print ITEM1, ITEM2, ... @@ -5810,8 +5844,8 @@ Here is the same program, without the comma: To someone unfamiliar with the `inventory-shipped' file, neither example's output makes much sense. A heading line at the beginning would make it clearer. Let's add some headings to our table of months -(`$1') and green crates shipped (`$2'). We do this using the `BEGIN' -pattern (*note BEGIN/END::) so that the headings are only printed once: +(`$1') and green crates shipped (`$2'). We do this using a `BEGIN' +rule (*note BEGIN/END::) so that the headings are only printed once: awk 'BEGIN { print "Month Crates" print "----- ------" } @@ -6050,7 +6084,8 @@ width. Here is a list of the format-control letters: On systems supporting IEEE 754 floating point format, values representing negative infinity are formatted as `-inf' or `-infinity', and positive infinity as `inf' and `infinity'. The - special "not a number" value formats as `-nan' or `nan'. + special "not a number" value formats as `-nan' or `nan' (*note + General Arithmetic::). `%F' Like `%f' but the infinity and "not a number" values are spelled @@ -6250,11 +6285,12 @@ string, like so: This is not particularly easy to read but it does work. - C programmers may be used to supplying additional `l', `L', and `h' -modifiers in `printf' format strings. These are not valid in `awk'. -Most `awk' implementations silently ignore them. If `--lint' is -provided on the command line (*note Options::), `gawk' warns about -their use. If `--posix' is supplied, their use is a fatal error. + C programmers may be used to supplying additional modifiers (`h', +`j', `l', `L', `t', and `z') in `printf' format strings. These are not +valid in `awk'. Most `awk' implementations silently ignore them. If +`--lint' is provided on the command line (*note Options::), `gawk' +warns about their use. If `--posix' is supplied, their use is a fatal +error.  File: gawk.info, Node: Printf Examples, Prev: Format Modifiers, Up: Printf @@ -6295,7 +6331,7 @@ they are last on their lines. They don't need to have spaces after them. The table could be made to look even nicer by adding headings to the -tops of the columns. This is done using the `BEGIN' pattern (*note +tops of the columns. This is done using a `BEGIN' rule (*note BEGIN/END::) so that the headers are only printed once, at the beginning of the `awk' program: @@ -6346,7 +6382,7 @@ commands, except that they are written inside the `awk' program. There are four forms of output redirection: output to a file, output appended to a file, output through a pipe to another command, and output -to a coprocess. They are all shown for the `print' statement, but they +to a coprocess. We show them all for the `print' statement, but they work identically for `printf': `print ITEMS > OUTPUT-FILE' @@ -6427,7 +6463,7 @@ work identically for `printf': FILE or COMMAND--it is not necessary to always use a string constant. Using a variable is generally a good idea, because (if you mean to refer to that same file or command) `awk' requires - that the string value be spelled identically every time. + that the string value be written identically every time. `print ITEMS |& COMMAND' This redirection prints the items to the input of COMMAND. The @@ -6539,7 +6575,7 @@ run from a background job, it may not have a terminal at all. Then opening `/dev/tty' fails. `gawk' provides special file names for accessing the three standard -streams. (c.e.). It also provides syntax for accessing any other +streams. (c.e.) It also provides syntax for accessing any other inherited open files. If the file name matches one of these special names when `gawk' redirects input or output, then it directly uses the stream that the file name stands for. These special file names work @@ -6732,14 +6768,15 @@ end-of-file return status from `getline'), the child process is not terminated;(1) more importantly, the file descriptor for the pipe is not closed and released until `close()' is called or `awk' exits. - `close()' will silently do nothing if given an argument that does -not represent a file, pipe or coprocess that was opened with a -redirection. + `close()' silently does nothing if given an argument that does not +represent a file, pipe or coprocess that was opened with a redirection. +In such a case, it returns a negative value, indicating an error. In +addition, `gawk' sets `ERRNO' to a string indicating the error. Note also that `close(FILENAME)' has no "magic" effects on the implicit loop that reads through the files named on the command line. -It is, more likely, a close of a file that was never opened, so `awk' -silently does nothing. +It is, more likely, a close of a file that was never opened with a +redirection, so `awk' silently does nothing. When using the `|&' operator to communicate with a coprocess, it is occasionally useful to be able to close one end of the two-way pipe @@ -6753,9 +6790,9 @@ I/O::, which discusses it in more detail and gives an example. Using `close()''s Return Value - In many versions of Unix `awk', the `close()' function is actually a -statement. It is a syntax error to try and use the return value from -`close()': (d.c.) + In many older versions of Unix `awk', the `close()' function is +actually a statement. It is a syntax error to try and use the return +value from `close()': (d.c.) command = "..." command | getline info @@ -30772,7 +30809,7 @@ Index * close() function, portability: Close Files And Pipes. (line 81) * close() function, return value: Close Files And Pipes. - (line 130) + (line 131) * close() function, two-way pipes and: Two-way I/O. (line 77) * Close, Diane <1>: Contributors. (line 20) * Close, Diane: Manual History. (line 41) @@ -30817,7 +30854,7 @@ Index * common extensions, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 83) * common extensions, length() applied to an array: String Functions. (line 194) -* common extensions, RS as a regexp: Records. (line 135) +* common extensions, RS as a regexp: gawk split records. (line 6) * common extensions, single character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * comp.lang.awk newsgroup: Bugs. (line 38) @@ -30918,7 +30955,7 @@ Index (line 43) * dark corner, break statement: Break Statement. (line 51) * dark corner, close() function: Close Files And Pipes. - (line 130) + (line 131) * dark corner, command-line arguments: Assignment Options. (line 43) * dark corner, continue statement: Continue Statement. (line 43) * dark corner, CONVFMT variable: Conversion. (line 40) @@ -30934,7 +30971,7 @@ Index * dark corner, format-control characters: Control Letters. (line 18) * dark corner, FS as null string: Single Character Fields. (line 20) -* dark corner, input files: Records. (line 118) +* dark corner, input files: awk split records. (line 110) * dark corner, invoking awk: Command Line. (line 16) * dark corner, length() function: String Functions. (line 180) * dark corner, locale's decimal point character: Conversion. (line 77) @@ -30948,7 +30985,7 @@ Index * dark corner, regexp constants, as arguments to user-defined functions: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) * dark corner, split() function: String Functions. (line 359) -* dark corner, strings, storing: Records. (line 210) +* dark corner, strings, storing: gawk split records. (line 83) * dark corner, value of ARGV[0]: Auto-set. (line 35) * data, fixed-width: Constant Size. (line 10) * data-driven languages: Basic High Level. (line 85) @@ -31143,19 +31180,23 @@ Index * differences in awk and gawk, print/printf statements: Format Modifiers. (line 13) * differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 133) -* differences in awk and gawk, record separators: Records. (line 132) +* differences in awk and gawk, read timeouts: Read Timeout. (line 6) +* differences in awk and gawk, record separators: awk split records. + (line 124) * differences in awk and gawk, regexp constants: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) * differences in awk and gawk, regular expressions: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) -* differences in awk and gawk, RS/RT variables: Records. (line 187) +* differences in awk and gawk, RS/RT variables: gawk split records. + (line 58) * differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 266) * differences in awk and gawk, single-character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, split() function: String Functions. (line 347) * differences in awk and gawk, strings: Scalar Constants. (line 20) -* differences in awk and gawk, strings, storing: Records. (line 206) +* differences in awk and gawk, strings, storing: gawk split records. + (line 77) * differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 274) * differences in awk and gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. (line 162) @@ -31214,7 +31255,7 @@ Index * empty array elements: Reference to Elements. (line 18) * empty pattern: Empty. (line 6) -* empty strings: Records. (line 122) +* empty strings: awk split records. (line 114) * empty strings, See null strings: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 43) * enable breakpoint: Breakpoint Control. (line 73) @@ -31256,7 +31297,7 @@ Index * ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 73) * ERRNO variable, with BEGINFILE pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26) * ERRNO variable, with close() function: Close Files And Pipes. - (line 138) + (line 139) * ERRNO variable, with getline command: Getline. (line 19) * error handling: Special FD. (line 16) * error handling, ERRNO variable and: Auto-set. (line 73) @@ -31335,7 +31376,7 @@ Index * extensions, common, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 83) * extensions, common, length() applied to an array: String Functions. (line 194) -* extensions, common, RS as a regexp: Records. (line 135) +* extensions, common, RS as a regexp: gawk split records. (line 6) * extensions, common, single character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * extensions, in gawk, not in POSIX awk: POSIX/GNU. (line 6) @@ -31349,7 +31390,6 @@ Index * FDL (Free Documentation License): GNU Free Documentation License. (line 7) * features, adding to gawk: Adding Code. (line 6) -* features, advanced, See advanced features: Obsolete. (line 6) * features, deprecated: Obsolete. (line 6) * features, undocumented: Undocumented. (line 6) * Fenlason, Jay <1>: Contributors. (line 18) @@ -31589,7 +31629,7 @@ Index * gawk, ERRNO variable in <2>: Auto-set. (line 73) * gawk, ERRNO variable in <3>: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26) * gawk, ERRNO variable in <4>: Close Files And Pipes. - (line 138) + (line 139) * gawk, ERRNO variable in: Getline. (line 19) * gawk, escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 124) * gawk, extensions, disabling: Options. (line 254) @@ -31644,7 +31684,7 @@ Index * gawk, regular expressions, precedence: Regexp Operators. (line 162) * gawk, RT variable in <1>: Auto-set. (line 266) * gawk, RT variable in <2>: Multiple Line. (line 129) -* gawk, RT variable in: Records. (line 132) +* gawk, RT variable in: awk split records. (line 124) * gawk, See Also awk: Preface. (line 36) * gawk, source code, obtaining: Getting. (line 6) * gawk, splitting fields and: Constant Size. (line 88) @@ -32047,6 +32087,7 @@ Index * mktime: Time Functions. (line 25) * modifiers, in format specifiers: Format Modifiers. (line 6) * monetary information, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 103) +* Moore, Duncan: Getline Notes. (line 40) * MPFR: Gawk and MPFR. (line 6) * msgfmt utility: I18N Example. (line 62) * multiple precision: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. @@ -32071,7 +32112,7 @@ Index * newlines: Statements/Lines. (line 6) * newlines, as field separators: Default Field Splitting. (line 6) -* newlines, as record separators: Records. (line 20) +* newlines, as record separators: awk split records. (line 12) * newlines, in dynamic regexps: Computed Regexps. (line 59) * newlines, in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 69) * newlines, printing: Print Examples. (line 12) @@ -32112,7 +32153,7 @@ Index * null strings <2>: Truth Values. (line 6) * null strings <3>: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 43) -* null strings: Records. (line 122) +* null strings: awk split records. (line 114) * null strings in gawk arguments, quoting and: Quoting. (line 79) * null strings, and deleting array elements: Delete. (line 27) * null strings, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. @@ -32274,7 +32315,8 @@ Index (line 112) * portability, close() function and: Close Files And Pipes. (line 81) -* portability, data files as single record: Records. (line 194) +* portability, data files as single record: gawk split records. + (line 65) * portability, deleting array elements: Delete. (line 56) * portability, example programs: Library Functions. (line 42) * portability, functions, defining: Definition Syntax. (line 99) @@ -32473,17 +32515,18 @@ Index * reading input files: Reading Files. (line 6) * recipe for a programming language: History. (line 6) * record separators <1>: User-modified. (line 143) -* record separators: Records. (line 14) -* record separators, changing: Records. (line 93) -* record separators, regular expressions as: Records. (line 132) +* record separators: awk split records. (line 6) +* record separators, changing: awk split records. (line 85) +* record separators, regular expressions as: awk split records. + (line 124) * record separators, with multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 10) * records <1>: Basic High Level. (line 73) * records: Reading Files. (line 14) * records, multiline: Multiple Line. (line 6) * records, printing: Print. (line 22) * records, splitting input into: Records. (line 6) -* records, terminating: Records. (line 132) -* records, treating files as: Records. (line 219) +* records, terminating: awk split records. (line 124) +* records, treating files as: gawk split records. (line 92) * recursive functions: Definition Syntax. (line 73) * redirect gawk output, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 72) * redirection of input: Getline/File. (line 6) @@ -32510,7 +32553,8 @@ Index (line 6) * regular expressions, as patterns <1>: Regexp Patterns. (line 6) * regular expressions, as patterns: Regexp Usage. (line 6) -* regular expressions, as record separators: Records. (line 132) +* regular expressions, as record separators: awk split records. + (line 124) * regular expressions, case sensitivity <1>: User-modified. (line 82) * regular expressions, case sensitivity: Case-sensitivity. (line 6) * regular expressions, computed: Computed Regexps. (line 6) @@ -32542,7 +32586,7 @@ Index (line 54) * return statement, user-defined functions: Return Statement. (line 6) * return value, close() function: Close Files And Pipes. - (line 130) + (line 131) * rev() user-defined function: Function Example. (line 53) * revoutput extension: Extension Sample Revout. (line 11) @@ -32587,14 +32631,14 @@ Index (line 6) * ROUNDMODE variable: User-modified. (line 138) * RS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 143) -* RS variable: Records. (line 20) +* RS variable: awk split records. (line 12) * RS variable, multiline records and: Multiple Line. (line 17) * rshift: Bitwise Functions. (line 52) * RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 259) * RSTART variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 221) * RT variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 266) * RT variable <2>: Multiple Line. (line 129) -* RT variable: Records. (line 132) +* RT variable: awk split records. (line 124) * Rubin, Paul <1>: Contributors. (line 15) * Rubin, Paul: History. (line 30) * rule, definition of: Getting Started. (line 21) @@ -32644,8 +32688,9 @@ Index * separators, field, FPAT variable and: User-modified. (line 45) * separators, field, POSIX and: Fields. (line 6) * separators, for records <1>: User-modified. (line 143) -* separators, for records: Records. (line 14) -* separators, for records, regular expressions as: Records. (line 132) +* separators, for records: awk split records. (line 6) +* separators, for records, regular expressions as: awk split records. + (line 124) * separators, for statements in actions: Action Overview. (line 19) * separators, subscript: User-modified. (line 156) * set breakpoint: Breakpoint Control. (line 11) @@ -32712,7 +32757,7 @@ Index * sidebar, Piping into sh: Redirection. (line 140) * sidebar, Portability Issues with #!: Executable Scripts. (line 31) * sidebar, Recipe For A Programming Language: History. (line 6) -* sidebar, RS = "\0" Is Not Portable: Records. (line 192) +* sidebar, RS = "\0" Is Not Portable: gawk split records. (line 63) * sidebar, So Why Does gawk have BEGINFILE and ENDFILE?: Filetrans Function. (line 83) * sidebar, Syntactic Ambiguities Between /= and Regular Expressions: Assignment Ops. @@ -32721,7 +32766,7 @@ Index * sidebar, Using \n in Bracket Expressions of Dynamic Regexps: Computed Regexps. (line 57) * sidebar, Using close()'s Return Value: Close Files And Pipes. - (line 128) + (line 129) * SIGHUP signal, for dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 211) * SIGINT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) * signals, HUP/SIGHUP, for profiling: Profiling. (line 211) @@ -32829,7 +32874,7 @@ Index * strings, converting: Conversion. (line 6) * strings, converting letter case: String Functions. (line 520) * strings, converting, numbers to: User-modified. (line 28) -* strings, empty, See null strings: Records. (line 122) +* strings, empty, See null strings: awk split records. (line 114) * strings, extracting: String Extraction. (line 6) * strings, for localization: Programmer i18n. (line 14) * strings, length limitations: Scalar Constants. (line 20) @@ -32875,7 +32920,7 @@ Index * tee utility: Tee Program. (line 6) * tee.awk program: Tee Program. (line 26) * temporary breakpoint: Breakpoint Control. (line 90) -* terminating records: Records. (line 132) +* terminating records: awk split records. (line 124) * testbits.awk program: Bitwise Functions. (line 70) * testext extension: Extension Sample API Tests. (line 6) @@ -32923,7 +32968,7 @@ Index * traceback, display in debugger: Execution Stack. (line 13) * translate string: I18N Functions. (line 22) * translate.awk program: Translate Program. (line 55) -* treating files, as single records: Records. (line 219) +* treating files, as single records: gawk split records. (line 92) * troubleshooting, --non-decimal-data option: Options. (line 211) * troubleshooting, == operator: Comparison Operators. (line 37) @@ -32988,7 +33033,7 @@ Index * Unix awk, backslashes in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 124) * Unix awk, close() function and: Close Files And Pipes. - (line 130) + (line 131) * Unix awk, password files, field separators and: Command Line Field Separator. (line 64) * Unix, awk scripts and: Executable Scripts. (line 6) @@ -33116,7 +33161,7 @@ Index * | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O) <3>: Redirection. (line 102) * | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O): Getline/Coprocess. (line 6) * | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O), pipes, closing: Close Files And Pipes. - (line 118) + (line 119) * | (vertical bar), || operator <1>: Precedence. (line 89) * | (vertical bar), || operator: Boolean Ops. (line 57) * ~ (tilde), ~ operator <1>: Expression Patterns. (line 24) @@ -33132,529 +33177,532 @@ Index  Tag Table: Node: Top1292 -Node: Foreword40825 -Node: Preface45170 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-148303 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-248410 -Node: History48642 -Node: Names51016 -Ref: Names-Footnote-152480 -Node: This Manual52553 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-158327 -Node: Conventions58427 -Node: Manual History60583 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-164013 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-264054 -Node: How To Contribute64128 -Node: Acknowledgments65367 -Node: Getting Started69561 -Node: Running gawk71940 -Node: One-shot73130 -Node: Read Terminal74355 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-176005 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-276281 -Node: Long76452 -Node: Executable Scripts77828 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-179661 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-279763 -Node: Comments80310 -Node: Quoting82777 -Node: DOS Quoting88093 -Node: Sample Data Files88768 -Node: Very Simple91283 -Node: Two Rules95933 -Node: More Complex97828 -Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1100760 -Node: Statements/Lines100845 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1105300 -Node: Other Features105565 -Node: When106493 -Node: Invoking Gawk108641 -Node: Command Line110104 -Node: Options110887 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1126699 -Node: Other Arguments126724 -Node: Naming Standard Input129386 -Node: Environment Variables130480 -Node: AWKPATH Variable131038 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1133816 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2133861 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable134121 -Node: Other Environment Variables134880 -Node: Exit Status138045 -Node: Include Files138720 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries142298 -Node: Obsolete143681 -Node: Undocumented144378 -Node: Regexp144620 -Node: Regexp Usage146009 -Node: Escape Sequences148042 -Node: Regexp Operators153709 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1161189 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2161336 -Node: Bracket Expressions161434 -Ref: table-char-classes163324 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators165847 -Node: Case-sensitivity169570 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1172462 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2172697 -Node: Leftmost Longest172805 -Node: Computed Regexps174006 -Node: Reading Files177355 -Node: Records179357 -Ref: Records-Footnote-1188880 -Node: Fields188917 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1191873 -Node: Nonconstant Fields191959 -Node: Changing Fields194165 -Node: Field Separators200124 -Node: Default Field Splitting202826 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting203943 -Node: Single Character Fields207284 -Node: Command Line Field Separator208343 -Node: Full Line Fields211685 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1212193 -Node: Field Splitting Summary212239 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1215338 -Node: Constant Size215439 -Node: Splitting By Content220046 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1223795 -Node: Multiple Line223835 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1229682 -Node: Getline229861 -Node: Plain Getline232077 -Node: Getline/Variable234172 -Node: Getline/File235319 -Node: Getline/Variable/File236660 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1238259 -Node: Getline/Pipe238346 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe241045 -Node: Getline/Coprocess242152 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess243404 -Node: Getline Notes244141 -Node: Getline Summary246928 -Ref: table-getline-variants247336 -Node: Read Timeout248248 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1251987 -Node: Command line directories252045 -Node: Printing252675 -Node: Print254306 -Node: Print Examples255643 -Node: Output Separators258427 -Node: OFMT260443 -Node: Printf261801 -Node: Basic Printf262707 -Node: Control Letters264246 -Node: Format Modifiers268066 -Node: Printf Examples274075 -Node: Redirection276787 -Node: Special Files283761 -Node: Special FD284294 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1287919 -Node: Special Network287993 -Node: Special Caveats288843 -Node: Close Files And Pipes289639 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1296622 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2296770 -Node: Expressions296920 -Node: Values298052 -Node: Constants298728 -Node: Scalar Constants299408 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1300267 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers300449 -Node: Regexp Constants303449 -Node: Using Constant Regexps303924 -Node: Variables306979 -Node: Using Variables307634 -Node: Assignment Options309358 -Node: Conversion311233 -Ref: table-locale-affects316733 -Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1317357 -Node: All Operators317466 -Node: Arithmetic Ops318096 -Node: Concatenation320601 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1323389 -Node: Assignment Ops323509 -Ref: table-assign-ops328497 -Node: Increment Ops329828 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions333262 -Node: Truth Values334345 -Node: Typing and Comparison335394 -Node: Variable Typing336187 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1340084 -Node: Comparison Operators340206 -Ref: table-relational-ops340616 -Node: POSIX String Comparison344164 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1345120 -Node: Boolean Ops345258 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1349328 -Node: Conditional Exp349419 -Node: Function Calls351151 -Node: Precedence354745 -Node: Locales358414 -Node: Patterns and Actions359503 -Node: Pattern 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Other Versions1087102 -Node: Notes1093186 -Node: Compatibility Mode1093986 -Node: Additions1094769 -Node: Accessing The Source1095696 -Node: Adding Code1097136 -Node: New Ports1103181 -Node: Derived Files1107316 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11112637 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21112671 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31113271 -Node: Future Extensions1113369 -Node: Implementation Limitations1113952 -Node: Extension Design1115204 -Node: Old Extension Problems1116358 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11117866 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1117923 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11121288 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1121474 -Node: Extension Future Growth1123580 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1124416 -Node: Basic Concepts1126156 -Node: Basic High Level1126837 -Ref: figure-general-flow1127109 -Ref: figure-process-flow1127708 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11130937 -Node: Basic Data Typing1131122 -Node: Glossary1134477 -Node: Copying1159708 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1197264 -Node: Index1222400 +Node: Foreword40832 +Node: Preface45177 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-148310 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-248417 +Node: History48649 +Node: Names51023 +Ref: Names-Footnote-152487 +Node: This Manual52560 +Ref: This Manual-Footnote-158334 +Node: Conventions58434 +Node: Manual History60590 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-164020 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-264061 +Node: How To Contribute64135 +Node: Acknowledgments65374 +Node: Getting Started69568 +Node: Running gawk71947 +Node: One-shot73137 +Node: Read Terminal74362 +Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-176012 +Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-276288 +Node: Long76459 +Node: Executable Scripts77835 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-179668 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-279770 +Node: Comments80317 +Node: Quoting82784 +Node: DOS Quoting88100 +Node: Sample Data Files88775 +Node: Very Simple91290 +Node: Two Rules95940 +Node: More Complex97835 +Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1100767 +Node: Statements/Lines100852 +Ref: 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table-rounding-modes851823 +Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1854838 +Node: Gawk and MPFR855017 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats856426 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1858869 +Node: Setting Precision859185 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings859871 +Node: Setting Rounding Mode862016 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes862420 +Node: Floating-point Constants863607 +Node: Changing Precision865036 +Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1866433 +Node: Exact Arithmetic866607 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers869745 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1872760 +Node: Dynamic Extensions872907 +Node: Extension Intro874365 +Node: Plugin License875630 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline876315 +Ref: load-extension876732 +Ref: load-new-function878210 +Ref: call-new-function879205 +Node: Extension API Description881220 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction882507 +Node: General Data Types887434 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1893129 +Node: Requesting Values893428 +Ref: table-value-types-returned894165 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions895119 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1897865 +Node: Constructor Functions897961 +Node: Registration Functions899719 +Node: Extension Functions900404 +Node: Exit Callback Functions902706 +Node: Extension Version String903955 +Node: Input Parsers904605 +Node: Output Wrappers914362 +Node: Two-way processors918872 +Node: Printing Messages921080 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1922157 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'922309 +Node: Accessing Parameters923048 +Node: Symbol Table Access924278 +Node: Symbol table by name924792 +Node: Symbol table by cookie926768 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1930900 +Node: Cached values930963 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1934453 +Node: Array Manipulation934544 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1935642 +Node: Array Data Types935681 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1938384 +Node: Array Functions938476 +Node: Flattening Arrays942312 +Node: Creating Arrays949164 +Node: Extension API Variables953889 +Node: Extension Versioning954525 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables956426 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate957512 +Node: Finding Extensions961316 +Node: Extension Example961876 +Node: Internal File Description962606 +Node: Internal File Ops966697 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1978206 +Node: Using Internal File Ops978346 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1980693 +Node: Extension Samples980959 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions982483 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch990970 +Node: Extension Sample Fork992739 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace993952 +Node: Extension Sample Ord995730 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir996566 +Node: Extension Sample Revout998098 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way998691 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array999381 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1001264 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1002364 +Node: Extension Sample Time1002889 +Node: gawkextlib1004253 +Node: Language History1007034 +Node: V7/SVR3.11008627 +Node: SVR41010947 +Node: POSIX1012389 +Node: BTL1013775 +Node: POSIX/GNU1014509 +Node: Feature History1020108 +Node: Common Extensions1033084 +Node: Ranges and Locales1034396 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11039013 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21039040 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31039274 +Node: Contributors1039495 +Node: Installation1044876 +Node: Gawk Distribution1045770 +Node: Getting1046254 +Node: Extracting1047080 +Node: Distribution contents1048772 +Node: Unix Installation1054493 +Node: Quick Installation1055110 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1057556 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1059292 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1061646 +Node: PC Installation1062104 +Node: PC Binary Installation1063403 +Node: PC Compiling1065251 +Node: PC Testing1068195 +Node: PC Using1069371 +Node: Cygwin1073539 +Node: MSYS1074348 +Node: VMS Installation1074862 +Node: VMS Compilation1075658 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11076910 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1076968 +Node: VMS Installation Details1078341 +Node: VMS Running1080592 +Node: VMS GNV1083426 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1084149 +Node: Bugs1084619 +Node: Other Versions1088537 +Node: Notes1094621 +Node: Compatibility Mode1095421 +Node: Additions1096204 +Node: Accessing The Source1097131 +Node: Adding Code1098571 +Node: New Ports1104616 +Node: Derived Files1108751 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11114072 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21114106 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31114706 +Node: Future Extensions1114804 +Node: Implementation Limitations1115387 +Node: Extension Design1116639 +Node: Old Extension Problems1117793 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11119301 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1119358 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11122723 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1122909 +Node: Extension Future Growth1125015 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1125851 +Node: Basic Concepts1127591 +Node: Basic High Level1128272 +Ref: figure-general-flow1128544 +Ref: figure-process-flow1129143 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11132372 +Node: Basic Data Typing1132557 +Node: Glossary1135912 +Node: Copying1161143 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1198699 +Node: Index1223835  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 0ceab11e44cac45f8653fa79510726cc121719f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Wed, 30 Apr 2014 21:29:18 +0300 Subject: Edits, into chapter 7. --- doc/gawk.info | 1082 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 543 insertions(+), 539 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 57fdc3d4..8c13d181 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -6921,7 +6921,8 @@ codes. (1) The internal representation of all numbers, including integers, uses double precision floating-point numbers. On most modern systems, -these are in IEEE 754 standard format. +these are in IEEE 754 standard format. *Note Arbitrary Precision +Arithmetic::, for much more information.  File: gawk.info, Node: Nondecimal-numbers, Next: Regexp Constants, Prev: Scalar Constants, Up: Constants @@ -7054,8 +7055,8 @@ the contents of the current input record. Constant regular expressions are also used as the first argument for the `gensub()', `sub()', and `gsub()' functions, as the second argument -of the `match()' function, and as the third argument of the -`patsplit()' function (*note String Functions::). Modern +of the `match()' function, and as the third argument of the `split()' +and `patsplit()' functions (*note String Functions::). Modern implementations of `awk', including `gawk', allow the third argument of `split()' to be a regexp constant, but some older implementations do not. (d.c.) This can lead to confusion when attempting to use regexp @@ -7248,29 +7249,28 @@ use when printing numbers with `print'. `CONVFMT' was introduced in order to separate the semantics of conversion from the semantics of printing. Both `CONVFMT' and `OFMT' have the same default value: `"%.6g"'. In the vast majority of cases, old `awk' programs do not -change their behavior. However, these semantics for `OFMT' are -something to keep in mind if you must port your new-style program to -older implementations of `awk'. We recommend that instead of changing -your programs, just port `gawk' itself. *Note Print::, for more -information on the `print' statement. - - And, once again, where you are can matter when it comes to converting -between numbers and strings. In *note Locales::, we mentioned that the -local character set and language (the locale) can affect how `gawk' -matches characters. The locale also affects numeric formats. In -particular, for `awk' programs, it affects the decimal point character. -The `"C"' locale, and most English-language locales, use the period -character (`.') as the decimal point. However, many (if not most) -European and non-English locales use the comma (`,') as the decimal -point character. +change their behavior. *Note Print::, for more information on the +`print' statement. + + Where you are can matter when it comes to converting between numbers +and strings. The local character set and language--the "locale"--can +affect numeric formats. In particular, for `awk' programs, it affects +the decimal point character and the thousands-separator character. The +`"C"' locale, and most English-language locales, use the period +character (`.') as the decimal point and don't have a thousands +separator. However, many (if not most) European and non-English +locales use the comma (`,') as the decimal point character. European +locales often use either a space or a period as the thousands +separator, if they have one. The POSIX standard says that `awk' always uses the period as the decimal point when reading the `awk' program source code, and for command-line variable assignments (*note Other Arguments::). However, when interpreting input data, for `print' and `printf' output, and for number to string conversion, the local decimal point character is used. -(d.c.) Here are some examples indicating the difference in behavior, -on a GNU/Linux system: +(d.c.) In all cases, numbers in source code and in input data cannot +have a thousands separator. Here are some examples indicating the +difference in behavior, on a GNU/Linux system: $ export POSIXLY_CORRECT=1 Force POSIX behavior $ gawk 'BEGIN { printf "%g\n", 3.1415927 }' @@ -7475,9 +7475,9 @@ example: print (a " " (a = "panic")) } -It is not defined whether the assignment to `a' happens before or after -the value of `a' is retrieved for producing the concatenated value. -The result could be either `don't panic', or `panic panic'. +It is not defined whether the second assignment to `a' happens before +or after the value of `a' is retrieved for producing the concatenated +value. The result could be either `don't panic', or `panic panic'. The precedence of concatenation, when mixed with other operators, is often counter-intuitive. Consider this example: @@ -7550,9 +7550,9 @@ that the assignment stores in the specified variable, field, or array element. (Such values are called "rvalues".) It is important to note that variables do _not_ have permanent types. -A variable's type is simply the type of whatever value it happens to -hold at the moment. In the following program fragment, the variable -`foo' has a numeric value at first, and a string value later on: +A variable's type is simply the type of whatever value was last assigned +to it. In the following program fragment, the variable `foo' has a +numeric value at first, and a string value later on: foo = 1 print foo @@ -7625,9 +7625,10 @@ The indices of `bar' are practically guaranteed to be different, because the `rand()' function haven't been covered yet. *Note Arrays::, and see *note Numeric Functions::, for more information). This example illustrates an important fact about assignment operators: the lefthand -expression is only evaluated _once_. It is up to the implementation as -to which expression is evaluated first, the lefthand or the righthand. -Consider this example: +expression is only evaluated _once_. + + It is up to the implementation as to which expression is evaluated +first, the lefthand or the righthand. Consider this example: i = 1 a[i += 2] = i + 1 @@ -7640,14 +7641,14 @@ converted to a number. Operator Effect -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -LVALUE `+=' INCREMENT Adds INCREMENT to the value of LVALUE. -LVALUE `-=' DECREMENT Subtracts DECREMENT from the value of LVALUE. -LVALUE `*=' Multiplies the value of LVALUE by COEFFICIENT. +LVALUE `+=' INCREMENT Add INCREMENT to the value of LVALUE. +LVALUE `-=' DECREMENT Subtract DECREMENT from the value of LVALUE. +LVALUE `*=' Multiply the value of LVALUE by COEFFICIENT. COEFFICIENT -LVALUE `/=' DIVISOR Divides the value of LVALUE by DIVISOR. -LVALUE `%=' MODULUS Sets LVALUE to its remainder by MODULUS. +LVALUE `/=' DIVISOR Divide the value of LVALUE by DIVISOR. +LVALUE `%=' MODULUS Set LVALUE to its remainder by MODULUS. LVALUE `^=' POWER -LVALUE `**=' POWER Raises LVALUE to the power POWER. (c.e.) +LVALUE `**=' POWER Raise LVALUE to the power POWER. (c.e.) Table 6.2: Arithmetic Assignment Operators @@ -7670,8 +7671,8 @@ A workaround is: awk '/[=]=/' /dev/null - `gawk' does not have this problem, nor do the other freely available -versions described in *note Other Versions::. + `gawk' does not have this problem; Brian Kernighan's `awk' and +`mawk' also do not (*note Other Versions::).  File: gawk.info, Node: Increment Ops, Prev: Assignment Ops, Up: All Operators @@ -7686,13 +7687,13 @@ they are convenient abbreviations for very common operations. The operator used for adding one is written `++'. It can be used to increment a variable either before or after taking its value. To -pre-increment a variable `v', write `++v'. This adds one to the value -of `v'--that new value is also the value of the expression. (The +"pre-increment" a variable `v', write `++v'. This adds one to the +value of `v'--that new value is also the value of the expression. (The assignment expression `v += 1' is completely equivalent.) Writing the -`++' after the variable specifies post-increment. This increments the -variable value just the same; the difference is that the value of the -increment expression itself is the variable's _old_ value. Thus, if -`foo' has the value four, then the expression `foo++' has the value +`++' after the variable specifies "post-increment". This increments +the variable value just the same; the difference is that the value of +the increment expression itself is the variable's _old_ value. Thus, +if `foo' has the value four, then the expression `foo++' has the value four, but it changes the value of `foo' to five. In other words, the operator returns the old value of the variable, but with the side effect of incrementing it. @@ -7839,10 +7840,12 @@ The 1992 POSIX standard introduced the concept of a "numeric string", which is simply a string that looks like a number--for example, `" +2"'. This concept is used for determining the type of a variable. The type of the variable is important because the types of two variables -determine how they are compared. The various versions of the POSIX -standard did not get the rules quite right for several editions. -Fortunately, as of at least the 2008 standard (and possibly earlier), -the standard has been fixed, and variable typing follows these rules:(1) +determine how they are compared. + + The various versions of the POSIX standard did not get the rules +quite right for several editions. Fortunately, as of at least the 2008 +standard (and possibly earlier), the standard has been fixed, and +variable typing follows these rules:(1) * A numeric constant or the result of a numeric operation has the NUMERIC attribute. @@ -7899,10 +7902,9 @@ comparison is performed. characters, and so is first and foremost of STRING type; input strings that look numeric are additionally given the STRNUM attribute. Thus, the six-character input string ` +3.14' receives the STRNUM attribute. -In contrast, the eight-character literal `" +3.14"' appearing in -program text is a string constant. The following examples print `1' -when the comparison between the two different constants is true, `0' -otherwise: +In contrast, the eight characters `" +3.14"' appearing in program text +comprise a string constant. The following examples print `1' when the +comparison between the two different constants is true, `0' otherwise: $ echo ' +3.14' | gawk '{ print $0 == " +3.14" }' True -| 1 @@ -8045,9 +8047,10 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: POSIX String Comparison, Prev: Comparison Operators, U .......................................... The POSIX standard says that string comparison is performed based on -the locale's collating order. This is usually very different from the -results obtained when doing straight character-by-character -comparison.(1) +the locale's "collating order". This is the order in which characters +sort, as defined by the locale (for more discussion, *note Ranges and +Locales::). This order is usually very different from the results +obtained when doing straight character-by-character comparison.(1) Because this behavior differs considerably from existing practice, `gawk' only implements it when in POSIX mode (*note Options::). Here @@ -8199,7 +8202,7 @@ not. *Note Arrays::, for more information about arrays. continued simply by putting a newline after either character. However, putting a newline in front of either character does not work without using backslash continuation (*note Statements/Lines::). If `--posix' -is specified (*note Options::), then this extension is disabled. +is specified (*note Options::), this extension is disabled.  File: gawk.info, Node: Function Calls, Next: Precedence, Prev: Truth Values and Conditions, Up: Expressions @@ -8216,6 +8219,8 @@ available in every `awk' program. The `sqrt()' function is one of these. *Note Built-in::, for a list of built-in functions and their descriptions. In addition, you can define functions for use in your program. *Note User-defined::, for instructions on how to do this. +Finally, `gawk' lets you write functions in C or C++ that may be called +from your program: see *note Dynamic Extensions::. The way to use a function is with a "function call" expression, which consists of the function name followed immediately by a list of @@ -8255,11 +8260,12 @@ which is a way to choose the function to call at runtime, instead of when you write the source code to your program. We defer discussion of this feature until later; see *note Indirect Calls::. - Like every other expression, the function call has a value, which is -computed by the function based on the arguments you give it. In this -example, the value of `sqrt(ARGUMENT)' is the square root of ARGUMENT. -The following program reads numbers, one number per line, and prints the -square root of each one: + Like every other expression, the function call has a value, often +called the "return value", which is computed by the function based on +the arguments you give it. In this example, the return value of +`sqrt(ARGUMENT)' is the square root of ARGUMENT. The following program +reads numbers, one number per line, and prints the square root of each +one: $ awk '{ print "The square root of", $1, "is", sqrt($1) }' 1 @@ -8472,10 +8478,10 @@ summary of the types of `awk' patterns: A single expression. It matches when its value is nonzero (if a number) or non-null (if a string). (*Note Expression Patterns::.) -`PAT1, PAT2' +`BEGPAT, ENDPAT' A pair of patterns separated by a comma, specifying a range of records. The range includes both the initial record that matches - PAT1 and the final record that matches PAT2. (*Note Ranges::.) + BEGPAT and the final record that matches ENDPAT. (*Note Ranges::.) `BEGIN' `END' @@ -8485,7 +8491,7 @@ summary of the types of `awk' patterns: `BEGINFILE' `ENDFILE' Special patterns for you to supply startup or cleanup actions to be - done on a per file basis. (*Note BEGINFILE/ENDFILE::.) + done on a per-file basis. (*Note BEGINFILE/ENDFILE::.) `EMPTY' The empty pattern matches every input record. (*Note Empty::.) @@ -8605,7 +8611,7 @@ record. When a record matches BEGPAT, the range pattern is "turned on" and the range pattern matches this record as well. As long as the range pattern stays turned on, it automatically matches every input record read. The range pattern also matches ENDPAT against every input -record; when this succeeds, the range pattern is turned off again for +record; when this succeeds, the range pattern is "turned off" again for the following record. Then the range pattern goes back to checking BEGPAT against each record. @@ -8737,10 +8743,10 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: I/O And BEGIN/END, Prev: Using BEGIN/END, Up: BEGIN/EN 7.1.4.2 Input/Output from `BEGIN' and `END' Rules ................................................. -There are several (sometimes subtle) points to remember when doing I/O -from a `BEGIN' or `END' rule. The first has to do with the value of -`$0' in a `BEGIN' rule. Because `BEGIN' rules are executed before any -input is read, there simply is no input record, and therefore no +There are several (sometimes subtle) points to be aware of when doing +I/O from a `BEGIN' or `END' rule. The first has to do with the value +of `$0' in a `BEGIN' rule. Because `BEGIN' rules are executed before +any input is read, there simply is no input record, and therefore no fields, when executing `BEGIN' rules. References to `$0' and the fields yield a null string or zero, depending upon the context. One way to give `$0' a real value is to execute a `getline' command without a @@ -8808,10 +8814,10 @@ tasks that would otherwise be difficult or impossible to perform: entirely. Otherwise, `gawk' exits with the usual fatal error. * If you have written extensions that modify the record handling (by - inserting an "input parser"), you can invoke them at this point, - before `gawk' has started processing the file. (This is a _very_ - advanced feature, currently used only by the `gawkextlib' project - (http://gawkextlib.sourceforge.net).) + inserting an "input parser," *note Input Parsers::), you can invoke + them at this point, before `gawk' has started processing the file. + (This is a _very_ advanced feature, currently used only by the + `gawkextlib' project (http://gawkextlib.sourceforge.net).) The `ENDFILE' rule is called when `gawk' has finished processing the last record in an input file. For the last input file, it will be @@ -8863,15 +8869,15 @@ to get the value of the shell variable into the body of the `awk' program. The most common method is to use shell quoting to substitute the -variable's value into the program inside the script. For example, in -the following program: +variable's value into the program inside the script. For example, +consider the following program: printf "Enter search pattern: " read pattern awk "/$pattern/ "'{ nmatches++ } END { print nmatches, "found" }' /path/to/data -the `awk' program consists of two pieces of quoted text that are +The `awk' program consists of two pieces of quoted text that are concatenated together to form the program. The first part is double-quoted, which allows substitution of the `pattern' shell variable inside the quotes. The second part is single-quoted. @@ -8883,7 +8889,7 @@ quotes when reading the program. A better method is to use `awk''s variable assignment feature (*note Assignment Options::) to assign the shell variable's value to an `awk' -variable's value. Then use dynamic regexps to match the pattern (*note +variable. Then use dynamic regexps to match the pattern (*note Computed Regexps::). The following shows how to redo the previous example using this technique: @@ -8945,9 +8951,9 @@ Control statements well as a few special ones (*note Statements::). Compound statements - Consist of one or more statements enclosed in curly braces. A - compound statement is used in order to put several statements - together in the body of an `if', `while', `do', or `for' statement. + Enclose one or more statements in curly braces. A compound + statement is used in order to put several statements together in + the body of an `if', `while', `do', or `for' statement. Input statements Use the `getline' command (*note Getline::). Also supplied in @@ -9210,7 +9216,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Switch Statement, Next: Break Statement, Prev: For Sta 7.4.5 The `switch' Statement ---------------------------- -This minor node describes a `gawk'-specific feature. +This minor node describes a `gawk'-specific feature. If `gawk' is in +compatibility mode (*note Options::), it is not available. The `switch' statement allows the evaluation of an expression and the execution of statements based on a `case' match. Case statements @@ -9261,9 +9268,6 @@ is executed and then falls through into the `default' section, executing its `print' statement. In turn, the -1 case will also be executed since the `default' does not halt execution. - This `switch' statement is a `gawk' extension. If `gawk' is in -compatibility mode (*note Options::), it is not available. -  File: gawk.info, Node: Break Statement, Next: Continue Statement, Prev: Switch Statement, Up: Statements @@ -9276,15 +9280,15 @@ divisor of any integer, and also identifies prime numbers: # find smallest divisor of num { - num = $1 - for (div = 2; div * div <= num; div++) { - if (num % div == 0) - break - } - if (num % div == 0) - printf "Smallest divisor of %d is %d\n", num, div - else - printf "%d is prime\n", num + num = $1 + for (div = 2; div * div <= num; div++) { + if (num % div == 0) + break + } + if (num % div == 0) + printf "Smallest divisor of %d is %d\n", num, div + else + printf "%d is prime\n", num } When the remainder is zero in the first `if' statement, `awk' @@ -9299,17 +9303,17 @@ Statement::.) # find smallest divisor of num { - num = $1 - for (div = 2; ; div++) { - if (num % div == 0) { - printf "Smallest divisor of %d is %d\n", num, div - break - } - if (div * div > num) { - printf "%d is prime\n", num - break + num = $1 + for (div = 2; ; div++) { + if (num % div == 0) { + printf "Smallest divisor of %d is %d\n", num, div + break + } + if (div * div > num) { + printf "%d is prime\n", num + break + } } - } } The `break' statement is also used to break out of the `switch' @@ -9420,7 +9424,7 @@ rules. *Note BEGINFILE/ENDFILE::. According to the POSIX standard, the behavior is undefined if the `next' statement is used in a `BEGIN' or `END' rule. `gawk' treats it -as a syntax error. Although POSIX permits it, some other `awk' +as a syntax error. Although POSIX permits it, most other `awk' implementations don't allow the `next' statement inside function bodies (*note User-defined::). Just as with any other `next' statement, a `next' statement inside a function body reads the next record and @@ -9524,12 +9528,12 @@ with a nonzero status. An `awk' program can do this using an `exit' statement with a nonzero argument, as shown in the following example: BEGIN { - if (("date" | getline date_now) <= 0) { - print "Can't get system date" > "/dev/stderr" - exit 1 - } - print "current date is", date_now - close("date") + if (("date" | getline date_now) <= 0) { + print "Can't get system date" > "/dev/stderr" + exit 1 + } + print "current date is", date_now + close("date") } NOTE: For full portability, exit values should be between zero and @@ -27797,7 +27801,7 @@ Item Limit -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Characters in a character 2^(number of bits per byte) class -Length of input record `MAX_INT ' +Length of input record `MAX_INT' Length of output record Unlimited Length of source line Unlimited Number of fields in a record `MAX_LONG' @@ -27810,9 +27814,9 @@ Number of pipe redirections min(number of processes per user, number of open files) Numeric values Double-precision floating point (if not using MPFR) -Size of a field `MAX_INT ' -Size of a literal string `MAX_INT ' -Size of a printf string `MAX_INT ' +Size of a field `MAX_INT' +Size of a literal string `MAX_INT' +Size of a printf string `MAX_INT'  File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Design, Next: Old Extension Mechanism, Prev: Implementation Limitations, Up: Notes @@ -30129,7 +30133,7 @@ Index * $ (dollar sign), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 35) * % (percent sign), % operator: Precedence. (line 55) * % (percent sign), %= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) -* % (percent sign), %= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) +* % (percent sign), %= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 130) * & (ampersand), && operator <1>: Precedence. (line 86) * & (ampersand), && operator: Boolean Ops. (line 57) * & (ampersand), gsub()/gensub()/sub() functions and: Gory Details. @@ -30150,9 +30154,9 @@ Index * * (asterisk), ** operator <1>: Precedence. (line 49) * * (asterisk), ** operator: Arithmetic Ops. (line 81) * * (asterisk), **= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) -* * (asterisk), **= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) +* * (asterisk), **= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 130) * * (asterisk), *= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) -* * (asterisk), *= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) +* * (asterisk), *= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 130) * + (plus sign), + operator: Precedence. (line 52) * + (plus sign), ++ operator <1>: Precedence. (line 46) * + (plus sign), ++ operator: Increment Ops. (line 11) @@ -30164,7 +30168,7 @@ Index * - (hyphen), -- operator <1>: Precedence. (line 46) * - (hyphen), -- operator: Increment Ops. (line 48) * - (hyphen), -= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) -* - (hyphen), -= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) +* - (hyphen), -= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 130) * - (hyphen), filenames beginning with: Options. (line 59) * - (hyphen), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17) * --assign option: Options. (line 32) @@ -30260,11 +30264,11 @@ Index * / (forward slash) to enclose regular expressions: Regexp. (line 10) * / (forward slash), / operator: Precedence. (line 55) * / (forward slash), /= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) -* / (forward slash), /= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) +* / (forward slash), /= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 130) * / (forward slash), /= operator, vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. - (line 147) + (line 148) * / (forward slash), patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 24) -* /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. (line 147) +* /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. (line 148) * /dev/... special files: Special FD. (line 46) * /dev/fd/N special files (gawk): Special FD. (line 46) * /inet/... special files (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) @@ -30354,7 +30358,7 @@ Index * \ (backslash), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 18) * ^ (caret), ^ operator: Precedence. (line 49) * ^ (caret), ^= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) -* ^ (caret), ^= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) +* ^ (caret), ^= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 130) * ^ (caret), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17) * ^ (caret), in FS: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 59) @@ -30399,7 +30403,7 @@ Index * amazing awk assembler (aaa): Glossary. (line 12) * amazingly workable formatter (awf): Glossary. (line 25) * ambiguity, syntactic: /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. - (line 147) + (line 148) * ampersand (&), && operator <1>: Precedence. (line 86) * ampersand (&), && operator: Boolean Ops. (line 57) * ampersand (&), gsub()/gensub()/sub() functions and: Gory Details. @@ -30431,7 +30435,7 @@ Index * arguments, command-line <2>: Auto-set. (line 11) * arguments, command-line: Other Arguments. (line 6) * arguments, command-line, invoking awk: Command Line. (line 6) -* arguments, in function calls: Function Calls. (line 16) +* arguments, in function calls: Function Calls. (line 18) * arguments, processing: Getopt Function. (line 6) * ARGV array, indexing into: Other Arguments. (line 12) * arithmetic operators: Arithmetic Ops. (line 6) @@ -30510,14 +30514,14 @@ Index * asterisk (*), ** operator <1>: Precedence. (line 49) * asterisk (*), ** operator: Arithmetic Ops. (line 81) * asterisk (*), **= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) -* asterisk (*), **= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) +* asterisk (*), **= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 130) * asterisk (*), *= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) -* asterisk (*), *= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) +* asterisk (*), *= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 130) * atan2: Numeric Functions. (line 11) * automatic displays, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 24) * awf (amazingly workable formatter) program: Glossary. (line 25) * awk debugging, enabling: Options. (line 108) -* awk language, POSIX version: Assignment Ops. (line 136) +* awk language, POSIX version: Assignment Ops. (line 137) * awk profiling, enabling: Options. (line 242) * awk programs <1>: Two Rules. (line 6) * awk programs <2>: Executable Scripts. (line 6) @@ -30763,7 +30767,7 @@ Index * call stack, display in debugger: Execution Stack. (line 13) * caret (^), ^ operator: Precedence. (line 49) * caret (^), ^= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) -* caret (^), ^= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) +* caret (^), ^= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 130) * caret (^), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17) * caret (^), regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 59) @@ -30844,7 +30848,7 @@ Index * commenting: Comments. (line 6) * commenting, backslash continuation and: Statements/Lines. (line 76) * common extensions, ** operator: Arithmetic Ops. (line 30) -* common extensions, **= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 136) +* common extensions, **= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 137) * common extensions, /dev/stderr special file: Special FD. (line 46) * common extensions, /dev/stdin special file: Special FD. (line 46) * common extensions, /dev/stdout special file: Special FD. (line 46) @@ -30948,7 +30952,7 @@ Index * dark corner: Conventions. (line 38) * dark corner, "0" is actually true: Truth Values. (line 24) * dark corner, /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. - (line 147) + (line 148) * dark corner, ^, in FS: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 59) * dark corner, array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. @@ -30974,14 +30978,14 @@ Index * dark corner, input files: awk split records. (line 110) * dark corner, invoking awk: Command Line. (line 16) * dark corner, length() function: String Functions. (line 180) -* dark corner, locale's decimal point character: Conversion. (line 77) +* dark corner, locale's decimal point character: Conversion. (line 75) * dark corner, multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 35) * dark corner, NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 107) * dark corner, OFMT variable: OFMT. (line 27) * dark corner, regexp constants: Using Constant Regexps. (line 6) * dark corner, regexp constants, /= operator and: Assignment Ops. - (line 147) + (line 148) * dark corner, regexp constants, as arguments to user-defined functions: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) * dark corner, split() function: String Functions. (line 359) @@ -31365,7 +31369,7 @@ Index * extensions, Brian Kernighan's awk <1>: Common Extensions. (line 6) * extensions, Brian Kernighan's awk: BTL. (line 6) * extensions, common, ** operator: Arithmetic Ops. (line 30) -* extensions, common, **= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 136) +* extensions, common, **= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 137) * extensions, common, /dev/stderr special file: Special FD. (line 46) * extensions, common, /dev/stdin special file: Special FD. (line 46) * extensions, common, /dev/stdout special file: Special FD. (line 46) @@ -31523,9 +31527,9 @@ Index * forward slash (/) to enclose regular expressions: Regexp. (line 10) * forward slash (/), / operator: Precedence. (line 55) * forward slash (/), /= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) -* forward slash (/), /= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) +* forward slash (/), /= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 130) * forward slash (/), /= operator, vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. - (line 147) + (line 148) * forward slash (/), patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 24) * FPAT variable <1>: User-modified. (line 45) * FPAT variable: Splitting By Content. @@ -31803,7 +31807,7 @@ Index * hyphen (-), -- operator <1>: Precedence. (line 46) * hyphen (-), -- operator: Increment Ops. (line 48) * hyphen (-), -= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) -* hyphen (-), -= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) +* hyphen (-), -= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 130) * hyphen (-), filenames beginning with: Options. (line 59) * hyphen (-), in bracket expressions: Bracket Expressions. (line 17) * i debugger command (alias for info): Debugger Info. (line 13) @@ -32285,7 +32289,7 @@ Index * PC operating systems, gawk on, installing: PC Installation. (line 6) * percent sign (%), % operator: Precedence. (line 55) * percent sign (%), %= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) -* percent sign (%), %= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 129) +* percent sign (%), %= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 130) * period (.), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 44) * Perl: Future Extensions. (line 6) * Peters, Arno: Contributors. (line 85) @@ -32308,7 +32312,7 @@ Index * portability: Escape Sequences. (line 94) * portability, #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. (line 33) * portability, ** operator and: Arithmetic Ops. (line 81) -* portability, **= operator and: Assignment Ops. (line 142) +* portability, **= operator and: Assignment Ops. (line 143) * portability, ARGV variable: Executable Scripts. (line 42) * portability, backslash continuation and: Statements/Lines. (line 30) * portability, backslash in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. @@ -32345,10 +32349,10 @@ Index * positional specifiers, printf statement, mixing with regular formats: Printf Ordering. (line 57) * positive zero: Unexpected Results. (line 34) -* POSIX awk <1>: Assignment Ops. (line 136) +* POSIX awk <1>: Assignment Ops. (line 137) * POSIX awk: This Manual. (line 14) * POSIX awk, ** operator and: Precedence. (line 98) -* POSIX awk, **= operator and: Assignment Ops. (line 142) +* POSIX awk, **= operator and: Assignment Ops. (line 143) * POSIX awk, < operator and: Getline/File. (line 26) * POSIX awk, arithmetic operators and: Arithmetic Ops. (line 30) * POSIX awk, backslashes in string constants: Escape Sequences. @@ -32538,7 +32542,7 @@ Index (line 102) * regexp constants <2>: Regexp Constants. (line 6) * regexp constants: Regexp Usage. (line 57) -* regexp constants, /=.../, /= operator and: Assignment Ops. (line 147) +* regexp constants, /=.../, /= operator and: Assignment Ops. (line 148) * regexp constants, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 34) * regexp constants, in gawk: Using Constant Regexps. (line 28) @@ -32735,7 +32739,7 @@ Index * side effects, conditional expressions: Conditional Exp. (line 22) * side effects, decrement/increment operators: Increment Ops. (line 11) * side effects, FILENAME variable: Getline Notes. (line 19) -* side effects, function calls: Function Calls. (line 54) +* side effects, function calls: Function Calls. (line 56) * side effects, statements: Action Overview. (line 32) * sidebar, A Constant's Base Does Not Affect Its Value: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 64) @@ -32761,7 +32765,7 @@ Index * sidebar, So Why Does gawk have BEGINFILE and ENDFILE?: Filetrans Function. (line 83) * sidebar, Syntactic Ambiguities Between /= and Regular Expressions: Assignment Ops. - (line 145) + (line 146) * sidebar, Understanding $0: Changing Fields. (line 134) * sidebar, Using \n in Bracket Expressions of Dynamic Regexps: Computed Regexps. (line 57) @@ -32909,7 +32913,7 @@ Index * switch statement: Switch Statement. (line 6) * SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 274) * syntactic ambiguity: /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. - (line 147) + (line 148) * system: I/O Functions. (line 72) * systime: Time Functions. (line 66) * t debugger command (alias for tbreak): Breakpoint Control. (line 90) @@ -32981,7 +32985,7 @@ Index * troubleshooting, fatal errors, printf format strings: Format Modifiers. (line 159) * troubleshooting, fflush() function: I/O Functions. (line 60) -* troubleshooting, function call syntax: Function Calls. (line 28) +* troubleshooting, function call syntax: Function Calls. (line 30) * troubleshooting, gawk: Compatibility Mode. (line 6) * troubleshooting, gawk, bug reports: Bugs. (line 9) * troubleshooting, gawk, fatal errors, function arguments: Calling Built-in. @@ -33309,400 +33313,400 @@ Node: Values299487 Node: Constants300163 Node: Scalar Constants300843 Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1301702 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers301884 -Node: Regexp Constants304884 -Node: Using Constant Regexps305359 -Node: Variables308414 -Node: Using Variables309069 -Node: Assignment Options310793 -Node: Conversion312668 -Ref: table-locale-affects318168 -Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1318792 -Node: All Operators318901 -Node: Arithmetic Ops319531 -Node: Concatenation322036 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1324824 -Node: Assignment Ops324944 -Ref: table-assign-ops329932 -Node: Increment Ops331263 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions334697 -Node: Truth Values335780 -Node: Typing and Comparison336829 -Node: Variable Typing337622 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1341519 -Node: Comparison Operators341641 -Ref: table-relational-ops342051 -Node: POSIX String Comparison345599 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1346555 -Node: Boolean Ops346693 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1350763 -Node: Conditional Exp350854 -Node: Function Calls352586 -Node: Precedence356180 -Node: Locales359849 -Node: Patterns and Actions360938 -Node: Pattern Overview361992 -Node: Regexp Patterns363661 -Node: Expression Patterns364204 -Node: Ranges367985 -Node: BEGIN/END371089 -Node: Using BEGIN/END371851 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1374587 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END374693 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE376975 -Node: Empty379889 -Node: Using Shell Variables380206 -Node: Action Overview382491 -Node: Statements384848 -Node: If Statement386702 -Node: While Statement388201 -Node: Do Statement390245 -Node: For Statement391401 -Node: Switch Statement394553 -Node: Break Statement396707 -Node: Continue Statement398697 -Node: Next Statement400490 -Node: Nextfile Statement402880 -Node: Exit Statement405535 -Node: Built-in Variables407951 -Node: User-modified409046 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1417404 -Node: Auto-set417466 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1430533 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2430738 -Node: ARGC and ARGV430794 -Node: Arrays434648 -Node: Array Basics436153 -Node: Array Intro436979 -Node: Reference to Elements441296 -Node: Assigning Elements443566 -Node: Array Example444057 -Node: Scanning an Array445789 -Node: Controlling Scanning448103 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1453190 -Node: Delete453506 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1456271 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts456328 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts458511 -Node: Multidimensional460138 -Node: Multiscanning463231 -Node: Arrays of Arrays464820 -Node: Functions469460 -Node: Built-in470279 -Node: Calling Built-in471357 -Node: Numeric Functions473345 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1477179 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2477536 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3477584 -Node: String Functions477853 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1500856 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2500985 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3501233 -Node: Gory Details501320 -Ref: table-sub-escapes502999 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92504353 -Ref: table-sub-proposed505704 -Ref: table-posix-sub507058 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes508603 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1509779 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2509830 -Node: I/O Functions509981 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1516977 -Node: Time Functions517124 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1528117 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2528185 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3528343 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4528454 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5528566 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6528793 -Node: Bitwise Functions529059 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops529621 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1533866 -Node: Type Functions534050 -Node: I18N Functions535201 -Node: User-defined536853 -Node: Definition Syntax537657 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1542571 -Node: Function Example542640 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1545289 -Node: Function Caveats545311 -Node: Calling A Function545829 -Node: Variable Scope546784 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference549747 -Node: Return Statement553255 -Node: Dynamic Typing556236 -Node: Indirect Calls557167 -Node: Library Functions566854 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1570367 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2570510 -Node: Library Names570681 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1574154 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2574374 -Node: General Functions574460 -Node: Strtonum Function575488 -Node: Assert Function578418 -Node: Round Function581744 -Node: Cliff Random Function583285 -Node: Ordinal Functions584301 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1587378 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2587630 -Node: Join Function587841 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1589612 -Node: Getlocaltime Function589812 -Node: Readfile Function593553 -Node: Data File Management595392 -Node: Filetrans Function596024 -Node: Rewind Function600093 -Node: File Checking601480 -Node: Empty Files602574 -Node: Ignoring Assigns604804 -Node: Getopt Function606358 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1617661 -Node: Passwd Functions617864 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1626842 -Node: Group Functions626930 -Node: Walking Arrays635014 -Node: Sample Programs637150 -Node: Running Examples637824 -Node: Clones638552 -Node: Cut Program639776 -Node: Egrep Program649627 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1657400 -Node: Id Program657510 -Node: Split Program661159 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1664678 -Node: Tee Program664806 -Node: Uniq Program667609 -Node: Wc Program675038 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1679304 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2679504 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs679596 -Node: Dupword Program680784 -Node: Alarm Program682815 -Node: Translate Program687622 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1692009 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2692257 -Node: Labels Program692391 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1695762 -Node: Word Sorting695846 -Node: History Sorting699730 -Node: Extract Program701569 -Ref: Extract Program-Footnote-1709072 -Node: Simple Sed709200 -Node: Igawk Program712262 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1727433 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2727634 -Node: Anagram Program727772 -Node: Signature Program730840 -Node: Advanced Features731940 -Node: Nondecimal Data733826 -Node: Array Sorting735409 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal736106 -Node: Array Sorting Functions744390 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1748259 -Node: Two-way I/O748453 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1753885 -Node: TCP/IP Networking753967 -Node: Profiling756811 -Node: Internationalization764314 -Node: I18N and L10N765739 -Node: Explaining gettext766425 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1771493 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2771677 -Node: Programmer i18n771842 -Node: Translator i18n776069 -Node: String Extraction776863 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1777824 -Node: Printf Ordering777910 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1780692 -Node: I18N Portability780756 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1783205 -Node: I18N Example783268 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1785906 -Node: Gawk I18N785978 -Node: Debugger786599 -Node: Debugging787570 -Node: Debugging Concepts788003 -Node: Debugging Terms789859 -Node: Awk Debugging792456 -Node: Sample Debugging Session793348 -Node: Debugger Invocation793868 -Node: Finding The Bug795201 -Node: List of Debugger Commands801688 -Node: Breakpoint Control803022 -Node: Debugger Execution Control806686 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data810046 -Node: Execution Stack813402 -Node: Debugger Info814869 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands818863 -Node: Readline Support824041 -Node: Limitations824872 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic827124 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1828773 -Node: General Arithmetic828921 -Node: Floating Point Issues830641 -Node: String Conversion Precision831522 -Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1833227 -Node: Unexpected Results833336 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems835489 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1839314 -Node: Integer Programming839352 -Node: Floating-point Programming841091 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1847422 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2847692 -Node: Floating-point Representation847956 -Node: Floating-point Context849121 -Ref: table-ieee-formats849960 -Node: Rounding Mode851344 -Ref: table-rounding-modes851823 -Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1854838 -Node: Gawk and MPFR855017 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats856426 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1858869 -Node: Setting Precision859185 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings859871 -Node: Setting Rounding Mode862016 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes862420 -Node: Floating-point Constants863607 -Node: Changing Precision865036 -Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1866433 -Node: Exact Arithmetic866607 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers869745 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1872760 -Node: Dynamic Extensions872907 -Node: Extension Intro874365 -Node: Plugin License875630 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline876315 -Ref: load-extension876732 -Ref: load-new-function878210 -Ref: call-new-function879205 -Node: Extension API Description881220 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction882507 -Node: General Data Types887434 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1893129 -Node: Requesting Values893428 -Ref: table-value-types-returned894165 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions895119 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1897865 -Node: Constructor Functions897961 -Node: Registration Functions899719 -Node: Extension Functions900404 -Node: Exit Callback Functions902706 -Node: Extension Version String903955 -Node: Input Parsers904605 -Node: Output Wrappers914362 -Node: Two-way processors918872 -Node: Printing Messages921080 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1922157 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'922309 -Node: Accessing Parameters923048 -Node: Symbol Table Access924278 -Node: Symbol table by name924792 -Node: Symbol table by cookie926768 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1930900 -Node: Cached values930963 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1934453 -Node: Array Manipulation934544 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1935642 -Node: Array Data Types935681 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1938384 -Node: Array Functions938476 -Node: Flattening Arrays942312 -Node: Creating Arrays949164 -Node: Extension API Variables953889 -Node: Extension Versioning954525 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables956426 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate957512 -Node: Finding Extensions961316 -Node: Extension Example961876 -Node: Internal File Description962606 -Node: Internal File Ops966697 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1978206 -Node: Using Internal File Ops978346 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1980693 -Node: Extension Samples980959 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions982483 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch990970 -Node: Extension Sample Fork992739 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace993952 -Node: Extension Sample Ord995730 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir996566 -Node: Extension Sample Revout998098 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way998691 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array999381 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile1001264 -Node: 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load-new-function878533 +Ref: call-new-function879528 +Node: Extension API Description881543 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction882830 +Node: General Data Types887757 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1893452 +Node: Requesting Values893751 +Ref: table-value-types-returned894488 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions895442 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1898188 +Node: Constructor Functions898284 +Node: Registration Functions900042 +Node: Extension Functions900727 +Node: Exit Callback Functions903029 +Node: Extension Version String904278 +Node: Input Parsers904928 +Node: Output Wrappers914685 +Node: Two-way processors919195 +Node: Printing Messages921403 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1922480 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'922632 +Node: Accessing Parameters923371 +Node: Symbol Table Access924601 +Node: Symbol table by name925115 +Node: Symbol table by cookie927091 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1931223 +Node: Cached values931286 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1934776 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Robbins" Date: Fri, 2 May 2014 08:43:44 +0300 Subject: Edits through Chapter 8, new figure. --- doc/gawk.info | 1183 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 597 insertions(+), 586 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 8c13d181..dfe1589e 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -9555,9 +9555,9 @@ of these automatically, so that they enable you to tell `awk' how to do certain things. Others are set automatically by `awk', so that they carry information from the internal workings of `awk' to your program. - This minor node documents all the built-in variables of `gawk', most -of which are also documented in the chapters describing their areas of -activity. + This minor node documents all of `gawk''s built-in variables, most +of which are also documented in the major nodes describing their areas +of activity. * Menu: @@ -9574,8 +9574,13 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: User-modified, Next: Auto-set, Up: Built-in Variables ------------------------------------------- The following is an alphabetical list of variables that you can change -to control how `awk' does certain things. The variables that are -specific to `gawk' are marked with a pound sign (`#'). +to control how `awk' does certain things. + + The variables that are specific to `gawk' are marked with a pound +sign (`#'). These variables are `gawk' extensions. In other `awk' +implementations or if `gawk' is in compatibility mode (*note +Options::), they are not special. (Any exceptions are noted in the +description of each variable.) `BINMODE #' On non-POSIX systems, this variable specifies use of binary mode @@ -9588,14 +9593,11 @@ specific to `gawk' are marked with a pound sign (`#'). string value of `"rw"' or `"wr"' indicates that all files should use binary I/O. Any other string value is treated the same as `"rw"', but causes `gawk' to generate a warning message. - `BINMODE' is described in more detail in *note PC Using::. - - This variable is a `gawk' extension. In other `awk' - implementations (except `mawk', *note Other Versions::), or if - `gawk' is in compatibility mode (*note Options::), it is not - special. + `BINMODE' is described in more detail in *note PC Using::. `mawk' + *note Other Versions::), also supports this variable, but only + using numeric values. -`CONVFMT' +``CONVFMT'' This string controls conversion of numbers to strings (*note Conversion::). It works by being passed, in effect, as the first argument to the `sprintf()' function (*note String Functions::). @@ -9603,29 +9605,21 @@ specific to `gawk' are marked with a pound sign (`#'). POSIX standard. `FIELDWIDTHS #' - This is a space-separated list of columns that tells `gawk' how to - split input with fixed columnar boundaries. Assigning a value to + A space-separated list of columns that tells `gawk' how to split + input with fixed columnar boundaries. Assigning a value to `FIELDWIDTHS' overrides the use of `FS' and `FPAT' for field splitting. *Note Constant Size::, for more information. - If `gawk' is in compatibility mode (*note Options::), then - `FIELDWIDTHS' has no special meaning, and field-splitting - operations occur based exclusively on the value of `FS'. - `FPAT #' - This is a regular expression (as a string) that tells `gawk' to - create the fields based on text that matches the regular - expression. Assigning a value to `FPAT' overrides the use of `FS' - and `FIELDWIDTHS' for field splitting. *Note Splitting By - Content::, for more information. - - If `gawk' is in compatibility mode (*note Options::), then `FPAT' - has no special meaning, and field-splitting operations occur based - exclusively on the value of `FS'. + A regular expression (as a string) that tells `gawk' to create the + fields based on text that matches the regular expression. + Assigning a value to `FPAT' overrides the use of `FS' and + `FIELDWIDTHS' for field splitting. *Note Splitting By Content::, + for more information. `FS' - This is the input field separator (*note Field Separators::). The - value is a single-character string or a multicharacter regular + The input field separator (*note Field Separators::). The value + is a single-character string or a multicharacter regular expression that matches the separations between fields in an input record. If the value is the null string (`""'), then each character in the record becomes a separate field. (This behavior @@ -9661,13 +9655,9 @@ specific to `gawk' are marked with a pound sign (`#'). splitting when using a single-character field separator. *Note Case-sensitivity::. - If `gawk' is in compatibility mode (*note Options::), then - `IGNORECASE' has no special meaning. Thus, string and regexp - operations are always case-sensitive. - `LINT #' When this variable is true (nonzero or non-null), `gawk' behaves - as if the `--lint' command-line option is in effect. (*note + as if the `--lint' command-line option is in effect (*note Options::). With a value of `"fatal"', lint warnings become fatal errors. With a value of `"invalid"', only warnings about things that are actually invalid are issued. (This is not fully @@ -9683,13 +9673,13 @@ specific to `gawk' are marked with a pound sign (`#'). execution is independent of the flavor of `awk' being executed. `OFMT' - This string controls conversion of numbers to strings (*note - Conversion::) for printing with the `print' statement. It works - by being passed as the first argument to the `sprintf()' function - (*note String Functions::). Its default value is `"%.6g"'. - Earlier versions of `awk' also used `OFMT' to specify the format - for converting numbers to strings in general expressions; this is - now done by `CONVFMT'. + Controls conversion of numbers to strings (*note Conversion::) for + printing with the `print' statement. It works by being passed as + the first argument to the `sprintf()' function (*note String + Functions::). Its default value is `"%.6g"'. Earlier versions of + `awk' also used `OFMT' to specify the format for converting + numbers to strings in general expressions; this is now done by + `CONVFMT'. `OFS' This is the output field separator (*note Output Separators::). @@ -9697,8 +9687,8 @@ specific to `gawk' are marked with a pound sign (`#'). Its default value is `" "', a string consisting of a single space. `ORS' - This is the output record separator. It is output at the end of - every `print' statement. Its default value is `"\n"', the newline + The output record separator. It is output at the end of every + `print' statement. Its default value is `"\n"', the newline character. (*Note Output Separators::.) `PREC #' @@ -9708,38 +9698,34 @@ specific to `gawk' are marked with a pound sign (`#'). `ROUNDMODE #' The rounding mode to use for arbitrary precision arithmetic on numbers, by default `"N"' (`roundTiesToEven' in the IEEE-754 - standard) (*note Setting Rounding Mode::). + standard; *note Setting Rounding Mode::). -`RS' - This is `awk''s input record separator. Its default value is a - string containing a single newline character, which means that an - input record consists of a single line of text. It can also be - the null string, in which case records are separated by runs of - blank lines. If it is a regexp, records are separated by matches - of the regexp in the input text. (*Note Records::.) +``RS'' + The input record separator. Its default value is a string + containing a single newline character, which means that an input + record consists of a single line of text. It can also be the null + string, in which case records are separated by runs of blank lines. + If it is a regexp, records are separated by matches of the regexp + in the input text. (*Note Records::.) The ability for `RS' to be a regular expression is a `gawk' extension. In most other `awk' implementations, or if `gawk' is in compatibility mode (*note Options::), just the first character of `RS''s value is used. -`SUBSEP' - This is the subscript separator. It has the default value of - `"\034"' and is used to separate the parts of the indices of a - multidimensional array. Thus, the expression `foo["A", "B"]' - really accesses `foo["A\034B"]' (*note Multidimensional::). +``SUBSEP'' + The subscript separator. It has the default value of `"\034"' and + is used to separate the parts of the indices of a multidimensional + array. Thus, the expression `foo["A", "B"]' really accesses + `foo["A\034B"]' (*note Multidimensional::). `TEXTDOMAIN #' - This variable is used for internationalization of programs at the - `awk' level. It sets the default text domain for specially marked - string constants in the source text, as well as for the - `dcgettext()', `dcngettext()' and `bindtextdomain()' functions - (*note Internationalization::). The default value of `TEXTDOMAIN' - is `"messages"'. - - This variable is a `gawk' extension. In other `awk' - implementations, or if `gawk' is in compatibility mode (*note - Options::), it is not special. + Used for internationalization of programs at the `awk' level. It + sets the default text domain for specially marked string constants + in the source text, as well as for the `dcgettext()', + `dcngettext()' and `bindtextdomain()' functions (*note + Internationalization::). The default value of `TEXTDOMAIN' is + `"messages"'. ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -9753,8 +9739,12 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Auto-set, Next: ARGC and ARGV, Prev: User-modified, U The following is an alphabetical list of variables that `awk' sets automatically on certain occasions in order to provide information to -your program. The variables that are specific to `gawk' are marked -with a pound sign (`#'). +your program. + + The variables that are specific to `gawk' are marked with a pound +sign (`#'). These variables are `gawk' extensions. In other `awk' +implementations or if `gawk' is in compatibility mode (*note +Options::), they are not special. `ARGC', `ARGV' The command-line arguments available to `awk' programs are stored @@ -9785,7 +9775,7 @@ with a pound sign (`#'). are any of `awk''s command-line options. *Note ARGC and ARGV::, for information about how `awk' uses these variables. (d.c.) -`ARGIND' # +`ARGIND #' The index in `ARGV' of the current file being processed. Every time `gawk' opens a new data file for processing, it sets `ARGIND' to the index in `ARGV' of the file name. When `gawk' is @@ -9801,26 +9791,23 @@ with a pound sign (`#'). program, `gawk' automatically sets it to a new value when the next file is opened. - This variable is a `gawk' extension. In other `awk' - implementations, or if `gawk' is in compatibility mode (*note - Options::), it is not special. - `ENVIRON' An associative array containing the values of the environment. The array indices are the environment variable names; the elements are the values of the particular environment variables. For - example, `ENVIRON["HOME"]' might be `/home/arnold'. Changing this - array does not affect the environment passed on to any programs - that `awk' may spawn via redirection or the `system()' function. + example, `ENVIRON["HOME"]' might be `"/home/arnold"'. Changing + this array does not affect the environment passed on to any + programs that `awk' may spawn via redirection or the `system()' + function. (In a future version of `gawk', it may do so.) Some operating systems may not have environment variables. On such systems, the `ENVIRON' array is empty (except for - `ENVIRON["AWKPATH"]', *note AWKPATH Variable:: and - `ENVIRON["AWKLIBPATH"]', *note AWKLIBPATH Variable::). + `ENVIRON["AWKPATH"]' and `ENVIRON["AWKLIBPATH"]'; *note AWKPATH + Variable::, and *note AWKLIBPATH Variable::). -`ERRNO' # - If a system error occurs during a redirection for `getline', - during a read for `getline', or during a `close()' operation, then +`ERRNO #' + If a system error occurs during a redirection for `getline', during + a read for `getline', or during a `close()' operation, then `ERRNO' contains a string describing the error. In addition, `gawk' clears `ERRNO' before opening each @@ -9834,19 +9821,14 @@ with a pound sign (`#'). `getline' returning -1. You are, of course, free to clear it yourself before doing an I/O operation. - This variable is a `gawk' extension. In other `awk' - implementations, or if `gawk' is in compatibility mode (*note - Options::), it is not special. - `FILENAME' - The name of the file that `awk' is currently reading. When no - data files are listed on the command line, `awk' reads from the - standard input and `FILENAME' is set to `"-"'. `FILENAME' is - changed each time a new file is read (*note Reading Files::). - Inside a `BEGIN' rule, the value of `FILENAME' is `""', since - there are no input files being processed yet.(1) (d.c.) Note, - though, that using `getline' (*note Getline::) inside a `BEGIN' - rule can give `FILENAME' a value. + The name of the current input file. When no data files are listed + on the command line, `awk' reads from the standard input and + `FILENAME' is set to `"-"'. `FILENAME' changes each time a new + file is read (*note Reading Files::). Inside a `BEGIN' rule, the + value of `FILENAME' is `""', since there are no input files being + processed yet.(1) (d.c.) Note, though, that using `getline' (*note + Getline::) inside a `BEGIN' rule can give `FILENAME' a value. `FNR' The current record number in the current file. `FNR' is @@ -9864,21 +9846,20 @@ with a pound sign (`#'). create or remove fields from the current record. *Note Changing Fields::. -`FUNCTAB' # +`FUNCTAB #' An array whose indices and corresponding values are the names of all the user-defined or extension functions in the program. NOTE: Attempting to use the `delete' statement with the - `FUNCTAB' array will cause a fatal error. Any attempt to - assign to an element of the `FUNCTAB' array will also cause a - fatal error. + `FUNCTAB' array causes a fatal error. Any attempt to assign + to an element of `FUNCTAB' also causes a fatal error. `NR' The number of input records `awk' has processed since the beginning of the program's execution (*note Records::). `NR' is incremented each time a new record is read. -`PROCINFO' # +`PROCINFO #' The elements of this array provide access to information about the running `awk' program. The following elements (listed alphabetically) are guaranteed to be available: @@ -9935,8 +9916,8 @@ with a pound sign (`#'). `PROCINFO["sorted_in"]' If this element exists in `PROCINFO', its value controls the - order in which array indices will be processed by `for (index - in array) ...' loops. Since this is an advanced feature, we + order in which array indices will be processed by `for (INDEX + in ARRAY)' loops. Since this is an advanced feature, we defer the full description until later; see *note Scanning an Array::. @@ -9994,10 +9975,6 @@ with a pound sign (`#'). open input file, pipe, or coprocess. *Note Read Timeout::, for more information. - This array is a `gawk' extension. In other `awk' implementations, - or if `gawk' is in compatibility mode (*note Options::), it is not - special. - `RLENGTH' The length of the substring matched by the `match()' function (*note String Functions::). `RLENGTH' is set by invoking the @@ -10011,15 +9988,11 @@ with a pound sign (`#'). of the string where the matched substring starts, or zero if no match was found. -`RT' # - This is set each time a record is read. It contains the input text - that matched the text denoted by `RS', the record separator. - - This variable is a `gawk' extension. In other `awk' - implementations, or if `gawk' is in compatibility mode (*note - Options::), it is not special. +`RT #' + The input text that matched the text denoted by `RS', the record + separator. It is set every time a record is read. -`SYMTAB' # +`SYMTAB #' An array whose indices are the names of all currently defined global variables and arrays in the program. The array may be used for indirect access to read or write the value of a variable: @@ -10053,7 +10026,7 @@ with a pound sign (`#'). return SYMTAB[variable] *= amount } - NOTE: In order to avoid severe time-travel paradoxes(2), + NOTE: In order to avoid severe time-travel paradoxes,(2) neither `FUNCTAB' nor `SYMTAB' are available as elements within the `SYMTAB' array. @@ -10203,7 +10176,7 @@ remove array elements. It also describes how `awk' simulates multidimensional arrays, as well as some of the less obvious points about array usage. The major node moves on to discuss `gawk''s facility for sorting arrays, and ends with a brief description of `gawk''s -ability to support true multidimensional arrays. +ability to support true arrays of arrays. `awk' maintains a single set of names that may be used for naming variables, arrays, and functions (*note User-defined::). Thus, you @@ -10281,12 +10254,13 @@ declared.) A contiguous array of four elements might look like the following example, conceptually, if the element values are 8, `"foo"', `""', and -30: +30 as shown in *note figure-array-elements::: - +---------+---------+--------+---------+ - | 8 | "foo" | "" | 30 | Value - +---------+---------+--------+---------+ - 0 1 2 3 Index ++---------+---------+--------+---------+ +| 8 | "foo" | "" | 30 | @r{Value} ++---------+---------+--------+---------+ + 0 1 2 3 @r{Index} +Figure 8.1: A Contiguous Array Only the values are stored; the indices are implicit from the order of the values. Here, 8 is the value at index zero, because 8 appears in the @@ -10329,9 +10303,9 @@ from English to French: Here we decided to translate the number one in both spelled-out and numeric form--thus illustrating that a single array can have both -numbers and strings as indices. In fact, array subscripts are always +numbers and strings as indices. (In fact, array subscripts are always strings; this is discussed in more detail in *note Numeric Array -Subscripts::. Here, the number `1' isn't double-quoted, since `awk' +Subscripts::.) Here, the number `1' isn't double-quoted, since `awk' automatically converts it to a string. The value of `IGNORECASE' has no effect upon array subscripting. @@ -10383,11 +10357,11 @@ been assigned any value as well as elements that have been deleted To determine whether an element exists in an array at a certain index, use the following expression: - IND in ARRAY + INDX in ARRAY -This expression tests whether the particular index IND exists, without +This expression tests whether the particular index INDX exists, without the side effect of creating that element if it is not present. The -expression has the value one (true) if `ARRAY[IND]' exists and zero +expression has the value one (true) if `ARRAY[INDX]' exists and zero (false) if it does not exist. For example, this statement tests whether the array `frequencies' contains the index `2': @@ -10522,19 +10496,54 @@ built-in function `length()'. The order in which elements of the array are accessed by this statement is determined by the internal arrangement of the array -elements within `awk' and normally cannot be controlled or changed. -This can lead to problems if new elements are added to ARRAY by -statements in the loop body; it is not predictable whether the `for' +elements within `awk' and in standard `awk' cannot be controlled or +changed. This can lead to problems if new elements are added to ARRAY +by statements in the loop body; it is not predictable whether the `for' loop will reach them. Similarly, changing VAR inside the loop may produce strange results. It is best to avoid such things. + As a point of information, `gawk' sets up the list of elements to be +iterated over before the loop starts, and does not change it. But not +all `awk' versions do so. Consider this program, named `loopcheck.awk': + + BEGIN { + a["here"] = "here" + a["is"] = "is" + a["a"] = "a" + a["loop"] = "loop" + for (i in a) { + j++ + a[j] = j + print i + } + } + + Here is what happens when run with `gawk': + + $ gawk -f loopcheck.awk + -| here + -| loop + -| a + -| is + + Contrast this to Brian Kernighan's `awk': + + $ nawk -f loopcheck.awk + -| loop + -| here + -| is + -| a + -| 1 +  File: gawk.info, Node: Controlling Scanning, Prev: Scanning an Array, Up: Array Basics -8.1.6 Using Predefined Array Scanning Orders --------------------------------------------- +8.1.6 Using Predefined Array Scanning Orders With `gawk' +-------------------------------------------------------- + +This node describes a feature that is specific to `gawk'. -By default, when a `for' loop traverses an array, the order is + By default, when a `for' loop traverses an array, the order is undefined, meaning that the `awk' implementation determines the order in which the array is traversed. This order is usually based on the internal implementation of arrays and will vary from one version of @@ -10820,7 +10829,7 @@ might look like this: -| line 3 -| line 2 - Unfortunately, the very first line of input data did not come out in + Unfortunately, the very first line of input data did not appear in the output! Upon first glance, we would think that this program should have @@ -30424,15 +30433,15 @@ Index (line 6) * archeologists: Bugs. (line 6) * arctangent: Numeric Functions. (line 11) -* ARGC/ARGV variables: Auto-set. (line 11) +* ARGC/ARGV variables: Auto-set. (line 15) * ARGC/ARGV variables, command-line arguments: Other Arguments. (line 12) * ARGC/ARGV variables, how to use: ARGC and ARGV. (line 6) * ARGC/ARGV variables, portability and: Executable Scripts. (line 42) -* ARGIND variable: Auto-set. (line 40) +* ARGIND variable: Auto-set. (line 44) * ARGIND variable, command-line arguments: Other Arguments. (line 12) * arguments, command-line <1>: ARGC and ARGV. (line 6) -* arguments, command-line <2>: Auto-set. (line 11) +* arguments, command-line <2>: Auto-set. (line 15) * arguments, command-line: Other Arguments. (line 6) * arguments, command-line, invoking awk: Command Line. (line 6) * arguments, in function calls: Function Calls. (line 18) @@ -30443,15 +30452,15 @@ Index * array members: Reference to Elements. (line 6) * array scanning order, controlling: Controlling Scanning. - (line 12) + (line 14) * array, number of elements: String Functions. (line 194) * arrays: Arrays. (line 6) * arrays of arrays: Arrays of Arrays. (line 6) * arrays, an example of using: Array Example. (line 6) -* arrays, and IGNORECASE variable: Array Intro. (line 91) +* arrays, and IGNORECASE variable: Array Intro. (line 92) * arrays, as parameters to functions: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 47) -* arrays, associative: Array Intro. (line 49) +* arrays, associative: Array Intro. (line 50) * arrays, associative, library functions and: Library Names. (line 57) * arrays, deleting entire contents: Delete. (line 39) * arrays, elements that don't exist: Reference to Elements. @@ -30462,7 +30471,7 @@ Index (line 48) * arrays, elements, retrieving number of: String Functions. (line 32) * arrays, for statement and: Scanning an Array. (line 20) -* arrays, indexing: Array Intro. (line 49) +* arrays, indexing: Array Intro. (line 50) * arrays, merging into strings: Join Function. (line 6) * arrays, multidimensional: Multidimensional. (line 10) * arrays, multidimensional, scanning: Multiscanning. (line 11) @@ -30476,7 +30485,7 @@ Index (line 6) * arrays, sorting, and IGNORECASE variable: Array Sorting Functions. (line 83) -* arrays, sparse: Array Intro. (line 70) +* arrays, sparse: Array Intro. (line 71) * arrays, subscripts, uninitialized variables as: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 6) * arrays, unassigned elements: Reference to Elements. @@ -30504,7 +30513,7 @@ Index * assignment operators, evaluation order: Assignment Ops. (line 111) * assignment operators, lvalues/rvalues: Assignment Ops. (line 32) * assignments as filenames: Ignoring Assigns. (line 6) -* associative arrays: Array Intro. (line 49) +* associative arrays: Array Intro. (line 50) * asterisk (*), * operator, as multiplication operator: Precedence. (line 55) * asterisk (*), * operator, as regexp operator: Regexp Operators. @@ -30662,14 +30671,14 @@ Index * Benzinger, Michael: Contributors. (line 97) * Berry, Karl <1>: Ranges and Locales. (line 74) * Berry, Karl: Acknowledgments. (line 33) -* binary input/output: User-modified. (line 10) +* binary input/output: User-modified. (line 15) * bindtextdomain <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 47) * bindtextdomain: I18N Functions. (line 12) * bindtextdomain() function (C library): Explaining gettext. (line 49) * bindtextdomain() function (gawk), portability and: I18N Portability. (line 33) * BINMODE variable <1>: PC Using. (line 33) -* BINMODE variable: User-modified. (line 10) +* BINMODE variable: User-modified. (line 15) * bit-manipulation functions: Bitwise Functions. (line 6) * bits2str() user-defined function: Bitwise Functions. (line 70) * bitwise AND: Bitwise Functions. (line 39) @@ -30773,9 +30782,9 @@ Index (line 59) * caret (^), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 22) * case keyword: Switch Statement. (line 6) -* case sensitivity, and regexps: User-modified. (line 82) -* case sensitivity, and string comparisons: User-modified. (line 82) -* case sensitivity, array indices and: Array Intro. (line 91) +* case sensitivity, and regexps: User-modified. (line 76) +* case sensitivity, and string comparisons: User-modified. (line 76) +* case sensitivity, array indices and: Array Intro. (line 92) * case sensitivity, converting case: String Functions. (line 520) * case sensitivity, example programs: Library Functions. (line 53) * case sensitivity, gawk: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) @@ -30827,7 +30836,7 @@ Index * comma (,), in range patterns: Ranges. (line 6) * command completion, in debugger: Readline Support. (line 6) * command line, arguments <1>: ARGC and ARGV. (line 6) -* command line, arguments <2>: Auto-set. (line 11) +* command line, arguments <2>: Auto-set. (line 15) * command line, arguments: Other Arguments. (line 6) * command line, directories on: Command line directories. (line 6) @@ -30909,7 +30918,7 @@ Index * continue statement: Continue Statement. (line 6) * control statements: Statements. (line 6) * controlling array scanning order: Controlling Scanning. - (line 12) + (line 14) * convert string to lower case: String Functions. (line 521) * convert string to number: String Functions. (line 385) * convert string to upper case: String Functions. (line 527) @@ -30920,7 +30929,7 @@ Index * converting, numbers to strings: Conversion. (line 6) * converting, strings to numbers <1>: Bitwise Functions. (line 109) * converting, strings to numbers: Conversion. (line 6) -* CONVFMT variable <1>: User-modified. (line 28) +* CONVFMT variable <1>: User-modified. (line 30) * CONVFMT variable: Conversion. (line 29) * CONVFMT variable, and array subscripts: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 6) @@ -30969,9 +30978,9 @@ Index * dark corner, exit statement: Exit Statement. (line 30) * dark corner, field separators: Field Splitting Summary. (line 46) -* dark corner, FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 93) +* dark corner, FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 90) * dark corner, FILENAME variable: Getline Notes. (line 19) -* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 314) +* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 301) * dark corner, format-control characters: Control Letters. (line 18) * dark corner, FS as null string: Single Character Fields. (line 20) @@ -30990,7 +30999,7 @@ Index (line 43) * dark corner, split() function: String Functions. (line 359) * dark corner, strings, storing: gawk split records. (line 83) -* dark corner, value of ARGV[0]: Auto-set. (line 35) +* dark corner, value of ARGV[0]: Auto-set. (line 39) * data, fixed-width: Constant Size. (line 10) * data-driven languages: Basic High Level. (line 85) * database, group, reading: Group Functions. (line 6) @@ -31136,7 +31145,7 @@ Index * differences between gawk and awk: String Functions. (line 194) * differences in awk and gawk, ARGC/ARGV variables: ARGC and ARGV. (line 88) -* differences in awk and gawk, ARGIND variable: Auto-set. (line 40) +* differences in awk and gawk, ARGIND variable: Auto-set. (line 44) * differences in awk and gawk, array elements, deleting: Delete. (line 39) * differences in awk and gawk, AWKLIBPATH environment variable: AWKLIBPATH Variable. @@ -31150,22 +31159,22 @@ Index * differences in awk and gawk, BINMODE variable <1>: PC Using. (line 33) * differences in awk and gawk, BINMODE variable: User-modified. - (line 23) + (line 15) * differences in awk and gawk, close() function: Close Files And Pipes. (line 81) * differences in awk and gawk, command line directories: Command line directories. (line 6) -* differences in awk and gawk, ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 73) +* differences in awk and gawk, ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 74) * differences in awk and gawk, error messages: Special FD. (line 16) * differences in awk and gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable: User-modified. - (line 35) -* differences in awk and gawk, FPAT variable: User-modified. (line 45) -* differences in awk and gawk, FUNCTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 119) + (line 37) +* differences in awk and gawk, FPAT variable: User-modified. (line 43) +* differences in awk and gawk, FUNCTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 115) * differences in awk and gawk, function arguments (gawk): Calling Built-in. (line 16) * differences in awk and gawk, getline command: Getline. (line 19) * differences in awk and gawk, IGNORECASE variable: User-modified. - (line 82) + (line 76) * differences in awk and gawk, implementation limitations <1>: Redirection. (line 135) * differences in awk and gawk, implementation limitations: Getline Notes. @@ -31178,12 +31187,12 @@ Index (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, line continuations: Conditional Exp. (line 34) -* differences in awk and gawk, LINT variable: User-modified. (line 98) +* differences in awk and gawk, LINT variable: User-modified. (line 88) * differences in awk and gawk, match() function: String Functions. (line 257) * differences in awk and gawk, print/printf statements: Format Modifiers. (line 13) -* differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 133) +* differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 128) * differences in awk and gawk, read timeouts: Read Timeout. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, record separators: awk split records. (line 124) @@ -31193,7 +31202,7 @@ Index (line 26) * differences in awk and gawk, RS/RT variables: gawk split records. (line 58) -* differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 266) +* differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 257) * differences in awk and gawk, single-character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, split() function: String Functions. @@ -31201,9 +31210,9 @@ Index * differences in awk and gawk, strings: Scalar Constants. (line 20) * differences in awk and gawk, strings, storing: gawk split records. (line 77) -* differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 274) +* differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 261) * differences in awk and gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. - (line 162) + (line 152) * differences in awk and gawk, trunc-mod operation: Arithmetic Ops. (line 66) * directories, command line: Command line directories. @@ -31242,8 +31251,8 @@ Index * dynamically loaded extensions: Dynamic Extensions. (line 6) * e debugger command (alias for enable): Breakpoint Control. (line 73) * EBCDIC: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) -* effective group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 138) -* effective user ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 142) +* effective group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 133) +* effective user ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 137) * egrep utility <1>: Egrep Program. (line 6) * egrep utility: Bracket Expressions. (line 24) * egrep.awk program: Egrep Program. (line 54) @@ -31298,13 +31307,13 @@ Index (line 11) * EREs (Extended Regular Expressions): Bracket Expressions. (line 24) * ERRNO variable <1>: TCP/IP Networking. (line 54) -* ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 73) +* ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 74) * ERRNO variable, with BEGINFILE pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26) * ERRNO variable, with close() function: Close Files And Pipes. (line 139) * ERRNO variable, with getline command: Getline. (line 19) * error handling: Special FD. (line 16) -* error handling, ERRNO variable and: Auto-set. (line 73) +* error handling, ERRNO variable and: Auto-set. (line 74) * error output: Special FD. (line 6) * escape processing, gsub()/gensub()/sub() functions: Gory Details. (line 6) @@ -31358,7 +31367,7 @@ Index (line 6) * extension API version: Extension Versioning. (line 6) -* extension API, version number: Auto-set. (line 229) +* extension API, version number: Auto-set. (line 224) * extension example: Extension Example. (line 6) * extension registration: Registration Functions. (line 6) @@ -31407,11 +31416,11 @@ Index (line 6) * field separator, POSIX and: Field Splitting Summary. (line 40) -* field separators <1>: User-modified. (line 56) +* field separators <1>: User-modified. (line 50) * field separators: Field Separators. (line 15) * field separators, choice of: Field Separators. (line 51) -* field separators, FIELDWIDTHS variable and: User-modified. (line 35) -* field separators, FPAT variable and: User-modified. (line 45) +* field separators, FIELDWIDTHS variable and: User-modified. (line 37) +* field separators, FPAT variable and: User-modified. (line 43) * field separators, POSIX and: Fields. (line 6) * field separators, regular expressions as <1>: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 6) @@ -31431,13 +31440,13 @@ Index * fields, separating: Field Separators. (line 15) * fields, single-character: Single Character Fields. (line 6) -* FIELDWIDTHS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 35) +* FIELDWIDTHS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 37) * FIELDWIDTHS variable: Constant Size. (line 23) * file descriptors: Special FD. (line 6) -* file names, distinguishing: Auto-set. (line 52) +* file names, distinguishing: Auto-set. (line 56) * file names, in compatibility mode: Special Caveats. (line 9) * file names, standard streams in gawk: Special FD. (line 46) -* FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 93) +* FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 90) * FILENAME variable: Reading Files. (line 6) * FILENAME variable, getline, setting with: Getline Notes. (line 19) * filenames, assignments as: Ignoring Assigns. (line 6) @@ -31483,7 +31492,7 @@ Index * files, portable object, converting to message object files: I18N Example. (line 62) * files, portable object, generating: Options. (line 147) -* files, processing, ARGIND variable and: Auto-set. (line 47) +* files, processing, ARGIND variable and: Auto-set. (line 51) * files, reading: Rewind Function. (line 6) * files, reading, multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 6) * files, searching for regular expressions: Egrep Program. (line 6) @@ -31507,9 +31516,9 @@ Index * flush buffered output: I/O Functions. (line 25) * fnmatch() extension function: Extension Sample Fnmatch. (line 12) -* FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 103) +* FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 99) * FNR variable: Records. (line 6) -* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 314) +* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 301) * for statement: For Statement. (line 6) * for statement, looping over arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 20) * fork() extension function: Extension Sample Fork. @@ -31531,7 +31540,7 @@ Index * forward slash (/), /= operator, vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. (line 148) * forward slash (/), patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 24) -* FPAT variable <1>: User-modified. (line 45) +* FPAT variable <1>: User-modified. (line 43) * FPAT variable: Splitting By Content. (line 27) * frame debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 25) @@ -31541,7 +31550,7 @@ Index * Free Software Foundation (FSF) <2>: Getting. (line 10) * Free Software Foundation (FSF): Manual History. (line 6) * FreeBSD: Glossary. (line 616) -* FS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 56) +* FS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 50) * FS variable: Field Separators. (line 15) * FS variable, --field-separator option and: Options. (line 21) * FS variable, as null string: Single Character Fields. @@ -31559,7 +31568,7 @@ Index * FSF (Free Software Foundation): Manual History. (line 6) * fts() extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. (line 77) -* FUNCTAB array: Auto-set. (line 119) +* FUNCTAB array: Auto-set. (line 115) * function calls: Function Calls. (line 6) * function calls, indirect: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * function definition example: Function Example. (line 6) @@ -31609,7 +31618,7 @@ Index * G-d: Acknowledgments. (line 78) * Garfinkle, Scott: Contributors. (line 34) * gawk program, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 179) -* gawk version: Auto-set. (line 204) +* gawk version: Auto-set. (line 199) * gawk, ARGIND variable in: Other Arguments. (line 12) * gawk, awk and <1>: This Manual. (line 14) * gawk, awk and: Preface. (line 23) @@ -31630,7 +31639,7 @@ Index * gawk, distribution: Distribution contents. (line 6) * gawk, ERRNO variable in <1>: TCP/IP Networking. (line 54) -* gawk, ERRNO variable in <2>: Auto-set. (line 73) +* gawk, ERRNO variable in <2>: Auto-set. (line 74) * gawk, ERRNO variable in <3>: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26) * gawk, ERRNO variable in <4>: Close Files And Pipes. (line 139) @@ -31639,22 +31648,22 @@ Index * gawk, extensions, disabling: Options. (line 254) * gawk, features, adding: Adding Code. (line 6) * gawk, features, advanced: Advanced Features. (line 6) -* gawk, field separators and: User-modified. (line 77) -* gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable in <1>: User-modified. (line 35) +* gawk, field separators and: User-modified. (line 71) +* gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable in <1>: User-modified. (line 37) * gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable in: Constant Size. (line 23) * gawk, file names in: Special Files. (line 6) * gawk, format-control characters: Control Letters. (line 18) -* gawk, FPAT variable in <1>: User-modified. (line 45) +* gawk, FPAT variable in <1>: User-modified. (line 43) * gawk, FPAT variable in: Splitting By Content. (line 27) -* gawk, FUNCTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 119) +* gawk, FUNCTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 115) * gawk, function arguments and: Calling Built-in. (line 16) * gawk, hexadecimal numbers and: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 42) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <1>: Array Sorting Functions. (line 83) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <2>: String Functions. (line 48) -* gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <3>: Array Intro. (line 91) -* gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <4>: User-modified. (line 82) +* gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <3>: Array Intro. (line 92) +* gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <4>: User-modified. (line 76) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) * gawk, implementation issues: Notes. (line 6) * gawk, implementation issues, debugging: Compatibility Mode. (line 6) @@ -31669,7 +31678,7 @@ Index (line 6) * gawk, interval expressions and: Regexp Operators. (line 140) * gawk, line continuation in: Conditional Exp. (line 34) -* gawk, LINT variable in: User-modified. (line 98) +* gawk, LINT variable in: User-modified. (line 88) * gawk, list of contributors to: Contributors. (line 6) * gawk, MS-DOS version of: PC Using. (line 10) * gawk, MS-Windows version of: PC Using. (line 10) @@ -31678,7 +31687,7 @@ Index * gawk, OS/2 version of: PC Using. (line 10) * gawk, PROCINFO array in <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 116) * gawk, PROCINFO array in <2>: Time Functions. (line 47) -* gawk, PROCINFO array in: Auto-set. (line 133) +* gawk, PROCINFO array in: Auto-set. (line 128) * gawk, regexp constants and: Using Constant Regexps. (line 28) * gawk, regular expressions, case sensitivity: Case-sensitivity. @@ -31686,15 +31695,15 @@ Index * gawk, regular expressions, operators: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 6) * gawk, regular expressions, precedence: Regexp Operators. (line 162) -* gawk, RT variable in <1>: Auto-set. (line 266) +* gawk, RT variable in <1>: Auto-set. (line 257) * gawk, RT variable in <2>: Multiple Line. (line 129) * gawk, RT variable in: awk split records. (line 124) * gawk, See Also awk: Preface. (line 36) * gawk, source code, obtaining: Getting. (line 6) * gawk, splitting fields and: Constant Size. (line 88) * gawk, string-translation functions: I18N Functions. (line 6) -* gawk, SYMTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 274) -* gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable in: User-modified. (line 162) +* gawk, SYMTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 261) +* gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable in: User-modified. (line 152) * gawk, timestamps: Time Functions. (line 6) * gawk, uses for: Preface. (line 36) * gawk, versions of, information about, printing: Options. (line 300) @@ -31780,7 +31789,7 @@ Index * Grigera, Juan: Contributors. (line 57) * group database, reading: Group Functions. (line 6) * group file: Group Functions. (line 6) -* group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 177) +* group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 172) * groups, information about: Group Functions. (line 6) * gsub <1>: String Functions. (line 135) * gsub: Using Constant Regexps. @@ -31821,8 +31830,8 @@ Index * igawk.sh program: Igawk Program. (line 124) * ignore breakpoint: Breakpoint Control. (line 87) * ignore debugger command: Breakpoint Control. (line 87) -* IGNORECASE variable: User-modified. (line 82) -* IGNORECASE variable, and array indices: Array Intro. (line 91) +* IGNORECASE variable: User-modified. (line 76) +* IGNORECASE variable, and array indices: Array Intro. (line 92) * IGNORECASE variable, and array sorting functions: Array Sorting Functions. (line 83) * IGNORECASE variable, in example programs: Library Functions. @@ -31847,7 +31856,7 @@ Index * in operator, use in loops: Scanning an Array. (line 17) * increment operators: Increment Ops. (line 6) * index: String Functions. (line 151) -* indexing arrays: Array Intro. (line 49) +* indexing arrays: Array Intro. (line 50) * indirect function calls: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * infinite precision: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. (line 6) @@ -31874,7 +31883,7 @@ Index * input, standard <1>: Special FD. (line 6) * input, standard: Read Terminal. (line 6) * input/output functions: I/O Functions. (line 6) -* input/output, binary: User-modified. (line 10) +* input/output, binary: User-modified. (line 15) * input/output, from BEGIN and END: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 6) * input/output, two-way: Two-way I/O. (line 44) * insomnia, cure for: Alarm Program. (line 6) @@ -31894,7 +31903,7 @@ Index * internationalization: I18N Functions. (line 6) * internationalization, localization <1>: Internationalization. (line 13) -* internationalization, localization: User-modified. (line 162) +* internationalization, localization: User-modified. (line 152) * internationalization, localization, character classes: Bracket Expressions. (line 90) * internationalization, localization, gawk and: Internationalization. @@ -32006,7 +32015,7 @@ Index * lines, duplicate, removing: History Sorting. (line 6) * lines, matching ranges of: Ranges. (line 6) * lines, skipping between markers: Ranges. (line 43) -* lint checking: User-modified. (line 98) +* lint checking: User-modified. (line 88) * lint checking, array elements: Delete. (line 34) * lint checking, array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 43) @@ -32016,7 +32025,7 @@ Index (line 340) * lint checking, undefined functions: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 88) -* LINT variable: User-modified. (line 98) +* LINT variable: User-modified. (line 88) * Linux <1>: Glossary. (line 616) * Linux <2>: I18N Example. (line 55) * Linux: Manual History. (line 28) @@ -32075,7 +32084,7 @@ Index * mawk utility <3>: Concatenation. (line 36) * mawk utility <4>: Getline/Pipe. (line 62) * mawk utility: Escape Sequences. (line 124) -* maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 218) +* maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 213) * McPhee, Patrick: Contributors. (line 100) * message object files: Explaining gettext. (line 41) * message object files, converting from portable object files: I18N Example. @@ -32087,7 +32096,7 @@ Index * messages from extensions: Printing Messages. (line 6) * metacharacters in regular expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 6) * metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 130) -* minimum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 221) +* minimum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 216) * mktime: Time Functions. (line 25) * modifiers, in format specifiers: Format Modifiers. (line 6) * monetary information, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 103) @@ -32141,7 +32150,7 @@ Index (line 47) * nexti debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 49) -* NF variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 108) +* NF variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 104) * NF variable: Fields. (line 33) * NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 107) * ni debugger command (alias for nexti): Debugger Execution Control. @@ -32150,9 +32159,9 @@ Index * non-existent array elements: Reference to Elements. (line 23) * not Boolean-logic operator: Boolean Ops. (line 6) -* NR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 128) +* NR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 123) * NR variable: Records. (line 6) -* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 314) +* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 301) * null strings <1>: Basic Data Typing. (line 26) * null strings <2>: Truth Values. (line 6) * null strings <3>: Regexp Field Splitting. @@ -32176,7 +32185,7 @@ Index (line 6) * numbers, converting <1>: Bitwise Functions. (line 109) * numbers, converting: Conversion. (line 6) -* numbers, converting, to strings: User-modified. (line 28) +* numbers, converting, to strings: User-modified. (line 30) * numbers, floating-point: General Arithmetic. (line 6) * numbers, hexadecimal: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 6) * numbers, octal: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 6) @@ -32190,11 +32199,11 @@ Index * obsolete features: Obsolete. (line 6) * octal numbers: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 6) * octal values, enabling interpretation of: Options. (line 211) -* OFMT variable <1>: User-modified. (line 115) +* OFMT variable <1>: User-modified. (line 105) * OFMT variable <2>: Conversion. (line 55) * OFMT variable: OFMT. (line 15) * OFMT variable, POSIX awk and: OFMT. (line 27) -* OFS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 124) +* OFS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 114) * OFS variable <2>: Output Separators. (line 6) * OFS variable: Changing Fields. (line 64) * OpenBSD: Glossary. (line 616) @@ -32247,7 +32256,7 @@ Index (line 12) * ord() user-defined function: Ordinal Functions. (line 16) * order of evaluation, concatenation: Concatenation. (line 41) -* ORS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 129) +* ORS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 119) * ORS variable: Output Separators. (line 20) * output field separator, See OFS variable: Changing Fields. (line 64) * output record separator, See ORS variable: Output Separators. @@ -32267,7 +32276,7 @@ Index * p debugger command (alias for print): Viewing And Changing Data. (line 36) * P1003.1 POSIX standard: Glossary. (line 454) -* parent process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 186) +* parent process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 181) * parentheses (), in a profile: Profiling. (line 146) * parentheses (), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 80) * password file: Passwd Functions. (line 16) @@ -32364,12 +32373,12 @@ Index * POSIX awk, break statement and: Break Statement. (line 51) * POSIX awk, changes in awk versions: POSIX. (line 6) * POSIX awk, continue statement and: Continue Statement. (line 43) -* POSIX awk, CONVFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 28) +* POSIX awk, CONVFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 30) * POSIX awk, date utility and: Time Functions. (line 263) * POSIX awk, field separators and <1>: Field Splitting Summary. (line 40) * POSIX awk, field separators and: Fields. (line 6) -* POSIX awk, FS variable and: User-modified. (line 66) +* POSIX awk, FS variable and: User-modified. (line 60) * POSIX awk, function keyword in: Definition Syntax. (line 83) * POSIX awk, functions and, gsub()/sub(): Gory Details. (line 54) * POSIX awk, functions and, length(): String Functions. (line 173) @@ -32390,7 +32399,7 @@ Index * POSIX, programs, implementing in awk: Clones. (line 6) * POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 340) * PREC variable <1>: Setting Precision. (line 6) -* PREC variable: User-modified. (line 134) +* PREC variable: User-modified. (line 124) * precedence <1>: Precedence. (line 6) * precedence: Increment Ops. (line 60) * precedence, regexp operators: Regexp Operators. (line 157) @@ -32401,7 +32410,7 @@ Index * print statement, commas, omitting: Print Examples. (line 31) * print statement, I/O operators in: Precedence. (line 71) * print statement, line continuations and: Print Examples. (line 76) -* print statement, OFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 124) +* print statement, OFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 114) * print statement, See Also redirection, of output: Redirection. (line 17) * print statement, sprintf() function and: Round Function. (line 6) @@ -32432,29 +32441,29 @@ Index * printing, unduplicated lines of text: Uniq Program. (line 6) * printing, user information: Id Program. (line 6) * private variables: Library Names. (line 11) -* process group idIDof gawk process: Auto-set. (line 180) -* process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 183) +* process group idIDof gawk process: Auto-set. (line 175) +* process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 178) * processes, two-way communications with: Two-way I/O. (line 23) * processing data: Basic High Level. (line 6) * PROCINFO array <1>: Passwd Functions. (line 6) * PROCINFO array <2>: Time Functions. (line 47) -* PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 133) +* PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 128) * PROCINFO array, and communications via ptys: Two-way I/O. (line 116) * PROCINFO array, and group membership: Group Functions. (line 6) * PROCINFO array, and user and group ID numbers: Id Program. (line 15) * PROCINFO array, testing the field splitting: Passwd Functions. (line 161) -* PROCINFO array, uses: Auto-set. (line 239) +* PROCINFO array, uses: Auto-set. (line 234) * PROCINFO, values of sorted_in: Controlling Scanning. - (line 24) + (line 26) * profiling awk programs: Profiling. (line 6) * profiling awk programs, dynamically: Profiling. (line 179) -* program identifiers: Auto-set. (line 151) +* program identifiers: Auto-set. (line 146) * program, definition of: Getting Started. (line 21) * programmers, attractiveness of: Two-way I/O. (line 6) * programming conventions, --non-decimal-data option: Nondecimal Data. (line 36) -* programming conventions, ARGC/ARGV variables: Auto-set. (line 31) +* programming conventions, ARGC/ARGV variables: Auto-set. (line 35) * programming conventions, exit statement: Exit Statement. (line 38) * programming conventions, function parameters: Return Statement. (line 45) @@ -32518,7 +32527,7 @@ Index * readfile() user-defined function: Readfile Function. (line 30) * reading input files: Reading Files. (line 6) * recipe for a programming language: History. (line 6) -* record separators <1>: User-modified. (line 143) +* record separators <1>: User-modified. (line 133) * record separators: awk split records. (line 6) * record separators, changing: awk split records. (line 85) * record separators, regular expressions as: awk split records. @@ -32559,7 +32568,7 @@ Index * regular expressions, as patterns: Regexp Usage. (line 6) * regular expressions, as record separators: awk split records. (line 124) -* regular expressions, case sensitivity <1>: User-modified. (line 82) +* regular expressions, case sensitivity <1>: User-modified. (line 76) * regular expressions, case sensitivity: Case-sensitivity. (line 6) * regular expressions, computed: Computed Regexps. (line 6) * regular expressions, constants, See regexp constants: Regexp Usage. @@ -32609,7 +32618,7 @@ Index * right shift: Bitwise Functions. (line 52) * right shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) * Ritchie, Dennis: Basic Data Typing. (line 55) -* RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 253) +* RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 244) * RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 221) * Robbins, Arnold <1>: Future Extensions. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <2>: Bugs. (line 32) @@ -32633,14 +32642,14 @@ Index * rounding numbers: Round Function. (line 6) * ROUNDMODE variable <1>: Setting Rounding Mode. (line 6) -* ROUNDMODE variable: User-modified. (line 138) -* RS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 143) +* ROUNDMODE variable: User-modified. (line 128) +* RS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 133) * RS variable: awk split records. (line 12) * RS variable, multiline records and: Multiple Line. (line 17) * rshift: Bitwise Functions. (line 52) -* RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 259) +* RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 250) * RSTART variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 221) -* RT variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 266) +* RT variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 257) * RT variable <2>: Multiple Line. (line 129) * RT variable: awk split records. (line 124) * Rubin, Paul <1>: Contributors. (line 15) @@ -32660,6 +32669,7 @@ Index * scanning arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 6) * scanning multidimensional arrays: Multiscanning. (line 11) * Schorr, Andrew <1>: Contributors. (line 131) +* Schorr, Andrew <2>: Auto-set. (line 284) * Schorr, Andrew: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Schreiber, Bert: Acknowledgments. (line 38) * Schreiber, Rita: Acknowledgments. (line 38) @@ -32687,16 +32697,16 @@ Index (line 19) * semicolon (;), separating statements in actions: Statements/Lines. (line 91) -* separators, field: User-modified. (line 56) -* separators, field, FIELDWIDTHS variable and: User-modified. (line 35) -* separators, field, FPAT variable and: User-modified. (line 45) +* separators, field: User-modified. (line 50) +* separators, field, FIELDWIDTHS variable and: User-modified. (line 37) +* separators, field, FPAT variable and: User-modified. (line 43) * separators, field, POSIX and: Fields. (line 6) -* separators, for records <1>: User-modified. (line 143) +* separators, for records <1>: User-modified. (line 133) * separators, for records: awk split records. (line 6) * separators, for records, regular expressions as: awk split records. (line 124) * separators, for statements in actions: Action Overview. (line 19) -* separators, subscript: User-modified. (line 156) +* separators, subscript: User-modified. (line 146) * set breakpoint: Breakpoint Control. (line 11) * set debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 59) @@ -32747,7 +32757,7 @@ Index (line 110) * sidebar, Changing FS Does Not Affect the Fields: Field Splitting Summary. (line 38) -* sidebar, Changing NR and FNR: Auto-set. (line 312) +* sidebar, Changing NR and FNR: Auto-set. (line 299) * sidebar, Controlling Output Buffering with system(): I/O Functions. (line 135) * sidebar, Escape Sequences for Metacharacters: Escape Sequences. @@ -32822,7 +32832,7 @@ Index * source code, QuikTrim Awk: Other Versions. (line 134) * source code, Solaris awk: Other Versions. (line 96) * source files, search path for: Igawk Program. (line 368) -* sparse arrays: Array Intro. (line 70) +* sparse arrays: Array Intro. (line 71) * Spencer, Henry: Glossary. (line 12) * split: String Functions. (line 313) * split string into array: String Functions. (line 291) @@ -32831,7 +32841,7 @@ Index * split.awk program: Split Program. (line 30) * sprintf <1>: String Functions. (line 378) * sprintf: OFMT. (line 15) -* sprintf() function, OFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 124) +* sprintf() function, OFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 114) * sprintf() function, print/printf statements and: Round Function. (line 6) * sqrt: Numeric Functions. (line 78) @@ -32877,7 +32887,7 @@ Index * strings, converting <1>: Bitwise Functions. (line 109) * strings, converting: Conversion. (line 6) * strings, converting letter case: String Functions. (line 520) -* strings, converting, numbers to: User-modified. (line 28) +* strings, converting, numbers to: User-modified. (line 30) * strings, empty, See null strings: awk split records. (line 114) * strings, extracting: String Extraction. (line 6) * strings, for localization: Programmer i18n. (line 14) @@ -32894,7 +32904,7 @@ Index (line 43) * sub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 460) * sub() function, escape processing: Gory Details. (line 6) -* subscript separators: User-modified. (line 156) +* subscript separators: User-modified. (line 146) * subscripts in arrays, multidimensional: Multidimensional. (line 10) * subscripts in arrays, multidimensional, scanning: Multiscanning. (line 11) @@ -32902,16 +32912,16 @@ Index (line 6) * subscripts in arrays, uninitialized variables as: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 6) -* SUBSEP variable: User-modified. (line 156) +* SUBSEP variable: User-modified. (line 146) * SUBSEP variable, and multidimensional arrays: Multidimensional. (line 16) * substitute in string: String Functions. (line 82) * substr: String Functions. (line 479) * substring: String Functions. (line 479) * Sumner, Andrew: Other Versions. (line 64) -* supplementary groups of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 234) +* supplementary groups of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 229) * switch statement: Switch Statement. (line 6) -* SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 274) +* SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 261) * syntactic ambiguity: /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. (line 148) * system: I/O Functions. (line 72) @@ -32941,7 +32951,7 @@ Index * text, printing: Print. (line 22) * text, printing, unduplicated lines of: Uniq Program. (line 6) * TEXTDOMAIN variable <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 9) -* TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. (line 162) +* TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. (line 152) * TEXTDOMAIN variable, BEGIN pattern and: Programmer i18n. (line 60) * TEXTDOMAIN variable, portability and: I18N Portability. (line 20) * textdomain() function (C library): Explaining gettext. (line 27) @@ -33090,10 +33100,10 @@ Index * variables, uninitialized, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 6) * variables, user-defined: Variables. (line 6) -* version of gawk: Auto-set. (line 204) -* version of gawk extension API: Auto-set. (line 229) -* version of GNU MP library: Auto-set. (line 215) -* version of GNU MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 211) +* version of gawk: Auto-set. (line 199) +* version of gawk extension API: Auto-set. (line 224) +* version of GNU MP library: Auto-set. (line 210) +* version of GNU MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 206) * vertical bar (|): Regexp Operators. (line 70) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O): Getline/Pipe. (line 9) @@ -33369,344 +33379,345 @@ Node: Next Statement400827 Node: Nextfile Statement403217 Node: Exit Statement405872 Node: Built-in Variables408274 -Node: User-modified409369 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1417727 -Node: Auto-set417789 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1430856 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2431061 -Node: ARGC and ARGV431117 -Node: Arrays434971 -Node: Array Basics436476 -Node: Array Intro437302 -Node: Reference to Elements441619 -Node: Assigning Elements443889 -Node: Array Example444380 -Node: Scanning an Array446112 -Node: Controlling Scanning448426 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1453513 -Node: Delete453829 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1456594 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts456651 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts458834 -Node: Multidimensional460461 -Node: Multiscanning463554 -Node: Arrays of Arrays465143 -Node: Functions469783 -Node: Built-in470602 -Node: Calling Built-in471680 -Node: Numeric Functions473668 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1477502 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2477859 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3477907 -Node: String Functions478176 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1501179 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2501308 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3501556 -Node: Gory Details501643 -Ref: table-sub-escapes503322 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92504676 -Ref: table-sub-proposed506027 -Ref: table-posix-sub507381 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes508926 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1510102 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2510153 -Node: I/O Functions510304 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1517300 -Node: Time Functions517447 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1528440 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2528508 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3528666 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4528777 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5528889 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6529116 -Node: Bitwise Functions529382 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops529944 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1534189 -Node: Type Functions534373 -Node: I18N Functions535524 -Node: User-defined537176 -Node: Definition Syntax537980 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1542894 -Node: Function Example542963 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1545612 -Node: Function Caveats545634 -Node: Calling A Function546152 -Node: Variable Scope547107 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference550070 -Node: Return Statement553578 -Node: Dynamic Typing556559 -Node: Indirect Calls557490 -Node: Library Functions567177 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1570690 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2570833 -Node: Library Names571004 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1574477 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2574697 -Node: General Functions574783 -Node: Strtonum Function575811 -Node: Assert Function578741 -Node: Round Function582067 -Node: Cliff Random Function583608 -Node: Ordinal Functions584624 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1587701 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2587953 -Node: Join Function588164 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1589935 -Node: Getlocaltime Function590135 -Node: Readfile Function593876 -Node: Data File Management595715 -Node: Filetrans Function596347 -Node: Rewind Function600416 -Node: File Checking601803 -Node: Empty Files602897 -Node: Ignoring Assigns605127 -Node: Getopt Function606681 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1617984 -Node: Passwd Functions618187 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1627165 -Node: Group Functions627253 -Node: Walking Arrays635337 -Node: Sample Programs637473 -Node: Running Examples638147 -Node: Clones638875 -Node: Cut Program640099 -Node: Egrep Program649950 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1657723 -Node: Id Program657833 -Node: Split Program661482 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1665001 -Node: Tee Program665129 -Node: Uniq Program667932 -Node: Wc Program675361 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1679627 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2679827 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs679919 -Node: Dupword Program681107 -Node: Alarm Program683138 -Node: Translate Program687945 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1692332 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2692580 -Node: Labels Program692714 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1696085 -Node: 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628837bf58f885225532b6c2de41b60ffa7c14e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Mon, 5 May 2014 17:46:19 +0300 Subject: Doc edits, through Chapter 9. --- doc/gawk.info | 985 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 494 insertions(+), 491 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index dfe1589e..706dace1 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -8406,7 +8406,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Locales, Prev: Precedence, Up: Expressions ==================================== Modern systems support the notion of "locales": a way to tell the -system about the local character set and language. +system about the local character set and language. The ISO C standard +defines a default `"C"' locale, which is an environment that is typical +of what many C programmers are used to. Once upon a time, the locale setting used to affect regexp matching (*note Ranges and Locales::), but this is no longer true. @@ -8418,6 +8420,13 @@ much better performance when reading records. Otherwise, `gawk' has to make several function calls, _per input character_, to find the record terminator. + Locales can affect how dates and times are formatted (*note Time +Functions::). For example, a common way to abbreviate the date +September 4, 2015 in the United States is "9/4/15." In many countries +in Europe, however, it is abbreviated "4.9.15." Thus, the `%x' +specification in a `"US"' locale might produce `9/4/15', while in a +`"EUROPE"' locale, it might produce `4.9.15'. + According to POSIX, string comparison is also affected by locales (similar to regular expressions). The details are presented in *note POSIX String Comparison::. @@ -11330,12 +11339,22 @@ returns the number of characters in a string, and not the number of bytes used to represent those characters. Similarly, `index()' works with character indices, and not byte indices. + CAUTION: A number of functions deal with indices into strings. + For these functions, the first character of a string is at + position (index) one. This is different from C and the languages + descended from it, where the first character is at position zero. + You need to remember this when doing index calculations, + particularly if you are used to C. + In the following list, optional parameters are enclosed in square brackets ([ ]). Several functions perform string substitution; the full discussion is provided in the description of the `sub()' function, which comes towards the end since the list is presented in alphabetic -order. Those functions that are specific to `gawk' are marked with a -pound sign (`#'): +order. + + Those functions that are specific to `gawk' are marked with a pound +sign (`#'). They are not available in compatibility mode (*note +Options::): * Menu: @@ -11343,8 +11362,8 @@ pound sign (`#'): `&' with `sub()', `gsub()', and `gensub()'. -`asort('SOURCE [`,' DEST [`,' HOW ] ]`)' # -`asorti('SOURCE [`,' DEST [`,' HOW ] ]`)' # +`asort('SOURCE [`,' DEST [`,' HOW ] ]`) #' +`asorti('SOURCE [`,' DEST [`,' HOW ] ]`) #' These two functions are similar in behavior, so they are described together. @@ -11391,10 +11410,7 @@ pound sign (`#'): a[2] = "last" a[3] = "middle" - `asort()' and `asorti()' are `gawk' extensions; they are not - available in compatibility mode (*note Options::). - -`gensub(REGEXP, REPLACEMENT, HOW' [`, TARGET']`)' # +`gensub(REGEXP, REPLACEMENT, HOW' [`, TARGET']`) #' Search the target string TARGET for matches of the regular expression REGEXP. If HOW is a string beginning with `g' or `G' (short for "global"), then replace all matches of REGEXP with @@ -11444,9 +11460,6 @@ pound sign (`#'): If REGEXP does not match TARGET, `gensub()''s return value is the original unchanged value of TARGET. - `gensub()' is a `gawk' extension; it is not available in - compatibility mode (*note Options::). - `gsub(REGEXP, REPLACEMENT' [`, TARGET']`)' Search TARGET for _all_ of the longest, leftmost, _nonoverlapping_ matching substrings it can find and replace them with REPLACEMENT. @@ -11471,8 +11484,7 @@ pound sign (`#'): $ awk 'BEGIN { print index("peanut", "an") }' -| 3 - If FIND is not found, `index()' returns zero. (Remember that - string indices in `awk' start at one.) + If FIND is not found, `index()' returns zero. It is a fatal error to use a regexp constant for FIND. @@ -11518,12 +11530,12 @@ pound sign (`#'): `match(STRING, REGEXP' [`, ARRAY']`)' Search STRING for the longest, leftmost substring matched by the - regular expression, REGEXP and return the character position, or - "index", at which that substring begins (one, if it starts at the + regular expression, REGEXP and return the character position + (index) at which that substring begins (one, if it starts at the beginning of STRING). If no match is found, return zero. - The REGEXP argument may be either a regexp constant (`/.../') or a - string constant (`"..."'). In the latter case, the string is + The REGEXP argument may be either a regexp constant (`/'...`/') or + a string constant (`"'...`"'). In the latter case, the string is treated as a regexp to be matched. *Note Computed Regexps::, for a discussion of the difference between the two forms, and the implications for writing your program correctly. @@ -11603,7 +11615,7 @@ pound sign (`#'): compatibility mode (*note Options::), using a third argument is a fatal error. -`patsplit(STRING, ARRAY' [`, FIELDPAT' [`, SEPS' ] ]`)' # +`patsplit(STRING, ARRAY' [`, FIELDPAT' [`, SEPS' ] ]`) #' Divide STRING into pieces defined by FIELDPAT and store the pieces in ARRAY and the separator strings in the SEPS array. The first piece is stored in `ARRAY[1]', the second piece in `ARRAY[2]', and @@ -11622,9 +11634,6 @@ pound sign (`#'): Before splitting the string, `patsplit()' deletes any previously existing elements in the arrays ARRAY and SEPS. - The `patsplit()' function is a `gawk' extension. In compatibility - mode (*note Options::), it is not available. - `split(STRING, ARRAY' [`, FIELDSEP' [`, SEPS' ] ]`)' Divide STRING into pieces separated by FIELDSEP and store the pieces in ARRAY and the separator strings in the SEPS array. The @@ -11690,6 +11699,9 @@ pound sign (`#'): has one element only. The value of that element is the original STRING. + In POSIX mode (*note Options::), the fourth argument is not + allowed. + `sprintf(FORMAT, EXPRESSION1, ...)' Return (without printing) the string that `printf' would have printed out with the same arguments (*note Printf::). For example: @@ -11698,7 +11710,7 @@ pound sign (`#'): assigns the string `pi = 3.14 (approx.)' to the variable `pival'. -`strtonum(STR)' # +`strtonum(STR) #' Examine STR and return its numeric value. If STR begins with a leading `0', `strtonum()' assumes that STR is an octal number. If STR begins with a leading `0x' or `0X', `strtonum()' assumes that @@ -11715,9 +11727,6 @@ pound sign (`#'): Note also that `strtonum()' uses the current locale's decimal point for recognizing numbers (*note Locales::). - `strtonum()' is a `gawk' extension; it is not available in - compatibility mode (*note Options::). - `sub(REGEXP, REPLACEMENT' [`, TARGET']`)' Search TARGET, which is treated as a string, for the leftmost, longest substring matched by the regular expression REGEXP. @@ -11725,8 +11734,8 @@ pound sign (`#'): REPLACEMENT. The modified string becomes the new value of TARGET. Return the number of substitutions made (zero or one). - The REGEXP argument may be either a regexp constant (`/.../') or a - string constant (`"..."'). In the latter case, the string is + The REGEXP argument may be either a regexp constant (`/'...`/') or + a string constant (`"'...`"'). In the latter case, the string is treated as a regexp to be matched. *Note Computed Regexps::, for a discussion of the difference between the two forms, and the implications for writing your program correctly. @@ -11869,9 +11878,9 @@ backslashes and ampersands into the replacement text, you need to remember that there are several levels of "escape processing" going on. First, there is the "lexical" level, which is when `awk' reads your -program and builds an internal copy of it that can be executed. Then -there is the runtime level, which is when `awk' actually scans the -replacement string to determine what to generate. +program and builds an internal copy of it to execute. Then there is +the runtime level, which is when `awk' actually scans the replacement +string to determine what to generate. At both levels, `awk' looks for a defined set of characters that can come after a backslash. At the lexical level, it looks for the escape @@ -12063,6 +12072,9 @@ parameters are enclosed in square brackets ([ ]): not matter. *Note Two-way I/O::, which discusses this feature in more detail and gives an example. + Note that the second argument to `close()' is a `gawk' extension; + it is not available in compatibility mode (*note Options::). + `fflush('[FILENAME]`)' Flush any buffered output associated with FILENAME, which is either a file opened for writing or a shell command for @@ -12079,10 +12091,10 @@ parameters are enclosed in square brackets ([ ]): function--`gawk' also buffers its output and the `fflush()' function forces `gawk' to flush its buffers. - `fflush()' was added to Brian Kernighan's version of `awk' in - April of 1992. For two decades, it was not part of the POSIX - standard. As of December, 2012, it was accepted for inclusion - into the POSIX standard. See the Austin Group website + `fflush()' was added to Brian Kernighan's `awk' in April of 1992. + For two decades, it was not part of the POSIX standard. As of + December, 2012, it was accepted for inclusion into the POSIX + standard. See the Austin Group website (http://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=634). POSIX standardizes `fflush()' as follows: If there is no argument, @@ -12100,7 +12112,7 @@ parameters are enclosed in square brackets ([ ]): to flush only the standard output. `fflush()' returns zero if the buffer is successfully flushed; - otherwise, it returns non-zero (`gawk' returns -1). In the case + otherwise, it returns non-zero. (`gawk' returns -1.) In the case where all buffers are flushed, the return value is zero only if all buffers were flushed successfully. Otherwise, it is -1, and `gawk' warns about the problem FILENAME. @@ -12270,7 +12282,7 @@ enclosed in square brackets ([ ]): If DATESPEC does not contain enough elements or if the resulting time is out of range, `mktime()' returns -1. -``strftime(' [FORMAT [`,' TIMESTAMP [`,' UTC-FLAG ]]]`)'' +`strftime(' [FORMAT [`,' TIMESTAMP [`,' UTC-FLAG] ] ]`)' Format the time specified by TIMESTAMP based on the contents of the FORMAT string and return the result. It is similar to the function of the same name in ISO C. If UTC-FLAG is present and is @@ -12350,11 +12362,11 @@ the following date format specifications: `%g' The year modulo 100 of the ISO 8601 week number, as a decimal - number (00-99). For example, January 1, 1993 is in week 53 of - 1992. Thus, the year of its ISO 8601 week number is 1992, even - though its year is 1993. Similarly, December 31, 1973 is in week - 1 of 1974. Thus, the year of its ISO week number is 1974, even - though its year is 1973. + number (00-99). For example, January 1, 2012 is in week 53 of + 2011. Thus, the year of its ISO 8601 week number is 2011, even + though its year is 2012. Similarly, December 31, 2012 is in week + 1 of 2013. Thus, the year of its ISO week number is 2013, even + though its year is 2012. `%G' The full year of the ISO week number, as a decimal number. @@ -12434,7 +12446,7 @@ the following date format specifications: The year modulo 100 as a decimal number (00-99). `%Y' - The full year as a decimal number (e.g., 2011). + The full year as a decimal number (e.g., 2015). `%z' The timezone offset in a +HHMM format (e.g., the format necessary @@ -12456,15 +12468,6 @@ the following date format specifications: If a conversion specifier is not one of the above, the behavior is undefined.(6) - Informally, a "locale" is the geographic place in which a program is -meant to run. For example, a common way to abbreviate the date -September 4, 2012 in the United States is "9/4/12." In many countries -in Europe, however, it is abbreviated "4.9.12." Thus, the `%x' -specification in a `"US"' locale might produce `9/4/12', while in a -`"EUROPE"' locale, it might produce `4.9.12'. The ISO C standard -defines a default `"C"' locale, which is an environment that is typical -of what many C programmers are used to. - For systems that are not yet fully standards-compliant, `gawk' supplies a copy of `strftime()' from the GNU C Library. It supports all of the just-listed format specifications. If that version is used @@ -12494,7 +12497,7 @@ to the standard output and interprets the current time according to the format specifiers in the string. For example: $ date '+Today is %A, %B %d, %Y.' - -| Today is Wednesday, March 30, 2011. + -| Today is Monday, May 05, 2014. Here is the `gawk' version of the `date' utility. It has a shell "wrapper" to handle the `-u' option, which requires that `date' run as @@ -12511,7 +12514,7 @@ if the time zone is set to UTC: esac gawk 'BEGIN { - format = "%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y" + format = PROCINFO["strftime"] exitval = 0 if (ARGC > 2) @@ -12689,8 +12692,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Type Functions, Next: I18N Functions, Prev: Bitwise Fu `gawk' provides a single function that lets you distinguish an array from a scalar variable. This is necessary for writing code that -traverses every element of a true multidimensional array (*note Arrays -of Arrays::). +traverses every element of an array of arrays. (*note Arrays of +Arrays::). `isarray(X)' Return a true value if X is an array. Otherwise return false. @@ -12720,7 +12723,7 @@ descriptions here are purposely brief. *Note Internationalization::, for the full story. Optional parameters are enclosed in square brackets ([ ]): -``bindtextdomain(DIRECTORY' [`,' DOMAIN ]`)'' +`bindtextdomain(DIRECTORY' [`,' DOMAIN]`)' Set the directory in which `gawk' will look for message translation files, in case they will not or cannot be placed in the "standard" locations (e.g., during testing). It returns the @@ -12730,13 +12733,13 @@ brackets ([ ]): the null string (`""'), then `bindtextdomain()' returns the current binding for the given DOMAIN. -``dcgettext(STRING' [`,' DOMAIN [`,' CATEGORY ]]`)'' +`dcgettext(STRING' [`,' DOMAIN [`,' CATEGORY] ]`)' Return the translation of STRING in text domain DOMAIN for locale category CATEGORY. The default value for DOMAIN is the current value of `TEXTDOMAIN'. The default value for CATEGORY is `"LC_MESSAGES"'. -``dcngettext(STRING1, STRING2, NUMBER' [`,' DOMAIN [`,' CATEGORY ]]`)'' +`dcngettext(STRING1, STRING2, NUMBER' [`,' DOMAIN [`,' CATEGORY] ]`)' Return the plural form used for NUMBER of the translation of STRING1 and STRING2 in text domain DOMAIN for locale category CATEGORY. STRING1 is the English singular variant of a message, @@ -12799,7 +12802,7 @@ a parameter with the same name as the function itself. In addition, according to the POSIX standard, function parameters cannot have the same name as one of the special built-in variables -(*note Built-in Variables::. Not all versions of `awk' enforce this +(*note Built-in Variables::). Not all versions of `awk' enforce this restriction.) The BODY-OF-FUNCTION consists of `awk' statements. It is the most @@ -12949,7 +12952,7 @@ an `awk' version of `ctime()': function ctime(ts, format) { - format = "%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y" + format = PROCINFO["strftime"] if (ts == 0) ts = systime() # use current time as default return strftime(format, ts) @@ -13003,9 +13006,10 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Variable Scope, Next: Pass By Value/Reference, Prev: C 9.2.3.2 Controlling Variable Scope .................................. -There is no way to make a variable local to a `{ ... }' block in `awk', -but you can make a variable local to a function. It is good practice to -do so whenever a variable is needed only in that function. +Unlike many languages, there is no way to make a variable local to a +`{' ... `}' block in `awk', but you can make a variable local to a +function. It is good practice to do so whenever a variable is needed +only in that function. To make a variable local to a function, simply declare the variable as an argument after the actual function arguments (*note Definition @@ -13228,7 +13232,7 @@ like this: The EXPRESSION part is optional. Due most likely to an oversight, POSIX does not define what the return value is if you omit the -EXPRESSION. Technically speaking, this make the returned value +EXPRESSION. Technically speaking, this makes the returned value undefined, and therefore, unpredictable. In practice, though, all versions of `awk' simply return the null string, which acts like zero if used in a numeric context. @@ -13322,8 +13326,8 @@ Here is an annotated sample program: } In this example, the first call to `foo()' generates a fatal error, -so `gawk' will not report the second error. If you comment out that -call, though, then `gawk' will report the second error. +so `awk' will not report the second error. If you comment out that +call, though, then `awk' does report the second error. Usually, such things aren't a big issue, but it's worth being aware of them. @@ -30218,7 +30222,7 @@ Index * --re-interval option: Options. (line 279) * --sandbox option: Options. (line 286) * --sandbox option, disabling system() function: I/O Functions. - (line 94) + (line 97) * --sandbox option, input redirection with getline: Getline. (line 19) * --sandbox option, output redirection with print, printf: Redirection. (line 6) @@ -30453,7 +30457,7 @@ Index (line 6) * array scanning order, controlling: Controlling Scanning. (line 14) -* array, number of elements: String Functions. (line 194) +* array, number of elements: String Functions. (line 197) * arrays: Arrays. (line 6) * arrays of arrays: Arrays of Arrays. (line 6) * arrays, an example of using: Array Example. (line 6) @@ -30469,7 +30473,7 @@ Index * arrays, elements, deleting: Delete. (line 6) * arrays, elements, order of access by in operator: Scanning an Array. (line 48) -* arrays, elements, retrieving number of: String Functions. (line 32) +* arrays, elements, retrieving number of: String Functions. (line 42) * arrays, for statement and: Scanning an Array. (line 20) * arrays, indexing: Array Intro. (line 50) * arrays, merging into strings: Join Function. (line 6) @@ -30496,12 +30500,12 @@ Index * ASCII: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) * asort <1>: Array Sorting Functions. (line 6) -* asort: String Functions. (line 32) +* asort: String Functions. (line 42) * asort() function (gawk), arrays, sorting: Array Sorting Functions. (line 6) * asorti <1>: Array Sorting Functions. (line 6) -* asorti: String Functions. (line 32) +* asorti: String Functions. (line 42) * asorti() function (gawk), arrays, sorting: Array Sorting Functions. (line 6) * assert() function (C library): Assert Function. (line 6) @@ -30726,7 +30730,7 @@ Index * Brennan, Michael <3>: Simple Sed. (line 25) * Brennan, Michael <4>: Delete. (line 56) * Brennan, Michael: Foreword. (line 83) -* Brian Kernighan's awk <1>: I/O Functions. (line 40) +* Brian Kernighan's awk <1>: I/O Functions. (line 43) * Brian Kernighan's awk <2>: Gory Details. (line 15) * Brian Kernighan's awk <3>: String Functions. (line 490) * Brian Kernighan's awk <4>: Delete. (line 48) @@ -30755,9 +30759,9 @@ Index * Buening, Andreas <2>: Contributors. (line 92) * Buening, Andreas: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * buffering, input/output <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 70) -* buffering, input/output: I/O Functions. (line 137) -* buffering, interactive vs. noninteractive: I/O Functions. (line 106) -* buffers, flushing: I/O Functions. (line 29) +* buffering, input/output: I/O Functions. (line 140) +* buffering, interactive vs. noninteractive: I/O Functions. (line 109) +* buffers, flushing: I/O Functions. (line 32) * buffers, operators for: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 48) * bug reports, email address, bug-gawk@gnu.org: Bugs. (line 30) @@ -30866,7 +30870,7 @@ Index * common extensions, delete to delete entire arrays: Delete. (line 39) * common extensions, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 83) * common extensions, length() applied to an array: String Functions. - (line 194) + (line 197) * common extensions, RS as a regexp: gawk split records. (line 6) * common extensions, single character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) @@ -30920,7 +30924,7 @@ Index * controlling array scanning order: Controlling Scanning. (line 14) * convert string to lower case: String Functions. (line 521) -* convert string to number: String Functions. (line 385) +* convert string to number: String Functions. (line 388) * convert string to upper case: String Functions. (line 527) * converting integer array subscripts: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 31) @@ -30986,7 +30990,7 @@ Index (line 20) * dark corner, input files: awk split records. (line 110) * dark corner, invoking awk: Command Line. (line 16) -* dark corner, length() function: String Functions. (line 180) +* dark corner, length() function: String Functions. (line 183) * dark corner, locale's decimal point character: Conversion. (line 75) * dark corner, multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 35) * dark corner, NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 107) @@ -31005,7 +31009,7 @@ Index * database, group, reading: Group Functions. (line 6) * database, users, reading: Passwd Functions. (line 6) * date utility, GNU: Time Functions. (line 17) -* date utility, POSIX: Time Functions. (line 263) +* date utility, POSIX: Time Functions. (line 254) * dates, converting to timestamps: Time Functions. (line 76) * dates, information related to, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 115) @@ -31142,7 +31146,7 @@ Index * deleting entire arrays: Delete. (line 39) * Demaille, Akim: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * describe call stack frame, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 27) -* differences between gawk and awk: String Functions. (line 194) +* differences between gawk and awk: String Functions. (line 197) * differences in awk and gawk, ARGC/ARGV variables: ARGC and ARGV. (line 88) * differences in awk and gawk, ARGIND variable: Auto-set. (line 44) @@ -31189,7 +31193,7 @@ Index (line 34) * differences in awk and gawk, LINT variable: User-modified. (line 88) * differences in awk and gawk, match() function: String Functions. - (line 257) + (line 260) * differences in awk and gawk, print/printf statements: Format Modifiers. (line 13) * differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 128) @@ -31385,10 +31389,10 @@ Index * extensions, common, \x escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 61) * extensions, common, BINMODE variable: PC Using. (line 33) * extensions, common, delete to delete entire arrays: Delete. (line 39) -* extensions, common, fflush() function: I/O Functions. (line 40) +* extensions, common, fflush() function: I/O Functions. (line 43) * extensions, common, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 83) * extensions, common, length() applied to an array: String Functions. - (line 194) + (line 197) * extensions, common, RS as a regexp: gawk split records. (line 6) * extensions, common, single character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) @@ -31407,7 +31411,7 @@ Index * features, undocumented: Undocumented. (line 6) * Fenlason, Jay <1>: Contributors. (line 18) * Fenlason, Jay: History. (line 30) -* fflush: I/O Functions. (line 25) +* fflush: I/O Functions. (line 28) * field numbers: Nonconstant Fields. (line 6) * field operator $: Fields. (line 19) * field operators, dollar sign as: Fields. (line 19) @@ -31500,7 +31504,7 @@ Index * files, source, search path for: Igawk Program. (line 368) * files, splitting: Split Program. (line 6) * files, Texinfo, extracting programs from: Extract Program. (line 6) -* find substring in string: String Functions. (line 151) +* find substring in string: String Functions. (line 155) * finding extensions: Finding Extensions. (line 6) * finish debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 39) @@ -31513,7 +31517,7 @@ Index * floating-point, numbers, arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. (line 6) * floating-point, VAX/VMS: VMS Running. (line 51) -* flush buffered output: I/O Functions. (line 25) +* flush buffered output: I/O Functions. (line 28) * fnmatch() extension function: Extension Sample Fnmatch. (line 12) * FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 99) @@ -31532,7 +31536,7 @@ Index * format time string: Time Functions. (line 48) * formats, numeric output: OFMT. (line 6) * formatting output: Printf. (line 6) -* formatting strings: String Functions. (line 378) +* formatting strings: String Functions. (line 381) * forward slash (/) to enclose regular expressions: Regexp. (line 10) * forward slash (/), / operator: Precedence. (line 55) * forward slash (/), /= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) @@ -31661,7 +31665,7 @@ Index * gawk, hexadecimal numbers and: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 42) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <1>: Array Sorting Functions. (line 83) -* gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <2>: String Functions. (line 48) +* gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <2>: String Functions. (line 58) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <3>: Array Intro. (line 92) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <4>: User-modified. (line 76) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) @@ -31715,7 +31719,7 @@ Index * General Public License (GPL): Glossary. (line 306) * General Public License, See GPL: Manual History. (line 11) * generate time values: Time Functions. (line 25) -* gensub <1>: String Functions. (line 82) +* gensub <1>: String Functions. (line 89) * gensub: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) * gensub() function (gawk), escape processing: Gory Details. (line 6) @@ -31791,7 +31795,7 @@ Index * group file: Group Functions. (line 6) * group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 172) * groups, information about: Group Functions. (line 6) -* gsub <1>: String Functions. (line 135) +* gsub <1>: String Functions. (line 139) * gsub: Using Constant Regexps. (line 43) * gsub() function, arguments of: String Functions. (line 460) @@ -31855,7 +31859,7 @@ Index (line 37) * in operator, use in loops: Scanning an Array. (line 17) * increment operators: Increment Ops. (line 6) -* index: String Functions. (line 151) +* index: String Functions. (line 155) * indexing arrays: Array Intro. (line 50) * indirect function calls: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * infinite precision: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. @@ -31873,7 +31877,7 @@ Index * input files, running awk without: Read Terminal. (line 6) * input files, variable assignments and: Other Arguments. (line 19) * input pipeline: Getline/Pipe. (line 9) -* input record, length of: String Functions. (line 171) +* input record, length of: String Functions. (line 174) * input redirection: Getline/File. (line 6) * input, data, nondecimal: Nondecimal Data. (line 6) * input, explicit: Getline. (line 6) @@ -31898,7 +31902,7 @@ Index * integers, arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Integers. (line 6) * integers, unsigned: General Arithmetic. (line 15) -* interacting with other programs: I/O Functions. (line 72) +* interacting with other programs: I/O Functions. (line 75) * internationalization <1>: I18N and L10N. (line 6) * internationalization: I18N Functions. (line 6) * internationalization, localization <1>: Internationalization. @@ -31919,7 +31923,7 @@ Index * interpreted programs: Basic High Level. (line 15) * interval expressions, regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 117) * inventory-shipped file: Sample Data Files. (line 32) -* invoke shell command: I/O Functions. (line 72) +* invoke shell command: I/O Functions. (line 75) * isarray: Type Functions. (line 11) * ISO: Glossary. (line 368) * ISO 8859-1: Glossary. (line 133) @@ -31977,9 +31981,9 @@ Index * left shift: Bitwise Functions. (line 46) * left shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) * leftmost longest match: Multiple Line. (line 26) -* length: String Functions. (line 164) -* length of input record: String Functions. (line 171) -* length of string: String Functions. (line 164) +* length: String Functions. (line 167) +* length of input record: String Functions. (line 174) +* length of string: String Functions. (line 167) * Lesser General Public License (LGPL): Glossary. (line 397) * LGPL (Lesser General Public License): Glossary. (line 397) * libmawk: Other Versions. (line 120) @@ -32071,10 +32075,10 @@ Index (line 6) * marked strings, extracting: String Extraction. (line 6) * Marx, Groucho: Increment Ops. (line 60) -* match: String Functions. (line 204) -* match regexp in string: String Functions. (line 204) +* match: String Functions. (line 207) +* match regexp in string: String Functions. (line 207) * match() function, RSTART/RLENGTH variables: String Functions. - (line 221) + (line 224) * matching, expressions, See comparison expressions: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) * matching, leftmost longest: Multiple Line. (line 26) @@ -32174,7 +32178,7 @@ Index * null strings, converting numbers to strings: Conversion. (line 21) * null strings, matching: Gory Details. (line 164) * number as string of bits: Bitwise Functions. (line 109) -* number of array elements: String Functions. (line 194) +* number of array elements: String Functions. (line 197) * number sign (#), #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts. (line 6) * number sign (#), commenting: Comments. (line 6) @@ -32263,7 +32267,7 @@ Index (line 20) * output redirection: Redirection. (line 6) * output wrapper: Output Wrappers. (line 6) -* output, buffering: I/O Functions. (line 29) +* output, buffering: I/O Functions. (line 32) * output, duplicating into files: Tee Program. (line 6) * output, files, closing: Close Files And Pipes. (line 6) @@ -32280,7 +32284,7 @@ Index * parentheses (), in a profile: Profiling. (line 146) * parentheses (), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 80) * password file: Passwd Functions. (line 16) -* patsplit: String Functions. (line 291) +* patsplit: String Functions. (line 294) * patterns: Patterns and Actions. (line 6) * patterns, comparison expressions as: Expression Patterns. (line 14) @@ -32336,7 +32340,7 @@ Index * portability, gawk: New Ports. (line 6) * portability, gettext library and: Explaining gettext. (line 10) * portability, internationalization and: I18N Portability. (line 6) -* portability, length() function: String Functions. (line 173) +* portability, length() function: String Functions. (line 176) * portability, new awk vs. old awk: Conversion. (line 55) * portability, next statement in user-defined functions: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 91) @@ -32374,14 +32378,14 @@ Index * POSIX awk, changes in awk versions: POSIX. (line 6) * POSIX awk, continue statement and: Continue Statement. (line 43) * POSIX awk, CONVFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 30) -* POSIX awk, date utility and: Time Functions. (line 263) +* POSIX awk, date utility and: Time Functions. (line 254) * POSIX awk, field separators and <1>: Field Splitting Summary. (line 40) * POSIX awk, field separators and: Fields. (line 6) * POSIX awk, FS variable and: User-modified. (line 60) * POSIX awk, function keyword in: Definition Syntax. (line 83) * POSIX awk, functions and, gsub()/sub(): Gory Details. (line 54) -* POSIX awk, functions and, length(): String Functions. (line 173) +* POSIX awk, functions and, length(): String Functions. (line 176) * POSIX awk, GNU long options and: Options. (line 15) * POSIX awk, interval expressions in: Regexp Operators. (line 136) * POSIX awk, next/nextfile statements and: Next Statement. (line 45) @@ -32619,7 +32623,7 @@ Index * right shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) * Ritchie, Dennis: Basic Data Typing. (line 55) * RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 244) -* RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 221) +* RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 224) * Robbins, Arnold <1>: Future Extensions. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <2>: Bugs. (line 32) * Robbins, Arnold <3>: Contributors. (line 139) @@ -32648,7 +32652,7 @@ Index * RS variable, multiline records and: Multiple Line. (line 17) * rshift: Bitwise Functions. (line 52) * RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 250) -* RSTART variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 221) +* RSTART variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 224) * RT variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 257) * RT variable <2>: Multiple Line. (line 129) * RT variable: awk split records. (line 124) @@ -32673,8 +32677,8 @@ Index * Schorr, Andrew: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Schreiber, Bert: Acknowledgments. (line 38) * Schreiber, Rita: Acknowledgments. (line 38) -* search and replace in strings: String Functions. (line 82) -* search in string: String Functions. (line 151) +* search and replace in strings: String Functions. (line 89) +* search in string: String Functions. (line 155) * search paths <1>: VMS Running. (line 58) * search paths <2>: PC Using. (line 10) * search paths: Igawk Program. (line 368) @@ -32759,13 +32763,13 @@ Index (line 38) * sidebar, Changing NR and FNR: Auto-set. (line 299) * sidebar, Controlling Output Buffering with system(): I/O Functions. - (line 135) + (line 138) * sidebar, Escape Sequences for Metacharacters: Escape Sequences. (line 128) * sidebar, FS and IGNORECASE: Field Splitting Summary. (line 64) * sidebar, Interactive Versus Noninteractive Buffering: I/O Functions. - (line 104) + (line 107) * sidebar, Matching the Null String: Gory Details. (line 162) * sidebar, Operator Evaluation Order: Increment Ops. (line 58) * sidebar, Piping into sh: Redirection. (line 140) @@ -32809,8 +32813,8 @@ Index * sleep() extension function: Extension Sample Time. (line 23) * Solaris, POSIX-compliant awk: Other Versions. (line 96) -* sort array: String Functions. (line 32) -* sort array indices: String Functions. (line 32) +* sort array: String Functions. (line 42) +* sort array indices: String Functions. (line 42) * sort function, arrays, sorting: Array Sorting Functions. (line 6) * sort utility: Word Sorting. (line 50) @@ -32835,11 +32839,11 @@ Index * sparse arrays: Array Intro. (line 71) * Spencer, Henry: Glossary. (line 12) * split: String Functions. (line 313) -* split string into array: String Functions. (line 291) +* split string into array: String Functions. (line 294) * split utility: Split Program. (line 6) * split() function, array elements, deleting: Delete. (line 61) * split.awk program: Split Program. (line 30) -* sprintf <1>: String Functions. (line 378) +* sprintf <1>: String Functions. (line 381) * sprintf: OFMT. (line 15) * sprintf() function, OFMT variable and: User-modified. (line 114) * sprintf() function, print/printf statements and: Round Function. @@ -32877,9 +32881,9 @@ Index * string constants, vs. regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 39) * string extraction (internationalization): String Extraction. (line 6) -* string length: String Functions. (line 164) +* string length: String Functions. (line 167) * string operators: Concatenation. (line 8) -* string, regular expression match: String Functions. (line 204) +* string, regular expression match: String Functions. (line 207) * string-manipulation functions: String Functions. (line 6) * string-matching operators: Regexp Usage. (line 19) * string-translation functions: I18N Functions. (line 6) @@ -32896,7 +32900,7 @@ Index * strings, null: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 43) * strings, numeric: Variable Typing. (line 6) -* strtonum: String Functions. (line 385) +* strtonum: String Functions. (line 388) * strtonum() function (gawk), --non-decimal-data option and: Nondecimal Data. (line 36) * sub <1>: String Functions. (line 406) @@ -32915,7 +32919,7 @@ Index * SUBSEP variable: User-modified. (line 146) * SUBSEP variable, and multidimensional arrays: Multidimensional. (line 16) -* substitute in string: String Functions. (line 82) +* substitute in string: String Functions. (line 89) * substr: String Functions. (line 479) * substring: String Functions. (line 479) * Sumner, Andrew: Other Versions. (line 64) @@ -32924,7 +32928,7 @@ Index * SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 261) * syntactic ambiguity: /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. (line 148) -* system: I/O Functions. (line 72) +* system: I/O Functions. (line 75) * systime: Time Functions. (line 66) * t debugger command (alias for tbreak): Breakpoint Control. (line 90) * tbreak debugger command: Breakpoint Control. (line 90) @@ -32994,7 +32998,7 @@ Index (line 23) * troubleshooting, fatal errors, printf format strings: Format Modifiers. (line 159) -* troubleshooting, fflush() function: I/O Functions. (line 60) +* troubleshooting, fflush() function: I/O Functions. (line 63) * troubleshooting, function call syntax: Function Calls. (line 30) * troubleshooting, gawk: Compatibility Mode. (line 6) * troubleshooting, gawk, bug reports: Bugs. (line 9) @@ -33002,8 +33006,7 @@ Index (line 16) * troubleshooting, getline function: File Checking. (line 25) * troubleshooting, gsub()/sub() functions: String Functions. (line 470) -* troubleshooting, match() function: String Functions. (line 286) -* troubleshooting, patsplit() function: String Functions. (line 309) +* troubleshooting, match() function: String Functions. (line 289) * troubleshooting, print statement, omitting commas: Print Examples. (line 31) * troubleshooting, printing: Redirection. (line 118) @@ -33013,7 +33016,7 @@ Index (line 39) * troubleshooting, string concatenation: Concatenation. (line 26) * troubleshooting, substr() function: String Functions. (line 497) -* troubleshooting, system() function: I/O Functions. (line 94) +* troubleshooting, system() function: I/O Functions. (line 97) * troubleshooting, typographical errors, global variables: Options. (line 98) * true, logical: Truth Values. (line 6) @@ -33354,370 +33357,370 @@ Node: Conditional Exp350997 Node: Function Calls352724 Node: Precedence356482 Node: Locales360151 -Node: Patterns and Actions361240 -Node: Pattern Overview362294 -Node: Regexp Patterns363971 -Node: Expression Patterns364514 -Node: Ranges368295 -Node: BEGIN/END371401 -Node: Using BEGIN/END372163 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1374899 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END375005 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE377290 -Node: Empty380226 -Node: Using Shell Variables380543 -Node: Action Overview382826 -Node: Statements385171 -Node: If Statement387025 -Node: While Statement388524 -Node: Do Statement390568 -Node: For Statement391724 -Node: Switch Statement394876 -Node: Break Statement396979 -Node: Continue Statement399034 -Node: Next Statement400827 -Node: Nextfile Statement403217 -Node: Exit Statement405872 -Node: Built-in Variables408274 -Node: User-modified409370 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1417055 -Node: Auto-set417117 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1429682 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2429887 -Node: ARGC and ARGV429943 -Node: Arrays433797 -Node: Array Basics435295 -Node: Array Intro436121 -Ref: figure-array-elements438094 -Node: Reference to Elements440501 -Node: Assigning Elements442774 -Node: Array Example443265 -Node: Scanning an Array444997 -Node: Controlling Scanning448012 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1453185 -Node: Delete453501 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1456266 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts456323 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts458506 -Node: Multidimensional460131 -Node: Multiscanning463224 -Node: Arrays of Arrays464813 -Node: Functions469453 -Node: Built-in470272 -Node: Calling Built-in471350 -Node: Numeric Functions473338 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1477172 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2477529 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3477577 -Node: String Functions477846 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1500849 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2500978 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3501226 -Node: Gory Details501313 -Ref: table-sub-escapes502992 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92504346 -Ref: table-sub-proposed505697 -Ref: table-posix-sub507051 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes508596 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1509772 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2509823 -Node: I/O Functions509974 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1516970 -Node: Time Functions517117 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1528110 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2528178 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3528336 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4528447 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5528559 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6528786 -Node: Bitwise Functions529052 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops529614 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1533859 -Node: Type Functions534043 -Node: I18N Functions535194 -Node: User-defined536846 -Node: Definition Syntax537650 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1542564 -Node: Function Example542633 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1545282 -Node: Function Caveats545304 -Node: Calling A Function545822 -Node: Variable Scope546777 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference549740 -Node: 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Debugging Concepts787996 -Node: Debugging Terms789852 -Node: Awk Debugging792449 -Node: Sample Debugging Session793341 -Node: Debugger Invocation793861 -Node: Finding The Bug795194 -Node: List of Debugger Commands801681 -Node: Breakpoint Control803015 -Node: Debugger Execution Control806679 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data810039 -Node: Execution Stack813395 -Node: Debugger Info814862 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands818856 -Node: Readline Support824034 -Node: Limitations824865 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic827117 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1828766 -Node: General Arithmetic828914 -Node: Floating Point Issues830634 -Node: String Conversion Precision831515 -Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1833220 -Node: Unexpected Results833329 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems835482 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1839307 -Node: Integer Programming839345 -Node: Floating-point Programming841084 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1847415 -Ref: 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Exit Statement406386 +Node: Built-in Variables408788 +Node: User-modified409884 +Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1417569 +Node: Auto-set417631 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1430196 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2430401 +Node: ARGC and ARGV430457 +Node: Arrays434311 +Node: Array Basics435809 +Node: Array Intro436635 +Ref: figure-array-elements438608 +Node: Reference to Elements441015 +Node: Assigning Elements443288 +Node: Array Example443779 +Node: Scanning an Array445511 +Node: Controlling Scanning448526 +Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1453699 +Node: Delete454015 +Ref: Delete-Footnote-1456780 +Node: Numeric Array Subscripts456837 +Node: Uninitialized Subscripts459020 +Node: Multidimensional460645 +Node: Multiscanning463738 +Node: Arrays of Arrays465327 +Node: Functions469967 +Node: Built-in470786 +Node: Calling Built-in471864 +Node: Numeric Functions473852 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1477686 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2478043 +Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3478091 +Node: String 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+Node: Integer Programming839459 +Node: Floating-point Programming841198 +Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1847529 +Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2847799 +Node: Floating-point Representation848063 +Node: Floating-point Context849228 +Ref: table-ieee-formats850067 +Node: Rounding Mode851451 +Ref: table-rounding-modes851930 +Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1854945 +Node: Gawk and MPFR855124 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats856533 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1858976 +Node: Setting Precision859292 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings859978 +Node: Setting Rounding Mode862123 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes862527 +Node: Floating-point Constants863714 +Node: Changing Precision865143 +Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1866540 +Node: Exact Arithmetic866714 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers869852 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1872867 +Node: Dynamic Extensions873014 +Node: Extension Intro874472 +Node: Plugin License875737 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline876422 +Ref: load-extension876839 +Ref: load-new-function878317 +Ref: call-new-function879312 +Node: Extension API Description881327 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction882614 +Node: General Data Types887541 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1893236 +Node: Requesting Values893535 +Ref: table-value-types-returned894272 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions895226 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1897972 +Node: Constructor Functions898068 +Node: Registration Functions899826 +Node: Extension Functions900511 +Node: Exit Callback Functions902813 +Node: Extension Version String904062 +Node: Input Parsers904712 +Node: Output Wrappers914469 +Node: Two-way processors918979 +Node: Printing Messages921187 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1922264 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'922416 +Node: Accessing Parameters923155 +Node: Symbol Table Access924385 +Node: Symbol table by name924899 +Node: Symbol table by cookie926875 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1931007 +Node: Cached values931070 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1934560 +Node: Array Manipulation934651 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1935749 +Node: Array Data Types935788 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1938491 +Node: Array Functions938583 +Node: Flattening Arrays942419 +Node: Creating Arrays949271 +Node: Extension API Variables953996 +Node: Extension Versioning954632 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables956533 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate957619 +Node: Finding Extensions961423 +Node: Extension Example961983 +Node: Internal File Description962713 +Node: Internal File Ops966804 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1978313 +Node: Using Internal File Ops978453 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1980800 +Node: Extension Samples981066 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions982590 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch991077 +Node: Extension Sample Fork992846 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace994059 +Node: Extension Sample Ord995837 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir996673 +Node: Extension Sample Revout998205 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way998798 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array999488 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1001371 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1002471 +Node: Extension Sample Time1002996 +Node: gawkextlib1004360 +Node: Language History1007141 +Node: V7/SVR3.11008734 +Node: SVR41011054 +Node: POSIX1012496 +Node: BTL1013882 +Node: POSIX/GNU1014616 +Node: Feature History1020215 +Node: Common Extensions1033191 +Node: Ranges and Locales1034503 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11039120 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21039147 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31039381 +Node: Contributors1039602 +Node: Installation1044983 +Node: Gawk Distribution1045877 +Node: Getting1046361 +Node: Extracting1047187 +Node: Distribution contents1048879 +Node: Unix Installation1054600 +Node: Quick Installation1055217 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1057663 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1059399 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1061753 +Node: PC Installation1062211 +Node: PC Binary Installation1063510 +Node: PC Compiling1065358 +Node: PC Testing1068302 +Node: PC Using1069478 +Node: Cygwin1073646 +Node: MSYS1074455 +Node: VMS Installation1074969 +Node: VMS Compilation1075765 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11077017 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1077075 +Node: VMS Installation Details1078448 +Node: VMS Running1080699 +Node: VMS GNV1083533 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1084256 +Node: Bugs1084726 +Node: Other Versions1088644 +Node: Notes1094728 +Node: Compatibility Mode1095528 +Node: Additions1096311 +Node: Accessing The Source1097238 +Node: Adding Code1098678 +Node: New Ports1104723 +Node: Derived Files1108858 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11114179 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21114213 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31114813 +Node: Future Extensions1114911 +Node: Implementation Limitations1115494 +Node: Extension Design1116742 +Node: Old Extension Problems1117896 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11119404 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1119461 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11122826 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1123012 +Node: Extension Future Growth1125118 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1125954 +Node: Basic Concepts1127694 +Node: Basic High Level1128375 +Ref: figure-general-flow1128647 +Ref: figure-process-flow1129246 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11132475 +Node: Basic Data Typing1132660 +Node: Glossary1136015 +Node: Copying1161246 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1198802 +Node: Index1223938  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 03edc59397a4924b29852107198c4f345c986e80 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Wed, 7 May 2014 22:29:20 +0300 Subject: Docbook edits. Document AWKBUFSIZE. --- doc/gawk.info | 971 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 490 insertions(+), 481 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 706dace1..9bcd7e0c 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -2875,9 +2875,18 @@ used by regular users. the `gawk' developers for testing and tuning. They are subject to change. The variables are: +`AWKBUFSIZE' + This variable only affects `gawk' on POSIX-compliant systems. + With a value of `exact', `gawk' uses the size of each input file + as the size of the memory buffer to allocate for I/O. Otherwise, + the value should be a number, and `gawk' uses that number as the + size of the buffer to allocate. (When this variable is not set, + `gawk' uses the smaller of the file's size and the "default" + blocksize, which is usually the file systems I/O blocksize.) + `AWK_HASH' - If this variable exists with a value of `gst', `gawk' will switch - to using the hash function from GNU Smalltalk for managing arrays. + If this variable exists with a value of `gst', `gawk' switches to + using the hash function from GNU Smalltalk for managing arrays. This function may be marginally faster than the standard function. `AWKREADFUNC' @@ -33243,484 +33252,484 @@ Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1133823 Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2133868 Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable134128 Node: Other Environment Variables134887 -Node: Exit Status138052 -Node: Include Files138727 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries142305 -Node: Obsolete143688 -Node: Undocumented144385 -Node: Regexp144627 -Node: Regexp Usage146016 -Node: Escape Sequences148049 -Node: Regexp Operators153716 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1161196 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2161343 -Node: Bracket Expressions161441 -Ref: table-char-classes163331 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators165854 -Node: Case-sensitivity169577 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1172469 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2172704 -Node: Leftmost Longest172812 -Node: Computed Regexps174013 -Node: Reading Files177362 -Node: Records179364 -Node: awk split records180099 -Node: gawk split records184957 -Ref: gawk split 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Distribution contents1049369 +Node: Unix Installation1055090 +Node: Quick Installation1055707 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1058153 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1059889 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1062243 +Node: PC Installation1062701 +Node: PC Binary Installation1064000 +Node: PC Compiling1065848 +Node: PC Testing1068792 +Node: PC Using1069968 +Node: Cygwin1074136 +Node: MSYS1074945 +Node: VMS Installation1075459 +Node: VMS Compilation1076255 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11077507 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1077565 +Node: VMS Installation Details1078938 +Node: VMS Running1081189 +Node: VMS GNV1084023 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1084746 +Node: Bugs1085216 +Node: Other Versions1089134 +Node: Notes1095218 +Node: Compatibility Mode1096018 +Node: Additions1096801 +Node: Accessing The Source1097728 +Node: Adding Code1099168 +Node: New Ports1105213 +Node: Derived Files1109348 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11114669 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21114703 +Ref: Derived 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Robbins" Date: Tue, 13 May 2014 22:17:05 +0300 Subject: Get print version set up to pass makeinfo. --- doc/gawk.info | 1091 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 546 insertions(+), 545 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 9bcd7e0c..5587b9e8 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -806,9 +806,10 @@ different computing environments. This Info file, while describing the of `awk' called `gawk' (which stands for "GNU `awk'"). `gawk' runs on a broad range of Unix systems, ranging from Intel(R)-architecture PC-based computers up through large-scale systems. `gawk' has also -been ported to Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows (all versions), and OpenVMS. -(Some other, obsolete systems to which `gawk' was once ported are no -longer supported and the code for those systems has been removed.) +been ported to Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows (all versions) and OS/2 PCs, +and OpenVMS. (Some other, obsolete systems to which `gawk' was once +ported are no longer supported and the code for those systems has been +removed.) * Menu: @@ -1047,7 +1048,7 @@ material for those who are completely unfamiliar with computer programming. The *note Glossary::, defines most, if not all, the significant -terms used throughout the book. If you find terms that you aren't +terms used throughout the Info file. If you find terms that you aren't familiar with, try looking them up here. *note Copying::, and *note GNU Free Documentation License::, present @@ -1125,7 +1126,7 @@ editor. GNU Emacs is the most widely used version of Emacs today. Software Foundation to create a complete, freely distributable, POSIX-compliant computing environment. The FSF uses the "GNU General Public License" (GPL) to ensure that their software's source code is -always available to the end user. A copy of the GPL is included for +always available to the end user. A copy of the GPL is included for your reference (*note Copying::). The GPL applies to the C language source code for `gawk'. To find out more about the FSF and the GNU Project online, see the GNU Project's home page (http://www.gnu.org). @@ -26557,14 +26558,14 @@ B.3.1 Installation on PC Operating Systems This minor node covers installation and usage of `gawk' on x86 machines running MS-DOS, any version of MS-Windows, or OS/2. In this minor node, the term "Windows32" refers to any of Microsoft -Windows-95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP/Vista/7. +Windows-95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP/Vista/7/8. - The limitations of MS-DOS (and MS-DOS shells under Windows32 or -OS/2) has meant that various "DOS extenders" are often used with -programs such as `gawk'. The varying capabilities of Microsoft Windows -3.1 and Windows32 can add to the confusion. For an overview of the -considerations, please refer to `README_d/README.pc' in the -distribution. + The limitations of MS-DOS (and MS-DOS shells under the other +operating systems) has meant that various "DOS extenders" are often +used with programs such as `gawk'. The varying capabilities of +Microsoft Windows 3.1 and Windows32 can add to the confusion. For an +overview of the considerations, please refer to `README_d/README.pc' in +the distribution. * Menu: @@ -26623,13 +26624,13 @@ B.3.1.2 Compiling `gawk' for PC Operating Systems ................................................. `gawk' can be compiled for MS-DOS, Windows32, and OS/2 using the GNU -development tools from DJ Delorie (DJGPP: MS-DOS only) or Eberhard -Mattes (EMX: MS-DOS, Windows32 and OS/2). The file -`README_d/README.pc' in the `gawk' distribution contains additional -notes, and `pc/Makefile' contains important information on compilation -options. +development tools from DJ Delorie (DJGPP: MS-DOS only), MinGW +(Windows32) or Eberhard Mattes (EMX: MS-DOS, Windows32 and OS/2). The +file `README_d/README.pc' in the `gawk' distribution contains +additional notes, and `pc/Makefile' contains important information on +compilation options. - To build `gawk' for MS-DOS and Windows32, copy the files in the `pc' +To build `gawk' for MS-DOS and Windows32, copy the files in the `pc' directory (_except_ for `ChangeLog') to the directory with the rest of the `gawk' sources, then invoke `make' with the appropriate target name as an argument to build `gawk'. The `Makefile' copied from the `pc' @@ -31697,7 +31698,7 @@ Index * gawk, MS-Windows version of: PC Using. (line 10) * gawk, newlines in: Statements/Lines. (line 12) * gawk, octal numbers and: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 42) -* gawk, OS/2 version of: PC Using. (line 10) +* gawk, OS/2 version of: PC Using. (line 16) * gawk, PROCINFO array in <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 116) * gawk, PROCINFO array in <2>: Time Functions. (line 47) * gawk, PROCINFO array in: Auto-set. 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Mechanism1126492 +Node: Basic Concepts1128232 +Node: Basic High Level1128913 +Ref: figure-general-flow1129185 +Ref: figure-process-flow1129784 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11133013 +Node: Basic Data Typing1133198 +Node: Glossary1136553 +Node: Copying1161784 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1199340 +Node: Index1224476  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From b34ea22faeecc99f81f4d897d5c4cc815eab2ddb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Wed, 14 May 2014 22:15:02 +0300 Subject: Fix real preface for docbook. --- doc/gawk.info | 1032 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 513 insertions(+), 519 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 5587b9e8..d725b73e 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -1300,12 +1300,6 @@ also must acknowledge my gratitude to G-d, for the many opportunities He has sent my way, as well as for the gifts He has given me with which to take advantage of those opportunities. - -Arnold Robbins -Nof Ayalon -ISRAEL -May, 2014 -  File: gawk.info, Node: Getting Started, Next: Invoking Gawk, Prev: Preface, Up: Top @@ -33219,518 +33213,518 @@ Ref: Manual History-Footnote-164040 Ref: Manual History-Footnote-264081 Node: How To Contribute64155 Node: Acknowledgments65394 -Node: Getting Started69588 -Node: Running gawk71967 -Node: One-shot73157 -Node: Read Terminal74382 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-176032 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+Node: Cygwin1074139 +Node: MSYS1074948 +Node: VMS Installation1075462 +Node: VMS Compilation1076258 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11077510 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1077568 +Node: VMS Installation Details1078941 +Node: VMS Running1081192 +Node: VMS GNV1084026 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1084749 +Node: Bugs1085219 +Node: Other Versions1089137 +Node: Notes1095221 +Node: Compatibility Mode1096021 +Node: Additions1096804 +Node: Accessing The Source1097731 +Node: Adding Code1099171 +Node: New Ports1105216 +Node: Derived Files1109351 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11114672 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21114706 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31115306 +Node: Future Extensions1115404 +Node: Implementation Limitations1115987 +Node: Extension Design1117235 +Node: Old Extension Problems1118389 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11119897 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1119954 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11123319 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1123505 +Node: Extension Future Growth1125611 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1126447 +Node: Basic Concepts1128187 +Node: Basic High Level1128868 +Ref: figure-general-flow1129140 +Ref: figure-process-flow1129739 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11132968 +Node: Basic Data Typing1133153 +Node: Glossary1136508 +Node: Copying1161739 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1199295 +Node: Index1224431  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 8b086817a7907d54dbe813f0dd05626b86e56cd1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Thu, 15 May 2014 22:28:21 +0300 Subject: Edits through Chapter 11, fix displays for docbook. --- doc/gawk.info | 1210 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 616 insertions(+), 594 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index d725b73e..a9fcc117 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -2276,8 +2276,8 @@ There are two ways to run `awk'--with an explicit program or with one or more program files. Here are templates for both of them; items enclosed in [...] in these templates are optional: - awk [OPTIONS] -f progfile [`--'] FILE ... - awk [OPTIONS] [`--'] 'PROGRAM' FILE ... + `awk' [OPTIONS] `-f' PROGFILE [`--'] FILE ... + `awk' [OPTIONS] [`--'] `'PROGRAM'' FILE ... Besides traditional one-letter POSIX-style options, `gawk' also supports GNU long options. @@ -8933,10 +8933,10 @@ which (but not both) may be omitted. The purpose of the "action" is to tell `awk' what to do once a match for the pattern is found. Thus, in outline, an `awk' program generally looks like this: - [PATTERN] { ACTION } - PATTERN [{ ACTION }] + [PATTERN] `{ ACTION }' + PATTERN [`{ ACTION }'] ... - function NAME(ARGS) { ... } + `function NAME(ARGS) { ... }' ... An action consists of one or more `awk' "statements", enclosed in @@ -9024,7 +9024,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: If Statement, Next: While Statement, Up: Statements The `if'-`else' statement is `awk''s decision-making statement. It looks like this: - if (CONDITION) THEN-BODY [else ELSE-BODY] + `if (CONDITION) THEN-BODY' [`else ELSE-BODY'] The CONDITION is an expression that controls what the rest of the statement does. If the CONDITION is true, THEN-BODY is executed; @@ -9507,7 +9507,7 @@ The `exit' statement causes `awk' to immediately stop executing the current rule and to stop processing input; any remaining input is ignored. The `exit' statement is written as follows: - exit [RETURN CODE] + `exit' [RETURN CODE] When an `exit' statement is executed from a `BEGIN' rule, the program stops processing everything immediately. No input records are @@ -12786,10 +12786,10 @@ starting to execute any of it. The definition of a function named NAME looks like this: - function NAME([PARAMETER-LIST]) - { + `function' NAME`('[PARAMETER-LIST]`)' + `{' BODY-OF-FUNCTION - } + `}' Here, NAME is the name of the function to define. A valid function name is like a valid variable name: a sequence of letters, digits, and @@ -13232,7 +13232,7 @@ control to the calling part of the `awk' program. It can also be used to return a value for use in the rest of the `awk' program. It looks like this: - return [EXPRESSION] + `return' [EXPRESSION] The EXPRESSION part is optional. Due most likely to an oversight, POSIX does not define what the return value is if you omit the @@ -14250,7 +14250,7 @@ current time formatted in the same way as the `date' utility: now = systime() # return date(1)-style output - ret = strftime("%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y", now) + ret = strftime(PROCINFO["strftime"], now) # clear out target array delete time @@ -14510,8 +14510,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: File Checking, Next: Empty Files, Prev: Rewind Functio Normally, if you give `awk' a data file that isn't readable, it stops with a fatal error. There are times when you might want to just ignore -such files and keep going. You can do this by prepending the following -program to your `awk' program: +such files and keep going.(1) You can do this by prepending the +following program to your `awk' program: # readable.awk --- library file to skip over unreadable files @@ -14531,10 +14531,16 @@ program to your `awk' program: element from `ARGV' with `delete' skips the file (since it's no longer in the list). See also *note ARGC and ARGV::. + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) The `BEGINFILE' special pattern (*note BEGINFILE/ENDFILE::) +provides an alternative mechanism for dealing with files that can't be +opened. However, the code here provides a portable solution. +  File: gawk.info, Node: Empty Files, Next: Ignoring Assigns, Prev: File Checking, Up: Data File Management -10.3.4 Checking For Zero-length Files +10.3.4 Checking for Zero-length Files ------------------------------------- All known `awk' implementations silently skip over zero-length files. @@ -14879,7 +14885,7 @@ is in `ARGV[0]': # test program if (_getopt_test) { while ((_go_c = getopt(ARGC, ARGV, "ab:cd")) != -1) - printf("c = <%c>, optarg = <%s>\n", + printf("c = <%c>, Optarg = <%s>\n", _go_c, Optarg) printf("non-option arguments:\n") for (; Optind < ARGC; Optind++) @@ -14892,17 +14898,17 @@ is in `ARGV[0]': result of two sample runs of the test program: $ awk -f getopt.awk -v _getopt_test=1 -- -a -cbARG bax -x - -| c = , optarg = <> - -| c = , optarg = <> - -| c = , optarg = + -| c = , Optarg = <> + -| c = , Optarg = <> + -| c = , Optarg = -| non-option arguments: -| ARGV[3] = -| ARGV[4] = <-x> $ awk -f getopt.awk -v _getopt_test=1 -- -a -x -- xyz abc - -| c = , optarg = <> + -| c = , Optarg = <> error--> x -- invalid option - -| c = , optarg = <> + -| c = , Optarg = <> -| non-option arguments: -| ARGV[4] = -| ARGV[5] = @@ -14961,7 +14967,7 @@ that "cats" the password database: /* * pwcat.c * - * Generate a printable version of the password database + * Generate a printable version of the password database. */ #include #include @@ -15186,7 +15192,7 @@ group database, is as follows: /* * grcat.c * - * Generate a printable version of the group database + * Generate a printable version of the group database. */ #include #include @@ -15222,9 +15228,10 @@ Group Password used; it is usually empty or set to `*'. Group ID Number - The group's numeric group ID number; this number must be unique - within the file. (On some systems it's a C `long', and not an - `int'. Thus we cast it to `long' for all cases.) + The group's numeric group ID number; the association of name to + number must be unique within the file. (On some systems it's a C + `long', and not an `int'. Thus we cast it to `long' for all + cases.) Group Member List A comma-separated list of user names. These users are members of @@ -15333,10 +15340,7 @@ following: For this reason, `_gr_init()' looks to see if a group name or group ID number is already seen. If it is, then the user names are simply -concatenated onto the previous list of users. (There is actually a -subtle problem with the code just presented. Suppose that the first -time there were no names. This code adds the names with a leading -comma. It also doesn't check that there is a `$4'.) +concatenated onto the previous list of users.(1) Finally, `_gr_init()' closes the pipeline to `grcat', restores `FS' (and `FIELDWIDTHS' or `FPAT' if necessary), `RS', and `$0', initializes @@ -15401,6 +15405,12 @@ very simple, relying on `awk''s associative arrays to do work. The `id' program in *note Id Program::, uses these functions. + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) There is actually a subtle problem with the code just presented. +Suppose that the first time there were no names. This code adds the +names with a leading comma. It also doesn't check that there is a `$4'. +  File: gawk.info, Node: Walking Arrays, Prev: Group Functions, Up: Library Functions @@ -15637,7 +15647,7 @@ by characters, the output field separator is set to the null string: if (FS == " ") # defeat awk semantics FS = "[ ]" } else if (c == "s") - suppress++ + suppress = 1 else usage() } @@ -15806,7 +15816,7 @@ The `egrep' utility searches files for patterns. It uses regular expressions that are almost identical to those available in `awk' (*note Regexp::). You invoke it as follows: - egrep [ OPTIONS ] 'PATTERN' FILES ... + `egrep' [OPTIONS] `'PATTERN'' FILES ... The PATTERN is a regular expression. In typical usage, the regular expression is quoted to prevent the shell from expanding any of the @@ -15950,6 +15960,11 @@ know the total number of lines that matched the pattern: total += fcount } + The `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE' special patterns (*note +BEGINFILE/ENDFILE::) could be used, but then the program would be +`gawk'-specific. Additionally, this example was written before `gawk' +acquired `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE'. + The following rule does most of the work of matching lines. The variable `matches' is true if the line matched the pattern. If the user wants lines that did not match, the sense of `matches' is inverted @@ -15997,9 +16012,7 @@ there are no matches, the exit status is one; otherwise it is zero: END \ { - if (total == 0) - exit 1 - exit 0 + exit (total == 0) } The `usage()' function prints a usage message in case of invalid @@ -16041,7 +16054,7 @@ different from the real ones. If possible, `id' also supplies the corresponding user and group names. The output might look like this: $ id - -| uid=500(arnold) gid=500(arnold) groups=6(disk),7(lp),19(floppy) + -| uid=1000(arnold) gid=1000(arnold) groups=1000(arnold),4(adm),7(lp),27(sudo) This information is part of what is provided by `gawk''s `PROCINFO' array (*note Built-in Variables::). However, the `id' utility provides @@ -16074,34 +16087,26 @@ and the group numbers: printf("uid=%d", uid) pw = getpwuid(uid) - if (pw != "") { - split(pw, a, ":") - printf("(%s)", a[1]) - } + if (pw != "") + pr_first_field(pw) if (euid != uid) { printf(" euid=%d", euid) pw = getpwuid(euid) - if (pw != "") { - split(pw, a, ":") - printf("(%s)", a[1]) - } + if (pw != "") + pr_first_field(pw) } printf(" gid=%d", gid) pw = getgrgid(gid) - if (pw != "") { - split(pw, a, ":") - printf("(%s)", a[1]) - } + if (pw != "") + pr_first_field(pw) if (egid != gid) { printf(" egid=%d", egid) pw = getgrgid(egid) - if (pw != "") { - split(pw, a, ":") - printf("(%s)", a[1]) - } + if (pw != "") + pr_first_field(pw) } for (i = 1; ("group" i) in PROCINFO; i++) { @@ -16110,10 +16115,8 @@ and the group numbers: group = PROCINFO["group" i] printf("%d", group) pw = getgrgid(group) - if (pw != "") { - split(pw, a, ":") - printf("(%s)", a[1]) - } + if (pw != "") + pr_first_field(pw) if (("group" (i+1)) in PROCINFO) printf(",") } @@ -16121,6 +16124,12 @@ and the group numbers: print "" } + function pr_first_field(str, a) + { + split(str, a, ":") + printf("(%s)", a[1]) + } + The test in the `for' loop is worth noting. Any supplementary groups in the `PROCINFO' array have the indices `"group1"' through `"groupN"' for some N, i.e., the total number of supplementary groups. @@ -16135,6 +16144,10 @@ the last group in the array and the loop exits. then the condition is false the first time it's tested, and the loop body never executes. + The `pr_first_field()' function simply isolates out some code that +is used repeatedly, making the whole program slightly shorter and +cleaner. +  File: gawk.info, Node: Split Program, Next: Tee Program, Prev: Id Program, Up: Clones @@ -16144,7 +16157,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Split Program, Next: Tee Program, Prev: Id Program, U The `split' program splits large text files into smaller pieces. Usage is as follows:(1) - split [-COUNT] file [ PREFIX ] + `split' [`-COUNT'] [FILE] [PREFIX] By default, the output files are named `xaa', `xab', and so on. Each file has 1000 lines in it, with the likely exception of the last file. @@ -16168,7 +16181,7 @@ output file names: # split.awk --- do split in awk # # Requires ord() and chr() library functions - # usage: split [-num] [file] [outname] + # usage: split [-count] [file] [outname] BEGIN { outfile = "x" # default @@ -16177,7 +16190,7 @@ output file names: usage() i = 1 - if (ARGV[i] ~ /^-[[:digit:]]+$/) { + if (i in ARGV && ARGV[i] ~ /^-[[:digit:]]+$/) { count = -ARGV[i] ARGV[i] = "" i++ @@ -16253,7 +16266,7 @@ The `tee' program is known as a "pipe fitting." `tee' copies its standard input to its standard output and also duplicates it to the files named on the command line. Its usage is as follows: - tee [-a] file ... + `tee' [`-a'] FILE ... The `-a' option tells `tee' to append to the named files, instead of truncating them and starting over. @@ -16342,7 +16355,7 @@ and by default removes duplicate lines. In other words, it only prints unique lines--hence the name. `uniq' has a number of options. The usage is as follows: - uniq [-udc [-N]] [+N] [ INPUT FILE [ OUTPUT FILE ]] + `uniq' [`-udc' [`-N']] [`+N'] [INPUTFILE [OUTPUTFILE]] The options for `uniq' are: @@ -16365,11 +16378,11 @@ usage is as follows: Skip N characters before comparing lines. Any fields specified with `-N' are skipped first. -`INPUT FILE' +`INPUTFILE' Data is read from the input file named on the command line, instead of from the standard input. -`OUTPUT FILE' +`OUTPUTFILE' The generated output is sent to the named output file, instead of to the standard output. @@ -16559,7 +16572,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Wc Program, Prev: Uniq Program, Up: Clones The `wc' (word count) utility counts lines, words, and characters in one or more input files. Its usage is as follows: - wc [-lwc] [ FILES ... ] + `wc' [`-lwc'] [FILES ...] If no files are specified on the command line, `wc' reads its standard input. If there are multiple files, it also prints total @@ -16925,11 +16938,11 @@ there are more characters in the "from" list than in the "to" list, the last character of the "to" list is used for the remaining characters in the "from" list. - Some time ago, a user proposed that a transliteration function should -be added to `gawk'. The following program was written to prove that -character transliteration could be done with a user-level function. -This program is not as complete as the system `tr' utility but it does -most of the job. + Once upon a time, a user proposed that a transliteration function +should be added to `gawk'. The following program was written to prove +that character transliteration could be done with a user-level +function. This program is not as complete as the system `tr' utility +but it does most of the job. The `translate' program demonstrates one of the few weaknesses of standard `awk': dealing with individual characters is very painful, @@ -17010,8 +17023,8 @@ record: While it is possible to do character transliteration in a user-level function, it is not necessarily efficient, and we (the `gawk' authors) started to consider adding a built-in function. However, shortly after -writing this program, we learned that the System V Release 4 `awk' had -added the `toupper()' and `tolower()' functions (*note String +writing this program, we learned that Brian Kernighan had added the +`toupper()' and `tolower()' functions to his `awk' (*note String Functions::). These functions handle the vast majority of the cases where character transliteration is necessary, and so we chose to simply add those functions to `gawk' as well and then leave well enough alone. @@ -17023,10 +17036,10 @@ program. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) On some older systems, including Solaris, `tr' may require that -the lists be written as range expressions enclosed in square brackets -(`[a-z]') and quoted, to prevent the shell from attempting a file name -expansion. This is not a feature. + (1) On some older systems, including Solaris, the system version of +`tr' may require that the lists be written as range expressions +enclosed in square brackets (`[a-z]') and quoted, to prevent the shell +from attempting a file name expansion. This is not a feature. (2) This program was written before `gawk' acquired the ability to split each character in a string into separate array elements. @@ -17146,7 +17159,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Word Sorting, Next: History Sorting, Prev: Labels Prog When working with large amounts of text, it can be interesting to know how often different words appear. For example, an author may overuse -certain words, in which case she might wish to find synonyms to +certain words, in which case he or she might wish to find synonyms to substitute for words that appear too often. This node develops a program for counting words and presenting the frequency information in a useful format. @@ -17209,6 +17222,10 @@ script. Here is the new version of the program: printf "%s\t%d\n", word, freq[word] } + The regexp `/[^[:alnum:]_[:blank:]]/' might have been written +`/[[:punct:]]/', but then underscores would also be removed, and we +want to keep them. + Assuming we have saved this program in a file named `wordfreq.awk', and that the data is in `file1', the following pipeline: @@ -17286,8 +17303,7 @@ information. For example, using the following `print' statement in the print data[lines[i]], lines[i] - This works because `data[$0]' is incremented each time a line is -seen. +This works because `data[$0]' is incremented each time a line is seen.  File: gawk.info, Node: Extract Program, Next: Simple Sed, Prev: History Sorting, Up: Miscellaneous Programs @@ -17418,8 +17434,9 @@ elements (`@@' in the original file), we have to add a single `@' symbol back in.(1) When the processing of the array is finished, `join()' is called -with the value of `SUBSEP', to rejoin the pieces back into a single -line. That line is then printed to the output file: +with the value of `SUBSEP' (*note Multidimensional::), to rejoin the +pieces back into a single line. That line is then printed to the +output file: /^@c(omment)?[ \t]+file/ \ { @@ -17488,7 +17505,7 @@ closing the open file: ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) This program was written before `gawk' had the `gensub()' -function. Consider how you might use it to simplify the code. +function. Consider how you might use it to simplify the code.  File: gawk.info, Node: Simple Sed, Next: Igawk Program, Prev: Extract Program, Up: Miscellaneous Programs @@ -17827,12 +17844,12 @@ which represents the current directory: pathlist[i] = "." } - The stack is initialized with `ARGV[1]', which will be `/dev/stdin'. -The main loop comes next. Input lines are read in succession. Lines -that do not start with `@include' are printed verbatim. If the line -does start with `@include', the file name is in `$2'. `pathto()' is -called to generate the full path. If it cannot, then the program -prints an error message and continues. + The stack is initialized with `ARGV[1]', which will be +`"/dev/stdin"'. The main loop comes next. Input lines are read in +succession. Lines that do not start with `@include' are printed +verbatim. If the line does start with `@include', the file name is in +`$2'. `pathto()' is called to generate the full path. If it cannot, +then the program prints an error message and continues. The next thing to check is if the file is included already. The `processed' array is indexed by the full file name of each included @@ -17909,7 +17926,7 @@ supplied. The `eval' command is a shell construct that reruns the shell's parsing process. This keeps things properly quoted. - This version of `igawk' represents my fifth version of this program. + This version of `igawk' represents the fifth version of this program. There are four key simplifications that make the program work better: * Using `@include' even for the files named with `-f' makes building @@ -18083,7 +18100,9 @@ supplies the following copyright terms: X*(X-x)-o*o,(x+X)*o*o+o,x*(X-x)-O-O,x-O+(O+o+X+x)*(o+O),X*X-X*(x-O)-x+O, O+X*(o*(o+O)+O),+x+O+X*o,x*(x-o),(o+X+x)*o*o-(x-O-O),O+(X-x)*(X+O),x-O}' - We leave it to you to determine what the program does. + We leave it to you to determine what the program does. (If you are +truly desperate to understand it, see Chris Johansen's explanation, +which is embedded in the Texinfo source file for this Info file.)  File: gawk.info, Node: Advanced Features, Next: Internationalization, Prev: Sample Programs, Up: Top @@ -20413,7 +20432,7 @@ categories, as follows: Program::) demonstrates: gawk> dump - -| # BEGIN + -| # BEGIN -| -| [ 1:0xfcd340] Op_rule : [in_rule = BEGIN] [source_file = brini.awk] -| [ 1:0xfcc240] Op_push_i : "~" [MALLOC|STRING|STRCUR] @@ -30122,7 +30141,7 @@ Index * Menu: * ! (exclamation point), ! operator: Boolean Ops. (line 67) -* ! (exclamation point), ! operator <1>: Egrep Program. (line 170) +* ! (exclamation point), ! operator <1>: Egrep Program. (line 175) * ! (exclamation point), ! operator <2>: Ranges. (line 48) * ! (exclamation point), ! operator: Precedence. (line 52) * ! (exclamation point), != operator <1>: Precedence. (line 65) @@ -30358,7 +30377,7 @@ Index (line 38) * \ (backslash), as field separator: Command Line Field Separator. (line 27) -* \ (backslash), continuing lines and <1>: Egrep Program. (line 220) +* \ (backslash), continuing lines and <1>: Egrep Program. (line 223) * \ (backslash), continuing lines and: Statements/Lines. (line 19) * \ (backslash), continuing lines and, comments and: Statements/Lines. (line 76) @@ -30386,7 +30405,7 @@ Index * _ (underscore), in names of private variables: Library Names. (line 29) * _ (underscore), translatable string: Programmer i18n. (line 69) -* _gr_init() user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 82) +* _gr_init() user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 83) * _ord_init() user-defined function: Ordinal Functions. (line 16) * _pw_init() user-defined function: Passwd Functions. (line 105) * accessing fields: Fields. (line 6) @@ -30632,7 +30651,7 @@ Index (line 38) * backslash (\), as field separator: Command Line Field Separator. (line 27) -* backslash (\), continuing lines and <1>: Egrep Program. (line 220) +* backslash (\), continuing lines and <1>: Egrep Program. (line 223) * backslash (\), continuing lines and: Statements/Lines. (line 19) * backslash (\), continuing lines and, comments and: Statements/Lines. (line 76) @@ -31288,7 +31307,7 @@ Index * END pattern, and profiling: Profiling. (line 62) * END pattern, assert() user-defined function and: Assert Function. (line 75) -* END pattern, backslash continuation and: Egrep Program. (line 220) +* END pattern, backslash continuation and: Egrep Program. (line 223) * END pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 70) * END pattern, exit statement and: Exit Statement. (line 12) * END pattern, next/nextfile statements and <1>: Next Statement. @@ -31300,8 +31319,8 @@ Index * ENDFILE pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 6) * ENDFILE pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 70) * endfile() user-defined function: Filetrans Function. (line 62) -* endgrent() function (C library): Group Functions. (line 215) -* endgrent() user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 218) +* endgrent() function (C library): Group Functions. (line 213) +* endgrent() user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 216) * endpwent() function (C library): Passwd Functions. (line 210) * endpwent() user-defined function: Passwd Functions. (line 213) * ENVIRON array: Auto-set. (line 60) @@ -31334,7 +31353,7 @@ Index * evaluation order, concatenation: Concatenation. (line 41) * evaluation order, functions: Calling Built-in. (line 30) * examining fields: Fields. (line 6) -* exclamation point (!), ! operator <1>: Egrep Program. (line 170) +* exclamation point (!), ! operator <1>: Egrep Program. (line 175) * exclamation point (!), ! operator <2>: Precedence. (line 52) * exclamation point (!), ! operator: Boolean Ops. (line 67) * exclamation point (!), != operator <1>: Precedence. (line 65) @@ -31730,15 +31749,15 @@ Index * getaddrinfo() function (C library): TCP/IP Networking. (line 38) * getgrent() function (C library): Group Functions. (line 6) * getgrent() user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 6) -* getgrgid() function (C library): Group Functions. (line 186) -* getgrgid() user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 189) -* getgrnam() function (C library): Group Functions. (line 175) -* getgrnam() user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 180) -* getgruser() function (C library): Group Functions. (line 195) -* getgruser() function, user-defined: Group Functions. (line 198) +* getgrgid() function (C library): Group Functions. (line 184) +* getgrgid() user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 187) +* getgrnam() function (C library): Group Functions. (line 173) +* getgrnam() user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 178) +* getgruser() function (C library): Group Functions. (line 193) +* getgruser() function, user-defined: Group Functions. (line 196) * getline command: Reading Files. (line 20) * getline command, _gr_init() user-defined function: Group Functions. - (line 82) + (line 83) * getline command, _pw_init() function: Passwd Functions. (line 154) * getline command, coprocesses, using from <1>: Close Files And Pipes. (line 6) @@ -31939,6 +31958,7 @@ Index * Java programming language: Glossary. (line 380) * jawk: Other Versions. (line 112) * Jedi knights: Undocumented. (line 6) +* Johansen, Chris: Signature Program. (line 25) * join() user-defined function: Join Function. (line 18) * Kahrs, Ju"rgen <1>: Contributors. (line 70) * Kahrs, Ju"rgen: Acknowledgments. (line 60) @@ -33237,494 +33257,496 @@ Node: Other Features105547 Node: When106475 Node: Invoking Gawk108623 Node: Command Line110086 -Node: Options110869 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1126681 -Node: Other Arguments126706 -Node: Naming Standard Input129368 -Node: Environment Variables130462 -Node: AWKPATH Variable131020 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1133798 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2133843 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable134103 -Node: Other Environment Variables134862 -Node: Exit Status138517 -Node: Include Files139192 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries142770 -Node: Obsolete144153 -Node: Undocumented144850 -Node: Regexp145092 -Node: Regexp Usage146481 -Node: Escape Sequences148514 -Node: Regexp Operators154181 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1161661 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2161808 -Node: Bracket Expressions161906 -Ref: table-char-classes163796 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators166319 -Node: Case-sensitivity170042 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1172934 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2173169 -Node: Leftmost Longest173277 -Node: Computed Regexps174478 -Node: Reading Files177827 -Node: Records179829 -Node: awk split records180564 -Node: gawk split records185422 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1189943 -Node: Fields189980 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1192944 -Node: Nonconstant Fields193030 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1195260 -Node: Changing Fields195462 -Node: Field Separators201416 -Node: Default Field Splitting204118 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting205235 -Node: Single Character Fields208576 -Node: Command Line Field Separator209635 -Node: Full Line Fields212977 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1213485 -Node: Field Splitting Summary213531 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1216630 -Node: Constant Size216731 -Node: Splitting By Content221338 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1225088 -Node: Multiple Line225128 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1230984 -Node: Getline231163 -Node: Plain Getline233379 -Node: Getline/Variable235474 -Node: Getline/File236621 -Node: Getline/Variable/File238005 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1239604 -Node: Getline/Pipe239691 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe242390 -Node: Getline/Coprocess243497 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess244749 -Node: Getline Notes245486 -Node: Getline Summary248290 -Ref: table-getline-variants248698 -Node: Read Timeout249610 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1253437 -Node: Command line directories253495 -Node: Printing254377 -Node: Print256008 -Node: Print Examples257349 -Node: Output Separators260128 -Node: OFMT262144 -Node: Printf263502 -Node: Basic Printf264408 -Node: Control Letters265947 -Node: Format Modifiers269801 -Node: Printf Examples275828 -Node: Redirection278535 -Node: Special Files285507 -Node: Special FD286040 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1289664 -Node: Special Network289738 -Node: Special Caveats290588 -Node: Close Files And Pipes291384 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1298522 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2298670 -Node: Expressions298820 -Node: Values299952 -Node: 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+Node: Extension API Functions Introduction884025 +Node: General Data Types888952 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1894647 +Node: Requesting Values894946 +Ref: table-value-types-returned895683 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions896637 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1899383 +Node: Constructor Functions899479 +Node: Registration Functions901237 +Node: Extension Functions901922 +Node: Exit Callback Functions904224 +Node: Extension Version String905473 +Node: Input Parsers906123 +Node: Output Wrappers915880 +Node: Two-way processors920390 +Node: Printing Messages922598 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1923675 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'923827 +Node: Accessing Parameters924566 +Node: Symbol Table Access925796 +Node: Symbol table by name926310 +Node: Symbol table by cookie928286 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1932418 +Node: Cached values932481 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1935971 +Node: Array Manipulation936062 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1937160 +Node: Array Data 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Sample API Tests1003882 +Node: Extension Sample Time1004407 +Node: gawkextlib1005771 +Node: Language History1008552 +Node: V7/SVR3.11010145 +Node: SVR41012465 +Node: POSIX1013907 +Node: BTL1015293 +Node: POSIX/GNU1016027 +Node: Feature History1021626 +Node: Common Extensions1034602 +Node: Ranges and Locales1035914 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11040531 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21040558 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31040792 +Node: Contributors1041013 +Node: Installation1046394 +Node: Gawk Distribution1047288 +Node: Getting1047772 +Node: Extracting1048598 +Node: Distribution contents1050290 +Node: Unix Installation1056011 +Node: Quick Installation1056628 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1059074 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1060810 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1063164 +Node: PC Installation1063622 +Node: PC Binary Installation1064933 +Node: PC Compiling1066781 +Node: PC Testing1069741 +Node: PC Using1070917 +Node: Cygwin1075085 +Node: MSYS1075894 +Node: VMS 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Mechanism1127393 +Node: Basic Concepts1129133 +Node: Basic High Level1129814 +Ref: figure-general-flow1130086 +Ref: figure-process-flow1130685 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11133914 +Node: Basic Data Typing1134099 +Node: Glossary1137454 +Node: Copying1162685 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1200241 +Node: Index1225377  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 353b9af72c79e25ba2d45c62d543536aa82c02cf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Fri, 16 May 2014 12:07:33 +0300 Subject: Edits through chapter 14. --- doc/gawk.info | 606 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 303 insertions(+), 303 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index a9fcc117..5cf6129d 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -18171,8 +18171,8 @@ your data as numeric: The `print' statement treats its expressions as strings. Although the fields can act as numbers when necessary, they are still strings, so -`print' does not try to treat them numerically. You may need to add -zero to a field to force it to be treated as a number. For example: +`print' does not try to treat them numerically. You need to add zero +to a field to force it to be treated as a number. For example: $ echo 0123 123 0x123 | gawk --non-decimal-data ' > { print $1, $2, $3 @@ -18187,7 +18187,7 @@ request it. CAUTION: _Use of this option is not recommended._ It can break old programs very badly. Instead, use the `strtonum()' function to - convert your data (*note Nondecimal-numbers::). This makes your + convert your data (*note String Functions::). This makes your programs easier to write and easier to read, and leads to less surprising results. @@ -18226,7 +18226,7 @@ you do this. *note Controlling Scanning::, describes how you can assign special, pre-defined values to `PROCINFO["sorted_in"]' in order to control the -order in which `gawk' will traverse an array during a `for' loop. +order in which `gawk' traverses an array during a `for' loop. In addition, the value of `PROCINFO["sorted_in"]' can be a function name. This lets you traverse an array based on any custom criterion. @@ -18499,9 +18499,9 @@ become the values of the result array: So far, so good. Now it starts to get interesting. Both `asort()' and `asorti()' accept a third string argument to control comparison of -array elements. In *note String Functions::, we ignored this third -argument; however, the time has now come to describe how this argument -affects these two functions. +array elements. When we introduced `asort()' and `asorti()' in *note +String Functions::, we ignored this third argument; however, now is the +time to describe how this argument affects these two functions. Basically, the third argument specifies how the array is to be sorted. There are two possibilities. As with `PROCINFO["sorted_in"]', @@ -18649,7 +18649,8 @@ the `gawk' program. Once all of the data has been read, `gawk' terminates the coprocess and exits. As a side note, the assignment `LC_ALL=C' in the `sort' command -ensures traditional Unix (ASCII) sorting from `sort'. +ensures traditional Unix (ASCII) sorting from `sort'. This is not +strictly necessary here, but it's good to know how to do this. You may also use pseudo-ttys (ptys) for two-way communication instead of pipes, if your system supports them. This is done on a @@ -18661,10 +18662,10 @@ per-command basis, by setting a special element in the `PROCINFO' array print ... |& command # start two-way pipe ... -Using ptys avoids the buffer deadlock issues described earlier, at some -loss in performance. If your system does not have ptys, or if all the -system's ptys are in use, `gawk' automatically falls back to using -regular pipes. +Using ptys usually avoids the buffer deadlock issues described earlier, +at some loss in performance. If your system does not have ptys, or if +all the system's ptys are in use, `gawk' automatically falls back to +using regular pipes. ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -18945,7 +18946,7 @@ As usual, the profiled version of the program is written to `awkprof.out', or to a different file if one specified with the `--profile' option. - Along with the regular profile, as shown earlier, the profile + Along with the regular profile, as shown earlier, the profile file includes a trace of any active functions: # Function Call Stack: @@ -19029,6 +19030,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Explaining gettext, Next: Programmer i18n, Prev: I18N 13.2 GNU `gettext' ================== +`gawk' uses GNU `gettext' to provide its internationalization features. The facilities in GNU `gettext' focus on messages; strings printed by a program, either directly or via formatting with `printf' or `sprintf()'.(1) @@ -19175,7 +19177,7 @@ internationalization: for translation at runtime. String constants without a leading underscore are not translated. -``dcgettext(STRING' [`,' DOMAIN [`,' CATEGORY ]]`)'' +``dcgettext(STRING' [`,' DOMAIN [`,' CATEGORY]]`)'' Return the translation of STRING in text domain DOMAIN for locale category CATEGORY. The default value for DOMAIN is the current value of `TEXTDOMAIN'. The default value for CATEGORY is @@ -19192,7 +19194,7 @@ internationalization: be simple and to allow for reasonable `awk'-style default arguments. -``dcngettext(STRING1, STRING2, NUMBER' [`,' DOMAIN [`,' CATEGORY ]]`)'' +``dcngettext(STRING1, STRING2, NUMBER' [`,' DOMAIN [`,' CATEGORY]]`)'' Return the plural form used for NUMBER of the translation of STRING1 and STRING2 in text domain DOMAIN for locale category CATEGORY. STRING1 is the English singular variant of a message, @@ -19508,19 +19510,20 @@ Following are the translations: msgstr "Like, the scoop is" The next step is to make the directory to hold the binary message -object file and then to create the `guide.gmo' file. The directory +object file and then to create the `guide.mo' file. We pretend that +our file is to be used in the `en_US.UTF-8' locale. The directory layout shown here is standard for GNU `gettext' on GNU/Linux systems. Other versions of `gettext' may use a different layout: - $ mkdir en_US en_US/LC_MESSAGES + $ mkdir en_US.UTF-8 en_US.UTF-8/LC_MESSAGES The `msgfmt' utility does the conversion from human-readable `.po' -file to machine-readable `.gmo' file. By default, `msgfmt' creates a +file to machine-readable `.mo' file. By default, `msgfmt' creates a file named `messages'. This file must be renamed and placed in the proper directory so that `gawk' can find it: $ msgfmt guide-mellow.po - $ mv messages en_US/LC_MESSAGES/guide.gmo + $ mv messages en_US.UTF-8/LC_MESSAGES/guide.mo Finally, we run the program to test it: @@ -19584,8 +19587,8 @@ program is easy.  File: gawk.info, Node: Debugging, Next: Sample Debugging Session, Up: Debugger -14.1 Introduction to `gawk' Debugger -==================================== +14.1 Introduction to The `gawk' Debugger +======================================== This minor node introduces debugging in general and begins the discussion of debugging in `gawk'. @@ -19871,11 +19874,7 @@ typing `n' (for "next"): decides whether to give the lines the special "field skipping" treatment indicated by the `-f' command-line option. (Notice that we skipped from where we were before at line 64 to here, since the condition in -line 64 - - if (fcount == 0 && charcount == 0) - -was false.) +line 64 `if (fcount == 0 && charcount == 0)' was false.) Continuing to step, we now get to the splitting of the current and last records: @@ -19981,7 +19980,7 @@ following descriptions, commands which may be abbreviated show the abbreviation on a second description line. A debugger command name may also be truncated if that partial name is unambiguous. The debugger has the built-in capability to automatically repeat the previous command -when just hitting . This works for the commands `list', `next', +just by hitting . This works for the commands `list', `next', `nexti', `step', `stepi' and `continue' executed without any argument. * Menu: @@ -20241,7 +20240,7 @@ AWK STATEMENTS `set' VAR`='VALUE Assign a constant (number or string) value to an `awk' variable or field. String values must be enclosed between double quotes - (`"..."'). + (`"'...`"'). You can also set special `awk' variables, such as `FS', `NF', `NR', etc. @@ -20295,11 +20294,12 @@ are: `frame' [N] `f' [N] - Select and print (frame number, function and argument names, - source file, and the source line) stack frame N. Frame 0 is the - currently executing, or "innermost", frame (function call), frame - 1 is the frame that called the innermost one. The highest numbered - frame is the one for the main program. + Select and print stack frame N. Frame 0 is the currently + executing, or "innermost", frame (function call), frame 1 is the + frame that called the innermost one. The highest numbered frame is + the one for the main program. The printed information consists of + the frame number, function and argument names, source file, and + the source line. `up' [COUNT] Move COUNT (default 1) frames up the stack toward the outermost @@ -20538,9 +20538,10 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Readline Support, Next: Limitations, Prev: List of Deb 14.4 Readline Support ===================== -If `gawk' is compiled with the `readline' library, you can take -advantage of that library's command completion and history expansion -features. The following types of completion are available: +If `gawk' is compiled with the `readline' library +(http://cnswww.cns.cwru.edu/php/chet/readline/readline.html), you can +take advantage of that library's command completion and history +expansion features. The following types of completion are available: Command completion Command names. @@ -20579,15 +20580,14 @@ some limitations. A few which are worth being aware of are: you will realize that much of the internal manipulation of data in `gawk', as in many interpreters, is done on a stack. `Op_push', `Op_pop', etc., are the "bread and butter" of most `gawk' code. - Unfortunately, as of now, the `gawk' debugger does not allow you - to examine the stack's contents. - That is, the intermediate results of expression evaluation are on - the stack, but cannot be printed. Rather, only variables which - are defined in the program can be printed. Of course, a - workaround for this is to use more explicit variables at the - debugging stage and then change back to obscure, perhaps more - optimal code later. + Unfortunately, as of now, the `gawk' debugger does not allow you + to examine the stack's contents. That is, the intermediate + results of expression evaluation are on the stack, but cannot be + printed. Rather, only variables which are defined in the program + can be printed. Of course, a workaround for this is to use more + explicit variables at the debugging stage and then change back to + obscure, perhaps more optimal code later. * There is no way to look "inside" the process of compiling regular expressions to see if you got it right. As an `awk' programmer, @@ -30289,14 +30289,14 @@ Index * -v option: Options. (line 32) * -W option: Options. (line 46) * . (period), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 44) -* .gmo files: Explaining gettext. (line 41) -* .gmo files, converting from .po: I18N Example. (line 62) +* .gmo files: Explaining gettext. (line 42) * .gmo files, specifying directory of <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 47) -* .gmo files, specifying directory of: Explaining gettext. (line 53) +* .gmo files, specifying directory of: Explaining gettext. (line 54) +* .mo files, converting from .po: I18N Example. (line 63) * .po files <1>: Translator i18n. (line 6) -* .po files: Explaining gettext. (line 36) -* .po files, converting to .gmo: I18N Example. (line 62) -* .pot files: Explaining gettext. (line 30) +* .po files: Explaining gettext. (line 37) +* .po files, converting to .mo: I18N Example. (line 63) +* .pot files: Explaining gettext. (line 31) * / (forward slash) to enclose regular expressions: Regexp. (line 10) * / (forward slash), / operator: Precedence. (line 55) * / (forward slash), /= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 95) @@ -30401,7 +30401,7 @@ Index * ^ (caret), regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 59) * ^ (caret), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 22) -* _ (underscore), C macro: Explaining gettext. (line 70) +* _ (underscore), C macro: Explaining gettext. (line 71) * _ (underscore), in names of private variables: Library Names. (line 29) * _ (underscore), translatable string: Programmer i18n. (line 69) @@ -30701,7 +30701,7 @@ Index * binary input/output: User-modified. (line 15) * bindtextdomain <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 47) * bindtextdomain: I18N Functions. (line 12) -* bindtextdomain() function (C library): Explaining gettext. (line 49) +* bindtextdomain() function (C library): Explaining gettext. (line 50) * bindtextdomain() function (gawk), portability and: I18N Portability. (line 33) * BINMODE variable <1>: PC Using. (line 33) @@ -30973,7 +30973,7 @@ Index * csh utility, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 355) * csh utility, |& operator, comparison with: Two-way I/O. (line 44) * ctime() user-defined function: Function Example. (line 73) -* currency symbols, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 103) +* currency symbols, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 104) * current system time: Time Functions. (line 66) * custom.h file: Configuration Philosophy. (line 30) @@ -31035,7 +31035,7 @@ Index * date utility, POSIX: Time Functions. (line 254) * dates, converting to timestamps: Time Functions. (line 76) * dates, information related to, localization: Explaining gettext. - (line 115) + (line 116) * Davies, Stephen <1>: Contributors. (line 74) * Davies, Stephen: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * dcgettext <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 19) @@ -31138,7 +31138,7 @@ Index (line 83) * debugger commands, unwatch: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 84) -* debugger commands, up: Execution Stack. (line 33) +* debugger commands, up: Execution Stack. (line 34) * debugger commands, w (watch): Viewing And Changing Data. (line 67) * debugger commands, watch: Viewing And Changing Data. @@ -31477,14 +31477,14 @@ Index * FILENAME variable: Reading Files. (line 6) * FILENAME variable, getline, setting with: Getline Notes. (line 19) * filenames, assignments as: Ignoring Assigns. (line 6) -* files, .gmo: Explaining gettext. (line 41) -* files, .gmo, converting from .po: I18N Example. (line 62) +* files, .gmo: Explaining gettext. (line 42) * files, .gmo, specifying directory of <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 47) -* files, .gmo, specifying directory of: Explaining gettext. (line 53) +* files, .gmo, specifying directory of: Explaining gettext. (line 54) +* files, .mo, converting from .po: I18N Example. (line 63) * files, .po <1>: Translator i18n. (line 6) -* files, .po: Explaining gettext. (line 36) -* files, .po, converting to .gmo: I18N Example. (line 62) -* files, .pot: Explaining gettext. (line 30) +* files, .po: Explaining gettext. (line 37) +* files, .po, converting to .mo: I18N Example. (line 63) +* files, .pot: Explaining gettext. (line 31) * files, /dev/... special files: Special FD. (line 46) * files, /inet/... (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * files, /inet4/... (gawk): TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) @@ -31501,23 +31501,23 @@ Index * files, managing: Data File Management. (line 6) * files, managing, data file boundaries: Filetrans Function. (line 6) -* files, message object: Explaining gettext. (line 41) +* files, message object: Explaining gettext. (line 42) * files, message object, converting from portable object files: I18N Example. - (line 62) + (line 63) * files, message object, specifying directory of <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 47) * files, message object, specifying directory of: Explaining gettext. - (line 53) + (line 54) * files, multiple passes over: Other Arguments. (line 49) * files, multiple, duplicating output into: Tee Program. (line 6) * files, output, See output files: Close Files And Pipes. (line 6) * files, password: Passwd Functions. (line 16) * files, portable object <1>: Translator i18n. (line 6) -* files, portable object: Explaining gettext. (line 36) -* files, portable object template: Explaining gettext. (line 30) +* files, portable object: Explaining gettext. (line 37) +* files, portable object template: Explaining gettext. (line 31) * files, portable object, converting to message object files: I18N Example. - (line 62) + (line 63) * files, portable object, generating: Options. (line 147) * files, processing, ARGIND variable and: Auto-set. (line 51) * files, reading: Rewind Function. (line 6) @@ -31712,7 +31712,7 @@ Index * gawk, newlines in: Statements/Lines. (line 12) * gawk, octal numbers and: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 42) * gawk, OS/2 version of: PC Using. (line 16) -* gawk, PROCINFO array in <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 116) +* gawk, PROCINFO array in <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 117) * gawk, PROCINFO array in <2>: Time Functions. (line 47) * gawk, PROCINFO array in: Auto-set. (line 128) * gawk, regexp constants and: Using Constant Regexps. @@ -31783,8 +31783,8 @@ Index * getpwuid() function (C library): Passwd Functions. (line 188) * getpwuid() user-defined function: Passwd Functions. (line 192) * gettext library: Explaining gettext. (line 6) -* gettext library, locale categories: Explaining gettext. (line 80) -* gettext() function (C library): Explaining gettext. (line 62) +* gettext library, locale categories: Explaining gettext. (line 81) +* gettext() function (C library): Explaining gettext. (line 63) * gettimeofday() extension function: Extension Sample Time. (line 13) * git utility <1>: Adding Code. (line 111) @@ -31936,7 +31936,7 @@ Index * internationalization, localization, gawk and: Internationalization. (line 13) * internationalization, localization, locale categories: Explaining gettext. - (line 80) + (line 81) * internationalization, localization, marked strings: Programmer i18n. (line 14) * internationalization, localization, portability and: I18N Portability. @@ -31985,16 +31985,16 @@ Index * labels.awk program: Labels Program. (line 51) * languages, data-driven: Basic High Level. (line 85) * Laurie, Dirk: Changing Precision. (line 6) -* LC_ALL locale category: Explaining gettext. (line 120) -* LC_COLLATE locale category: Explaining gettext. (line 93) -* LC_CTYPE locale category: Explaining gettext. (line 97) -* LC_MESSAGES locale category: Explaining gettext. (line 87) +* LC_ALL locale category: Explaining gettext. (line 121) +* LC_COLLATE locale category: Explaining gettext. (line 94) +* LC_CTYPE locale category: Explaining gettext. (line 98) +* LC_MESSAGES locale category: Explaining gettext. (line 88) * LC_MESSAGES locale category, bindtextdomain() function (gawk): Programmer i18n. (line 88) -* LC_MONETARY locale category: Explaining gettext. (line 103) -* LC_NUMERIC locale category: Explaining gettext. (line 107) -* LC_RESPONSE locale category: Explaining gettext. (line 111) -* LC_TIME locale category: Explaining gettext. (line 115) +* LC_MONETARY locale category: Explaining gettext. (line 104) +* LC_NUMERIC locale category: Explaining gettext. (line 108) +* LC_RESPONSE locale category: Explaining gettext. (line 112) +* LC_TIME locale category: Explaining gettext. (line 116) * left angle bracket (<), < operator <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * left angle bracket (<), < operator: Comparison Operators. (line 11) @@ -32063,7 +32063,7 @@ Index * list function definitions, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 30) * loading, extensions: Options. (line 173) * local variables, in a function: Variable Scope. (line 6) -* locale categories: Explaining gettext. (line 80) +* locale categories: Explaining gettext. (line 81) * locale decimal point character: Options. (line 270) * locale, definition of: Locales. (line 6) * localization: I18N and L10N. (line 6) @@ -32114,23 +32114,23 @@ Index * mawk utility: Escape Sequences. (line 124) * maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 213) * McPhee, Patrick: Contributors. (line 100) -* message object files: Explaining gettext. (line 41) +* message object files: Explaining gettext. (line 42) * message object files, converting from portable object files: I18N Example. - (line 62) + (line 63) * message object files, specifying directory of <1>: Programmer i18n. (line 47) * message object files, specifying directory of: Explaining gettext. - (line 53) + (line 54) * messages from extensions: Printing Messages. (line 6) * metacharacters in regular expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 6) * metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 130) * minimum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 216) * mktime: Time Functions. (line 25) * modifiers, in format specifiers: Format Modifiers. (line 6) -* monetary information, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 103) +* monetary information, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 104) * Moore, Duncan: Getline Notes. (line 40) * MPFR: Gawk and MPFR. (line 6) -* msgfmt utility: I18N Example. (line 62) +* msgfmt utility: I18N Example. (line 63) * multiple precision: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. (line 6) * multiple-line records: Multiple Line. (line 6) @@ -32362,7 +32362,7 @@ Index * portability, example programs: Library Functions. (line 42) * portability, functions, defining: Definition Syntax. (line 99) * portability, gawk: New Ports. (line 6) -* portability, gettext library and: Explaining gettext. (line 10) +* portability, gettext library and: Explaining gettext. (line 11) * portability, internationalization and: I18N Portability. (line 6) * portability, length() function: String Functions. (line 176) * portability, new awk vs. old awk: Conversion. (line 55) @@ -32374,11 +32374,11 @@ Index * portability, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 360) * portability, substr() function: String Functions. (line 510) * portable object files <1>: Translator i18n. (line 6) -* portable object files: Explaining gettext. (line 36) +* portable object files: Explaining gettext. (line 37) * portable object files, converting to message object files: I18N Example. - (line 62) + (line 63) * portable object files, generating: Options. (line 147) -* portable object template files: Explaining gettext. (line 30) +* portable object template files: Explaining gettext. (line 31) * porting gawk: New Ports. (line 6) * positional specifiers, printf statement <1>: Printf Ordering. (line 6) @@ -32476,7 +32476,7 @@ Index * PROCINFO array <1>: Passwd Functions. (line 6) * PROCINFO array <2>: Time Functions. (line 47) * PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 128) -* PROCINFO array, and communications via ptys: Two-way I/O. (line 116) +* PROCINFO array, and communications via ptys: Two-way I/O. (line 117) * PROCINFO array, and group membership: Group Functions. (line 6) * PROCINFO array, and user and group ID numbers: Id Program. (line 15) * PROCINFO array, testing the field splitting: Passwd Functions. @@ -32844,7 +32844,7 @@ Index * sort utility: Word Sorting. (line 50) * sort utility, coprocesses and: Two-way I/O. (line 83) * sorting characters in different languages: Explaining gettext. - (line 93) + (line 94) * source code, awka: Other Versions. (line 64) * source code, Brian Kernighan's awk: Other Versions. (line 13) * source code, Busybox Awk: Other Versions. (line 88) @@ -32982,7 +32982,7 @@ Index * TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. (line 152) * TEXTDOMAIN variable, BEGIN pattern and: Programmer i18n. (line 60) * TEXTDOMAIN variable, portability and: I18N Portability. (line 20) -* textdomain() function (C library): Explaining gettext. (line 27) +* textdomain() function (C library): Explaining gettext. (line 28) * tilde (~), ~ operator <1>: Expression Patterns. (line 24) * tilde (~), ~ operator <2>: Precedence. (line 80) * tilde (~), ~ operator <3>: Comparison Operators. @@ -32993,7 +32993,7 @@ Index * tilde (~), ~ operator: Regexp Usage. (line 19) * time functions: Time Functions. (line 6) * time, alarm clock example program: Alarm Program. (line 11) -* time, localization and: Explaining gettext. (line 115) +* time, localization and: Explaining gettext. (line 116) * time, managing: Getlocaltime Function. (line 6) * time, retrieving: Time Functions. (line 17) @@ -33056,7 +33056,7 @@ Index (line 18) * undefined functions: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 71) -* underscore (_), C macro: Explaining gettext. (line 70) +* underscore (_), C macro: Explaining gettext. (line 71) * underscore (_), in names of private variables: Library Names. (line 29) * underscore (_), translatable string: Programmer i18n. (line 69) @@ -33084,7 +33084,7 @@ Index (line 83) * unwatch debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 84) -* up debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 33) +* up debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 34) * user database, reading: Passwd Functions. (line 6) * user-defined functions: User-defined. (line 6) * user-defined, functions, counts, in a profile: Profiling. (line 137) @@ -33540,213 +33540,213 @@ Node: Anagram Program729137 Node: Signature Program732205 Node: Advanced Features733452 Node: Nondecimal Data735338 -Node: Array Sorting736921 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal737618 -Node: Array Sorting Functions745902 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1749771 -Node: Two-way I/O749965 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1755397 -Node: TCP/IP Networking755479 -Node: Profiling758323 -Node: Internationalization765826 -Node: I18N and L10N767251 -Node: Explaining gettext767937 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1773005 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2773189 -Node: Programmer i18n773354 -Node: Translator i18n777581 -Node: String Extraction778375 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1779336 -Node: Printf Ordering779422 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1782204 -Node: I18N Portability782268 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1784717 -Node: I18N Example784780 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1787418 -Node: Gawk I18N787490 -Node: Debugger788111 -Node: Debugging789082 -Node: Debugging Concepts789515 -Node: Debugging Terms791371 -Node: Awk Debugging793968 -Node: Sample Debugging Session794860 -Node: Debugger Invocation795380 -Node: Finding The Bug796713 -Node: List of Debugger Commands803200 -Node: Breakpoint Control804534 -Node: Debugger Execution Control808198 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data811558 -Node: Execution Stack814914 -Node: Debugger Info816381 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands820375 -Node: Readline Support825559 -Node: Limitations826390 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic828642 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1830291 -Node: General Arithmetic830439 -Node: Floating Point Issues832159 -Node: String Conversion Precision833040 -Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1834745 -Node: Unexpected Results834854 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems837007 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1840832 -Node: Integer Programming840870 -Node: Floating-point Programming842609 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1848940 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2849210 -Node: Floating-point Representation849474 -Node: Floating-point Context850639 -Ref: table-ieee-formats851478 -Node: Rounding Mode852862 -Ref: table-rounding-modes853341 -Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1856356 -Node: Gawk and MPFR856535 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats857944 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1860387 -Node: Setting Precision860703 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings861389 -Node: Setting Rounding Mode863534 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes863938 -Node: Floating-point Constants865125 -Node: Changing Precision866554 -Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1867951 -Node: Exact Arithmetic868125 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers871263 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1874278 -Node: Dynamic Extensions874425 -Node: Extension Intro875883 -Node: Plugin License877148 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline877833 -Ref: load-extension878250 -Ref: load-new-function879728 -Ref: call-new-function880723 -Node: Extension API Description882738 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction884025 -Node: General Data Types888952 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1894647 -Node: Requesting Values894946 -Ref: table-value-types-returned895683 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions896637 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1899383 -Node: Constructor Functions899479 -Node: Registration Functions901237 -Node: Extension Functions901922 -Node: Exit Callback Functions904224 -Node: Extension Version String905473 -Node: Input Parsers906123 -Node: Output Wrappers915880 -Node: Two-way processors920390 -Node: Printing Messages922598 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1923675 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'923827 -Node: Accessing Parameters924566 -Node: Symbol Table Access925796 -Node: Symbol table by name926310 -Node: Symbol table by cookie928286 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1932418 -Node: Cached values932481 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1935971 -Node: Array Manipulation936062 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1937160 -Node: Array Data Types937199 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1939902 -Node: Array Functions939994 -Node: Flattening Arrays943830 -Node: Creating Arrays950682 -Node: Extension API Variables955407 -Node: Extension Versioning956043 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables957944 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate959030 -Node: Finding Extensions962834 -Node: Extension Example963394 -Node: Internal File Description964124 -Node: Internal File Ops968215 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1979724 -Node: Using Internal File Ops979864 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1982211 -Node: Extension Samples982477 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions984001 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch992488 -Node: Extension Sample Fork994257 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace995470 -Node: Extension Sample Ord997248 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir998084 -Node: Extension Sample Revout999616 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1000209 -Node: Extension Sample Read write 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Robbins" Date: Sat, 17 May 2014 23:01:43 +0300 Subject: Edits through Chapter 16. --- doc/gawk.info | 627 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 309 insertions(+), 318 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 5cf6129d..e860045e 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -9710,7 +9710,7 @@ description of each variable.) `ROUNDMODE #' The rounding mode to use for arbitrary precision arithmetic on - numbers, by default `"N"' (`roundTiesToEven' in the IEEE-754 + numbers, by default `"N"' (`roundTiesToEven' in the IEEE 754 standard; *note Setting Rounding Mode::). ``RS'' @@ -20893,8 +20893,8 @@ as follows: $ echo 0xDeadBeef | gawk '{ print $1 + 0 }' -| 0 - `gawk' does ignore case in the four special values. Thus `+nan' - and `+NaN' are the same. + `gawk' ignores case in the four special values. Thus `+nan' and + `+NaN' are the same. ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -20908,13 +20908,14 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Integer Programming, Prev: Floating Point Issues, Up: As has been mentioned already, `awk' uses hardware double precision with 64-bit IEEE binary floating-point representation for numbers on -most systems. A large integer like 9,007,199,254,740,997 has a binary +most systems. A large integer like 9,007,199,254,740,997 has a binary representation that, although finite, is more than 53 bits long; it -must also be rounded to 53 bits. The biggest integer that can be +must also be rounded to 53 bits. (The details are discussed in *note +Floating-point Representation::.) The biggest integer that can be stored in a C `double' is usually the same as the largest possible value of a `double'. If your system `double' is an IEEE 64-bit `double', this largest possible value is an integer and can be -represented precisely. What more should one know about integers? +represented precisely. What more should you know about integers? If you want to know what is the largest integer, such that it and all smaller integers can be stored in 64-bit doubles without losing @@ -20972,9 +20973,9 @@ matters worse, with arbitrary precision floating-point, you can set the precision before starting a computation, but then you cannot be sure of the number of significant decimal places in the final result. - Sometimes, before you start to write any code, you should think more -about what you really want and what's really happening. Consider the -two numbers in the following example: + So, before you start to write any code, you should think more about +what you really want and what's really happening. Consider the two +numbers in the following example: x = 0.875 # 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 y = 0.425 @@ -20999,8 +21000,8 @@ previous example, produces an output identical to the input. Because the underlying representation can be a little bit off from the exact value, comparing floating-point values to see if they are -equal is generally not a good idea. Here is an example where it does -not work like you expect: +exactly equal is generally a bad idea. Here is an example where it +does not work like you expect: $ gawk 'BEGIN { print (0.1 + 12.2 == 12.3) }' -| 0 @@ -21056,7 +21057,7 @@ operations in your calculation. The stability and the accuracy of the computation of the constant pi in the earlier example can be enhanced by using the following simple algebraic transformation: - (sqrt(x * x + 1) - 1) / x = x / (sqrt(x * x + 1) + 1) + (sqrt(x * x + 1) - 1) / x == x / (sqrt(x * x + 1) + 1) After making this, change the program does converge to pi in under 30 iterations: @@ -21110,7 +21111,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Floating-point Representation, Next: Floating-point Con Although floating-point representations vary from machine to machine, the most commonly encountered representation is that defined by the -IEEE 754 Standard. An IEEE-754 format value has three components: +IEEE 754 Standard. An IEEE 754 format value has three components: * A sign bit telling whether the number is positive or negative. @@ -21120,11 +21121,11 @@ IEEE 754 Standard. An IEEE-754 format value has three components: The value of the number is then S * 2^E. The first bit of a non-zero binary significand is always one, so the significand in an -IEEE-754 format only includes the fractional part, leaving the leading +IEEE 754 format only includes the fractional part, leaving the leading one implicit. The significand is stored in "normalized" format, which means that the first bit is always a one. - Three of the standard IEEE-754 types are 32-bit single precision, + Three of the standard IEEE 754 types are 32-bit single precision, 64-bit double precision and 128-bit quadruple precision. The standard also specifies extended precision formats to allow greater precisions and larger exponent ranges. @@ -21156,7 +21157,7 @@ components: The rounding mode of the context. *note table-ieee-formats:: lists the precision and exponent field -values for the basic IEEE-754 binary formats: +values for the basic IEEE 754 binary formats: Name Total bits Precision emin emax --------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -21171,10 +21172,10 @@ Table 15.1: Basic IEEE Format Context Values A floating-point context can also determine which signals are treated as exceptions, and can set rules for arithmetic with special values. -Please consult the IEEE-754 standard or other resources for details. +Please consult the IEEE 754 standard or other resources for details. `gawk' ordinarily uses the hardware double precision representation -for numbers. On most systems, this is IEEE-754 floating-point format, +for numbers. On most systems, this is IEEE 754 floating-point format, corresponding to 64-bit binary with 53 bits of precision. NOTE: In case an underflow occurs, the standard allows, but does @@ -21182,8 +21183,8 @@ corresponding to 64-bit binary with 53 bits of precision. number smaller than the smallest nonzero normalized number. Such numbers do not have as many significant digits as normal numbers, and are called "denormals" or "subnormals". The alternative, - simply returning a zero, is called "flush to zero". The basic - IEEE-754 binary formats support subnormal numbers. + simply returning a zero, is called "flush to zero". The basic IEEE + 754 binary formats support subnormal numbers.  File: gawk.info, Node: Rounding Mode, Prev: Floating-point Context, Up: Floating-point Programming @@ -21194,7 +21195,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Rounding Mode, Prev: Floating-point Context, Up: Float The "rounding mode" specifies the behavior for the results of numerical operations when discarding extra precision. Each rounding mode indicates how the least significant returned digit of a rounded result is to be -calculated. *note table-rounding-modes:: lists the IEEE-754 defined +calculated. *note table-rounding-modes:: lists the IEEE 754 defined rounding modes: Rounding Mode IEEE Name @@ -21244,7 +21245,7 @@ produces the following output when run on the author's system:(1) The theory behind the rounding mode `roundTiesToEven' is that it more or less evenly distributes upward and downward rounds of exact halves, which might cause any round-off error to cancel itself out. -This is the default rounding mode used in IEEE-754 computing functions +This is the default rounding mode used in IEEE 754 computing functions and operators. The other rounding modes are rarely used. Round toward positive @@ -21269,7 +21270,7 @@ significant difference in output when you change the rounding mode. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) It is possible for the output to be completely different if the -C library in your system does not use the IEEE-754 even-rounding rule +C library in your system does not use the IEEE 754 even-rounding rule to round halfway cases for `printf'.  @@ -21325,14 +21326,14 @@ rounding mode are set globally for every operation to follow. The default working precision for arbitrary precision floating-point values is 53 bits, and the default value for `ROUNDMODE' is `"N"', -which selects the IEEE-754 `roundTiesToEven' rounding mode (*note +which selects the IEEE 754 `roundTiesToEven' rounding mode (*note Rounding Mode::).(1) `gawk' uses the default exponent range in MPFR (EMAX = 2^30 - 1, EMIN = -EMAX) for all floating-point contexts. There is no explicit mechanism to adjust the exponent range. MPFR does not implement subnormal numbers by default, and this behavior cannot be changed in `gawk'. - NOTE: When emulating an IEEE-754 format (*note Setting + NOTE: When emulating an IEEE 754 format (*note Setting Precision::), `gawk' internally adjusts the exponent range to the value defined for the format and also performs computations needed for gradual underflow (subnormal numbers). @@ -21355,7 +21356,7 @@ changed in `gawk'. (1) The default precision is 53 bits, since according to the MPFR documentation, the library should be able to exactly reproduce all -computations with double-precision machine floating-point numbers +computations done with double-precision machine floating-point numbers (`double' type in C), except the default exponent range is much wider and subnormal numbers are not implemented. @@ -21369,12 +21370,12 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Setting Precision, Next: Setting Rounding Mode, Up: Ar precision or accuracy of individual numbers. Performing an arithmetic operation or calling a built-in function rounds the result to the current working precision. The default working precision is 53 bits, -which can be modified using the built-in variable `PREC'. You can also -set the value to one of the pre-defined case-insensitive strings shown -in *note table-predefined-precision-strings::, to emulate an IEEE-754 +which you can modify using the built-in variable `PREC'. You can also +set the value to one of the predefined case-insensitive strings shown +in *note table-predefined-precision-strings::, to emulate an IEEE 754 binary format. -`PREC' IEEE-754 Binary Format +`PREC' IEEE 754 Binary Format --------------------------------------------------- `"half"' 16-bit half-precision. `"single"' Basic 32-bit single precision. @@ -21447,9 +21448,9 @@ from zero Table 15.4: `gawk' Rounding Modes - `ROUNDMODE' has the default value `"N"', which selects the IEEE-754 + `ROUNDMODE' has the default value `"N"', which selects the IEEE 754 rounding mode `roundTiesToEven'. In *note Table 15.4: -table-gawk-rounding-modes, `"A"' is listed to select the IEEE-754 mode +table-gawk-rounding-modes, `"A"' is listed to select the IEEE 754 mode `roundTiesToAway'. This is only available if your version of the MPFR library supports it; otherwise setting `ROUNDMODE' to this value has no effect. *Note Rounding Mode::, for the meanings of the various rounding @@ -21468,16 +21469,16 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Floating-point Constants, Next: Changing Precision, Pr -------------------------------------------- Be wary of floating-point constants! When reading a floating-point -constant from program source code, `gawk' uses the default precision, -unless overridden by an assignment to the special variable `PREC' on -the command line, to store it internally as a MPFR number. Changing -the precision using `PREC' in the program text does _not_ change the -precision of a constant. If you need to represent a floating-point -constant at a higher precision than the default and cannot use a -command line assignment to `PREC', you should either specify the -constant as a string, or as a rational number, whenever possible. The -following example illustrates the differences among various ways to -print a floating-point constant: +constant from program source code, `gawk' uses the default precision +(that of a C `double'), unless overridden by an assignment to the +special variable `PREC' on the command line, to store it internally as +a MPFR number. Changing the precision using `PREC' in the program text +does _not_ change the precision of a constant. If you need to represent +a floating-point constant at a higher precision than the default and +cannot use a command line assignment to `PREC', you should either +specify the constant as a string, or as a rational number, whenever +possible. The following example illustrates the differences among +various ways to print a floating-point constant: $ gawk -M 'BEGIN { PREC = 113; printf("%0.25f\n", 0.1) }' -| 0.1000000000000000055511151 @@ -21509,8 +21510,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Changing Precision, Next: Exact Arithmetic, Prev: Floa `gawk' does not implicitly modify the precision of any previously computed results when the working precision is changed with an assignment to `PREC'. The precision of a number is always the one that -was used at the time of its creation, and there is no way for the user -to explicitly change it afterwards. However, since the result of a +was used at the time of its creation, and there is no way for you to +explicitly change it afterwards. However, since the result of a floating-point arithmetic operation is always an arbitrary precision floating-point value--with a precision set by the value of `PREC'--one of the following workarounds effectively accomplishes the desired @@ -21570,10 +21571,10 @@ straight test for equality may not work. So, don't assume that floating-point values can be compared for equality. You should also exercise caution when using other forms of -comparisons. The standard way to compare between floating-point -numbers is to determine how much error (or "tolerance") you will allow -in a comparison and check to see if one value is within this error -range of the other. +comparisons. The standard way to compare two floating-point numbers is +to determine how much error (or "tolerance") you will allow in a +comparison and check to see if one value is within this error range of +the other. In applications where 15 or fewer decimal places suffice, hardware double precision arithmetic can be adequate, and is usually much faster. @@ -21833,9 +21834,9 @@ Figure 16.3: Calling The New Function the API `struct' to do its work, such as updating variables or arrays, printing messages, setting `ERRNO', and so on. - Convenience macros in the `gawkapi.h' header file make calling -through the function pointers look like regular function calls so that -extension code is quite readable and understandable. + Convenience macros make calling through the function pointers look +like regular function calls so that extension code is quite readable +and understandable. Although all of this sounds somewhat complicated, the result is that extension code is quite straightforward to write and to read. You can @@ -21862,7 +21863,10 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension API Description, Next: Finding Extensions, P 16.4 API Description ==================== -This (rather large) minor node describes the API in detail. +C or C++ code for an extension must include the header file +`gawkapi.h', which declares the functions and defines the data types +used to communicate with `gawk'. This (rather large) minor node +describes the API in detail. * Menu: @@ -21946,6 +21950,7 @@ operations: C Entity Header File ------------------------------------------- `EOF' `' + Values for `errno' `' `FILE' `' `NULL' `' `memcpy()' `' @@ -21960,9 +21965,6 @@ operations: a portability hodge-podge as can be seen in some parts of the `gawk' source code. - To pass reasonable integer values for `ERRNO', you will also need - to include `'. - * The `gawkapi.h' file may be included more than once without ill effect. Doing so, however, is poor coding practice. @@ -21982,7 +21984,7 @@ operations: * The API defines several simple `struct's that map values as seen from `awk'. A value can be a `double', a string, or an array (as in multidimensional arrays, or when creating a new array). String - values maintain both pointer and length since embedded `NUL' + values maintain both pointer and length since embedded NUL characters are allowed. NOTE: By intent, strings are maintained using the current @@ -22106,7 +22108,7 @@ that use them. indicates what is in the `union'. Representing numbers is easy--the API uses a C `double'. Strings -require more work. Since `gawk' allows embedded `NUL' bytes in string +require more work. Since `gawk' allows embedded NUL bytes in string values, a string must be represented as a pair containing a data-pointer and length. This is the `awk_string_t' type. @@ -22476,7 +22478,8 @@ used for `RT', if any. A pointer to your `XXX_take_control_of()' function. `awk_const struct input_parser *awk_const next;' - This pointer is used by `gawk'. The extension cannot modify it. + This is for use by `gawk'; therefore it is marked `awk_const' so + that the extension cannot modify it. The steps are as follows: @@ -22515,8 +22518,8 @@ as follows: Otherwise, it will. `struct stat sbuf;' - If file descriptor is valid, then `gawk' will have filled in this - structure via a call to the `fstat()' system call. + If the file descriptor is valid, then `gawk' will have filled in + this structure via a call to the `fstat()' system call. The `XXX_can_take_file()' function should examine these fields and decide if the input parser should be used for the file. The decision @@ -22679,8 +22682,8 @@ an extension to take over the output to a file opened with the `>' or false otherwise. `awk_const struct output_wrapper *awk_const next;' - This is for use by `gawk'; therefore they are marked `awk_const' - so that the extension cannot modify them. + This is for use by `gawk'; therefore it is marked `awk_const' so + that the extension cannot modify it. The `awk_output_buf_t' structure looks like this: @@ -22737,9 +22740,9 @@ in the `awk_output_buf_t'. The data members are as follows: the `name' and `mode' fields, and any additional state (such as `awk' variable values) that is appropriate. - When `gawk' calls `XXX_take_control_of()', it should fill in the -other fields, as appropriate, except for `fp', which it should just use -normally. + When `gawk' calls `XXX_take_control_of()', that function should fill +in the other fields, as appropriate, except for `fp', which it should +just use normally. You register your output wrapper with the following function: @@ -22787,8 +22790,8 @@ structures as described earlier. respectively. These structures were described earlier. `awk_const struct two_way_processor *awk_const next;' - This is for use by `gawk'; therefore they are marked `awk_const' - so that the extension cannot modify them. + This is for use by `gawk'; therefore it is marked `awk_const' so + that the extension cannot modify it. As with the input parser and output processor, you provide "yes I can take this" and "take over for this" functions, @@ -22957,7 +22960,7 @@ was discussed earlier, in *note General Data Types::. `awk_bool_t sym_update_scalar(awk_scalar_t cookie, awk_value_t *value);' Update the value associated with a scalar cookie. Return false if - the new value is not one of `AWK_STRING' or `AWK_NUMBER'. Here + the new value is not of type `AWK_STRING' or `AWK_NUMBER'. Here too, the built-in variables may not be updated. It is not obvious at first glance how to work with scalar cookies or @@ -23072,9 +23075,10 @@ follows: `awk_bool_t create_value(awk_value_t *value, awk_value_cookie_t *result);' Create a cached string or numeric value from `value' for efficient - later assignment. Only `AWK_NUMBER' and `AWK_STRING' values are - allowed. Any other type is rejected. While `AWK_UNDEFINED' could - be allowed, doing so would result in inferior performance. + later assignment. Only values of type `AWK_NUMBER' and + `AWK_STRING' are allowed. Any other type is rejected. While + `AWK_UNDEFINED' could be allowed, doing so would result in + inferior performance. `awk_bool_t release_value(awk_value_cookie_t vc);' Release the memory associated with a value cookie obtained from @@ -23128,11 +23132,11 @@ if `awk' code assigns a new value to `VAR1', are all the others be changed too?" That's a great question. The answer is that no, it's not a problem. -Internally, `gawk' uses reference-counted strings. This means that many -variables can share the same string value, and `gawk' keeps track of -the usage. When a variable's value changes, `gawk' simply decrements -the reference count on the old value and updates the variable to use -the new value. +Internally, `gawk' uses "reference-counted strings". This means that +many variables can share the same string value, and `gawk' keeps track +of the usage. When a variable's value changes, `gawk' simply +decrements the reference count on the old value and updates the +variable to use the new value. Finally, as part of your clean up action (*note Exit Callback Functions::) you should release any cached values that you created, @@ -23275,7 +23279,7 @@ The following functions relate to individual array elements. ` const awk_value_t *const value);' In the array represented by `a_cookie', create or modify the element whose index is given by `index'. The `ARGV' and `ENVIRON' - arrays may not be changed. + arrays may not be changed, although the `PROCINFO' array can be. `awk_bool_t set_array_element_by_elem(awk_array_t a_cookie,' ` awk_element_t element);' @@ -23513,8 +23517,8 @@ code: Thus, the correct way to build an array is to work "top down." Create the array, and immediately install it in `gawk''s symbol table using `sym_update()', or install it as an element in a - previously existing array using `set_element()'. We show example - code shortly. + previously existing array using `set_array_element()'. We show + example code shortly. 2. Due to gawk internals, after using `sym_update()' to install an array into `gawk', you have to retrieve the array cookie from the @@ -23704,13 +23708,15 @@ The API provides access to several variables that describe whether the corresponding command-line options were enabled when `gawk' was invoked. The variables are: +`do_debug' + This variable is true if `gawk' was invoked with `--debug' option. + `do_lint' This variable is true if `gawk' was invoked with `--lint' option (*note Options::). -`do_traditional' - This variable is true if `gawk' was invoked with `--traditional' - option. +`do_mpfr' + This variable is true if `gawk' was invoked with `--bignum' option. `do_profile' This variable is true if `gawk' was invoked with `--profile' @@ -23720,11 +23726,9 @@ invoked. The variables are: This variable is true if `gawk' was invoked with `--sandbox' option. -`do_debug' - This variable is true if `gawk' was invoked with `--debug' option. - -`do_mpfr' - This variable is true if `gawk' was invoked with `--bignum' option. +`do_traditional' + This variable is true if `gawk' was invoked with `--traditional' + option. The value of `do_lint' can change if `awk' code modifies the `LINT' built-in variable (*note Built-in Variables::). The others should not @@ -24324,7 +24328,9 @@ for loading each function into `gawk': static awk_ext_func_t func_table[] = { { "chdir", do_chdir, 1 }, { "stat", do_stat, 2 }, + #ifndef __MINGW32__ { "fts", do_fts, 3 }, + #endif }; Each extension must have a routine named `dl_load()' to load @@ -24484,52 +24490,36 @@ follows: The usage is: successful, `stat()' fills the `statdata' array with information retrieved from the filesystem, as follows: - `statdata["name"]' The name of the file. - `statdata["dev"]' Corresponds to the `st_dev' field in - the `struct stat'. - `statdata["ino"]' Corresponds to the `st_ino' field in - the `struct stat'. - `statdata["mode"]' Corresponds to the `st_mode' field in - the `struct stat'. - `statdata["nlink"]' Corresponds to the `st_nlink' field in - the `struct stat'. - `statdata["uid"]' Corresponds to the `st_uid' field in - the `struct stat'. - `statdata["gid"]' Corresponds to the `st_gid' field in - the `struct stat'. - `statdata["size"]' Corresponds to the `st_size' field in - the `struct stat'. - `statdata["atime"]' Corresponds to the `st_atime' field in - the `struct stat'. - `statdata["mtime"]' Corresponds to the `st_mtime' field in - the `struct stat'. - `statdata["ctime"]' Corresponds to the `st_ctime' field in - the `struct stat'. - `statdata["rdev"]' Corresponds to the `st_rdev' field in - the `struct stat'. This element is - only present for device files. - `statdata["major"]' Corresponds to the `st_major' field in - the `struct stat'. This element is - only present for device files. - `statdata["minor"]' Corresponds to the `st_minor' field in - the `struct stat'. This element is - only present for device files. - `statdata["blksize"]' Corresponds to the `st_blksize' field - in the `struct stat', if this field is - present on your system. (It is present - on all modern systems that we know of.) - `statdata["pmode"]' A human-readable version of the mode - value, such as printed by `ls'. For - example, `"-rwxr-xr-x"'. - `statdata["linkval"]' If the named file is a symbolic link, - this element will exist and its value - is the value of the symbolic link - (where the symbolic link points to). - `statdata["type"]' The type of the file as a string. One - of `"file"', `"blockdev"', `"chardev"', - `"directory"', `"socket"', `"fifo"', - `"symlink"', `"door"', or `"unknown"'. - Not all systems support all file types. + Subscript Field in `struct stat' File type + ------------------------------------------------------------ + `"name"' The file name All + `"dev"' `st_dev' All + `"ino"' `st_ino' All + `"mode"' `st_mode' All + `"nlink"' `st_nlink' All + `"uid"' `st_uid' All + `"gid"' `st_gid' All + `"size"' `st_size' All + `"atime"' `st_atime' All + `"mtime"' `st_mtime' All + `"ctime"' `st_ctime' All + `"rdev"' `st_rdev' Device files + `"major"' `st_major' Device files + `"minor"' `st_minor' Device files + `"blksize"'`st_blksize' All + `"pmode"' A human-readable version of the All + mode value, such as printed by + `ls'. For example, + `"-rwxr-xr-x"' + `"linkval"'The value of the symbolic link Symbolic + links + `"type"' The type of the file as a string. All + One of `"file"', `"blockdev"', + `"chardev"', `"directory"', + `"socket"', `"fifo"', `"symlink"', + `"door"', or `"unknown"'. Not + all systems support all file + types. `flags = or(FTS_PHYSICAL, ...)' `result = fts(pathlist, flags, filedata)' @@ -24674,18 +24664,14 @@ constant (`FNM_NOMATCH'), and an array of flag values named `FNM'. The flags are follows: -`FNM["CASEFOLD"]' Corresponds to the `FNM_CASEFOLD' flag as defined in - `fnmatch()'. -`FNM["FILE_NAME"]' Corresponds to the `FNM_FILE_NAME' flag as defined - in `fnmatch()'. -`FNM["LEADING_DIR"]' Corresponds to the `FNM_LEADING_DIR' flag as defined - in `fnmatch()'. -`FNM["NOESCAPE"]' Corresponds to the `FNM_NOESCAPE' flag as defined in - `fnmatch()'. -`FNM["PATHNAME"]' Corresponds to the `FNM_PATHNAME' flag as defined in - `fnmatch()'. -`FNM["PERIOD"]' Corresponds to the `FNM_PERIOD' flag as defined in - `fnmatch()'. +Array element Corresponding lag defined by `fnmatch()' +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +`FNM["CASEFOLD"]' `FNM_CASEFOLD' +`FNM["FILE_NAME"]' `FNM_FILE_NAME' +`FNM["LEADING_DIR"]'`FNM_LEADING_DIR' +`FNM["NOESCAPE"]' `FNM_NOESCAPE' +`FNM["PATHNAME"]' `FNM_PATHNAME' +`FNM["PERIOD"]' `FNM_PERIOD' Here is an example: @@ -24826,7 +24812,8 @@ returned as a record. number and the filename, separated by a forward slash character. On systems where the directory entry contains the file type, the record has a third field (also separated by a slash) which is a single letter -indicating the type of the file: +indicating the type of the file. The letters are file types are shown +in *note table-readdir-file-types::. Letter File Type -------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -24839,6 +24826,8 @@ Letter File Type `s' Socket `u' Anything else (unknown) +Table 16.2: File types returned by `readdir()' + On systems without the file type information, the third field is always `u'. @@ -24870,10 +24859,10 @@ unwary. Here is an example: BEGIN { REVOUT = 1 - print "hello, world" > "/dev/stdout" + print "don't panic" > "/dev/stdout" } - The output from this program is: `dlrow ,olleh'. + The output from this program is: `cinap t'nod'.  File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Sample Rev2way, Next: Extension Sample Read write array, Prev: Extension Sample Revout, Up: Extension Samples @@ -24891,12 +24880,14 @@ example shows how to use it: BEGIN { cmd = "/magic/mirror" - print "hello, world" |& cmd + print "don't panic" |& cmd cmd |& getline result print result close(cmd) } + The output from this program is: `cinap t'nod'. +  File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Sample Read write array, Next: Extension Sample Readfile, Prev: Extension Sample Rev2way, Up: Extension Samples @@ -24908,8 +24899,8 @@ The `rwarray' extension adds two functions, named `writea()' and `ret = writea(file, array)' This function takes a string argument, which is the name of the - file to which dump the array, and the array itself as the second - argument. `writea()' understands multidimensional arrays. It + file to which to dump the array, and the array itself as the + second argument. `writea()' understands arrays of arrays. It returns one on success, or zero upon failure. `ret = reada(file, array)' @@ -24992,9 +24983,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Sample Time, Prev: Extension Sample API Tests 16.7.12 Extension Time Functions -------------------------------- -These functions can be used either by invoking `gawk' with a -command-line argument of `-l time' or by inserting `@load "time"' in -your script. +The `time' extension adds two functions, named `gettimeofday()' and +`sleep()', as follows: `@load "time"' This is how you load the extension. @@ -25006,7 +24996,7 @@ your script. have sub-second precision, but the actual precision may vary based on the platform. If the standard C `gettimeofday()' system call is available on this platform, then it simply returns the value. - Otherwise, if on Windows, it tries to use + Otherwise, if on MS-Windows, it tries to use `GetSystemTimeAsFileTime()'. `result = sleep(SECONDS)' @@ -31594,7 +31584,7 @@ Index * FSF (Free Software Foundation) <2>: Getting. (line 10) * FSF (Free Software Foundation): Manual History. (line 6) * fts() extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. - (line 77) + (line 61) * FUNCTAB array: Auto-set. (line 115) * function calls: Function Calls. (line 6) * function calls, indirect: Indirect Calls. (line 6) @@ -31786,7 +31776,7 @@ Index * gettext library, locale categories: Explaining gettext. (line 81) * gettext() function (C library): Explaining gettext. (line 63) * gettimeofday() extension function: Extension Sample Time. - (line 13) + (line 12) * git utility <1>: Adding Code. (line 111) * git utility <2>: Accessing The Source. (line 10) @@ -31849,7 +31839,7 @@ Index * i debugger command (alias for info): Debugger Info. (line 13) * id utility: Id Program. (line 6) * id.awk program: Id Program. (line 30) -* IEEE-754 format: Floating-point Representation. +* IEEE 754 format: Floating-point Representation. (line 6) * if statement: If Statement. (line 6) * if statement, actions, changing: Ranges. (line 25) @@ -32835,7 +32825,7 @@ Index * Skywalker, Luke: Undocumented. (line 6) * sleep utility: Alarm Program. (line 111) * sleep() extension function: Extension Sample Time. - (line 23) + (line 22) * Solaris, POSIX-compliant awk: Other Versions. (line 96) * sort array: String Functions. (line 42) * sort array indices: String Functions. (line 42) @@ -33589,164 +33579,165 @@ Node: String Conversion Precision833417 Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1835122 Node: Unexpected Results835231 Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems837384 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1841209 -Node: Integer Programming841247 -Node: Floating-point Programming842986 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1849317 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2849587 -Node: Floating-point Representation849851 -Node: Floating-point Context851016 -Ref: table-ieee-formats851855 -Node: Rounding Mode853239 -Ref: table-rounding-modes853718 -Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1856733 -Node: Gawk and MPFR856912 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats858321 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1860764 -Node: Setting Precision861080 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings861766 -Node: Setting Rounding Mode863911 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes864315 -Node: Floating-point Constants865502 -Node: Changing Precision866931 -Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1868328 -Node: Exact Arithmetic868502 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers871640 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1874655 -Node: Dynamic Extensions874802 -Node: Extension Intro876260 -Node: Plugin License877525 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline878210 -Ref: load-extension878627 -Ref: load-new-function880105 -Ref: call-new-function881100 -Node: Extension API Description883115 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction884402 -Node: General Data Types889329 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1895024 -Node: Requesting Values895323 -Ref: table-value-types-returned896060 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions897014 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1899760 -Node: Constructor Functions899856 -Node: Registration Functions901614 -Node: Extension Functions902299 -Node: Exit Callback Functions904601 -Node: Extension Version String905850 -Node: Input Parsers906500 -Node: Output Wrappers916257 -Node: Two-way processors920767 -Node: Printing Messages922975 -Ref: 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Files-Footnote-31116629 -Node: Future Extensions1116727 -Node: Implementation Limitations1117310 -Node: Extension Design1118558 -Node: Old Extension Problems1119712 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11121220 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1121277 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11124642 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1124828 -Node: Extension Future Growth1126934 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1127770 -Node: Basic Concepts1129510 -Node: Basic High Level1130191 -Ref: figure-general-flow1130463 -Ref: figure-process-flow1131062 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11134291 -Node: Basic Data Typing1134476 -Node: Glossary1137831 -Node: Copying1163062 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1200618 -Node: Index1225754 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1841205 +Node: Integer Programming841243 +Node: Floating-point Programming843054 +Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1849382 +Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2849652 +Node: Floating-point Representation849916 +Node: Floating-point Context851081 +Ref: table-ieee-formats851920 +Node: Rounding Mode853304 +Ref: table-rounding-modes853783 +Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1856798 +Node: Gawk and MPFR856977 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats858386 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1860829 +Node: Setting Precision861150 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings861834 +Node: Setting Rounding Mode863979 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes864383 +Node: Floating-point Constants865570 +Node: Changing Precision867022 +Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1868414 +Node: Exact Arithmetic868588 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers871722 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1874737 +Node: Dynamic Extensions874884 +Node: Extension Intro876342 +Node: Plugin License877607 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline878292 +Ref: load-extension878709 +Ref: load-new-function880187 +Ref: call-new-function881182 +Node: Extension API Description883166 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction884616 +Node: General Data Types889482 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1895175 +Node: Requesting Values895474 +Ref: table-value-types-returned896211 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions897165 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1899911 +Node: Constructor Functions900007 +Node: Registration Functions901765 +Node: Extension Functions902450 +Node: Exit Callback Functions904752 +Node: Extension Version String906001 +Node: Input Parsers906651 +Node: Output Wrappers916454 +Node: Two-way processors920970 +Node: Printing Messages923173 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1924250 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'924402 +Node: Accessing Parameters925141 +Node: Symbol Table Access926371 +Node: Symbol table by name926885 +Node: Symbol table by cookie928861 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1932994 +Node: Cached values933057 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1936562 +Node: Array Manipulation936653 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1937751 +Node: Array Data Types937790 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1940493 +Node: Array Functions940585 +Node: Flattening Arrays944459 +Node: Creating Arrays951311 +Node: Extension API Variables956042 +Node: Extension Versioning956678 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables958579 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate959665 +Node: Finding Extensions963469 +Node: Extension Example964029 +Node: Internal File Description964759 +Node: Internal File Ops968850 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1980396 +Node: Using Internal File Ops980536 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1982883 +Node: Extension Samples983149 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions984673 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch992240 +Node: Extension Sample Fork993719 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace994932 +Node: Extension Sample Ord996710 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir997546 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types998401 +Node: Extension Sample Revout999200 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way999791 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1000532 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1002411 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1003511 +Node: Extension Sample Time1004036 +Node: gawkextlib1005351 +Node: Language History1008132 +Node: V7/SVR3.11009725 +Node: SVR41012045 +Node: POSIX1013487 +Node: BTL1014873 +Node: POSIX/GNU1015607 +Node: Feature History1021206 +Node: Common Extensions1034182 +Node: Ranges and Locales1035494 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11040111 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21040138 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31040372 +Node: Contributors1040593 +Node: Installation1045974 +Node: Gawk Distribution1046868 +Node: Getting1047352 +Node: Extracting1048178 +Node: Distribution contents1049870 +Node: Unix Installation1055591 +Node: Quick Installation1056208 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1058654 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1060390 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1062744 +Node: PC Installation1063202 +Node: PC Binary Installation1064513 +Node: PC Compiling1066361 +Node: PC Testing1069321 +Node: PC Using1070497 +Node: Cygwin1074665 +Node: MSYS1075474 +Node: VMS 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Mechanism1126973 +Node: Basic Concepts1128713 +Node: Basic High Level1129394 +Ref: figure-general-flow1129666 +Ref: figure-process-flow1130265 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11133494 +Node: Basic Data Typing1133679 +Node: Glossary1137034 +Node: Copying1162265 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1199821 +Node: Index1224957  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 9e5b2c4106be2d9aaf98730a03e75d313cfa2e80 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Tue, 20 May 2014 21:46:59 +0300 Subject: More docbook fixes. --- doc/gawk.info | 277 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 139 insertions(+), 138 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index e860045e..55cc9829 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -21383,7 +21383,7 @@ binary format. `"quad"' Basic 128-bit quadruple precision. `"oct"' 256-bit octuple precision. -Table 15.3: Predefined precision strings for `PREC' +Table 15.3: Predefined Precision Strings For `PREC' The following example illustrates the effects of changing precision on arithmetic operations: @@ -21761,7 +21761,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Mechanism Outline, Next: Extension API Descri Communication between `gawk' and an extension is two-way. First, when an extension is loaded, it is passed a pointer to a `struct' whose -fields are function pointers. This is shown in *note load-extension::. +fields are function pointers. This is shown in *note +figure-load-extension::. API Struct @@ -21793,7 +21794,7 @@ Figure 16.1: Loading The Extension function pointers, at runtime, without needing (link-time) access to `gawk''s symbols. One of these function pointers is to a function for "registering" new built-in functions. This is shown in *note -load-new-function::. +figure-load-new-function::. register_ext_func({ "chdir", do_chdir, 1 }); @@ -21813,7 +21814,7 @@ Figure 16.2: Loading The New Function with `gawk' by passing function pointers to the functions that provide the new feature (`do_chdir()', for example). `gawk' associates the function pointer with a name and can then call it, using a defined -calling convention. This is shown in *note call-new-function::. +calling convention. This is shown in *note figure-call-new-function::. BEGIN { chdir("/path") (*fnptr)(1); @@ -22188,7 +22189,7 @@ Requested: Scalar Scalar Scalar false false Value false false false false Cookie -Table 16.1: Value Types Returned +Table 16.1: API Value Types Returned  File: gawk.info, Node: Memory Allocation Functions, Next: Constructor Functions, Prev: Requesting Values, Up: Extension API Description @@ -24826,7 +24827,7 @@ Letter File Type `s' Socket `u' Anything else (unknown) -Table 16.2: File types returned by `readdir()' +Table 16.2: File Types Returned By `readdir()' On systems without the file type information, the third field is always `u'. @@ -33607,137 +33608,137 @@ Node: Dynamic Extensions874884 Node: Extension Intro876342 Node: Plugin License877607 Node: Extension Mechanism Outline878292 -Ref: load-extension878709 -Ref: load-new-function880187 -Ref: call-new-function881182 -Node: Extension API Description883166 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction884616 -Node: General Data Types889482 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1895175 -Node: Requesting Values895474 -Ref: table-value-types-returned896211 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions897165 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1899911 -Node: Constructor Functions900007 -Node: Registration Functions901765 -Node: Extension Functions902450 -Node: Exit Callback Functions904752 -Node: Extension Version String906001 -Node: Input Parsers906651 -Node: Output Wrappers916454 -Node: Two-way processors920970 -Node: Printing Messages923173 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1924250 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'924402 -Node: Accessing Parameters925141 -Node: Symbol Table Access926371 -Node: Symbol table by name926885 -Node: Symbol table by cookie928861 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1932994 -Node: Cached values933057 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1936562 -Node: Array Manipulation936653 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1937751 -Node: Array Data Types937790 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1940493 -Node: Array Functions940585 -Node: Flattening 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-Node: gawkextlib1005351 -Node: Language History1008132 -Node: V7/SVR3.11009725 -Node: SVR41012045 -Node: POSIX1013487 -Node: BTL1014873 -Node: POSIX/GNU1015607 -Node: Feature History1021206 -Node: Common Extensions1034182 -Node: Ranges and Locales1035494 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11040111 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21040138 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31040372 -Node: Contributors1040593 -Node: Installation1045974 -Node: Gawk Distribution1046868 -Node: Getting1047352 -Node: Extracting1048178 -Node: Distribution contents1049870 -Node: Unix Installation1055591 -Node: Quick Installation1056208 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1058654 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1060390 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1062744 -Node: PC Installation1063202 -Node: PC Binary Installation1064513 -Node: PC Compiling1066361 -Node: PC Testing1069321 -Node: PC Using1070497 -Node: Cygwin1074665 -Node: MSYS1075474 -Node: VMS Installation1075988 -Node: VMS Compilation1076784 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11078036 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1078094 -Node: VMS Installation Details1079467 -Node: VMS Running1081718 -Node: VMS GNV1084552 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1085275 -Node: Bugs1085745 -Node: Other Versions1089663 -Node: Notes1095747 -Node: Compatibility Mode1096547 -Node: Additions1097330 -Node: Accessing The Source1098257 -Node: Adding Code1099697 -Node: New Ports1105742 -Node: Derived Files1109877 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11115198 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21115232 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31115832 -Node: Future Extensions1115930 -Node: Implementation Limitations1116513 -Node: Extension Design1117761 -Node: Old Extension Problems1118915 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11120423 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1120480 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11123845 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1124031 -Node: Extension Future Growth1126137 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1126973 -Node: Basic Concepts1128713 -Node: Basic High 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Printing Messages-Footnote-1924275 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'924427 +Node: Accessing Parameters925166 +Node: Symbol Table Access926396 +Node: Symbol table by name926910 +Node: Symbol table by cookie928886 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1933019 +Node: Cached values933082 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1936587 +Node: Array Manipulation936678 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1937776 +Node: Array Data Types937815 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1940518 +Node: Array Functions940610 +Node: Flattening Arrays944484 +Node: Creating Arrays951336 +Node: Extension API Variables956067 +Node: Extension Versioning956703 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables958604 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate959690 +Node: Finding Extensions963494 +Node: Extension Example964054 +Node: Internal File Description964784 +Node: Internal File Ops968875 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1980421 +Node: Using Internal File Ops980561 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1982908 +Node: Extension Samples983174 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions984698 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch992265 +Node: Extension Sample Fork993744 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace994957 +Node: Extension Sample Ord996735 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir997571 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types998426 +Node: Extension Sample Revout999225 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way999816 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1000557 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1002436 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1003536 +Node: Extension Sample Time1004061 +Node: gawkextlib1005376 +Node: Language History1008157 +Node: V7/SVR3.11009750 +Node: SVR41012070 +Node: POSIX1013512 +Node: BTL1014898 +Node: POSIX/GNU1015632 +Node: Feature History1021231 +Node: Common Extensions1034207 +Node: Ranges and Locales1035519 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11040136 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21040163 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31040397 +Node: Contributors1040618 +Node: Installation1045999 +Node: Gawk Distribution1046893 +Node: Getting1047377 +Node: Extracting1048203 +Node: Distribution contents1049895 +Node: Unix Installation1055616 +Node: Quick Installation1056233 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1058679 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1060415 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1062769 +Node: PC Installation1063227 +Node: PC Binary Installation1064538 +Node: PC Compiling1066386 +Node: PC Testing1069346 +Node: PC Using1070522 +Node: Cygwin1074690 +Node: MSYS1075499 +Node: VMS Installation1076013 +Node: VMS Compilation1076809 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11078061 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1078119 +Node: VMS Installation Details1079492 +Node: VMS Running1081743 +Node: VMS GNV1084577 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1085300 +Node: Bugs1085770 +Node: Other Versions1089688 +Node: Notes1095772 +Node: Compatibility Mode1096572 +Node: Additions1097355 +Node: Accessing The Source1098282 +Node: Adding Code1099722 +Node: New Ports1105767 +Node: Derived Files1109902 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11115223 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21115257 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31115857 +Node: Future Extensions1115955 +Node: Implementation Limitations1116538 +Node: Extension Design1117786 +Node: Old Extension Problems1118940 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11120448 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1120505 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11123870 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1124056 +Node: Extension Future Growth1126162 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1126998 +Node: Basic Concepts1128738 +Node: Basic High Level1129419 +Ref: figure-general-flow1129691 +Ref: figure-process-flow1130290 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11133519 +Node: Basic Data Typing1133704 +Node: Glossary1137059 +Node: Copying1162290 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1199846 +Node: Index1224982  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From cb3db09270b4caaddb0d606ec892841c149698eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Thu, 22 May 2014 06:11:32 +0300 Subject: Allow any redirected getline inside BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. --- doc/gawk.info | 718 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 359 insertions(+), 359 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 55cc9829..4852a58f 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -8849,7 +8849,7 @@ either a `BEGINFILE' or and `ENDFILE' rule. The `nextfile' statement but not inside an `ENDFILE' rule. The `getline' statement (*note Getline::) is restricted inside both -`BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE'. Only the `getline VARIABLE < FILE' form is +`BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE': only redirected forms of `getline' are allowed. `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE' are `gawk' extensions. In most other @@ -33382,363 +33382,363 @@ Node: Using BEGIN/END373150 Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1375886 Node: I/O And BEGIN/END375992 Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE378277 -Node: Empty381213 -Node: Using Shell Variables381530 -Node: Action Overview383813 -Node: Statements386164 -Node: If Statement388018 -Node: While Statement389521 -Node: Do Statement391565 -Node: For Statement392721 -Node: Switch Statement395873 -Node: Break Statement397976 -Node: Continue Statement400031 -Node: Next Statement401824 -Node: Nextfile Statement404214 -Node: Exit Statement406869 -Node: Built-in Variables409273 -Node: User-modified410369 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1418054 -Node: Auto-set418116 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1430681 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2430886 -Node: ARGC and ARGV430942 -Node: Arrays434796 -Node: Array Basics436294 -Node: Array Intro437120 -Ref: figure-array-elements439093 -Node: Reference to Elements441500 -Node: Assigning Elements443773 -Node: Array Example444264 -Node: Scanning an Array445996 -Node: Controlling Scanning449011 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1454184 -Node: Delete454500 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1457265 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts457322 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts459505 -Node: Multidimensional461130 -Node: Multiscanning464223 -Node: Arrays of Arrays465812 -Node: Functions470452 -Node: Built-in471271 -Node: Calling Built-in472349 -Node: Numeric Functions474337 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1478171 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2478528 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3478576 -Node: String Functions478845 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1501856 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2501985 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3502233 -Node: Gory Details502320 -Ref: table-sub-escapes503989 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92505343 -Ref: table-sub-proposed506694 -Ref: table-posix-sub508048 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes509593 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1510769 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2510820 -Node: I/O Functions510971 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1518094 -Node: Time 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-Node: General Functions575064 -Node: Strtonum Function576092 -Node: Assert Function579022 -Node: Round Function582348 -Node: Cliff Random Function583889 -Node: Ordinal Functions584905 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1587982 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2588234 -Node: Join Function588445 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1590216 -Node: Getlocaltime Function590416 -Node: Readfile Function594152 -Node: Data File Management595991 -Node: Filetrans Function596623 -Node: Rewind Function600692 -Node: File Checking602079 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1603211 -Node: Empty Files603412 -Node: Ignoring Assigns605642 -Node: Getopt Function607196 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1618499 -Node: Passwd Functions618702 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1627681 -Node: Group Functions627769 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1635711 -Node: Walking Arrays635924 -Node: Sample Programs638060 -Node: Running Examples638734 -Node: Clones639462 -Node: Cut Program640686 -Node: Egrep Program650539 -Ref: Egrep 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Variables958599 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate959685 +Node: Finding Extensions963489 +Node: Extension Example964049 +Node: Internal File Description964779 +Node: Internal File Ops968870 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1980416 +Node: Using Internal File Ops980556 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1982903 +Node: Extension Samples983169 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions984693 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch992260 +Node: Extension Sample Fork993739 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace994952 +Node: Extension Sample Ord996730 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir997566 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types998421 +Node: Extension Sample Revout999220 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way999811 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1000552 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1002431 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1003531 +Node: Extension Sample Time1004056 +Node: gawkextlib1005371 +Node: Language History1008152 +Node: V7/SVR3.11009745 +Node: SVR41012065 +Node: POSIX1013507 +Node: BTL1014893 +Node: POSIX/GNU1015627 +Node: Feature History1021226 +Node: Common Extensions1034202 +Node: Ranges and Locales1035514 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11040131 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21040158 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31040392 +Node: Contributors1040613 +Node: Installation1045994 +Node: Gawk Distribution1046888 +Node: Getting1047372 +Node: Extracting1048198 +Node: Distribution contents1049890 +Node: Unix Installation1055611 +Node: Quick Installation1056228 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1058674 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1060410 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1062764 +Node: PC Installation1063222 +Node: PC Binary Installation1064533 +Node: PC Compiling1066381 +Node: PC Testing1069341 +Node: PC Using1070517 +Node: Cygwin1074685 +Node: MSYS1075494 +Node: VMS Installation1076008 +Node: VMS Compilation1076804 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11078056 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1078114 +Node: VMS Installation Details1079487 +Node: VMS Running1081738 +Node: VMS GNV1084572 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1085295 +Node: Bugs1085765 +Node: Other Versions1089683 +Node: Notes1095767 +Node: Compatibility Mode1096567 +Node: Additions1097350 +Node: Accessing The Source1098277 +Node: Adding Code1099717 +Node: New Ports1105762 +Node: Derived Files1109897 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11115218 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21115252 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31115852 +Node: Future Extensions1115950 +Node: Implementation Limitations1116533 +Node: Extension Design1117781 +Node: Old Extension Problems1118935 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11120443 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1120500 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11123865 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1124051 +Node: Extension Future Growth1126157 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1126993 +Node: Basic Concepts1128733 +Node: Basic High Level1129414 +Ref: figure-general-flow1129686 +Ref: figure-process-flow1130285 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11133514 +Node: Basic Data Typing1133699 +Node: Glossary1137054 +Node: Copying1162285 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1199841 +Node: Index1224977  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 4e18efb370c2e688c35b64270e1bcb625ea3abb0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Sun, 25 May 2014 06:21:55 +0300 Subject: Edits through Appendix A. --- doc/gawk.info | 168 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 85 insertions(+), 83 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 4852a58f..48a8e9a4 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -25090,7 +25090,7 @@ the POSIX specification. Many long-time `awk' users learned `awk' programming with the original `awk' implementation in Version 7 Unix. (This implementation was the basis for `awk' in Berkeley Unix, through 4.3-Reno. Subsequent versions of Berkeley Unix, and some systems -derived from 4.4BSD-Lite, use various versions of `gawk' for their +derived from 4.4BSD-Lite, used various versions of `gawk' for their `awk'.) This major node briefly describes the evolution of the `awk' language, with cross-references to other parts of the Info file where you can find more information. @@ -25532,8 +25532,8 @@ in POSIX `awk', in the order they were added to `gawk'. * The `next file' statement became `nextfile' (*note Nextfile Statement::). - * The `fflush()' function from the Bell Laboratories research - version of `awk' (*note I/O Functions::). + * The `fflush()' function from Brian Kernighan's `awk' (then at Bell + Laboratories; *note I/O Functions::). * New command line options: @@ -25541,8 +25541,9 @@ in POSIX `awk', in the order they were added to `gawk'. available in the original Version 7 Unix version of `awk' (*note V7/SVR3.1::). - - The `-m' option from the Bell Laboratories research version - of `awk' This was later removed. + - The `-m' option from Brian Kernighan's `awk'. (He was still + at Bell Laboratories at the time.) This was later removed + from both his `awk' and from `gawk'. - The `--re-interval' option to provide interval expressions in regexps (*note Regexp Operators::). @@ -25553,7 +25554,7 @@ in POSIX `awk', in the order they were added to `gawk'. * The use of GNU Autoconf to control the configuration process (*note Quick Installation::). - * Amiga support. + * Amiga support. This has since been removed. Version 3.1 of `gawk' introduced the following features: @@ -25644,7 +25645,8 @@ in POSIX `awk', in the order they were added to `gawk'. * Tandem support. This was later removed. - * The Atari port became officially unsupported. + * The Atari port became officially unsupported and was later removed + entirely. * The source code changed to use ISO C standard-style function definitions. @@ -25706,8 +25708,8 @@ in POSIX `awk', in the order they were added to `gawk'. output redirections (*note I/O Functions::). * The `isarray()' function which distinguishes if an item is an array - or not, to make it possible to traverse multidimensional arrays - (*note Type Functions::). + or not, to make it possible to traverse arrays of arrays (*note + Type Functions::). * The `patsplit()' function which gives the same capability as `FPAT', for splitting (*note String Functions::). @@ -26008,8 +26010,8 @@ Info file, in approximate chronological order: * Michal Jaegermann provided the port to Atari systems and its documentation. (This port is no longer supported.) He continues - to provide portability checking with DEC Alpha systems, and has - done a lot of work to make sure `gawk' works on non-32-bit systems. + to provide portability checking, and has done a lot of work to + make sure `gawk' works on non-32-bit systems. * Fred Fish provided the port to Amiga systems and its documentation. (With Fred's sad passing, this is no longer supported.) @@ -26074,8 +26076,8 @@ Info file, in approximate chronological order: - The modifications to convert `gawk' into a byte-code interpreter, including the debugger. - - The addition of true multidimensional arrays. *note Arrays - of Arrays::. + - The addition of true arrays of arrays. *note Arrays of + Arrays::. - The additional modifications for support of arbitrary precision arithmetic. @@ -32153,7 +32155,7 @@ Index (line 19) * next debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 43) -* next file statement: Feature History. (line 168) +* next file statement: Feature History. (line 169) * next statement <1>: Next Statement. (line 6) * next statement: Boolean Ops. (line 85) * next statement, BEGIN/END patterns and: I/O And BEGIN/END. (line 37) @@ -33671,74 +33673,74 @@ Node: Extension Sample API Tests1003531 Node: Extension Sample Time1004056 Node: gawkextlib1005371 Node: Language History1008152 -Node: V7/SVR3.11009745 -Node: SVR41012065 -Node: POSIX1013507 -Node: BTL1014893 -Node: POSIX/GNU1015627 -Node: Feature History1021226 -Node: Common Extensions1034202 -Node: Ranges and Locales1035514 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11040131 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21040158 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31040392 -Node: Contributors1040613 -Node: Installation1045994 -Node: Gawk Distribution1046888 -Node: Getting1047372 -Node: Extracting1048198 -Node: Distribution contents1049890 -Node: Unix Installation1055611 -Node: Quick Installation1056228 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1058674 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1060410 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1062764 -Node: PC Installation1063222 -Node: PC Binary Installation1064533 -Node: PC Compiling1066381 -Node: PC Testing1069341 -Node: PC Using1070517 -Node: Cygwin1074685 -Node: MSYS1075494 -Node: VMS Installation1076008 -Node: VMS Compilation1076804 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11078056 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1078114 -Node: VMS Installation Details1079487 -Node: VMS Running1081738 -Node: VMS GNV1084572 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1085295 -Node: Bugs1085765 -Node: Other Versions1089683 -Node: Notes1095767 -Node: Compatibility Mode1096567 -Node: Additions1097350 -Node: Accessing The Source1098277 -Node: Adding Code1099717 -Node: New Ports1105762 -Node: Derived Files1109897 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11115218 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21115252 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31115852 -Node: Future Extensions1115950 -Node: Implementation Limitations1116533 -Node: Extension Design1117781 -Node: Old Extension Problems1118935 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11120443 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1120500 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11123865 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1124051 -Node: Extension Future Growth1126157 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1126993 -Node: Basic Concepts1128733 -Node: Basic High Level1129414 -Ref: figure-general-flow1129686 -Ref: figure-process-flow1130285 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11133514 -Node: Basic Data Typing1133699 -Node: Glossary1137054 -Node: Copying1162285 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1199841 -Node: Index1224977 +Node: V7/SVR3.11009746 +Node: SVR41012066 +Node: POSIX1013508 +Node: BTL1014894 +Node: POSIX/GNU1015628 +Node: Feature History1021227 +Node: Common Extensions1034339 +Node: Ranges and Locales1035651 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11040268 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21040295 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31040529 +Node: Contributors1040750 +Node: Installation1046101 +Node: Gawk Distribution1046995 +Node: Getting1047479 +Node: Extracting1048305 +Node: Distribution contents1049997 +Node: Unix Installation1055718 +Node: Quick Installation1056335 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1058781 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1060517 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1062871 +Node: PC Installation1063329 +Node: PC Binary Installation1064640 +Node: PC Compiling1066488 +Node: PC Testing1069448 +Node: PC Using1070624 +Node: Cygwin1074792 +Node: MSYS1075601 +Node: VMS Installation1076115 +Node: VMS Compilation1076911 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11078163 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1078221 +Node: VMS Installation Details1079594 +Node: VMS Running1081845 +Node: VMS GNV1084679 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1085402 +Node: Bugs1085872 +Node: Other Versions1089790 +Node: Notes1095874 +Node: Compatibility Mode1096674 +Node: Additions1097457 +Node: Accessing The Source1098384 +Node: Adding Code1099824 +Node: New Ports1105869 +Node: Derived Files1110004 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11115325 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21115359 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31115959 +Node: Future Extensions1116057 +Node: Implementation Limitations1116640 +Node: Extension Design1117888 +Node: Old Extension Problems1119042 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11120550 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1120607 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11123972 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1124158 +Node: Extension Future Growth1126264 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1127100 +Node: Basic Concepts1128840 +Node: Basic High Level1129521 +Ref: figure-general-flow1129793 +Ref: figure-process-flow1130392 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11133621 +Node: Basic Data Typing1133806 +Node: Glossary1137161 +Node: Copying1162392 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1199948 +Node: Index1225084  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From a7eae6112b56320655433e4e3c8a67f6f7321bdd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Tue, 27 May 2014 07:13:01 +0300 Subject: Finish edits! --- doc/gawk.info | 1505 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 755 insertions(+), 750 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 48a8e9a4..ceeeb6f7 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * New Ports:: Porting `gawk' to a new operating system. * Derived Files:: Why derived files are kept in the - `git' repository. + Git repository. * Future Extensions:: New features that may be implemented one day. * Implementation Limitations:: Some limitations of the @@ -1328,7 +1328,7 @@ for now. *Note User-defined::.) Each rule specifies one pattern to search for and one action to perform upon finding the pattern. Syntactically, a rule consists of a pattern followed by an action. -The action is enclosed in curly braces to separate it from the pattern. +The action is enclosed in braces to separate it from the pattern. Newlines usually separate rules. Therefore, an `awk' program looks like this: @@ -1877,10 +1877,10 @@ for _every_ input line. If the action is omitted, the default action is to print all lines that match the pattern. Thus, we could leave out the action (the `print' statement and the -curly braces) in the previous example and the result would be the same: -`awk' prints all lines matching the pattern `li'. By comparison, -omitting the `print' statement but retaining the curly braces makes an -empty action that does nothing (i.e., no lines are printed). +braces) in the previous example and the result would be the same: `awk' +prints all lines matching the pattern `li'. By comparison, omitting +the `print' statement but retaining the braces makes an empty action +that does nothing (i.e., no lines are printed). Many practical `awk' programs are just a line or two. Following is a collection of useful, short programs to get you started. Some of these @@ -8940,12 +8940,12 @@ outline, an `awk' program generally looks like this: ... An action consists of one or more `awk' "statements", enclosed in -curly braces (`{...}'). Each statement specifies one thing to do. The -statements are separated by newlines or semicolons. The curly braces -around an action must be used even if the action contains only one -statement, or if it contains no statements at all. However, if you -omit the action entirely, omit the curly braces as well. An omitted -action is equivalent to `{ print $0 }': +braces (`{...}'). Each statement specifies one thing to do. The +statements are separated by newlines or semicolons. The braces around +an action must be used even if the action contains only one statement, +or if it contains no statements at all. However, if you omit the +action entirely, omit the braces as well. An omitted action is +equivalent to `{ print $0 }': /foo/ { } match `foo', do nothing -- empty action /foo/ match `foo', print the record -- omitted action @@ -8964,9 +8964,9 @@ Control statements well as a few special ones (*note Statements::). Compound statements - Enclose one or more statements in curly braces. A compound - statement is used in order to put several statements together in - the body of an `if', `while', `do', or `for' statement. + Enclose one or more statements in braces. A compound statement is + used in order to put several statements together in the body of an + `if', `while', `do', or `for' statement. Input statements Use the `getline' command (*note Getline::). Also supplied in @@ -8995,7 +8995,7 @@ statements contain other statements. For example, the `if' statement contains another statement that may or may not be executed. The contained statement is called the "body". To include more than one statement in the body, group them into a single "compound statement" -with curly braces, separating them with newlines or semicolons. +with braces, separating them with newlines or semicolons. * Menu: @@ -9043,8 +9043,8 @@ the value of `x' is evenly divisible by two), then the first `print' statement is executed; otherwise, the second `print' statement is executed. If the `else' keyword appears on the same line as THEN-BODY and THEN-BODY is not a compound statement (i.e., not surrounded by -curly braces), then a semicolon must separate THEN-BODY from the `else'. -To illustrate this, the previous example can be rewritten as: +braces), then a semicolon must separate THEN-BODY from the `else'. To +illustrate this, the previous example can be rewritten as: if (x % 2 == 0) print "x is even"; else print "x is odd" @@ -24427,7 +24427,7 @@ directory and run the program: ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) In practice, you would probably want to use the GNU -Autotools--Automake, Autoconf, Libtool, and Gettext--to configure and +Autotools--Automake, Autoconf, Libtool, and `gettext'--to configure and build your libraries. Instructions for doing so are beyond the scope of this Info file. *Note gawkextlib::, for WWW links to the tools. @@ -25050,7 +25050,7 @@ parser library installed in order to build and use the XML extension. In addition, you must have the GNU Autotools installed (Autoconf (http://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf), Automake (http://www.gnu.org/software/automake), Libtool -(http://www.gnu.org/software/libtool), and Gettext +(http://www.gnu.org/software/libtool), and GNU `gettext' (http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext)). The simple recipe for building and testing `gawkextlib' is as @@ -26181,7 +26181,6 @@ the GNU Zip program, `gzip'. use `gzip' to expand the file and then use `tar' to extract it. You can use the following pipeline to produce the `gawk' distribution: - # Under System V, add 'o' to the tar options gzip -d -c gawk-4.1.1.tar.gz | tar -xvpf - On a system with GNU `tar', you can let `tar' do the decompression @@ -26317,8 +26316,8 @@ Various `.c', `.y', and `.h' files `Makefile.am' `*/Makefile.am' - Files used by the GNU `automake' software for generating the - `Makefile.in' files used by `autoconf' and `configure'. + Files used by the GNU Automake software for generating the + `Makefile.in' files used by Autoconf and `configure'. `Makefile.in' `aclocal.m4' @@ -26409,8 +26408,8 @@ environment for MS-Windows. `gawk-4.1.1'. Like most GNU software, `gawk' is configured automatically for your system by running the `configure' program. This program is a Bourne shell script that is generated automatically using -GNU `autoconf'. (The `autoconf' software is described fully starting -with *note (Autoconf)Top:: autoconf,Autoconf--Generating Automatic +GNU Autoconf. (The Autoconf software is described fully starting with +*note (Autoconf)Top:: autoconf,Autoconf--Generating Automatic Configuration Scripts.) To configure `gawk', simply run `configure': @@ -26488,8 +26487,8 @@ command line when compiling `gawk' from scratch, including: improvement. `--with-whiny-user-strftime' - Force use of the included version of the `strftime()' function for - deficient systems. + Force use of the included version of the C `strftime()' function + for deficient systems. Use the command `./configure --help' to see the full list of options that `configure' supplies. @@ -26533,9 +26532,9 @@ any constants that `configure' defined and should not have. `custom.h' is automatically included by `config.h'. It is also possible that the `configure' program generated by -`autoconf' will not work on your system in some other fashion. If you -do have a problem, the file `configure.ac' is the input for `autoconf'. -You may be able to change this file and generate a new version of +Autoconf will not work on your system in some other fashion. If you do +have a problem, the file `configure.ac' is the input for Autoconf. You +may be able to change this file and generate a new version of `configure' that works on your system (*note Bugs::, for information on how to report problems in configuring `gawk'). The same mechanism may be used to send in updates to `configure.ac' and/or `custom.h'. @@ -26696,7 +26695,12 @@ other set of (self-consistent) environment variables and compiler flags. NOTE: Ancient OS/2 ports of GNU `make' are not able to handle the Makefiles of this package. If you encounter any problems with `make', try GNU Make 3.79.1 or later versions. You should find - the latest version on `ftp://hobbes.nmsu.edu/pub/os2/'. + the latest version on `ftp://hobbes.nmsu.edu/pub/os2/'.(1) + + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) As of May, 2014, this site is still there, but the author could +not find a package for GNU Make.  File: gawk.info, Node: PC Testing, Next: PC Using, Prev: PC Compiling, Up: PC Installation @@ -26737,11 +26741,11 @@ Networking::). EMX (OS/2 only) supports at least the `|&' operator. files as described in *note AWKPATH Variable::. However, semicolons (rather than colons) separate elements in the `AWKPATH' variable. If `AWKPATH' is not set or is empty, then the default search path for -MS-Windows and MS-DOS versions is `".;c:/lib/awk;c:/gnu/lib/awk"'. +MS-Windows and MS-DOS versions is `.;c:/lib/awk;c:/gnu/lib/awk'. The search path for OS/2 (32 bit, EMX) is determined by the prefix directory (most likely `/usr' or `c:/usr') that has been specified as -an option of the `configure' script like it is the case for the Unix +an option of the `configure' script as is the case for the Unix versions. If `c:/usr' is the prefix directory then the default search path contains `.' and `c:/usr/share/awk'. Additionally, to support binary distributions of `gawk' for OS/2 systems whose drive `c:' might @@ -26749,7 +26753,7 @@ not support long file names or might not exist at all, there is a special environment variable. If `UNIXROOT' specifies a drive then this specific drive is also searched for program files. E.g., if `UNIXROOT' is set to `e:' the complete default search path is -`".;c:/usr/share/awk;e:/usr/share/awk"'. +`.;c:/usr/share/awk;e:/usr/share/awk'. An `sh'-like shell (as opposed to `command.com' under MS-DOS or `cmd.exe' under MS-Windows or OS/2) may be useful for `awk' programming. @@ -26757,10 +26761,9 @@ The DJGPP collection of tools includes an MS-DOS port of Bash, and several shells are available for OS/2, including `ksh'. Under MS-Windows, OS/2 and MS-DOS, `gawk' (and many other text -programs) silently translate end-of-line `"\r\n"' to `"\n"' on input -and `"\n"' to `"\r\n"' on output. A special `BINMODE' variable -(c.e.) allows control over these translations and is interpreted as -follows: +programs) silently translate end-of-line `\r\n' to `\n' on input and +`\n' to `\r\n' on output. A special `BINMODE' variable (c.e.) allows +control over these translations and is interpreted as follows: * If `BINMODE' is `"r"', or one, then binary mode is set on read (i.e., no translations on reads). @@ -26786,11 +26789,11 @@ and cannot be changed mid-stream. Versions::). `mawk' and `gawk' handle `BINMODE' similarly; however, `mawk' adds a `-W BINMODE=N' option and an environment variable that can set `BINMODE', `RS', and `ORS'. The files `binmode[1-3].awk' -(under `gnu/lib/awk' in some of the prepared distributions) have been -chosen to match `mawk''s `-W BINMODE=N' option. These can be changed -or discarded; in particular, the setting of `RS' giving the fewest -"surprises" is open to debate. `mawk' uses `RS = "\r\n"' if binary -mode is set on read, which is appropriate for files with the +(under `gnu/lib/awk' in some of the prepared binary distributions) have +been chosen to match `mawk''s `-W BINMODE=N' option. These can be +changed or discarded; in particular, the setting of `RS' giving the +fewest "surprises" is open to debate. `mawk' uses `RS = "\r\n"' if +binary mode is set on read, which is appropriate for files with the MS-DOS-style end-of-line. To illustrate, the following examples set binary mode on writes for @@ -26893,10 +26896,10 @@ or: $ MMK/DESCRIPTION=[.vms]descrip.mms gawk `MMK' is an open source, free, near-clone of `MMS' and can better -handle `ODS-5' volumes with upper- and lowercase filenames. `MMK' is +handle ODS-5 volumes with upper- and lowercase filenames. `MMK' is available from `https://github.com/endlesssoftware/mmk'. - With `ODS-5' volumes and extended parsing enabled, the case of the + With ODS-5 volumes and extended parsing enabled, the case of the target parameter may need to be exact. `gawk' has been tested under VAX/VMS 7.3 and Alpha/VMS 7.3-1 using @@ -26904,8 +26907,8 @@ Compaq C V6.4, and Alpha/VMS 7.3, Alpha/VMS 7.3-2, and IA64/VMS 8.3. The most recent builds used HP C V7.3 on Alpha VMS 8.3 and both Alpha and IA64 VMS 8.4 used HP C 7.3.(1) - The `[.vms]gawk_build_steps.txt' provides information on how to build -`gawk' into a PCSI kit that is compatible with the GNV product. + *Note VMS GNV::, for information on building `gawk' as a PCSI kit +that is compatible with the GNV product. ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -27147,11 +27150,12 @@ get this information with the command `gawk --version'. Once you have a precise problem, send email to . - Using this address automatically sends a copy of your mail to me. -If necessary, I can be reached directly at . The -bug reporting address is preferred since the email list is archived at -the GNU Project. _All email should be in English, since that is my -native language._ + The `gawk' maintainers subscribe to this address and thus they will +receive your bug report. If necessary, the primary maintainer can be +reached directly at . The bug reporting address is +preferred since the email list is archived at the GNU Project. _All +email should be in English. This is the only language understood in +common by all the maintainers._ CAUTION: Do _not_ try to report bugs in `gawk' by posting to the Usenet/Internet newsgroup `comp.lang.awk'. While the `gawk' @@ -27186,7 +27190,7 @@ considered authoritative if it conflicts with this Info file. The people maintaining the non-Unix ports of `gawk' are as follows: MS-DOS with DJGPP Scott Deifik, . -MS-Windows with MINGW Eli Zaretskii, . +MS-Windows with MinGW Eli Zaretskii, . OS/2 Andreas Buening, . VMS Pat Rankin, , and John Malmberg, . @@ -27292,12 +27296,13 @@ Busybox Awk (http://busybox.net). The OpenSolaris POSIX `awk' - The version of `awk' in `/usr/xpg4/bin' on Solaris is more-or-less - POSIX-compliant. It is based on the `awk' from Mortice Kern - Systems for PCs. This author was able to make it compile and work - under GNU/Linux with 1-2 hours of work. Making it more generally - portable (using GNU Autoconf and/or Automake) would take more - work, and this has not been done, at least to our knowledge. + The versions of `awk' in `/usr/xpg4/bin' and `/usr/xpg6/bin' on + Solaris are more-or-less POSIX-compliant. They are based on the + `awk' from Mortice Kern Systems for PCs. This author was able to + make this code compile and work under GNU/Linux with 1-2 hours of + work. Making it more generally portable (using GNU Autoconf + and/or Automake) would take more work, and this has not been done, + at least to our knowledge. The source code used to be available from the OpenSolaris web site. However, that project was ended and the web site shut down. @@ -27335,6 +27340,9 @@ QSE Awk `http://www.quiktrim.org/QTawk.html' for more information, including the manual and a download link. + The project may als be frozen; no new code changes have been made + since approximately 2008. + Other Versions See also the Wikipedia article (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awk_language#Versions_and_implementations), @@ -27377,7 +27385,7 @@ one more option available on the command line: `-Y' `--parsedebug' - Prints out the parse stack information as the program is being + Print out the parse stack information as the program is being parsed. This option is intended only for serious `gawk' developers and not @@ -27406,7 +27414,7 @@ as well as any considerations you should bear in mind. * New Ports:: Porting `gawk' to a new operating system. * Derived Files:: Why derived files are kept in the - `git' repository. + Git repository.  File: gawk.info, Node: Accessing The Source, Next: Adding Code, Up: Additions @@ -27427,9 +27435,9 @@ doesn't have it. Once you have done so, use the command: git clone git://git.savannah.gnu.org/gawk.git -This will clone the `gawk' repository. If you are behind a firewall -that will not allow you to use the Git native protocol, you can still -access the repository using: +This clones the `gawk' repository. If you are behind a firewall that +does not allow you to use the Git native protocol, you can still access +the repository using: git clone http://git.savannah.gnu.org/r/gawk.git @@ -27451,7 +27459,7 @@ C.2.2 Adding New Features You are free to add any new features you like to `gawk'. However, if you want your changes to be incorporated into the `gawk' distribution, there are several steps that you need to take in order to make it -possible to include your changes: +possible to include them: 1. Before building the new feature into `gawk' itself, consider writing it as an extension module (*note Dynamic Extensions::). @@ -27468,9 +27476,10 @@ possible to include your changes: 3. Get the latest version. It is much easier for me to integrate changes if they are relative to the most recent distributed - version of `gawk'. If your version of `gawk' is very old, I may - not be able to integrate them at all. (*Note Getting::, for - information on getting the latest version of `gawk'.) + version of `gawk', or better yet, relative to the latest code in + the Git repository. If your version of `gawk' is very old, I may + not be able to integrate your changes at all. (*Note Getting::, + for information on getting the latest version of `gawk'.) 4. See *note (Version)Top:: standards, GNU Coding Standards. This document describes how GNU software should be written. If you @@ -27567,7 +27576,8 @@ possible to include your changes: 8. Include an entry for the `ChangeLog' file with your submission. This helps further minimize the amount of work I have to do, - making it easier for me to accept patches. + making it easier for me to accept patches. It is simplest if you + just make this part of your diff. Although this sounds like a lot of work, please remember that while you may write the new code, I have to maintain it and support it. If it @@ -27608,18 +27618,24 @@ steps: people. Thus, you should not change them unless it is for a very good reason; i.e., changes are not out of the question, but changes to these files are scrutinized extra carefully. The files - are `dfa.c', `dfa.h', `getopt1.c', `getopt.c', `getopt.h', - `install-sh', `mkinstalldirs', `regcomp.c', `regex.c', - `regexec.c', `regexex.c', `regex.h', `regex_internal.c', and - `regex_internal.h'. - - 5. Be willing to continue to maintain the port. Non-Unix operating + are `dfa.c', `dfa.h', `getopt.c', `getopt.h', `getopt1.c', + `getopt_int.h', `gettext.h', `regcomp.c', `regex.c', `regex.h', + `regex_internal.c', `regex_internal.h', and `regexec.c'. + + 5. A number of other files are provided by the GNU Autotools + (Autoconf, Automake, and GNU `gettext'). You should not change + them either, unless it is for a very good reason. The files are + `ABOUT-NLS', `config.guess', `config.rpath', `config.sub', + `depcomp', `INSTALL', `install-sh', `missing', `mkinstalldirs', + `xalloc.h', and `ylwrap'. + + 6. Be willing to continue to maintain the port. Non-Unix operating systems are supported by volunteers who maintain the code needed to compile and run `gawk' on their systems. If noone volunteers to maintain a port, it becomes unsupported and it may be necessary to remove it from the distribution. - 6. Supply an appropriate `gawkmisc.???' file. Each port has its own + 7. Supply an appropriate `gawkmisc.???' file. Each port has its own `gawkmisc.???' that implements certain operating system specific functions. This is cleaner than a plethora of `#ifdef's scattered throughout the code. The `gawkmisc.c' in the main source @@ -27635,7 +27651,7 @@ steps: (Currently, this is only an issue for the PC operating system ports.) - 7. Supply a `Makefile' as well as any other C source and header files + 8. Supply a `Makefile' as well as any other C source and header files that are necessary for your operating system. All your code should be in a separate subdirectory, with a name that is the same as, or reminiscent of, either your operating system or the @@ -27645,7 +27661,7 @@ steps: avoid using names for your files that duplicate the names of files in the main source directory. - 8. Update the documentation. Please write a section (or sections) + 9. Update the documentation. Please write a section (or sections) for this Info file describing the installation and compilation steps needed to compile and/or install `gawk' for your system. @@ -27659,13 +27675,13 @@ style and brace layout that suits your taste.  File: gawk.info, Node: Derived Files, Prev: New Ports, Up: Additions -C.2.4 Why Generated Files Are Kept In `git' -------------------------------------------- +C.2.4 Why Generated Files Are Kept In Git +----------------------------------------- -If you look at the `gawk' source in the `git' repository, you will -notice that it includes files that are automatically generated by GNU -infrastructure tools, such as `Makefile.in' from `automake' and even -`configure' from `autoconf'. +If you look at the `gawk' source in the Git repository, you will notice +that it includes files that are automatically generated by GNU +infrastructure tools, such as `Makefile.in' from Automake and even +`configure' from Autoconf. This is different from many Free Software projects that do not store the derived files, because that keeps the repository less cluttered, @@ -27692,10 +27708,10 @@ build?) If the repository has all the generated files, then it's easy to just check them out and build. (Or _easier_, depending upon how far -back we go. `:-)') +back we go.) And that brings us to the second (and stronger) reason why all the -files really need to be in `git'. It boils down to who do you cater +files really need to be in Git. It boils down to who do you cater to--the `gawk' developer(s), or the user who just wants to check out a version and try it out? @@ -27721,7 +27737,7 @@ idea how to create it, and that was not the only problem.) He felt _extremely_ frustrated. With respect to that branch, the maintainer is no different than Jane User who wants to try to build -`gawk-4.0-stable' or `master' from the repository. +`gawk-4.1-stable' or `master' from the repository. Thus, the maintainer thinks that it's not just important, but critical, that for any given branch, the above incantation _just works_. @@ -27736,32 +27752,26 @@ critical, that for any given branch, the above incantation _just works_. B. He is really good at `git diff x y > /tmp/diff1 ; gvim /tmp/diff1' to remove the diffs that aren't of interest in - order to review code. `:-)' + order to review code. 2. It would certainly help if everyone used the same versions of the GNU tools as he does, which in general are the latest released - versions of `automake', `autoconf', `bison', and `gettext'. + versions of Automake, Autoconf, `bison', and `gettext'. - A. Installing from source is quite easy. It's how the maintainer - worked for years under Fedora. He had `/usr/local/bin' at - the front of his `PATH' and just did: - - wget http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/PACKAGE/PACKAGE-X.Y.Z.tar.gz - tar -xpzvf PACKAGE-X.Y.Z.tar.gz - cd PACKAGE-X.Y.Z - ./configure && make && make check - make install # as root - - B. These days the maintainer uses Ubuntu 12.04 which is medium - current, but he is already doing the above for `autoconf', - `automake' and `bison'. + Installing from source is quite easy. It's how the maintainer + worked for years, and still works. He had `/usr/local/bin' at the + front of his `PATH' and just did: + wget http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/PACKAGE/PACKAGE-X.Y.Z.tar.gz + tar -xpzvf PACKAGE-X.Y.Z.tar.gz + cd PACKAGE-X.Y.Z + ./configure && make && make check + make install # as root Most of the above was originally written by the maintainer to other `gawk' developers. It raised the objection from one of the developers -"... that anybody pulling down the source from `git' is not an end -user." +"... that anybody pulling down the source from Git is not an end user." However, this is not true. There are "power `awk' users" who can build `gawk' (using the magic incantation shown previously) but who @@ -27770,12 +27780,12 @@ all the time. It was then suggested that there be a `cron' job to create nightly tarballs of "the source." Here, the problem is that there are source -trees, corresponding to the various branches! So, nightly tar balls +trees, corresponding to the various branches! So, nightly tarballs aren't the answer, especially as the repository can go for weeks without significant change being introduced. - Fortunately, the `git' server can meet this need. For any given -branch named BRANCHNAME, use: + Fortunately, the Git server can meet this need. For any given branch +named BRANCHNAME, use: wget http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/gawk.git/snapshot/gawk-BRANCHNAME.tar.gz @@ -27786,9 +27796,9 @@ to retrieve a snapshot of the given branch. (1) We tried. It was painful. (2) There is one GNU program that is (in our opinion) severely -difficult to bootstrap from the `git' repository. For example, on the -author's old (but still working) PowerPC macintosh with Mac OS X 10.5, -it was necessary to bootstrap a ton of software, starting with `git' +difficult to bootstrap from the Git repository. For example, on the +author's old (but still working) PowerPC Macintosh with Mac OS X 10.5, +it was necessary to bootstrap a ton of software, starting with Git itself, in order to try to work with the latest code. It's not pleasant, and especially on older systems, it's a big waste of time. @@ -27796,8 +27806,8 @@ pleasant, and especially on older systems, it's a big waste of time. maintainers had dropped `.gz' and `.bz2' files and only distribute `.tar.xz' files. It was necessary to bootstrap `xz' first! - (3) A branch created by one of the other developers that did not -include the generated files. + (3) A branch (since removed) created by one of the other developers +that did not include the generated files.  File: gawk.info, Node: Future Extensions, Next: Implementation Limitations, Prev: Additions, Up: Notes @@ -27810,11 +27820,11 @@ C.3 Probable Future Extensions Hey! -- Larry Wall - The `TODO' file in the `gawk' Git repository lists possible future -enhancements. Some of these relate to the source code, and others to -possible new features. Please see that file for the list. *Note -Additions::, if you are interested in tackling any of the projects -listed there. + The `TODO' file in the `master' branch of the `gawk' Git repository +lists possible future enhancements. Some of these relate to the source +code, and others to possible new features. Please see that file for +the list. *Note Additions::, if you are interested in tackling any of +the projects listed there.  File: gawk.info, Node: Implementation Limitations, Next: Extension Design, Prev: Future Extensions, Up: Notes @@ -27891,9 +27901,9 @@ The old extension mechanism had several problems: * Being able to call into `gawk' from an extension required linker facilities that are common on Unix-derived systems but that did - not work on Windows systems; users wanting extensions on Windows - had to statically link them into `gawk', even though Windows - supports dynamic loading of shared objects. + not work on MS-Windows systems; users wanting extensions on + MS-Windows had to statically link them into `gawk', even though + MS-Windows supports dynamic loading of shared objects. * The API would change occasionally as `gawk' changed; no compatibility between versions was ever offered or planned for. @@ -27941,8 +27951,8 @@ Some goals for the new API were: flattening") in order to loop over all the element in an easy fashion for C code. - - The ability to create arrays (including `gawk''s true - multidimensional arrays). + - The ability to create arrays (including `gawk''s true arrays + of arrays). Some additional important goals were: @@ -27956,7 +27966,7 @@ Some goals for the new API were: * The API mechanism should not require access to `gawk''s symbols(1) by the compile-time or dynamic linker, in order to enable creation - of extensions that also work on Windows. + of extensions that also work on MS-Windows. During development, it became clear that there were other features that should be available to extensions, which were also subsequently @@ -27994,7 +28004,7 @@ Mechanism Outline::, for the details. (1) The "symbols" are the variables and functions defined inside `gawk'. Access to these symbols by code external to `gawk' loaded -dynamically at runtime is problematic on Windows. +dynamically at runtime is problematic on MS-Windows.  File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Other Design Decisions, Next: Extension Future Growth, Prev: Extension New Mechanism Goals, Up: Extension Design @@ -28250,15 +28260,14 @@ like this: `""'. Humans are used to working in decimal; i.e., base 10. In base 10, numbers go from 0 to 9, and then "roll over" into the next column. -(Remember grade school? 42 is 4 times 10 plus 2.) +(Remember grade school? 42 = 4 x 10 + 2.) There are other number bases though. Computers commonly use base 2 or "binary", base 8 or "octal", and base 16 or "hexadecimal". In binary, each column represents two times the value in the column to its right. Each column may contain either a 0 or a 1. Thus, binary 1010 -represents 1 times 8, plus 0 times 4, plus 1 times 2, plus 0 times 1, -or decimal 10. Octal and hexadecimal are discussed more in *note -Nondecimal-numbers::. +represents (1 x 8) + (0 x 4) + (1 x 2) + (0 x 1), or decimal 10. Octal +and hexadecimal are discussed more in *note Nondecimal-numbers::. At the very lowest level, computers store values as groups of binary digits, or "bits". Modern computers group bits into groups of eight, @@ -28290,8 +28299,7 @@ Glossary Action A series of `awk' statements attached to a rule. If the rule's pattern matches an input record, `awk' executes the rule's action. - Actions are always enclosed in curly braces. (*Note Action - Overview::.) + Actions are always enclosed in braces. (*Note Action Overview::.) Amazing `awk' Assembler Henry Spencer at the University of Toronto wrote a retargetable @@ -28377,9 +28385,9 @@ Boolean Expression Bourne Shell The standard shell (`/bin/sh') on Unix and Unix-like systems, - originally written by Steven R. Bourne. Many shells (Bash, `ksh', - `pdksh', `zsh') are generally upwardly compatible with the Bourne - shell. + originally written by Steven R. Bourne at Bell Laboratories. Many + shells (Bash, `ksh', `pdksh', `zsh') are generally upwardly + compatible with the Bourne shell. Built-in Function The `awk' language provides built-in functions that perform various @@ -28400,7 +28408,8 @@ Built-in Variable Variables::.) Braces - See "Curly Braces." + The characters `{' and `}'. Braces are used in `awk' for + delimiting actions, compound statements, and function bodies. C The system programming language that most GNU software is written @@ -28421,8 +28430,8 @@ Character Set ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange). Many European countries use an extension of ASCII known as ISO-8859-1 (ISO Latin-1). The Unicode character set (http://www.unicode.org) - is becoming increasingly popular and standard, and is particularly - widely used on GNU/Linux systems. + is increasingly popular and standard, and is particularly widely + used on GNU/Linux systems. CHEM A preprocessor for `pic' that reads descriptions of molecules and @@ -28432,7 +28441,7 @@ CHEM Cookie A peculiar goodie, token, saying or remembrance produced by or - presented to a program. (With thanks to Doug McIlroy.) + presented to a program. (With thanks to Professor Doug McIlroy.) Coprocess A subordinate program with which two-way communications is @@ -28467,8 +28476,7 @@ Comparison Expression process. (*Note Typing and Comparison::.) Curly Braces - The characters `{' and `}'. Curly braces are used in `awk' for - delimiting actions, compound statements, and function bodies. + See "Braces." Dark Corner An area in the language where specifications often were (or still @@ -28508,8 +28516,8 @@ Dynamic Regular Expression (*Note Computed Regexps::.) Environment - A collection of strings, of the form NAME`='`val', that each - program has available to it. Users generally place values into the + A collection of strings, of the form `NAME=VAL', that each program + has available to it. Users generally place values into the environment in order to provide information to various programs. Typical examples are the environment variables `HOME' and `PATH'. @@ -28559,11 +28567,11 @@ Floating-Point Number See also "Double Precision" and "Single Precision." Format - Format strings are used to control the appearance of output in the - `strftime()' and `sprintf()' functions, and are used in the - `printf' statement as well. Also, data conversions from numbers - to strings are controlled by the format strings contained in the - built-in variables `CONVFMT' and `OFMT'. (*Note Control Letters::.) + Format strings control the appearance of output in the + `strftime()' and `sprintf()' functions, and in the `printf' + statement as well. Also, data conversions from numbers to strings + are controlled by the format strings contained in the built-in + variables `CONVFMT' and `OFMT'. (*Note Control Letters::.) Free Documentation License This document describes the terms under which this Info file is @@ -28618,8 +28626,8 @@ Hexadecimal Base 16 notation, where the digits are `0'-`9' and `A'-`F', with `A' representing 10, `B' representing 11, and so on, up to `F' for 15. Hexadecimal numbers are written in C using a leading `0x', to - indicate their base. Thus, `0x12' is 18 (1 times 16 plus 2). - *Note Nondecimal-numbers::. + indicate their base. Thus, `0x12' is 18 ((1 x 16) + 2). *Note + Nondecimal-numbers::. I/O Abbreviation for "Input/Output," the act of moving data into and/or @@ -28676,7 +28684,7 @@ Keyword `gawk''s keywords are: `BEGIN', `BEGINFILE', `END', `ENDFILE', `break', `case', `continue', `default' `delete', `do...while', `else', `exit', `for...in', `for', `function', `func', `if', - `nextfile', `next', `switch', and `while'. + `next', `nextfile', `switch', and `while'. Lesser General Public License This document describes the terms under which binary library @@ -28732,11 +28740,7 @@ Number Octal Base-eight notation, where the digits are `0'-`7'. Octal numbers are written in C using a leading `0', to indicate their base. - Thus, `013' is 11 (one times 8 plus 3). *Note - Nondecimal-numbers::. - -P1003.1 - See "POSIX." + Thus, `013' is 11 ((1 x 8) + 3). *Note Nondecimal-numbers::. Pattern Patterns tell `awk' which input records are interesting to which @@ -28777,9 +28781,9 @@ Range (of input lines) specify single lines. (*Note Pattern Overview::.) Recursion - When a function calls itself, either directly or indirectly. As - long as this is not clear, refer to the entry for "recursion." If - this is clear, stop, and proceed to the next entry. + When a function calls itself, either directly or indirectly. If + this is clear, stop, and proceed to the next entry. Otherwise, + refer to the entry for "recursion." Redirection Redirection means performing input from something other than the @@ -28860,8 +28864,8 @@ Single Precision parts. Single precision numbers keep track of fewer digits than do double precision numbers, but operations on them are sometimes less expensive in terms of CPU time. This is the type used by - some very old versions of `awk' to store numeric values. It is - the C type `float'. + some ancient versions of `awk' to store numeric values. It is the + C type `float'. Space The character generated by hitting the space bar on the keyboard. @@ -28895,7 +28899,7 @@ Text Domain Timestamp A value in the "seconds since the epoch" format used by Unix and POSIX systems. Used for the `gawk' functions `mktime()', - `strftime()', and `systime()'. See also "Epoch" and "UTC." + `strftime()', and `systime()'. See also "Epoch," "GMT," and "UTC." Unix A computer operating system originally developed in the early @@ -30410,7 +30414,7 @@ Index * actions, control statements in: Statements. (line 6) * actions, default: Very Simple. (line 34) * actions, empty: Very Simple. (line 39) -* Ada programming language: Glossary. (line 20) +* Ada programming language: Glossary. (line 19) * adding, features to gawk: Adding Code. (line 6) * adding, fields: Changing Fields. (line 53) * advanced features, fixed-width data: Constant Size. (line 10) @@ -30429,8 +30433,8 @@ Index * allocating memory for extensions: Memory Allocation Functions. (line 6) * Alpha (DEC): Manual History. (line 28) -* amazing awk assembler (aaa): Glossary. (line 12) -* amazingly workable formatter (awf): Glossary. (line 25) +* amazing awk assembler (aaa): Glossary. (line 11) +* amazingly workable formatter (awf): Glossary. (line 24) * ambiguity, syntactic: /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. (line 148) * ampersand (&), && operator <1>: Precedence. (line 86) @@ -30442,7 +30446,7 @@ Index * and: Bitwise Functions. (line 39) * AND bitwise operation: Bitwise Functions. (line 6) * and Boolean-logic operator: Boolean Ops. (line 6) -* ANSI: Glossary. (line 35) +* ANSI: Glossary. (line 34) * API informational variables: Extension API Informational Variables. (line 6) * API version: Extension Versioning. @@ -30548,7 +30552,7 @@ Index * asterisk (*), *= operator: Assignment Ops. (line 130) * atan2: Numeric Functions. (line 11) * automatic displays, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 24) -* awf (amazingly workable formatter) program: Glossary. (line 25) +* awf (amazingly workable formatter) program: Glossary. (line 24) * awk debugging, enabling: Options. (line 108) * awk language, POSIX version: Assignment Ops. (line 137) * awk profiling, enabling: Options. (line 242) @@ -30769,9 +30773,9 @@ Index * Brink, Jeroen: DOS Quoting. (line 10) * Broder, Alan J.: Contributors. (line 88) * Brown, Martin: Contributors. (line 82) -* BSD-based operating systems: Glossary. (line 616) +* BSD-based operating systems: Glossary. (line 611) * bt debugger command (alias for backtrace): Execution Stack. (line 13) -* Buening, Andreas <1>: Bugs. (line 70) +* Buening, Andreas <1>: Bugs. (line 71) * Buening, Andreas <2>: Contributors. (line 92) * Buening, Andreas: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * buffering, input/output <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 70) @@ -30890,7 +30894,7 @@ Index * common extensions, RS as a regexp: gawk split records. (line 6) * common extensions, single character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) -* comp.lang.awk newsgroup: Bugs. (line 38) +* comp.lang.awk newsgroup: Bugs. (line 39) * comparison expressions: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) * comparison expressions, as patterns: Expression Patterns. (line 14) @@ -30977,7 +30981,7 @@ Index * cut.awk program: Cut Program. (line 45) * d debugger command (alias for delete): Breakpoint Control. (line 64) * d.c., See dark corner: Conventions. (line 38) -* dark corner <1>: Glossary. (line 189) +* dark corner <1>: Glossary. (line 188) * dark corner: Conventions. (line 38) * dark corner, "0" is actually true: Truth Values. (line 24) * dark corner, /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. @@ -31148,7 +31152,7 @@ Index * decimal point character, locale specific: Options. (line 270) * decrement operators: Increment Ops. (line 35) * default keyword: Switch Statement. (line 6) -* Deifik, Scott <1>: Bugs. (line 70) +* Deifik, Scott <1>: Bugs. (line 71) * Deifik, Scott <2>: Contributors. (line 53) * Deifik, Scott: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * delete ARRAY: Delete. (line 39) @@ -31320,7 +31324,7 @@ Index * environment variables used by gawk: Environment Variables. (line 6) * environment variables, in ENVIRON array: Auto-set. (line 60) -* epoch, definition of: Glossary. (line 235) +* epoch, definition of: Glossary. (line 234) * equals sign (=), = operator: Assignment Ops. (line 6) * equals sign (=), == operator <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * equals sign (=), == operator: Comparison Operators. @@ -31566,10 +31570,10 @@ Index * frame debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 25) * Free Documentation License (FDL): GNU Free Documentation License. (line 7) -* Free Software Foundation (FSF) <1>: Glossary. (line 297) +* Free Software Foundation (FSF) <1>: Glossary. (line 296) * Free Software Foundation (FSF) <2>: Getting. (line 10) * Free Software Foundation (FSF): Manual History. (line 6) -* FreeBSD: Glossary. (line 616) +* FreeBSD: Glossary. (line 611) * FS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 50) * FS variable: Field Separators. (line 15) * FS variable, --field-separator option and: Options. (line 21) @@ -31583,7 +31587,7 @@ Index * FS, containing ^: Regexp Field Splitting. (line 59) * FS, in multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 41) -* FSF (Free Software Foundation) <1>: Glossary. (line 297) +* FSF (Free Software Foundation) <1>: Glossary. (line 296) * FSF (Free Software Foundation) <2>: Getting. (line 10) * FSF (Free Software Foundation): Manual History. (line 6) * fts() extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. @@ -31646,7 +31650,7 @@ Index * gawk, break statement in: Break Statement. (line 51) * gawk, built-in variables and: Built-in Variables. (line 14) * gawk, character classes and: Bracket Expressions. (line 90) -* gawk, coding style in: Adding Code. (line 38) +* gawk, coding style in: Adding Code. (line 39) * gawk, command-line options, and regular expressions: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 70) * gawk, comparison operators and: Comparison Operators. @@ -31732,7 +31736,7 @@ Index (line 63) * gawkextlib: gawkextlib. (line 6) * gawkextlib project: gawkextlib. (line 6) -* General Public License (GPL): Glossary. (line 306) +* General Public License (GPL): Glossary. (line 305) * General Public License, See GPL: Manual History. (line 11) * generate time values: Time Functions. (line 25) * gensub <1>: String Functions. (line 89) @@ -31780,29 +31784,29 @@ Index * gettext() function (C library): Explaining gettext. (line 63) * gettimeofday() extension function: Extension Sample Time. (line 12) -* git utility <1>: Adding Code. (line 111) +* git utility <1>: Adding Code. (line 112) * git utility <2>: Accessing The Source. (line 10) * git utility <3>: Other Versions. (line 29) * git utility: gawkextlib. (line 29) -* git, use of for gawk source code: Derived Files. (line 6) +* Git, use of for gawk source code: Derived Files. (line 6) * GMP: Gawk and MPFR. (line 6) * GNITS mailing list: Acknowledgments. (line 52) * GNU awk, See gawk: Preface. (line 53) * GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License. (line 7) -* GNU General Public License: Glossary. (line 306) -* GNU Lesser General Public License: Glossary. (line 397) +* GNU General Public License: Glossary. (line 305) +* GNU Lesser General Public License: Glossary. (line 396) * GNU long options <1>: Options. (line 6) * GNU long options: Command Line. (line 13) * GNU long options, printing list of: Options. (line 154) -* GNU Project <1>: Glossary. (line 315) +* GNU Project <1>: Glossary. (line 314) * GNU Project: Manual History. (line 11) -* GNU/Linux <1>: Glossary. (line 616) +* GNU/Linux <1>: Glossary. (line 611) * GNU/Linux <2>: I18N Example. (line 55) * GNU/Linux: Manual History. (line 28) * Gordon, Assaf: Contributors. (line 105) -* GPL (General Public License) <1>: Glossary. (line 306) +* GPL (General Public License) <1>: Glossary. (line 305) * GPL (General Public License): Manual History. (line 11) * GPL (General Public License), printing: Options. (line 88) * grcat program: Group Functions. (line 16) @@ -31858,8 +31862,8 @@ Index (line 53) * IGNORECASE variable, with ~ and !~ operators: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) -* Illumos: Other Versions. (line 104) -* Illumos, POSIX-compliant awk: Other Versions. (line 104) +* Illumos: Other Versions. (line 105) +* Illumos, POSIX-compliant awk: Other Versions. (line 105) * implementation issues, gawk: Notes. (line 6) * implementation issues, gawk, debugging: Compatibility Mode. (line 6) * implementation issues, gawk, limits <1>: Redirection. (line 135) @@ -31935,21 +31939,21 @@ Index * internationalization, localization, portability and: I18N Portability. (line 6) * internationalizing a program: Explaining gettext. (line 6) -* interpreted programs <1>: Glossary. (line 357) +* interpreted programs <1>: Glossary. (line 356) * interpreted programs: Basic High Level. (line 15) * interval expressions, regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 117) * inventory-shipped file: Sample Data Files. (line 32) * invoke shell command: I/O Functions. (line 75) * isarray: Type Functions. (line 11) -* ISO: Glossary. (line 368) +* ISO: Glossary. (line 367) * ISO 8859-1: Glossary. (line 133) * ISO Latin-1: Glossary. (line 133) * Jacobs, Andrew: Passwd Functions. (line 90) * Jaegermann, Michal <1>: Contributors. (line 45) * Jaegermann, Michal: Acknowledgments. (line 60) -* Java implementation of awk: Other Versions. (line 112) -* Java programming language: Glossary. (line 380) -* jawk: Other Versions. (line 112) +* Java implementation of awk: Other Versions. (line 113) +* Java programming language: Glossary. (line 379) +* jawk: Other Versions. (line 113) * Jedi knights: Undocumented. (line 6) * Johansen, Chris: Signature Program. (line 25) * join() user-defined function: Join Function. (line 18) @@ -31958,7 +31962,7 @@ Index * Kasal, Stepan: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Kenobi, Obi-Wan: Undocumented. (line 6) * Kernighan, Brian <1>: Glossary. (line 143) -* Kernighan, Brian <2>: Basic Data Typing. (line 55) +* Kernighan, Brian <2>: Basic Data Typing. (line 54) * Kernighan, Brian <3>: Other Versions. (line 13) * Kernighan, Brian <4>: Contributors. (line 11) * Kernighan, Brian <5>: BTL. (line 6) @@ -32001,9 +32005,9 @@ Index * length: String Functions. (line 167) * length of input record: String Functions. (line 174) * length of string: String Functions. (line 167) -* Lesser General Public License (LGPL): Glossary. (line 397) -* LGPL (Lesser General Public License): Glossary. (line 397) -* libmawk: Other Versions. (line 120) +* Lesser General Public License (LGPL): Glossary. (line 396) +* LGPL (Lesser General Public License): Glossary. (line 396) +* libmawk: Other Versions. (line 121) * libraries of awk functions: Library Functions. (line 6) * libraries of awk functions, assertions: Assert Function. (line 6) * libraries of awk functions, associative arrays and: Library Names. @@ -32047,7 +32051,7 @@ Index * lint checking, undefined functions: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 88) * LINT variable: User-modified. (line 88) -* Linux <1>: Glossary. (line 616) +* Linux <1>: Glossary. (line 611) * Linux <2>: I18N Example. (line 55) * Linux: Manual History. (line 28) * list all global variables, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 48) @@ -32085,7 +32089,7 @@ Index * mail-list file: Sample Data Files. (line 6) * mailing labels, printing: Labels Program. (line 6) * mailing list, GNITS: Acknowledgments. (line 52) -* Malmberg, John <1>: Bugs. (line 70) +* Malmberg, John <1>: Bugs. (line 71) * Malmberg, John: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * mark parity: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) * marked string extraction (internationalization): String Extraction. @@ -32106,6 +32110,7 @@ Index * mawk utility <4>: Getline/Pipe. (line 62) * mawk utility: Escape Sequences. (line 124) * maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 213) +* McIlroy, Doug: Glossary. (line 149) * McPhee, Patrick: Contributors. (line 100) * message object files: Explaining gettext. (line 42) * message object files, converting from portable object files: I18N Example. @@ -32138,7 +32143,7 @@ Index * namespace issues, functions: Definition Syntax. (line 20) * nawk utility: Names. (line 10) * negative zero: Unexpected Results. (line 34) -* NetBSD: Glossary. (line 616) +* NetBSD: Glossary. (line 611) * networks, programming: TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * networks, support for: Special Network. (line 6) * newlines <1>: Boolean Ops. (line 67) @@ -32227,7 +32232,7 @@ Index * OFS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 114) * OFS variable <2>: Output Separators. (line 6) * OFS variable: Changing Fields. (line 64) -* OpenBSD: Glossary. (line 616) +* OpenBSD: Glossary. (line 611) * OpenSolaris: Other Versions. (line 96) * operating systems, BSD-based: Manual History. (line 28) * operating systems, PC, gawk on: PC Using. (line 6) @@ -32296,7 +32301,6 @@ Index * output, standard: Special FD. (line 6) * p debugger command (alias for print): Viewing And Changing Data. (line 36) -* P1003.1 POSIX standard: Glossary. (line 454) * parent process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 181) * parentheses (), in a profile: Profiling. (line 146) * parentheses (), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 80) @@ -32314,7 +32318,7 @@ Index * patterns, types of: Pattern Overview. (line 15) * pawk (profiling version of Brian Kernighan's awk): Other Versions. (line 78) -* pawk, awk-like facilities for Python: Other Versions. (line 124) +* pawk, awk-like facilities for Python: Other Versions. (line 125) * PC operating systems, gawk on: PC Using. (line 6) * PC operating systems, gawk on, installing: PC Installation. (line 6) * percent sign (%), % operator: Precedence. (line 55) @@ -32328,7 +32332,7 @@ Index (line 6) * pipe, input: Getline/Pipe. (line 9) * pipe, output: Redirection. (line 57) -* Pitts, Dave <1>: Bugs. (line 70) +* Pitts, Dave <1>: Bugs. (line 71) * Pitts, Dave: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Plauger, P.J.: Library Functions. (line 12) * plug-in: Extension Intro. (line 6) @@ -32497,22 +32501,22 @@ Index * programming conventions, private variable names: Library Names. (line 23) * programming language, recipe for: History. (line 6) -* programming languages, Ada: Glossary. (line 20) +* programming languages, Ada: Glossary. (line 19) * programming languages, data-driven vs. procedural: Getting Started. (line 12) -* programming languages, Java: Glossary. (line 380) +* programming languages, Java: Glossary. (line 379) * programming, basic steps: Basic High Level. (line 20) * programming, concepts: Basic Concepts. (line 6) * pwcat program: Passwd Functions. (line 23) * q debugger command (alias for quit): Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 99) -* QSE Awk: Other Versions. (line 130) +* QSE Awk: Other Versions. (line 131) * Quanstrom, Erik: Alarm Program. (line 8) * question mark (?), ?: operator: Precedence. (line 92) * question mark (?), regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 59) * question mark (?), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 112) -* QuikTrim Awk: Other Versions. (line 134) +* QuikTrim Awk: Other Versions. (line 135) * quit debugger command: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 99) * QUIT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) @@ -32533,7 +32537,7 @@ Index * range expressions (regexps): Bracket Expressions. (line 6) * range patterns: Ranges. (line 6) * range patterns, line continuation and: Ranges. (line 65) -* Rankin, Pat <1>: Bugs. (line 70) +* Rankin, Pat <1>: Bugs. (line 71) * Rankin, Pat <2>: Contributors. (line 37) * Rankin, Pat <3>: Assignment Ops. (line 100) * Rankin, Pat: Acknowledgments. (line 60) @@ -32638,7 +32642,7 @@ Index * right angle bracket (>), >> operator (I/O): Redirection. (line 50) * right shift: Bitwise Functions. (line 52) * right shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) -* Ritchie, Dennis: Basic Data Typing. (line 55) +* Ritchie, Dennis: Basic Data Typing. (line 54) * RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 244) * RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 224) * Robbins, Arnold <1>: Future Extensions. (line 6) @@ -32706,7 +32710,7 @@ Index * search paths, for source files: AWKPATH Variable. (line 6) * searching, files for regular expressions: Egrep Program. (line 6) * searching, for words: Dupword Program. (line 6) -* sed utility <1>: Glossary. (line 12) +* sed utility <1>: Glossary. (line 11) * sed utility <2>: Simple Sed. (line 6) * sed utility: Field Splitting Summary. (line 46) @@ -32842,19 +32846,19 @@ Index * source code, Brian Kernighan's awk: Other Versions. (line 13) * source code, Busybox Awk: Other Versions. (line 88) * source code, gawk: Gawk Distribution. (line 6) -* source code, Illumos awk: Other Versions. (line 104) -* source code, jawk: Other Versions. (line 112) -* source code, libmawk: Other Versions. (line 120) +* source code, Illumos awk: Other Versions. (line 105) +* source code, jawk: Other Versions. (line 113) +* source code, libmawk: Other Versions. (line 121) * source code, mawk: Other Versions. (line 44) * source code, mixing: Options. (line 117) * source code, pawk: Other Versions. (line 78) -* source code, pawk (Python version): Other Versions. (line 124) -* source code, QSE Awk: Other Versions. (line 130) -* source code, QuikTrim Awk: Other Versions. (line 134) +* source code, pawk (Python version): Other Versions. (line 125) +* source code, QSE Awk: Other Versions. (line 131) +* source code, QuikTrim Awk: Other Versions. (line 135) * source code, Solaris awk: Other Versions. (line 96) * source files, search path for: Igawk Program. (line 368) * sparse arrays: Array Intro. (line 71) -* Spencer, Henry: Glossary. (line 12) +* Spencer, Henry: Glossary. (line 11) * split: String Functions. (line 313) * split string into array: String Functions. (line 294) * split utility: Split Program. (line 6) @@ -32870,7 +32874,7 @@ Index * square root: Numeric Functions. (line 78) * srand: Numeric Functions. (line 82) * stack frame: Debugging Terms. (line 10) -* Stallman, Richard <1>: Glossary. (line 297) +* Stallman, Richard <1>: Glossary. (line 296) * Stallman, Richard <2>: Contributors. (line 23) * Stallman, Richard <3>: Acknowledgments. (line 18) * Stallman, Richard: Manual History. (line 6) @@ -32959,7 +32963,7 @@ Index * testbits.awk program: Bitwise Functions. (line 70) * testext extension: Extension Sample API Tests. (line 6) -* Texinfo <1>: Adding Code. (line 99) +* Texinfo <1>: Adding Code. (line 100) * Texinfo <2>: Distribution contents. (line 77) * Texinfo <3>: Extract Program. (line 12) @@ -33063,7 +33067,7 @@ Index (line 6) * uniq utility: Uniq Program. (line 6) * uniq.awk program: Uniq Program. (line 65) -* Unix: Glossary. (line 616) +* Unix: Glossary. (line 611) * Unix awk, backslashes in escape sequences: Escape Sequences. (line 124) * Unix awk, close() function and: Close Files And Pipes. @@ -33177,7 +33181,7 @@ Index * xor: Bitwise Functions. (line 55) * XOR bitwise operation: Bitwise Functions. (line 6) * Yawitz, Efraim: Contributors. (line 129) -* Zaretskii, Eli <1>: Bugs. (line 70) +* Zaretskii, Eli <1>: Bugs. (line 71) * Zaretskii, Eli <2>: Contributors. (line 55) * Zaretskii, Eli: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * zero, negative vs. positive: Unexpected Results. (line 34) @@ -33211,536 +33215,537 @@ Index  Tag Table: Node: Top1292 -Node: Foreword40832 -Node: Preface45177 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-148324 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-248431 -Node: History48663 -Node: Names51037 -Ref: Names-Footnote-152501 -Node: This Manual52574 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-158353 -Node: Conventions58453 -Node: Manual History60609 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-164040 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-264081 -Node: How To Contribute64155 -Node: Acknowledgments65394 -Node: Getting Started69543 -Node: Running gawk71922 -Node: One-shot73112 -Node: Read Terminal74337 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-175987 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-276263 -Node: Long76434 -Node: Executable Scripts77810 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-179643 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-279745 -Node: Comments80292 -Node: Quoting82759 -Node: DOS Quoting88075 -Node: Sample Data Files88750 -Node: Very Simple91265 -Node: Two Rules95915 -Node: More Complex97810 -Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1100742 -Node: Statements/Lines100827 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1105282 -Node: Other Features105547 -Node: When106475 -Node: Invoking Gawk108623 -Node: Command Line110086 -Node: Options110877 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1126689 -Node: Other Arguments126714 -Node: Naming Standard Input129376 -Node: Environment Variables130470 -Node: AWKPATH Variable131028 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1133806 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2133851 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable134111 -Node: Other Environment Variables134870 -Node: Exit Status138525 -Node: Include Files139200 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries142778 -Node: Obsolete144161 -Node: Undocumented144858 -Node: Regexp145100 -Node: Regexp Usage146489 -Node: Escape Sequences148522 -Node: Regexp Operators154189 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1161669 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2161816 -Node: Bracket Expressions161914 -Ref: table-char-classes163804 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators166327 -Node: Case-sensitivity170050 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1172942 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2173177 -Node: Leftmost Longest173285 -Node: Computed Regexps174486 -Node: Reading Files177835 -Node: Records179837 -Node: awk split records180572 -Node: gawk split records185430 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1189951 -Node: Fields189988 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1192952 -Node: Nonconstant Fields193038 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1195268 -Node: Changing Fields195470 -Node: Field Separators201424 -Node: Default Field Splitting204126 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting205243 -Node: Single Character Fields208584 -Node: Command Line Field Separator209643 -Node: Full Line Fields212985 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1213493 -Node: Field Splitting Summary213539 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1216638 -Node: Constant Size216739 -Node: Splitting By Content221346 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1225096 -Node: Multiple Line225136 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1230992 -Node: Getline231171 -Node: Plain Getline233387 -Node: Getline/Variable235482 -Node: Getline/File236629 -Node: Getline/Variable/File238013 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1239612 -Node: Getline/Pipe239699 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe242398 -Node: Getline/Coprocess243505 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess244757 -Node: Getline Notes245494 -Node: Getline Summary248298 -Ref: table-getline-variants248706 -Node: Read Timeout249618 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1253445 -Node: Command line directories253503 -Node: Printing254385 -Node: Print256016 -Node: Print Examples257357 -Node: Output Separators260136 -Node: OFMT262152 -Node: Printf263510 -Node: Basic Printf264416 -Node: Control Letters265955 -Node: Format Modifiers269809 -Node: Printf Examples275836 -Node: Redirection278543 -Node: Special Files285515 -Node: Special FD286048 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1289672 -Node: Special Network289746 -Node: Special Caveats290596 -Node: Close Files And Pipes291392 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1298530 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2298678 -Node: Expressions298828 -Node: 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Parameters925106 +Node: Symbol Table Access926336 +Node: Symbol table by name926850 +Node: Symbol table by cookie928826 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1932959 +Node: Cached values933022 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1936527 +Node: Array Manipulation936618 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1937716 +Node: Array Data Types937755 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1940458 +Node: Array Functions940550 +Node: Flattening Arrays944424 +Node: Creating Arrays951276 +Node: Extension API Variables956007 +Node: Extension Versioning956643 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables958544 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate959630 +Node: Finding Extensions963434 +Node: Extension Example963994 +Node: Internal File Description964724 +Node: Internal File Ops968815 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1980361 +Node: Using Internal File Ops980501 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1982848 +Node: Extension Samples983116 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions984640 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch992207 +Node: Extension Sample Fork993686 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace994899 +Node: Extension Sample Ord996677 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir997513 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types998368 +Node: Extension Sample Revout999167 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way999758 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1000499 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1002378 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1003478 +Node: Extension Sample Time1004003 +Node: gawkextlib1005318 +Node: Language History1008105 +Node: V7/SVR3.11009699 +Node: SVR41012019 +Node: POSIX1013461 +Node: BTL1014847 +Node: POSIX/GNU1015581 +Node: Feature History1021180 +Node: Common Extensions1034292 +Node: Ranges and Locales1035604 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11040221 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21040248 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31040482 +Node: Contributors1040703 +Node: Installation1046054 +Node: Gawk Distribution1046948 +Node: Getting1047432 +Node: Extracting1048258 +Node: Distribution contents1049900 +Node: Unix Installation1055617 +Node: Quick Installation1056234 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1058676 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1060414 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1062765 +Node: PC Installation1063223 +Node: PC Binary Installation1064534 +Node: PC Compiling1066382 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11069381 +Node: PC Testing1069486 +Node: PC Using1070662 +Node: Cygwin1074820 +Node: MSYS1075629 +Node: VMS Installation1076143 +Node: VMS Compilation1076939 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11078160 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1078218 +Node: VMS Installation Details1079591 +Node: VMS Running1081842 +Node: VMS GNV1084676 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1085399 +Node: Bugs1085869 +Node: Other Versions1089873 +Node: Notes1096098 +Node: Compatibility Mode1096898 +Node: Additions1097680 +Node: Accessing The Source1098605 +Node: Adding Code1100041 +Node: New Ports1106219 +Node: Derived Files1110700 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11115776 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21115810 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31116406 +Node: Future Extensions1116520 +Node: Implementation Limitations1117126 +Node: Extension Design1118374 +Node: Old Extension Problems1119528 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11121045 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1121102 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11124463 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1124652 +Node: Extension Future Growth1126758 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1127594 +Node: Basic Concepts1129334 +Node: Basic High Level1130015 +Ref: figure-general-flow1130287 +Ref: figure-process-flow1130886 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11134115 +Node: Basic Data Typing1134300 +Node: Glossary1137627 +Node: Copying1162779 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1200335 +Node: Index1225471  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From d029488bda4b1cdddc5a7c397375da080d476efa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Thu, 29 May 2014 21:29:29 +0300 Subject: More cleanup edits in gawk doc. --- doc/gawk.info | 1078 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 543 insertions(+), 535 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index ceeeb6f7..cb22b934 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -1165,13 +1165,13 @@ published the first two editions under the title `The GNU Awk User's Guide'. This edition maintains the basic structure of the previous editions. -For Edition 4.0, the content has been thoroughly reviewed and updated. -All references to `gawk' versions prior to 4.0 have been removed. Of -significant note for this edition was *note Debugger::. +For FSF edition 4.0, the content has been thoroughly reviewed and +updated. All references to `gawk' versions prior to 4.0 have been +removed. Of significant note for this edition was *note Debugger::. - For edition 4.1, the content has been reorganized into parts, and -the major new additions are *note Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic::, and -*note Dynamic Extensions::. + For FSF edition 4.1, the content has been reorganized into parts, +and the major new additions are *note Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic::, +and *note Dynamic Extensions::. This Info file will undoubtedly continue to evolve. An electronic version comes with the `gawk' distribution from the FSF. If you find @@ -2797,7 +2797,9 @@ filename. `.' explicitly in the path or write a null entry in the path. (A null entry is indicated by starting or ending the path with a colon or by placing two colons next to each other [`::'].) This - path search mechanism is similar to the shell's. + path search mechanism is similar to the shell's. (See `The + Bourne-Again SHell manual'. + (http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/)) However, `gawk' always looks in the current directory _before_ searching `AWKPATH', so there is no real reason to include the @@ -22232,6 +22234,7 @@ not return a value. `#define emalloc(pointer, type, size, message) ...' The arguments to this macro are as follows: + `pointer' The pointer variable to point at the allocated storage. @@ -22391,6 +22394,7 @@ function with `gawk' using the following function. `void awk_atexit(void (*funcp)(void *data, int exit_status),' ` void *arg0);' The parameters are: + `funcp' A pointer to the function to be called before `gawk' exits. The `data' parameter will be the original value of `arg0'. @@ -26092,6 +26096,9 @@ Info file, in approximate chronological order: - The improved array sorting features were driven by John together with Pat Rankin. + Panos Papadopoulos contributed the original text for *note Include + Files::. + * Efraim Yawitz contributed the original text for *note Debugger::. * The development of the extension API first released with `gawk' @@ -27756,11 +27763,11 @@ critical, that for any given branch, the above incantation _just works_. 2. It would certainly help if everyone used the same versions of the GNU tools as he does, which in general are the latest released - versions of Automake, Autoconf, `bison', and `gettext'. + versions of Automake, Autoconf, `bison', and GNU `gettext'. Installing from source is quite easy. It's how the maintainer - worked for years, and still works. He had `/usr/local/bin' at the - front of his `PATH' and just did: + worked for years (and still works). He had `/usr/local/bin' at + the front of his `PATH' and just did: wget http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/PACKAGE/PACKAGE-X.Y.Z.tar.gz tar -xpzvf PACKAGE-X.Y.Z.tar.gz @@ -30853,7 +30860,7 @@ Index * Collado, Manuel: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * collating elements: Bracket Expressions. (line 69) * collating symbols: Bracket Expressions. (line 76) -* Colombo, Antonio <1>: Contributors. (line 135) +* Colombo, Antonio <1>: Contributors. (line 138) * Colombo, Antonio: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * columns, aligning: Print Examples. (line 70) * columns, cutting: Cut Program. (line 6) @@ -32301,6 +32308,7 @@ Index * output, standard: Special FD. (line 6) * p debugger command (alias for print): Viewing And Changing Data. (line 36) +* Papadopoulos, Panos: Contributors. (line 129) * parent process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 181) * parentheses (), in a profile: Profiling. (line 146) * parentheses (), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 80) @@ -32647,7 +32655,7 @@ Index * RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 224) * Robbins, Arnold <1>: Future Extensions. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <2>: Bugs. (line 32) -* Robbins, Arnold <3>: Contributors. (line 139) +* Robbins, Arnold <3>: Contributors. (line 142) * Robbins, Arnold <4>: General Data Types. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <5>: Alarm Program. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <6>: Passwd Functions. (line 90) @@ -32693,7 +32701,7 @@ Index * scalar values: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) * scanning arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 6) * scanning multidimensional arrays: Multiscanning. (line 11) -* Schorr, Andrew <1>: Contributors. (line 131) +* Schorr, Andrew <1>: Contributors. (line 134) * Schorr, Andrew <2>: Auto-set. (line 284) * Schorr, Andrew: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Schreiber, Bert: Acknowledgments. (line 38) @@ -33180,7 +33188,7 @@ Index * xgettext utility: String Extraction. (line 13) * xor: Bitwise Functions. (line 55) * XOR bitwise operation: Bitwise Functions. (line 6) -* Yawitz, Efraim: Contributors. (line 129) +* Yawitz, Efraim: Contributors. (line 132) * Zaretskii, Eli <1>: Bugs. (line 71) * Zaretskii, Eli <2>: Contributors. (line 55) * Zaretskii, Eli: Acknowledgments. (line 60) @@ -33226,526 +33234,526 @@ Node: This Manual52572 Ref: This Manual-Footnote-158351 Node: Conventions58451 Node: Manual History60607 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-164038 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-264079 -Node: How To Contribute64153 -Node: Acknowledgments65392 -Node: Getting Started69541 -Node: Running gawk71914 -Node: One-shot73104 -Node: Read Terminal74329 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-175979 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-276255 -Node: Long76426 -Node: Executable Scripts77802 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-179635 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-279737 -Node: Comments80284 -Node: Quoting82751 -Node: DOS Quoting88067 -Node: Sample Data Files88742 -Node: Very Simple91257 -Node: Two Rules95895 -Node: More Complex97790 -Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1100722 -Node: Statements/Lines100807 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1105262 -Node: Other Features105527 -Node: When106455 -Node: Invoking Gawk108603 -Node: Command Line110066 -Node: Options110857 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1126669 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figure-general-flow1130482 +Ref: figure-process-flow1131081 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11134310 +Node: Basic Data Typing1134495 +Node: Glossary1137822 +Node: Copying1162974 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1200530 +Node: Index1225666  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From daf5b0c87115b6793c5ac6568009916d4be3152b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Tue, 3 Jun 2014 16:41:42 +0300 Subject: More doc improvements. --- doc/gawk.info | 1509 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 752 insertions(+), 757 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index cb22b934..c5038115 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -1483,7 +1483,7 @@ tell `awk' to use that file for its program, you type: awk -f SOURCE-FILE INPUT-FILE1 INPUT-FILE2 ... The `-f' instructs the `awk' utility to get the `awk' program from -the file SOURCE-FILE. Any file name can be used for SOURCE-FILE. For +the file SOURCE-FILE. Any FN can be used for SOURCE-FILE. For example, you could put the program: BEGIN { print "Don't Panic!" } @@ -1497,16 +1497,15 @@ does the same thing as this one: awk "BEGIN { print \"Don't Panic!\" }" This was explained earlier (*note Read Terminal::). Note that you -don't usually need single quotes around the file name that you specify -with `-f', because most file names don't contain any of the shell's -special characters. Notice that in `advice', the `awk' program did not -have single quotes around it. The quotes are only needed for programs -that are provided on the `awk' command line. +don't usually need single quotes around the FN that you specify with +`-f', because most FNs don't contain any of the shell's special +characters. Notice that in `advice', the `awk' program did not have +single quotes around it. The quotes are only needed for programs that +are provided on the `awk' command line. If you want to clearly identify your `awk' program files as such, -you can add the extension `.awk' to the file name. This doesn't affect -the execution of the `awk' program but it does make "housekeeping" -easier. +you can add the extension `.awk' to the FN. This doesn't affect the +execution of the `awk' program but it does make "housekeeping" easier.  File: gawk.info, Node: Executable Scripts, Next: Comments, Prev: Long, Up: Running gawk @@ -1561,14 +1560,14 @@ the name of your script (`advice'). (d.c.) Don't rely on the value of (1) The `#!' mechanism works on GNU/Linux systems, BSD-based systems and commercial Unix systems. - (2) The line beginning with `#!' lists the full file name of an -interpreter to run and an optional initial command-line argument to -pass to that interpreter. The operating system then runs the -interpreter with the given argument and the full argument list of the -executed program. The first argument in the list is the full file name -of the `awk' program. The rest of the argument list contains either -options to `awk', or data files, or both. Note that on many systems -`awk' may be found in `/usr/bin' instead of in `/bin'. Caveat Emptor. + (2) The line beginning with `#!' lists the full FN of an interpreter +to run and an optional initial command-line argument to pass to that +interpreter. The operating system then runs the interpreter with the +given argument and the full argument list of the executed program. The +first argument in the list is the full FN of the `awk' program. The +rest of the argument list contains either options to `awk', or data +files, or both. Note that on many systems `awk' may be found in +`/usr/bin' instead of in `/bin'. Caveat Emptor.  File: gawk.info, Node: Comments, Next: Quoting, Prev: Executable Scripts, Up: Running gawk @@ -1708,9 +1707,9 @@ the quoting rules. awk -F"" 'PROGRAM' FILES # wrong! In the second case, `awk' will attempt to use the text of the - program as the value of `FS', and the first file name as the text - of the program! This results in syntax errors at best, and - confusing behavior at worst. + program as the value of `FS', and the first FN as the text of the + program! This results in syntax errors at best, and confusing + behavior at worst. Mixing single and double quotes is difficult. You have to resort to shell quoting tricks, like this: @@ -1889,9 +1888,9 @@ description of the program will give you a good idea of what is going on, but please read the rest of the Info file to become an `awk' expert!) Most of the examples use a data file named `data'. This is just a placeholder; if you use these programs yourself, substitute your -own file names for `data'. For future reference, note that there is -often more than one way to do things in `awk'. At some point, you may -want to look back at these examples and see if you can come up with +own FNs for `data'. For future reference, note that there is often +more than one way to do things in `awk'. At some point, you may want +to look back at these examples and see if you can come up with different ways to do the same things shown here: * Print the length of the longest input line: @@ -2035,7 +2034,7 @@ identifies the owner of the file. The fourth field identifies the group of the file. The fifth field contains the size of the file in bytes. The sixth, seventh, and eighth fields contain the month, day, and time, respectively, that the file was last modified. Finally, the ninth field -contains the file name.(1) +contains the FN.(1) The `$6 == "Nov"' in our `awk' program is an expression that tests whether the sixth field of the output from `ls -l' matches the string @@ -2349,10 +2348,10 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: This interpretation of `--' follows the POSIX argument parsing conventions. - This is useful if you have file names that start with `-', or in - shell scripts, if you have file names that will be specified by - the user that could start with `-'. It is also useful for passing - options on to the `awk' program; see *note Getopt Function::. + This is useful if you have FNs that start with `-', or in shell + scripts, if you have FNs that will be specified by the user that + could start with `-'. It is also useful for passing options on to + the `awk' program; see *note Getopt Function::. The following list describes `gawk'-specific options: @@ -2517,8 +2516,8 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: Enable pretty-printing of `awk' programs. By default, output program is created in a file named `awkprof.out' (*note Profiling::). The optional FILE argument allows you to specify a - different file name for the output. No space is allowed between - the `-o' and FILE, if FILE is supplied. + different FN for the output. No space is allowed between the `-o' + and FILE, if FILE is supplied. NOTE: Due to the way `gawk' has evolved, with this option your program is still executed. This will change in the next @@ -2534,9 +2533,9 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: `--profile'[`='FILE] Enable profiling of `awk' programs (*note Profiling::). By default, profiles are created in a file named `awkprof.out'. The - optional FILE argument allows you to specify a different file name - for the profile file. No space is allowed between the `-p' and - FILE, if FILE is supplied. + optional FILE argument allows you to specify a different FN for + the profile file. No space is allowed between the `-p' and FILE, + if FILE is supplied. The profile contains execution counts for each statement in the program in the left margin, and function call counts for each @@ -2677,11 +2676,11 @@ arguments, including variable assignments, are included. As each element of `ARGV' is processed, `gawk' sets the variable `ARGIND' to the index in `ARGV' of the current element. - The distinction between file name arguments and variable-assignment + The distinction between FN arguments and variable-assignment arguments is made when `awk' is about to open the next input file. At -that point in execution, it checks the file name to see whether it is -really a variable assignment; if so, `awk' sets the variable instead of -reading a file. +that point in execution, it checks the FN to see whether it is really a +variable assignment; if so, `awk' sets the variable instead of reading +a file. Therefore, the variables actually receive the given values after all previously specified files have been read. In particular, the values of @@ -2693,13 +2692,13 @@ begins scanning the argument list. escape sequences (*note Escape Sequences::). (d.c.) In some very early implementations of `awk', when a variable -assignment occurred before any file names, the assignment would happen -_before_ the `BEGIN' rule was executed. `awk''s behavior was thus -inconsistent; some command-line assignments were available inside the -`BEGIN' rule, while others were not. Unfortunately, some applications -came to depend upon this "feature." When `awk' was changed to be more -consistent, the `-v' option was added to accommodate applications that -depended upon the old behavior. +assignment occurred before any FNs, the assignment would happen _before_ +the `BEGIN' rule was executed. `awk''s behavior was thus inconsistent; +some command-line assignments were available inside the `BEGIN' rule, +while others were not. Unfortunately, some applications came to depend +upon this "feature." When `awk' was changed to be more consistent, the +`-v' option was added to accommodate applications that depended upon +the old behavior. The variable assignment feature is most useful for assigning to variables such as `RS', `OFS', and `ORS', which control input and @@ -2735,11 +2734,11 @@ SOME_COMMAND, and finally it reads `file2'. You may also use `"-"' to name standard input when reading files with `getline' (*note Getline/File::). - In addition, `gawk' allows you to specify the special file name + In addition, `gawk' allows you to specify the special FN `/dev/stdin', both on the command line and with `getline'. Some other versions of `awk' also support this, but it is not standard. (Some operating systems provide a `/dev/stdin' file in the file system; -however, `gawk' always processes this file name itself.) +however, `gawk' always processes this FN itself.)  File: gawk.info, Node: Environment Variables, Next: Exit Status, Prev: Naming Standard Input, Up: Invoking Gawk @@ -2767,7 +2766,7 @@ The previous minor node described how `awk' program files can be named on the command-line with the `-f' option. In most `awk' implementations, you must supply a precise path name for each program file, unless the file is in the current directory. But in `gawk', if -the file name supplied to the `-f' or `-i' options does not contain a +the FN supplied to the `-f' or `-i' options does not contain a directory separator `/', then `gawk' searches a list of directories (called the "search path"), one by one, looking for a file with the specified name. @@ -2780,8 +2779,8 @@ variable. If that variable does not exist, `gawk' uses a default path, The search path feature is particularly helpful for building libraries of useful `awk' functions. The library files can be placed in a standard directory in the default path and then specified on the -command line with a short file name. Otherwise, the full file name -would have to be typed for each file. +command line with a short FN. Otherwise, the full FN would have to be +typed for each file. By using the `-i' option, or the `--source' and `-f' options, your command-line `awk' programs can use facilities in `awk' library files @@ -2790,8 +2789,8 @@ in compatibility mode. This is true for both `--traditional' and `--posix'. *Note Options::. If the source code is not found after the initial search, the path -is searched again after adding the default `.awk' suffix to the -filename. +is searched again after adding the default `.awk' suffix to the file +name. NOTE: To include the current directory in the path, either place `.' explicitly in the path or write a null entry in the path. (A @@ -2989,8 +2988,8 @@ and here is `test2': use `@include' followed by the name of the file to be included, enclosed in double quotes. - NOTE: Keep in mind that this is a language construct and the file - name cannot be a string variable, but rather just a literal string + NOTE: Keep in mind that this is a language construct and the FN + cannot be a string variable, but rather just a literal string constant in double quotes. The files to be included may be nested; e.g., given a third script, @@ -3008,7 +3007,7 @@ Running `gawk' with the `test3' script produces the following results: -| This is file test2. -| This is file test3. - The file name can, of course, be a pathname. For example: + The FN can, of course, be a pathname. For example: @include "../io_funcs" @@ -3060,8 +3059,8 @@ The `AWKLIBPATH' variable is used to search for the extension. Using If the extension is not initially found in `AWKLIBPATH', another search is conducted after appending the platform's default shared -library suffix to the filename. For example, on GNU/Linux systems, the -suffix `.so' is used. +library suffix to the file name. For example, on GNU/Linux systems, +the suffix `.so' is used. $ gawk '@load "ordchr"; BEGIN {print chr(65)}' -| A @@ -5319,11 +5318,11 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Getline/File, Next: Getline/Variable/File, Prev: Getli --------------------------------- Use `getline < FILE' to read the next record from FILE. Here FILE is a -string-valued expression that specifies the file name. `< FILE' is -called a "redirection" because it directs input to come from a -different place. For example, the following program reads its input -record from the file `secondary.input' when it encounters a first field -with a value equal to 10 in the current input file: +string-valued expression that specifies the FN. `< FILE' is called a +"redirection" because it directs input to come from a different place. +For example, the following program reads its input record from the file +`secondary.input' when it encounters a first field with a value equal +to 10 in the current input file: { if ($1 == 10) { @@ -5756,8 +5755,8 @@ OFMT::.) For printing with specifications, you need the `printf' statement (*note Printf::). Besides basic and formatted printing, this major node also covers -I/O redirections to files and pipes, introduces the special file names -that `gawk' processes internally, and discusses the `close()' built-in +I/O redirections to files and pipes, introduces the special FNs that +`gawk' processes internally, and discusses the `close()' built-in function. * Menu: @@ -6393,9 +6392,8 @@ work identically for `printf': `print ITEMS > OUTPUT-FILE' This redirection prints the items into the output file named - OUTPUT-FILE. The file name OUTPUT-FILE can be any expression. - Its value is changed to a string and then used as a file name - (*note Expressions::). + OUTPUT-FILE. The FN OUTPUT-FILE can be any expression. Its value + is changed to a string and then used as a FN (*note Expressions::). When this type of redirection is used, the OUTPUT-FILE is erased before the first output is written to it. Subsequent writes to @@ -6513,9 +6511,9 @@ underlying operating system permits. A particularly powerful way to use redirection is to build command lines and pipe them into the shell, `sh'. For example, suppose you -have a list of files brought over from a system where all the file names -are stored in uppercase, and you wish to rename them to have names in -all lowercase. The following program is both simple and efficient: +have a list of files brought over from a system where all the FNs are +stored in uppercase, and you wish to rename them to have names in all +lowercase. The following program is both simple and efficient: { printf("mv %s %s\n", $0, tolower($0)) | "sh" } @@ -6529,12 +6527,12 @@ to rename the files. It then sends the list to the shell for execution.  File: gawk.info, Node: Special Files, Next: Close Files And Pipes, Prev: Redirection, Up: Printing -5.7 Special File Names in `gawk' -================================ +5.7 Special File Name in `gawk' +=============================== -`gawk' provides a number of special file names that it interprets -internally. These file names provide access to standard file -descriptors and TCP/IP networking. +`gawk' provides a number of special FNs that it interprets internally. +These FNs provide access to standard file descriptors and TCP/IP +networking. * Menu: @@ -6580,13 +6578,13 @@ happens, writing to the screen is not correct. In fact, if `awk' is run from a background job, it may not have a terminal at all. Then opening `/dev/tty' fails. - `gawk' provides special file names for accessing the three standard + `gawk' provides special FNs for accessing the three standard streams. (c.e.) It also provides syntax for accessing any other -inherited open files. If the file name matches one of these special -names when `gawk' redirects input or output, then it directly uses the -stream that the file name stands for. These special file names work -for all operating systems that `gawk' has been ported to, not just -those that are POSIX-compliant: +inherited open files. If the FN matches one of these special names +when `gawk' redirects input or output, then it directly uses the stream +that the FN stands for. These special FNs work for all operating +systems that `gawk' has been ported to, not just those that are +POSIX-compliant: `/dev/stdin' The standard input (file descriptor 0). @@ -6603,18 +6601,18 @@ those that are POSIX-compliant: the shell). Unless special pains are taken in the shell from which `gawk' is invoked, only descriptors 0, 1, and 2 are available. - The file names `/dev/stdin', `/dev/stdout', and `/dev/stderr' are -aliases for `/dev/fd/0', `/dev/fd/1', and `/dev/fd/2', respectively. -However, they are more self-explanatory. The proper way to write an -error message in a `gawk' program is to use `/dev/stderr', like this: + The FNs `/dev/stdin', `/dev/stdout', and `/dev/stderr' are aliases +for `/dev/fd/0', `/dev/fd/1', and `/dev/fd/2', respectively. However, +they are more self-explanatory. The proper way to write an error +message in a `gawk' program is to use `/dev/stderr', like this: print "Serious error detected!" > "/dev/stderr" - Note the use of quotes around the file name. Like any other -redirection, the value must be a string. It is a common error to omit -the quotes, which leads to confusing results. + Note the use of quotes around the FN. Like any other redirection, +the value must be a string. It is a common error to omit the quotes, +which leads to confusing results. - Finally, using the `close()' function on a file name of the form + Finally, using the `close()' function on a FN of the form `"/dev/fd/N"', for file descriptor numbers above two, does actually close the given file descriptor. @@ -6632,16 +6630,15 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Special Network, Next: Special Caveats, Prev: Special ---------------------------------------------- `gawk' programs can open a two-way TCP/IP connection, acting as either -a client or a server. This is done using a special file name of the -form: +a client or a server. This is done using a special FN of the form: `/NET-TYPE/PROTOCOL/LOCAL-PORT/REMOTE-HOST/REMOTE-PORT' The NET-TYPE is one of `inet', `inet4' or `inet6'. The PROTOCOL is one of `tcp' or `udp', and the other fields represent the other essential pieces of information for making a networking connection. -These file names are used with the `|&' operator for communicating with -a coprocess (*note Two-way I/O::). This is an advanced feature, +These FNs are used with the `|&' operator for communicating with a +coprocess (*note Two-way I/O::). This is an advanced feature, mentioned here only for completeness. Full discussion is delayed until *note TCP/IP Networking::. @@ -6651,15 +6648,15 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Special Caveats, Prev: Special Network, Up: Special Fi 5.7.3 Special File Name Caveats ------------------------------- -Here is a list of things to bear in mind when using the special file -names that `gawk' provides: +Here is a list of things to bear in mind when using the special FNs +that `gawk' provides: - * Recognition of these special file names is disabled if `gawk' is in + * Recognition of these special FNs is disabled if `gawk' is in compatibility mode (*note Options::). - * `gawk' _always_ interprets these special file names. For example, - using `/dev/fd/4' for output actually writes on file descriptor 4, - and not on a new file descriptor that is `dup()''ed from file + * `gawk' _always_ interprets these special FNs. For example, using + `/dev/fd/4' for output actually writes on file descriptor 4, and + not on a new file descriptor that is `dup()''ed from file descriptor 4. Most of the time this does not matter; however, it is important to _not_ close any of the files related to file descriptors 0, 1, and 2. Doing so results in unpredictable @@ -6671,17 +6668,17 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Close Files And Pipes, Prev: Special Files, Up: Printi 5.8 Closing Input and Output Redirections ========================================= -If the same file name or the same shell command is used with `getline' -more than once during the execution of an `awk' program (*note -Getline::), the file is opened (or the command is executed) the first -time only. At that time, the first record of input is read from that -file or command. The next time the same file or command is used with -`getline', another record is read from it, and so on. +If the same FN or the same shell command is used with `getline' more +than once during the execution of an `awk' program (*note Getline::), +the file is opened (or the command is executed) the first time only. +At that time, the first record of input is read from that file or +command. The next time the same file or command is used with `getline', +another record is read from it, and so on. Similarly, when a file or pipe is opened for output, `awk' remembers -the file name or command associated with it, and subsequent writes to -the same file or command are appended to the previous writes. The file -or pipe stays open until `awk' exits. +the FN or command associated with it, and subsequent writes to the same +file or command are appended to the previous writes. The file or pipe +stays open until `awk' exits. This implies that special steps are necessary in order to read the same file again from the beginning, or to rerun a shell command (rather @@ -6710,8 +6707,8 @@ file or command, or the next `print' or `printf' to that file or command, reopens the file or reruns the command. Because the expression that you use to close a file or pipeline must exactly match the expression used to open the file or run the command, it is good -practice to use a variable to store the file name or command. The -previous example becomes the following: +practice to use a variable to store the FN or command. The previous +example becomes the following: sortcom = "sort -r names" sortcom | getline foo @@ -7166,11 +7163,11 @@ option, as in the following: the variable is set at the very beginning, even before the `BEGIN' rules execute. The `-v' option and its assignment must precede all the -file name arguments, as well as the program text. (*Note Options::, -for more information about the `-v' option.) Otherwise, the variable -assignment is performed at a time determined by its position among the -input file arguments--after the processing of the preceding input file -argument. For example: +FN arguments, as well as the program text. (*Note Options::, for more +information about the `-v' option.) Otherwise, the variable assignment +is performed at a time determined by its position among the input file +arguments--after the processing of the preceding input file argument. +For example: awk '{ print $n }' n=4 inventory-shipped n=2 mail-list @@ -9793,14 +9790,13 @@ Options::), they are not special. `ARGIND #' The index in `ARGV' of the current file being processed. Every time `gawk' opens a new data file for processing, it sets `ARGIND' - to the index in `ARGV' of the file name. When `gawk' is - processing the input files, `FILENAME == ARGV[ARGIND]' is always - true. + to the index in `ARGV' of the FN. When `gawk' is processing the + input files, `FILENAME == ARGV[ARGIND]' is always true. This variable is useful in file processing; it allows you to tell how far along you are in the list of data files as well as to - distinguish between successive instances of the same file name on - the command line. + distinguish between successive instances of the same FN on the + command line. While you can change the value of `ARGIND' within your `awk' program, `gawk' automatically sets it to a new value when the next @@ -10127,13 +10123,13 @@ incrementing `ARGC' causes additional files to be read. If the value of `ARGC' is decreased, that eliminates input files from the end of the list. By recording the old value of `ARGC' elsewhere, a program can treat the eliminated arguments as something -other than file names. +other than FNs. To eliminate a file from the middle of the list, store the null string (`""') into `ARGV' in place of the file's name. As a special -feature, `awk' ignores file names that have been replaced with the null -string. Another option is to use the `delete' statement to remove -elements from `ARGV' (*note Delete::). +feature, `awk' ignores FNs that have been replaced with the null string. +Another option is to use the `delete' statement to remove elements from +`ARGV' (*note Delete::). All of these actions are typically done in the `BEGIN' rule, before actual processing of the input begins. *Note Split Program::, and see @@ -14411,16 +14407,16 @@ does so _portably_; this works with any implementation of `awk': the rule it supplies is executed first. This rule relies on `awk''s `FILENAME' variable that automatically -changes for each new data file. The current file name is saved in a -private variable, `_oldfilename'. If `FILENAME' does not equal -`_oldfilename', then a new data file is being processed and it is -necessary to call `endfile()' for the old file. Because `endfile()' -should only be called if a file has been processed, the program first -checks to make sure that `_oldfilename' is not the null string. The -program then assigns the current file name to `_oldfilename' and calls -`beginfile()' for the file. Because, like all `awk' variables, -`_oldfilename' is initialized to the null string, this rule executes -correctly even for the first data file. +changes for each new data file. The current FN is saved in a private +variable, `_oldfilename'. If `FILENAME' does not equal `_oldfilename', +then a new data file is being processed and it is necessary to call +`endfile()' for the old file. Because `endfile()' should only be +called if a file has been processed, the program first checks to make +sure that `_oldfilename' is not the null string. The program then +assigns the current FN to `_oldfilename' and calls `beginfile()' for +the file. Because, like all `awk' variables, `_oldfilename' is +initialized to the null string, this rule executes correctly even for +the first data file. The program also supplies an `END' rule to do the final processing for the last file. Because this `END' rule comes before any `END' rules @@ -14557,8 +14553,8 @@ program code. possible to detect when an empty data file has been skipped. Similar to the library file presented in *note Filetrans Function::, the following library file calls a function named `zerofile()' that the -user must provide. The arguments passed are the file name and the -position in `ARGV' where it was found: +user must provide. The arguments passed are the FN and the position in +`ARGV' where it was found: # zerofile.awk --- library file to process empty input files @@ -14599,13 +14595,13 @@ intervening value in `ARGV' is a variable assignment.  File: gawk.info, Node: Ignoring Assigns, Prev: Empty Files, Up: Data File Management -10.3.5 Treating Assignments as File Names ------------------------------------------ +10.3.5 Treating Assignments as File Name +---------------------------------------- Occasionally, you might not want `awk' to process command-line variable assignments (*note Assignment Options::). In particular, if you have a -file name that contains an `=' character, `awk' treats the file name as -an assignment, and does not process it. +FN that contains an `=' character, `awk' treats the FN as an +assignment, and does not process it. Some users have suggested an additional command-line option for `gawk' to disable command-line assignments. However, some simple @@ -14632,7 +14628,7 @@ programming with a library file does the trick: The function works by looping through the arguments. It prepends `./' to any argument that matches the form of a variable assignment, -turning that argument into a file name. +turning that argument into a FN. The use of `No_command_assign' allows you to disable command-line assignments at invocation time, by giving the variable a true value. @@ -14921,7 +14917,7 @@ that it does not try to interpret the `-a', etc., as its own options. NOTE: After `getopt()' is through, it is the responsibility of the user level code to clear out all the elements of `ARGV' from 1 to `Optind', so that `awk' does not try to process the command-line - options as file names. + options as FNs. Several of the sample programs presented in *note Sample Programs::, use `getopt()' to process their arguments. @@ -15640,7 +15636,7 @@ by characters, the output field separator is set to the null string: OFS = "" } else if (c == "d") { if (length(Optarg) > 1) { - printf("Using first character of %s" \ + printf("cut: using first character of %s" \ " for delimiter\n", Optarg) > "/dev/stderr" Optarg = substr(Optarg, 1, 1) } @@ -15665,7 +15661,7 @@ we want them to be separated with individual spaces. Also remember that after `getopt()' is through (as described in *note Getopt Function::), we have to clear out all the elements of `ARGV' from 1 to `Optind', so that `awk' does not try to process the command-line options -as file names. +as FNs. After dealing with the command-line options, the program verifies that the options make sense. Only one or the other of `-c' and `-f' @@ -15707,7 +15703,7 @@ splitting: if (index(f[i], "-") != 0) { # a range m = split(f[i], g, "-") if (m != 2 || g[1] >= g[2]) { - printf("bad field list: %s\n", + printf("cut: bad field list: %s\n", f[i]) > "/dev/stderr" exit 1 } @@ -15745,7 +15741,7 @@ filler fields: if (index(f[i], "-") != 0) { # range m = split(f[i], g, "-") if (m != 2 || g[1] >= g[2]) { - printf("bad character list: %s\n", + printf("cut: bad character list: %s\n", f[i]) > "/dev/stderr" exit 1 } @@ -15822,10 +15818,9 @@ expressions that are almost identical to those available in `awk' The PATTERN is a regular expression. In typical usage, the regular expression is quoted to prevent the shell from expanding any of the -special characters as file name wildcards. Normally, `egrep' prints -the lines that matched. If multiple file names are provided on the -command line, each output line is preceded by the name of the file and -a colon. +special characters as FN wildcards. Normally, `egrep' prints the lines +that matched. If multiple FNs are provided on the command line, each +output line is preceded by the name of the file and a colon. The options to `egrep' are as follows: @@ -15897,8 +15892,8 @@ pattern is supplied with `-e', the first nonoption on the command line is used. The `awk' command-line arguments up to `ARGV[Optind]' are cleared, so that `awk' won't try to process them as files. If no files are specified, the standard input is used, and if multiple files are -specified, we make sure to note this so that the file names can precede -the matched lines in the output: +specified, we make sure to note this so that the FNs can precede the +matched lines in the output: if (pattern == "") pattern = ARGV[Optind++] @@ -15979,9 +15974,9 @@ just moves on to the next record. are not counting lines. First, if the user only wants exit status (`no_print' is true), then it is enough to know that _one_ line in this file matched, and we can skip on to the next file with `nextfile'. -Similarly, if we are only printing file names, we can print the file -name, and then skip to the next file with `nextfile'. Finally, each -line is printed, with a leading file name and colon if necessary: +Similarly, if we are only printing FNs, we can print the FN, and then +skip to the next file with `nextfile'. Finally, each line is printed, +with a leading FN and colon if necessary: { matches = ($0 ~ pattern) @@ -16167,7 +16162,7 @@ To change the number of lines in each file, supply a number on the command line preceded with a minus; e.g., `-500' for files with 500 lines in them instead of 1000. To change the name of the output files to something like `myfileaa', `myfileab', and so on, supply an -additional argument that specifies the file name prefix. +additional argument that specifies the FN prefix. Here is a version of `split' in `awk'. It uses the `ord()' and `chr()' functions presented in *note Ordinal Functions::. @@ -16892,7 +16887,7 @@ alarm: # how long to sleep for naptime = target - current if (naptime <= 0) { - print "time is in the past!" > "/dev/stderr" + print "alarm: time is in the past!" > "/dev/stderr" exit 1 } @@ -17394,7 +17389,7 @@ with a zero exit status, signifying OK: /^@c(omment)?[ \t]+system/ \ { if (NF < 3) { - e = (FILENAME ":" FNR) + e = ("extract: " FILENAME ":" FNR) e = (e ": badly formed `system' line") print e > "/dev/stderr" next @@ -17403,7 +17398,7 @@ with a zero exit status, signifying OK: $2 = "" stat = system($0) if (stat != 0) { - e = (FILENAME ":" FNR) + e = ("extract: " FILENAME ":" FNR) e = (e ": warning: system returned " stat) print e > "/dev/stderr" } @@ -17443,7 +17438,7 @@ output file: /^@c(omment)?[ \t]+file/ \ { if (NF != 3) { - e = (FILENAME ":" FNR ": badly formed `file' line") + e = ("extract: " FILENAME ":" FNR ": badly formed `file' line") print e > "/dev/stderr" next } @@ -17494,7 +17489,7 @@ closing the open file: function unexpected_eof() { - printf("%s:%d: unexpected EOF or error\n", + printf("extract: %s:%d: unexpected EOF or error\n", FILENAME, FNR) > "/dev/stderr" exit 1 } @@ -17874,7 +17869,7 @@ zero, the program is done: } fpath = pathto($2) if (fpath == "") { - printf("igawk:%s:%d: cannot find %s\n", + printf("igawk: %s:%d: cannot find %s\n", input[stackptr], FNR, $2) > "/dev/stderr" continue } @@ -19556,8 +19551,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Gawk I18N, Prev: I18N Example, Up: Internationalizatio `gawk' itself has been internationalized using the GNU `gettext' package. (GNU `gettext' is described in complete detail in *note (GNU `gettext' utilities)Top:: gettext, GNU gettext tools.) As of this -writing, the latest version of GNU `gettext' is version 0.18.2.1 -(ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/gettext-0.18.2.1.tar.gz). +writing, the latest version of GNU `gettext' is version 0.19 +(ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/gettext-0.19.tar.gz). If a translation of `gawk''s messages exists, then `gawk' produces usage messages, warnings, and fatal errors in the local language. @@ -22784,7 +22779,7 @@ structures as described earlier. `awk_bool_t (*can_take_two_way)(const char *name);' This function returns true if it wants to take over two-way I/O - for this filename. It should not change any state (variable + for this file name. It should not change any state (variable values, etc.) within `gawk'. `awk_bool_t (*take_control_of)(const char *name,' @@ -24542,7 +24537,7 @@ requested hierarchies. The arguments are as follows: `pathlist' - An array of filenames. The element values are used; the index + An array of file names. The element values are used; the index values are ignored. `flags' @@ -24658,10 +24653,10 @@ constant (`FNM_NOMATCH'), and an array of flag values named `FNM'. The arguments to `fnmatch()' are: `pattern' - The filename wildcard to match. + The FN wildcard to match. `string' - The filename string. + The FN string. `flag' Either zero, or the bitwise OR of one or more of the flags in the @@ -24753,8 +24748,8 @@ standard output to a temporary file configured to have the same owner and permissions as the original. After the file has been processed, the extension restores standard output to its original destination. If `INPLACE_SUFFIX' is not an empty string, the original file is linked to -a backup filename created by appending that suffix. Finally, the -temporary file is renamed to the original filename. +a backup FN created by appending that suffix. Finally, the temporary +file is renamed to the original FN. If any error occurs, the extension issues a fatal error to terminate processing immediately without damaging the original file. @@ -24814,9 +24809,9 @@ on the command line (or with `getline'), they are read, with each entry returned as a record. The record consists of three fields. The first two are the inode -number and the filename, separated by a forward slash character. On -systems where the directory entry contains the file type, the record -has a third field (also separated by a slash) which is a single letter +number and the FN, separated by a forward slash character. On systems +where the directory entry contains the file type, the record has a +third field (also separated by a slash) which is a single letter indicating the type of the file. The letters are file types are shown in *note table-readdir-file-types::. @@ -26903,8 +26898,8 @@ or: $ MMK/DESCRIPTION=[.vms]descrip.mms gawk `MMK' is an open source, free, near-clone of `MMS' and can better -handle ODS-5 volumes with upper- and lowercase filenames. `MMK' is -available from `https://github.com/endlesssoftware/mmk'. +handle ODS-5 volumes with upper- and lowercase FNs. `MMK' is available +from `https://github.com/endlesssoftware/mmk'. With ODS-5 volumes and extended parsing enabled, the case of the target parameter may need to be exact. @@ -27024,9 +27019,9 @@ has no device or directory path information in it, `gawk' looks in the current directory first, then in the directory specified by the translation of `AWK_LIBRARY' if the file is not found. If, after searching in both directories, the file still is not found, `gawk' -appends the suffix `.awk' to the filename and retries the file search. -If `AWK_LIBRARY' has no definition, a default value of `SYS$LIBRARY:' -is used for it. +appends the suffix `.awk' to the FN and retries the file search. If +`AWK_LIBRARY' has no definition, a default value of `SYS$LIBRARY:' is +used for it.  File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Running, Next: VMS GNV, Prev: VMS Installation Details, Up: VMS Installation @@ -30145,7 +30140,7 @@ Index * Menu: * ! (exclamation point), ! operator: Boolean Ops. (line 67) -* ! (exclamation point), ! operator <1>: Egrep Program. (line 175) +* ! (exclamation point), ! operator <1>: Egrep Program. (line 174) * ! (exclamation point), ! operator <2>: Ranges. (line 48) * ! (exclamation point), ! operator: Precedence. (line 52) * ! (exclamation point), != operator <1>: Precedence. (line 65) @@ -30340,7 +30335,7 @@ Index * > (right angle bracket), >= operator: Comparison Operators. (line 11) * > (right angle bracket), >> operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 65) -* > (right angle bracket), >> operator (I/O): Redirection. (line 50) +* > (right angle bracket), >> operator (I/O): Redirection. (line 49) * ? (question mark), ?: operator: Precedence. (line 92) * ? (question mark), regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 59) @@ -30381,7 +30376,7 @@ Index (line 38) * \ (backslash), as field separator: Command Line Field Separator. (line 27) -* \ (backslash), continuing lines and <1>: Egrep Program. (line 223) +* \ (backslash), continuing lines and <1>: Egrep Program. (line 222) * \ (backslash), continuing lines and: Statements/Lines. (line 19) * \ (backslash), continuing lines and, comments and: Statements/Lines. (line 76) @@ -30588,7 +30583,7 @@ Index * awk, gawk and <1>: This Manual. (line 14) * awk, gawk and: Preface. (line 23) * awk, history of: History. (line 17) -* awk, implementation issues, pipes: Redirection. (line 135) +* awk, implementation issues, pipes: Redirection. (line 134) * awk, implementations: Other Versions. (line 6) * awk, implementations, limits: Getline Notes. (line 14) * awk, invoking: Command Line. (line 6) @@ -30655,7 +30650,7 @@ Index (line 38) * backslash (\), as field separator: Command Line Field Separator. (line 27) -* backslash (\), continuing lines and <1>: Egrep Program. (line 223) +* backslash (\), continuing lines and <1>: Egrep Program. (line 222) * backslash (\), continuing lines and: Statements/Lines. (line 19) * backslash (\), continuing lines and, comments and: Statements/Lines. (line 76) @@ -30966,7 +30961,7 @@ Index (line 6) * cookie: Glossary. (line 149) * coprocesses <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 44) -* coprocesses: Redirection. (line 102) +* coprocesses: Redirection. (line 101) * coprocesses, closing: Close Files And Pipes. (line 6) * coprocesses, getline from: Getline/Coprocess. (line 6) @@ -31009,9 +31004,9 @@ Index * dark corner, exit statement: Exit Statement. (line 30) * dark corner, field separators: Field Splitting Summary. (line 46) -* dark corner, FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 90) +* dark corner, FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 89) * dark corner, FILENAME variable: Getline Notes. (line 19) -* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 301) +* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 300) * dark corner, format-control characters: Control Letters. (line 18) * dark corner, FS as null string: Single Character Fields. (line 20) @@ -31195,25 +31190,25 @@ Index (line 81) * differences in awk and gawk, command line directories: Command line directories. (line 6) -* differences in awk and gawk, ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 74) +* differences in awk and gawk, ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 73) * differences in awk and gawk, error messages: Special FD. (line 16) * differences in awk and gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable: User-modified. (line 37) * differences in awk and gawk, FPAT variable: User-modified. (line 43) -* differences in awk and gawk, FUNCTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 115) +* differences in awk and gawk, FUNCTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 114) * differences in awk and gawk, function arguments (gawk): Calling Built-in. (line 16) * differences in awk and gawk, getline command: Getline. (line 19) * differences in awk and gawk, IGNORECASE variable: User-modified. (line 76) * differences in awk and gawk, implementation limitations <1>: Redirection. - (line 135) + (line 134) * differences in awk and gawk, implementation limitations: Getline Notes. (line 14) * differences in awk and gawk, indirect function calls: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, input/output operators <1>: Redirection. - (line 102) + (line 101) * differences in awk and gawk, input/output operators: Getline/Coprocess. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, line continuations: Conditional Exp. @@ -31223,7 +31218,7 @@ Index (line 260) * differences in awk and gawk, print/printf statements: Format Modifiers. (line 13) -* differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 128) +* differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 127) * differences in awk and gawk, read timeouts: Read Timeout. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, record separators: awk split records. (line 124) @@ -31233,7 +31228,7 @@ Index (line 26) * differences in awk and gawk, RS/RT variables: gawk split records. (line 58) -* differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 257) +* differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 256) * differences in awk and gawk, single-character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, split() function: String Functions. @@ -31241,7 +31236,7 @@ Index * differences in awk and gawk, strings: Scalar Constants. (line 20) * differences in awk and gawk, strings, storing: gawk split records. (line 77) -* differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 261) +* differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 260) * differences in awk and gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. (line 152) * differences in awk and gawk, trunc-mod operation: Arithmetic Ops. @@ -31282,11 +31277,11 @@ Index * dynamically loaded extensions: Dynamic Extensions. (line 6) * e debugger command (alias for enable): Breakpoint Control. (line 73) * EBCDIC: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) -* effective group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 133) -* effective user ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 137) +* effective group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 132) +* effective user ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 136) * egrep utility <1>: Egrep Program. (line 6) * egrep utility: Bracket Expressions. (line 24) -* egrep.awk program: Egrep Program. (line 54) +* egrep.awk program: Egrep Program. (line 53) * elements in arrays, assigning values: Assigning Elements. (line 6) * elements in arrays, deleting: Delete. (line 6) * elements in arrays, order of access by in operator: Scanning an Array. @@ -31311,7 +31306,7 @@ Index * END pattern, and profiling: Profiling. (line 62) * END pattern, assert() user-defined function and: Assert Function. (line 75) -* END pattern, backslash continuation and: Egrep Program. (line 223) +* END pattern, backslash continuation and: Egrep Program. (line 222) * END pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 70) * END pattern, exit statement and: Exit Statement. (line 12) * END pattern, next/nextfile statements and <1>: Next Statement. @@ -31327,10 +31322,10 @@ Index * endgrent() user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 216) * endpwent() function (C library): Passwd Functions. (line 210) * endpwent() user-defined function: Passwd Functions. (line 213) -* ENVIRON array: Auto-set. (line 60) +* ENVIRON array: Auto-set. (line 59) * environment variables used by gawk: Environment Variables. (line 6) -* environment variables, in ENVIRON array: Auto-set. (line 60) +* environment variables, in ENVIRON array: Auto-set. (line 59) * epoch, definition of: Glossary. (line 234) * equals sign (=), = operator: Assignment Ops. (line 6) * equals sign (=), == operator <1>: Precedence. (line 65) @@ -31338,13 +31333,13 @@ Index (line 11) * EREs (Extended Regular Expressions): Bracket Expressions. (line 24) * ERRNO variable <1>: TCP/IP Networking. (line 54) -* ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 74) +* ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 73) * ERRNO variable, with BEGINFILE pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26) * ERRNO variable, with close() function: Close Files And Pipes. (line 139) * ERRNO variable, with getline command: Getline. (line 19) * error handling: Special FD. (line 16) -* error handling, ERRNO variable and: Auto-set. (line 74) +* error handling, ERRNO variable and: Auto-set. (line 73) * error output: Special FD. (line 6) * escape processing, gsub()/gensub()/sub() functions: Gory Details. (line 6) @@ -31357,7 +31352,7 @@ Index * evaluation order, concatenation: Concatenation. (line 41) * evaluation order, functions: Calling Built-in. (line 30) * examining fields: Fields. (line 6) -* exclamation point (!), ! operator <1>: Egrep Program. (line 175) +* exclamation point (!), ! operator <1>: Egrep Program. (line 174) * exclamation point (!), ! operator <2>: Precedence. (line 52) * exclamation point (!), ! operator: Boolean Ops. (line 67) * exclamation point (!), != operator <1>: Precedence. (line 65) @@ -31398,7 +31393,7 @@ Index (line 6) * extension API version: Extension Versioning. (line 6) -* extension API, version number: Auto-set. (line 224) +* extension API, version number: Auto-set. (line 223) * extension example: Extension Example. (line 6) * extension registration: Registration Functions. (line 6) @@ -31474,10 +31469,10 @@ Index * FIELDWIDTHS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 37) * FIELDWIDTHS variable: Constant Size. (line 23) * file descriptors: Special FD. (line 6) -* file names, distinguishing: Auto-set. (line 56) +* file names, distinguishing: Auto-set. (line 55) * file names, in compatibility mode: Special Caveats. (line 9) * file names, standard streams in gawk: Special FD. (line 46) -* FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 90) +* FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 89) * FILENAME variable: Reading Files. (line 6) * FILENAME variable, getline, setting with: Getline Notes. (line 19) * filenames, assignments as: Ignoring Assigns. (line 6) @@ -31523,7 +31518,7 @@ Index * files, portable object, converting to message object files: I18N Example. (line 63) * files, portable object, generating: Options. (line 147) -* files, processing, ARGIND variable and: Auto-set. (line 51) +* files, processing, ARGIND variable and: Auto-set. (line 50) * files, reading: Rewind Function. (line 6) * files, reading, multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 6) * files, searching for regular expressions: Egrep Program. (line 6) @@ -31547,9 +31542,9 @@ Index * flush buffered output: I/O Functions. (line 28) * fnmatch() extension function: Extension Sample Fnmatch. (line 12) -* FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 99) +* FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 98) * FNR variable: Records. (line 6) -* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 301) +* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 300) * for statement: For Statement. (line 6) * for statement, looping over arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 20) * fork() extension function: Extension Sample Fork. @@ -31599,7 +31594,7 @@ Index * FSF (Free Software Foundation): Manual History. (line 6) * fts() extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. (line 61) -* FUNCTAB array: Auto-set. (line 115) +* FUNCTAB array: Auto-set. (line 114) * function calls: Function Calls. (line 6) * function calls, indirect: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * function definition example: Function Example. (line 6) @@ -31649,7 +31644,7 @@ Index * G-d: Acknowledgments. (line 78) * Garfinkle, Scott: Contributors. (line 34) * gawk program, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 179) -* gawk version: Auto-set. (line 199) +* gawk version: Auto-set. (line 198) * gawk, ARGIND variable in: Other Arguments. (line 12) * gawk, awk and <1>: This Manual. (line 14) * gawk, awk and: Preface. (line 23) @@ -31670,7 +31665,7 @@ Index * gawk, distribution: Distribution contents. (line 6) * gawk, ERRNO variable in <1>: TCP/IP Networking. (line 54) -* gawk, ERRNO variable in <2>: Auto-set. (line 74) +* gawk, ERRNO variable in <2>: Auto-set. (line 73) * gawk, ERRNO variable in <3>: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26) * gawk, ERRNO variable in <4>: Close Files And Pipes. (line 139) @@ -31687,7 +31682,7 @@ Index * gawk, FPAT variable in <1>: User-modified. (line 43) * gawk, FPAT variable in: Splitting By Content. (line 27) -* gawk, FUNCTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 115) +* gawk, FUNCTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 114) * gawk, function arguments and: Calling Built-in. (line 16) * gawk, hexadecimal numbers and: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 42) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <1>: Array Sorting Functions. @@ -31701,7 +31696,7 @@ Index * gawk, implementation issues, downward compatibility: Compatibility Mode. (line 6) * gawk, implementation issues, limits: Getline Notes. (line 14) -* gawk, implementation issues, pipes: Redirection. (line 135) +* gawk, implementation issues, pipes: Redirection. (line 134) * gawk, installing: Installation. (line 6) * gawk, internationalization and, See internationalization: Internationalization. (line 13) @@ -31718,7 +31713,7 @@ Index * gawk, OS/2 version of: PC Using. (line 16) * gawk, PROCINFO array in <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 117) * gawk, PROCINFO array in <2>: Time Functions. (line 47) -* gawk, PROCINFO array in: Auto-set. (line 128) +* gawk, PROCINFO array in: Auto-set. (line 127) * gawk, regexp constants and: Using Constant Regexps. (line 28) * gawk, regular expressions, case sensitivity: Case-sensitivity. @@ -31726,14 +31721,14 @@ Index * gawk, regular expressions, operators: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 6) * gawk, regular expressions, precedence: Regexp Operators. (line 162) -* gawk, RT variable in <1>: Auto-set. (line 257) +* gawk, RT variable in <1>: Auto-set. (line 256) * gawk, RT variable in <2>: Multiple Line. (line 129) * gawk, RT variable in: awk split records. (line 124) * gawk, See Also awk: Preface. (line 36) * gawk, source code, obtaining: Getting. (line 6) * gawk, splitting fields and: Constant Size. (line 88) * gawk, string-translation functions: I18N Functions. (line 6) -* gawk, SYMTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 261) +* gawk, SYMTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 260) * gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable in: User-modified. (line 152) * gawk, timestamps: Time Functions. (line 6) * gawk, uses for: Preface. (line 36) @@ -31820,7 +31815,7 @@ Index * Grigera, Juan: Contributors. (line 57) * group database, reading: Group Functions. (line 6) * group file: Group Functions. (line 6) -* group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 172) +* group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 171) * groups, information about: Group Functions. (line 6) * gsub <1>: String Functions. (line 139) * gsub: Using Constant Regexps. @@ -31873,7 +31868,7 @@ Index * Illumos, POSIX-compliant awk: Other Versions. (line 105) * implementation issues, gawk: Notes. (line 6) * implementation issues, gawk, debugging: Compatibility Mode. (line 6) -* implementation issues, gawk, limits <1>: Redirection. (line 135) +* implementation issues, gawk, limits <1>: Redirection. (line 134) * implementation issues, gawk, limits: Getline Notes. (line 14) * in operator <1>: For Statement. (line 75) * in operator <2>: Precedence. (line 83) @@ -32116,7 +32111,7 @@ Index * mawk utility <3>: Concatenation. (line 36) * mawk utility <4>: Getline/Pipe. (line 62) * mawk utility: Escape Sequences. (line 124) -* maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 213) +* maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 212) * McIlroy, Doug: Glossary. (line 149) * McPhee, Patrick: Contributors. (line 100) * message object files: Explaining gettext. (line 42) @@ -32129,7 +32124,7 @@ Index * messages from extensions: Printing Messages. (line 6) * metacharacters in regular expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 6) * metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 130) -* minimum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 216) +* minimum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 215) * mktime: Time Functions. (line 25) * modifiers, in format specifiers: Format Modifiers. (line 6) * monetary information, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 104) @@ -32183,7 +32178,7 @@ Index (line 47) * nexti debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 49) -* NF variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 104) +* NF variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 103) * NF variable: Fields. (line 33) * NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 107) * ni debugger command (alias for nexti): Debugger Execution Control. @@ -32192,9 +32187,9 @@ Index * non-existent array elements: Reference to Elements. (line 23) * not Boolean-logic operator: Boolean Ops. (line 6) -* NR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 123) +* NR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 122) * NR variable: Records. (line 6) -* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 301) +* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 300) * null strings <1>: Basic Data Typing. (line 26) * null strings <2>: Truth Values. (line 6) * null strings <3>: Regexp Field Splitting. @@ -32302,14 +32297,14 @@ Index (line 6) * output, format specifier, OFMT: OFMT. (line 15) * output, formatted: Printf. (line 6) -* output, pipes: Redirection. (line 57) +* output, pipes: Redirection. (line 56) * output, printing, See printing: Printing. (line 6) * output, records: Output Separators. (line 20) * output, standard: Special FD. (line 6) * p debugger command (alias for print): Viewing And Changing Data. (line 36) * Papadopoulos, Panos: Contributors. (line 129) -* parent process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 181) +* parent process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 180) * parentheses (), in a profile: Profiling. (line 146) * parentheses (), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 80) * password file: Passwd Functions. (line 16) @@ -32339,7 +32334,7 @@ Index * pipe, closing: Close Files And Pipes. (line 6) * pipe, input: Getline/Pipe. (line 9) -* pipe, output: Redirection. (line 57) +* pipe, output: Redirection. (line 56) * Pitts, Dave <1>: Bugs. (line 71) * Pitts, Dave: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Plauger, P.J.: Library Functions. (line 12) @@ -32474,24 +32469,24 @@ Index * printing, unduplicated lines of text: Uniq Program. (line 6) * printing, user information: Id Program. (line 6) * private variables: Library Names. (line 11) -* process group idIDof gawk process: Auto-set. (line 175) -* process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 178) +* process group idIDof gawk process: Auto-set. (line 174) +* process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 177) * processes, two-way communications with: Two-way I/O. (line 23) * processing data: Basic High Level. (line 6) * PROCINFO array <1>: Passwd Functions. (line 6) * PROCINFO array <2>: Time Functions. (line 47) -* PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 128) +* PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 127) * PROCINFO array, and communications via ptys: Two-way I/O. (line 117) * PROCINFO array, and group membership: Group Functions. (line 6) * PROCINFO array, and user and group ID numbers: Id Program. (line 15) * PROCINFO array, testing the field splitting: Passwd Functions. (line 161) -* PROCINFO array, uses: Auto-set. (line 234) +* PROCINFO array, uses: Auto-set. (line 233) * PROCINFO, values of sorted_in: Controlling Scanning. (line 26) * profiling awk programs: Profiling. (line 6) * profiling awk programs, dynamically: Profiling. (line 179) -* program identifiers: Auto-set. (line 146) +* program identifiers: Auto-set. (line 145) * program, definition of: Getting Started. (line 21) * programmers, attractiveness of: Two-way I/O. (line 6) * programming conventions, --non-decimal-data option: Nondecimal Data. @@ -32647,11 +32642,11 @@ Index * right angle bracket (>), >= operator: Comparison Operators. (line 11) * right angle bracket (>), >> operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 65) -* right angle bracket (>), >> operator (I/O): Redirection. (line 50) +* right angle bracket (>), >> operator (I/O): Redirection. (line 49) * right shift: Bitwise Functions. (line 52) * right shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) * Ritchie, Dennis: Basic Data Typing. (line 54) -* RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 244) +* RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 243) * RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 224) * Robbins, Arnold <1>: Future Extensions. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <2>: Bugs. (line 32) @@ -32680,9 +32675,9 @@ Index * RS variable: awk split records. (line 12) * RS variable, multiline records and: Multiple Line. (line 17) * rshift: Bitwise Functions. (line 52) -* RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 250) +* RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 249) * RSTART variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 224) -* RT variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 257) +* RT variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 256) * RT variable <2>: Multiple Line. (line 129) * RT variable: awk split records. (line 124) * Rubin, Paul <1>: Contributors. (line 15) @@ -32702,7 +32697,7 @@ Index * scanning arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 6) * scanning multidimensional arrays: Multiscanning. (line 11) * Schorr, Andrew <1>: Contributors. (line 134) -* Schorr, Andrew <2>: Auto-set. (line 284) +* Schorr, Andrew <2>: Auto-set. (line 283) * Schorr, Andrew: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Schreiber, Bert: Acknowledgments. (line 38) * Schreiber, Rita: Acknowledgments. (line 38) @@ -32752,7 +32747,7 @@ Index * shadowing of variable values: Definition Syntax. (line 61) * shell quoting, double quote: Read Terminal. (line 25) * shell quoting, rules for: Quoting. (line 6) -* shells, piping commands into: Redirection. (line 142) +* shells, piping commands into: Redirection. (line 141) * shells, quoting: Using Shell Variables. (line 12) * shells, quoting, rules for: Quoting. (line 18) @@ -32790,7 +32785,7 @@ Index (line 110) * sidebar, Changing FS Does Not Affect the Fields: Field Splitting Summary. (line 38) -* sidebar, Changing NR and FNR: Auto-set. (line 299) +* sidebar, Changing NR and FNR: Auto-set. (line 298) * sidebar, Controlling Output Buffering with system(): I/O Functions. (line 138) * sidebar, Escape Sequences for Metacharacters: Escape Sequences. @@ -32801,7 +32796,7 @@ Index (line 107) * sidebar, Matching the Null String: Gory Details. (line 162) * sidebar, Operator Evaluation Order: Increment Ops. (line 58) -* sidebar, Piping into sh: Redirection. (line 140) +* sidebar, Piping into sh: Redirection. (line 139) * sidebar, Portability Issues with #!: Executable Scripts. (line 31) * sidebar, Recipe For A Programming Language: History. (line 6) * sidebar, RS = "\0" Is Not Portable: gawk split records. (line 63) @@ -32952,9 +32947,9 @@ Index * substr: String Functions. (line 479) * substring: String Functions. (line 479) * Sumner, Andrew: Other Versions. (line 64) -* supplementary groups of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 229) +* supplementary groups of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 228) * switch statement: Switch Statement. (line 6) -* SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 261) +* SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 260) * syntactic ambiguity: /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. (line 148) * system: I/O Functions. (line 75) @@ -33038,7 +33033,7 @@ Index * troubleshooting, match() function: String Functions. (line 289) * troubleshooting, print statement, omitting commas: Print Examples. (line 31) -* troubleshooting, printing: Redirection. (line 118) +* troubleshooting, printing: Redirection. (line 117) * troubleshooting, quotes with file names: Special FD. (line 68) * troubleshooting, readable data files: File Checking. (line 6) * troubleshooting, regexp constants vs. string constants: Computed Regexps. @@ -33132,10 +33127,10 @@ Index * variables, uninitialized, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 6) * variables, user-defined: Variables. (line 6) -* version of gawk: Auto-set. (line 199) -* version of gawk extension API: Auto-set. (line 224) -* version of GNU MP library: Auto-set. (line 210) -* version of GNU MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 206) +* version of gawk: Auto-set. (line 198) +* version of gawk extension API: Auto-set. (line 223) +* version of GNU MP library: Auto-set. (line 209) +* version of GNU MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 205) * vertical bar (|): Regexp Operators. (line 70) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O): Getline/Pipe. (line 9) @@ -33200,11 +33195,11 @@ Index * {} (braces), statements, grouping: Statements. (line 10) * | (vertical bar): Regexp Operators. (line 70) * | (vertical bar), | operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 65) -* | (vertical bar), | operator (I/O) <2>: Redirection. (line 57) +* | (vertical bar), | operator (I/O) <2>: Redirection. (line 56) * | (vertical bar), | operator (I/O): Getline/Pipe. (line 9) * | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O) <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 44) * | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O) <2>: Precedence. (line 65) -* | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O) <3>: Redirection. (line 102) +* | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O) <3>: Redirection. (line 101) * | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O): Getline/Coprocess. (line 6) * | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O), pipes, closing: Close Files And Pipes. (line 119) @@ -33245,515 +33240,515 @@ Node: Read Terminal74337 Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-175987 Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-276263 Node: Long76434 -Node: Executable Scripts77810 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-179643 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-279745 -Node: Comments80292 -Node: Quoting82759 -Node: DOS Quoting88075 -Node: Sample Data Files88750 -Node: Very Simple91265 -Node: Two Rules95903 -Node: More Complex97798 -Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1100730 -Node: Statements/Lines100815 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1105270 -Node: Other Features105535 -Node: When106463 -Node: Invoking Gawk108611 -Node: Command Line110074 -Node: Options110865 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1126677 -Node: Other Arguments126702 -Node: Naming Standard Input129364 -Node: Environment Variables130458 -Node: AWKPATH Variable131016 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1133887 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2133932 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable134192 -Node: Other Environment Variables134951 -Node: Exit Status138606 -Node: Include Files139281 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries142859 -Node: Obsolete144242 -Node: Undocumented144939 -Node: Regexp145181 -Node: Regexp Usage146570 -Node: Escape Sequences148603 -Node: Regexp Operators154270 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1161750 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2161897 -Node: Bracket Expressions161995 -Ref: table-char-classes163885 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators166408 -Node: Case-sensitivity170131 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1173023 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2173258 -Node: Leftmost Longest173366 -Node: Computed Regexps174567 -Node: Reading Files177916 -Node: Records179918 -Node: awk split records180653 -Node: gawk split records185511 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1190032 -Node: Fields190069 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1193033 -Node: Nonconstant Fields193119 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1195349 -Node: Changing Fields195551 -Node: Field Separators201505 -Node: Default Field Splitting204207 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting205324 -Node: Single Character Fields208665 -Node: Command Line Field Separator209724 -Node: Full Line Fields213066 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1213574 -Node: Field Splitting Summary213620 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1216719 -Node: Constant Size216820 -Node: Splitting By Content221427 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1225177 -Node: Multiple Line225217 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1231073 -Node: Getline231252 -Node: Plain Getline233468 -Node: Getline/Variable235563 -Node: Getline/File236710 -Node: Getline/Variable/File238094 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1239693 -Node: Getline/Pipe239780 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe242479 -Node: Getline/Coprocess243586 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess244838 -Node: Getline Notes245575 -Node: Getline Summary248379 -Ref: table-getline-variants248787 -Node: Read Timeout249699 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1253526 -Node: Command line directories253584 -Node: Printing254466 -Node: Print256097 -Node: Print Examples257438 -Node: Output Separators260217 -Node: OFMT262233 -Node: Printf263591 -Node: Basic Printf264497 -Node: Control Letters266036 -Node: Format Modifiers269890 -Node: Printf Examples275917 -Node: Redirection278624 -Node: Special Files285596 -Node: Special FD286129 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1289753 -Node: Special Network289827 -Node: Special Caveats290677 -Node: Close Files And Pipes291473 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1298611 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2298759 -Node: Expressions298909 -Node: Values300041 -Node: Constants300717 -Node: Scalar Constants301397 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1302256 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers302506 -Node: Regexp Constants305506 -Node: Using Constant Regexps305981 -Node: Variables309051 -Node: Using Variables309706 -Node: Assignment Options311430 -Node: Conversion313305 -Ref: table-locale-affects318741 -Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1319365 -Node: All Operators319474 -Node: Arithmetic Ops320104 -Node: Concatenation322609 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1325405 -Node: Assignment Ops325525 -Ref: table-assign-ops330508 -Node: Increment Ops331825 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions335263 -Node: Truth Values336346 -Node: Typing and Comparison337395 -Node: Variable Typing338188 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1342088 -Node: Comparison Operators342210 -Ref: table-relational-ops342620 -Node: POSIX String Comparison346168 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1347252 -Node: Boolean Ops347390 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1351460 -Node: Conditional Exp351551 -Node: Function Calls353278 -Node: Precedence357036 -Node: Locales360705 -Node: Patterns and Actions362308 -Node: Pattern Overview363362 -Node: Regexp Patterns365039 -Node: Expression Patterns365582 -Node: Ranges369363 -Node: BEGIN/END372469 -Node: Using BEGIN/END373231 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1375967 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END376073 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE378358 -Node: Empty381289 -Node: Using Shell Variables381606 -Node: Action Overview383889 -Node: Statements386216 -Node: If Statement388064 -Node: While Statement389562 -Node: Do Statement391606 -Node: For Statement392762 -Node: Switch Statement395914 -Node: Break Statement398017 -Node: Continue Statement400072 -Node: Next Statement401865 -Node: Nextfile Statement404255 -Node: Exit Statement406910 -Node: Built-in Variables409314 -Node: User-modified410410 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1418095 -Node: Auto-set418157 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1430722 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2430927 -Node: ARGC and ARGV430983 -Node: Arrays434837 -Node: Array Basics436335 -Node: Array Intro437161 -Ref: figure-array-elements439134 -Node: Reference to Elements441541 -Node: Assigning Elements443814 -Node: Array Example444305 -Node: Scanning an Array446037 -Node: Controlling Scanning449052 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1454225 -Node: Delete454541 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1457306 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts457363 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts459546 -Node: Multidimensional461171 -Node: Multiscanning464264 -Node: Arrays of Arrays465853 -Node: Functions470493 -Node: Built-in471312 -Node: Calling Built-in472390 -Node: Numeric Functions474378 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1478212 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2478569 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3478617 -Node: String Functions478886 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1501897 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2502026 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3502274 -Node: Gory Details502361 -Ref: table-sub-escapes504030 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92505384 -Ref: table-sub-proposed506735 -Ref: table-posix-sub508089 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes509634 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1510810 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2510861 -Node: I/O Functions511012 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1518135 -Node: Time Functions518282 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1528746 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2528814 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3528972 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4529083 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5529195 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6529422 -Node: Bitwise Functions529688 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops530250 -Ref: Bitwise 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Function-Footnote-1590257 -Node: Getlocaltime Function590457 -Node: Readfile Function594193 -Node: Data File Management596032 -Node: Filetrans Function596664 -Node: Rewind Function600733 -Node: File Checking602120 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1603252 -Node: Empty Files603453 -Node: Ignoring Assigns605683 -Node: Getopt Function607237 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1618540 -Node: Passwd Functions618743 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1627722 -Node: Group Functions627810 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1635752 -Node: Walking Arrays635965 -Node: Sample Programs638101 -Node: Running Examples638775 -Node: Clones639503 -Node: Cut Program640727 -Node: Egrep Program650580 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1658551 -Node: Id Program658661 -Node: Split Program662325 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1665863 -Node: Tee Program665991 -Node: Uniq Program668798 -Node: Wc Program676228 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1680496 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2680696 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs680788 -Node: Dupword Program681976 -Node: Alarm Program684007 -Node: Translate Program688814 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1693205 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2693475 -Node: Labels Program693609 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1696980 -Node: Word Sorting697064 -Node: History Sorting701107 -Node: Extract Program702943 -Ref: Extract Program-Footnote-1710473 -Node: Simple Sed710602 -Node: Igawk Program713664 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1728839 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2729040 -Node: Anagram Program729178 -Node: Signature Program732246 -Node: Advanced Features733493 -Node: Nondecimal Data735379 -Node: Array Sorting736956 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal737653 -Node: Array Sorting Functions745933 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1749840 -Node: Two-way I/O750034 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1755550 -Node: TCP/IP Networking755632 -Node: Profiling758476 -Node: Internationalization765984 -Node: I18N and L10N767409 -Node: Explaining gettext768095 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1773235 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2773419 -Node: Programmer i18n773584 -Node: Translator i18n777809 -Node: String Extraction778603 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1779564 -Node: Printf Ordering779650 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1782432 -Node: I18N Portability782496 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1784945 -Node: I18N Example785008 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1787730 -Node: Gawk I18N787802 -Node: Debugger788423 -Node: Debugging789394 -Node: Debugging Concepts789835 -Node: Debugging Terms791691 -Node: Awk Debugging794288 -Node: Sample Debugging Session795180 -Node: Debugger Invocation795700 -Node: Finding The Bug797033 -Node: List of Debugger Commands803515 -Node: Breakpoint Control804847 -Node: Debugger Execution Control808511 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data811871 -Node: Execution Stack815229 -Node: Debugger Info816742 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands820736 -Node: Readline Support825920 -Node: Limitations826812 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic829060 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision 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-Node: Changing Precision867063 -Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1868455 -Node: Exact Arithmetic868629 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers871763 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1874778 -Node: Dynamic Extensions874925 -Node: Extension Intro876383 -Node: Plugin License877648 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline878333 -Ref: figure-load-extension878757 -Ref: figure-load-new-function880242 -Ref: figure-call-new-function881244 -Node: Extension API Description883228 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction884678 -Node: General Data Types889544 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1895237 -Node: Requesting Values895536 -Ref: table-value-types-returned896273 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions897231 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1899978 -Node: Constructor Functions900074 -Node: Registration Functions901832 -Node: Extension Functions902517 -Node: Exit Callback Functions904819 -Node: Extension Version String906069 -Node: Input Parsers906719 -Node: Output Wrappers916522 -Node: Two-way processors921038 -Node: Printing Messages923241 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1924318 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'924470 -Node: Accessing Parameters925209 -Node: Symbol Table Access926439 -Node: Symbol table by name926953 -Node: Symbol table by cookie928929 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1933062 -Node: Cached values933125 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1936630 -Node: Array Manipulation936721 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1937819 -Node: Array Data Types937858 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1940561 -Node: Array Functions940653 -Node: Flattening Arrays944527 -Node: Creating Arrays951379 -Node: Extension API Variables956110 -Node: Extension Versioning956746 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables958647 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate959733 -Node: Finding Extensions963537 -Node: Extension Example964097 -Node: Internal File Description964827 -Node: Internal File Ops968918 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1980464 -Node: Using Internal File Ops980604 -Ref: Using 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Robbins" Date: Sun, 8 Jun 2014 22:57:54 +0300 Subject: Start adding summary sections. --- doc/gawk.info | 1204 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------------- 1 file changed, 660 insertions(+), 544 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index c5038115..50ccda25 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -126,8 +126,8 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) includes command-line syntax. * One-shot:: Running a short throwaway `awk' program. -* Read Terminal:: Using no input files (input from - the keyboard instead). +* Read Terminal:: Using no input files (input from the + keyboard instead). * Long:: Putting permanent `awk' programs in files. * Executable Scripts:: Making self-contained `awk' @@ -149,6 +149,7 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * Other Features:: Other Features of `awk'. * When:: When to use `gawk' and when to use other things. +* Intro Summary:: Summary of the introduction. * Command Line:: How to run `awk'. * Options:: Command-line options and their meanings. @@ -170,6 +171,7 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) program. * Obsolete:: Obsolete Options and/or features. * Undocumented:: Undocumented Options and Features. +* Invoking Summary:: Invocation summary. * Regexp Usage:: How to Use Regular Expressions. * Escape Sequences:: How to write nonprinting characters. * Regexp Operators:: Regular Expression Operators. @@ -178,8 +180,12 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * Case-sensitivity:: How to do case-insensitive matching. * Leftmost Longest:: How much text matches. * Computed Regexps:: Using Dynamic Regexps. +* Regexp Summary:: Regular expressions summary. * Records:: Controlling how data is split into records. +* awk split records:: How standard `awk' splits + records. +* gawk split records:: How `gawk' splits records. * Fields:: An introduction to fields. * Nonconstant Fields:: Nonconstant Field Numbers. * Changing Fields:: Changing the Contents of a Field. @@ -636,8 +642,8 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) `gawk'. * New Ports:: Porting `gawk' to a new operating system. -* Derived Files:: Why derived files are kept in the - Git repository. +* Derived Files:: Why derived files are kept in the Git + repository. * Future Extensions:: New features that may be implemented one day. * Implementation Limitations:: Some limitations of the @@ -1351,6 +1357,7 @@ like this: * Other Features:: Other Features of `awk'. * When:: When to use `gawk' and when to use other things. +* Intro Summary:: Summary of the introduction.  File: gawk.info, Node: Running gawk, Next: Sample Data Files, Up: Getting Started @@ -2194,7 +2201,7 @@ most of the variables and many of the functions. They are described systematically in *note Built-in Variables::, and *note Built-in::.  -File: gawk.info, Node: When, Prev: Other Features, Up: Getting Started +File: gawk.info, Node: When, Next: Intro Summary, Prev: Other Features, Up: Getting Started 1.8 When to Use `awk' ===================== @@ -2234,6 +2241,30 @@ languages may require more lines of source code than the equivalent `awk' programs, but they are easier to maintain and usually run more efficiently. + +File: gawk.info, Node: Intro Summary, Prev: When, Up: Getting Started + +1.9 Summary +=========== + + * Programs in `awk' consist of PATTERN-ACTION pairs. + + * Use either `awk 'PROGRAM' FILES' or `awk -f PROGRAM-FILE FILES' to + run `awk'. + + * You may use the special `#!' header line to create `awk' programs + that are directly executable. + + * Comments in `awk' programs start with `#' and continue to the end + of the same line. + + * Be aware of quoting issues when writing `awk' programs as part of + a larger shell script (or MS-Windows batch file). + + * You may use backslash continuation to continue a source line. + Lines are automatically continued after a comma, open brace, + question mark, colon, `||', `&&', `do' and `else'. +  File: gawk.info, Node: Invoking Gawk, Next: Regexp, Prev: Getting Started, Up: Top @@ -2264,6 +2295,7 @@ this major node that don't interest you right now. * Loading Shared Libraries:: Loading shared libraries into your program. * Obsolete:: Obsolete Options and/or features. * Undocumented:: Undocumented Options and Features. +* Invoking Summary:: Invocation summary.  File: gawk.info, Node: Command Line, Next: Options, Up: Invoking Gawk @@ -3094,7 +3126,7 @@ worked. As of version 4.0, they are no longer interpreted specially by `gawk'. (Use `PROCINFO' instead; see *note Auto-set::.)  -File: gawk.info, Node: Undocumented, Prev: Obsolete, Up: Invoking Gawk +File: gawk.info, Node: Undocumented, Next: Invoking Summary, Prev: Obsolete, Up: Invoking Gawk 2.10 Undocumented Options and Features ====================================== @@ -3103,6 +3135,48 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Undocumented, Prev: Obsolete, Up: Invoking Gawk This minor node intentionally left blank. + +File: gawk.info, Node: Invoking Summary, Prev: Undocumented, Up: Invoking Gawk + +2.11 Summary +============ + + * Use either `awk 'PROGRAM' FILES' or `awk -f PROGRAM-FILE FILES' to + run `awk'. + + * The three standard `awk' options are `-f', `-F' and `-v'. `gawk' + supplies these and many others, as well as corresponding GNU-style + long options. + + * Non-option command-line arguments are usually treated as file + names, unless they have the form `VAR=VALUE', in which case they + are taken as variable assignments to be performed at that point in + processing the input. + + * All non-option command-line arguments, excluding the program text, + are placed in the `ARGV' array. Adjusting `ARGC' and `ARGV' + affects how `awk' processes input. + + * You can use a single minus sign (`-') to refer to standard input + on the command line. + + * `gawk' pays attention to a number of environment variables. + `AWKPATH', `AWKLIBPATH', and `POSIXLY_CORRECT' are the most + important ones. + + * `gawk''s exit status conveys information to the program that + invoked it. Use the `exit' statement from within an `awk' program + to set the exit status. + + * `gawk' allows you to include other `awk' source files into your + program using the `@include' statement and/or the `-i' and `-f' + command-line options. + + * `gawk' allows you to load additional functions written in C or C++ + using the `@load' statement and/or the `-l' option. (This + advanced feature is described later on in *note Dynamic + Extensions::.) +  File: gawk.info, Node: Regexp, Next: Reading Files, Prev: Invoking Gawk, Up: Top @@ -3132,6 +3206,7 @@ you specify more complicated classes of strings. * Case-sensitivity:: How to do case-insensitive matching. * Leftmost Longest:: How much text matches. * Computed Regexps:: Using Dynamic Regexps. +* Regexp Summary:: Regular expressions summary.  File: gawk.info, Node: Regexp Usage, Next: Escape Sequences, Up: Regexp @@ -3811,7 +3886,7 @@ this principle is also important for regexp-based record and field splitting (*note Records::, and also *note Field Separators::).  -File: gawk.info, Node: Computed Regexps, Prev: Leftmost Longest, Up: Regexp +File: gawk.info, Node: Computed Regexps, Next: Regexp Summary, Prev: Leftmost Longest, Up: Regexp 3.8 Using Dynamic Regexps ========================= @@ -3889,6 +3964,44 @@ inside a bracket expression for a dynamic regexp: `gawk' does not have this problem, and it isn't likely to occur often in practice, but it's worth noting for future reference. + +File: gawk.info, Node: Regexp Summary, Prev: Computed Regexps, Up: Regexp + +3.9 Summary +=========== + + * Regular expressions describe sets of strings to be matched. In + `awk', regular expression constants are written enclosed between + slashes: `/'...`/'. + + * Regexp constants may be used by standalone in patterns and in + conditional expressions, or as part of matching expressions using + the `~' and `!~' operators. + + * Escape sequences let you represent non-printable characters and + also let you represent regexp metacharacters as literal characters + to be matched. + + * Regexp operators provide grouping, alternation and repetition. + + * Bracket expressions give you a shorthand for specifyings sets of + characters that can match at a particular point in a regexp. + Within bracket expressions, POSIX character classes let you specify + certain groups of characters in a locale-independent fashion. + + * `gawk''s `IGNORECASE' variable lets you control the case + sensitivity of regexp matching. In other `awk' versions, use + `tolower()' or `toupper()'. + + * Regular expressions match the leftmost longest text in the string + being matched. This matters for cases where you need to know the + extent of the match, such as for text substitution and when the + record separator is a regexp. + + * Matching expressions may use dynamic regexps; that is string values + treated as regular expressions. + +  File: gawk.info, Node: Reading Files, Next: Printing, Prev: Regexp, Up: Top @@ -3946,8 +4059,8 @@ is never automatically reset to zero. * Menu: -* awk split records:: How standard `awk' splits records. -* gawk split records:: How `gawk' splits records. +* awk split records:: How standard `awk' splits records. +* gawk split records:: How `gawk' splits records.  File: gawk.info, Node: awk split records, Next: gawk split records, Up: Records @@ -8029,7 +8142,7 @@ has the value one if `x' contains `foo', such as `"Oh, what a fool am I!"'. The righthand operand of the `~' and `!~' operators may be either a -regexp constant (`/.../') or an ordinary expression. In the latter +regexp constant (`/'...`/') or an ordinary expression. In the latter case, the value of the expression as a string is used as a dynamic regexp (*note Regexp Usage::; also *note Computed Regexps::). @@ -27415,8 +27528,8 @@ as well as any considerations you should bear in mind. `gawk'. * New Ports:: Porting `gawk' to a new operating system. -* Derived Files:: Why derived files are kept in the - Git repository. +* Derived Files:: Why derived files are kept in the Git + repository.  File: gawk.info, Node: Accessing The Source, Next: Adding Code, Up: Additions @@ -33218,537 +33331,540 @@ Index  Tag Table: Node: Top1292 -Node: Foreword40830 -Node: Preface45175 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-148322 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-248429 -Node: History48661 -Node: Names51035 -Ref: Names-Footnote-152499 -Node: This Manual52572 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-158351 -Node: Conventions58451 -Node: Manual History60607 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-164046 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-264087 -Node: How To Contribute64161 -Node: Acknowledgments65400 -Node: Getting Started69549 -Node: Running gawk71922 -Node: One-shot73112 -Node: Read Terminal74337 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-175987 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-276263 -Node: Long76434 -Node: Executable Scripts77782 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-179615 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-279717 -Node: Comments80250 -Node: Quoting82717 -Node: DOS Quoting88026 -Node: Sample Data Files88701 -Node: Very Simple91216 -Node: Two Rules95847 -Node: More Complex97742 -Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1100667 -Node: Statements/Lines100752 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1105207 -Node: Other Features105472 -Node: When106400 -Node: Invoking Gawk108548 -Node: Command Line110011 -Node: Options110802 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1126586 -Node: Other Arguments126611 -Node: Naming Standard Input129252 -Node: Environment Variables130332 -Node: AWKPATH Variable130890 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1133741 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2133786 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable134046 -Node: Other Environment Variables134805 -Node: Exit Status138460 -Node: Include Files139135 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries142699 -Node: Obsolete144083 -Node: Undocumented144780 -Node: Regexp145022 -Node: Regexp Usage146411 -Node: Escape Sequences148444 -Node: Regexp Operators154111 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1161591 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2161738 -Node: Bracket Expressions161836 -Ref: table-char-classes163726 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators166249 -Node: Case-sensitivity169972 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1172864 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2173099 -Node: Leftmost Longest173207 -Node: Computed Regexps174408 -Node: Reading Files177757 -Node: Records179759 -Node: awk split records180494 -Node: gawk split records185352 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1189873 -Node: Fields189910 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1192874 -Node: Nonconstant Fields192960 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1195190 -Node: Changing Fields195392 -Node: Field Separators201346 -Node: Default Field Splitting204048 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting205165 -Node: Single Character Fields208506 -Node: Command Line Field Separator209565 -Node: Full Line Fields212907 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1213415 -Node: Field Splitting Summary213461 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1216560 -Node: Constant Size216661 -Node: Splitting By Content221268 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1225018 -Node: Multiple Line225058 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1230914 -Node: Getline231093 -Node: Plain Getline233309 -Node: Getline/Variable235404 -Node: Getline/File236551 -Node: Getline/Variable/File237927 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1239526 -Node: Getline/Pipe239613 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe242312 -Node: Getline/Coprocess243419 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess244671 -Node: Getline Notes245408 -Node: Getline Summary248212 -Ref: table-getline-variants248620 -Node: Read Timeout249532 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1253359 -Node: Command line directories253417 -Node: Printing254299 -Node: Print255923 -Node: Print Examples257264 -Node: Output Separators260043 -Node: OFMT262059 -Node: Printf263417 -Node: Basic Printf264323 -Node: Control Letters265862 -Node: Format Modifiers269716 -Node: Printf Examples275743 -Node: Redirection278450 -Node: Special Files285397 -Node: Special FD285913 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1289488 -Node: Special Network289562 -Node: Special Caveats290398 -Node: Close Files And Pipes291173 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1298289 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2298437 -Node: Expressions298587 -Node: Values299719 -Node: Constants300395 -Node: Scalar Constants301075 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1301934 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers302184 -Node: Regexp Constants305184 -Node: Using Constant Regexps305659 -Node: Variables308729 -Node: Using Variables309384 -Node: Assignment Options311108 -Node: Conversion312975 -Ref: table-locale-affects318411 -Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1319035 -Node: All Operators319144 -Node: Arithmetic Ops319774 -Node: Concatenation322279 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1325075 -Node: Assignment Ops325195 -Ref: table-assign-ops330178 -Node: Increment Ops331495 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions334933 -Node: Truth Values336016 -Node: Typing and Comparison337065 -Node: Variable Typing337858 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1341758 -Node: Comparison Operators341880 -Ref: table-relational-ops342290 -Node: POSIX String Comparison345838 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1346922 -Node: Boolean Ops347060 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1351130 -Node: Conditional Exp351221 -Node: Function Calls352948 -Node: Precedence356706 -Node: Locales360375 -Node: Patterns and Actions361978 -Node: Pattern Overview363032 -Node: Regexp Patterns364709 -Node: Expression Patterns365252 -Node: Ranges369033 -Node: BEGIN/END372139 -Node: Using BEGIN/END372901 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1375637 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END375743 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE378028 -Node: Empty380959 -Node: Using Shell Variables381276 -Node: Action Overview383559 -Node: Statements385886 -Node: If Statement387734 -Node: While Statement389232 -Node: Do Statement391276 -Node: For Statement392432 -Node: Switch Statement395584 -Node: Break Statement397687 -Node: Continue Statement399742 -Node: Next Statement401535 -Node: Nextfile Statement403925 -Node: Exit Statement406580 -Node: Built-in Variables408984 -Node: User-modified410080 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1417765 -Node: Auto-set417827 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1430373 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2430578 -Node: ARGC and ARGV430634 -Node: Arrays434473 -Node: Array Basics435971 -Node: Array Intro436797 -Ref: figure-array-elements438770 -Node: Reference to Elements441177 -Node: Assigning Elements443450 -Node: Array Example443941 -Node: Scanning an Array445673 -Node: Controlling Scanning448688 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1453861 -Node: Delete454177 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1456942 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts456999 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts459182 -Node: Multidimensional460807 -Node: Multiscanning463900 -Node: Arrays of Arrays465489 -Node: Functions470129 -Node: Built-in470948 -Node: Calling Built-in472026 -Node: Numeric Functions474014 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1477848 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2478205 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3478253 -Node: String Functions478522 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1501533 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2501662 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3501910 -Node: Gory Details501997 -Ref: table-sub-escapes503666 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92505020 -Ref: table-sub-proposed506371 -Ref: table-posix-sub507725 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes509270 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1510446 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2510497 -Node: I/O Functions510648 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1517771 -Node: Time Functions517918 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1528382 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2528450 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3528608 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4528719 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5528831 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6529058 -Node: Bitwise Functions529324 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops529886 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1534131 -Node: Type Functions534315 -Node: I18N Functions535457 -Node: User-defined537102 -Node: Definition Syntax537906 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1542831 -Node: Function Example542900 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1545544 -Node: Function Caveats545566 -Node: Calling A Function546084 -Node: Variable Scope547039 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference550027 -Node: Return Statement553535 -Node: Dynamic Typing556519 -Node: Indirect Calls557448 -Node: Library Functions567135 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1570648 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2570791 -Node: Library Names570962 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1574435 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2574655 -Node: General Functions574741 -Node: Strtonum Function575769 -Node: Assert Function578699 -Node: Round Function582025 -Node: Cliff Random Function583566 -Node: Ordinal Functions584582 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1587659 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2587911 -Node: Join Function588122 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1589893 -Node: Getlocaltime Function590093 -Node: Readfile Function593829 -Node: Data File Management595668 -Node: Filetrans Function596300 -Node: Rewind Function600355 -Node: File Checking601742 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1602874 -Node: Empty Files603075 -Node: Ignoring Assigns605298 -Node: Getopt Function606829 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1618125 -Node: Passwd Functions618328 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1627307 -Node: Group Functions627395 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1635337 -Node: Walking Arrays635550 -Node: Sample Programs637686 -Node: Running Examples638360 -Node: Clones639088 -Node: Cut Program640312 -Node: Egrep Program650173 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1658102 -Node: Id Program658212 -Node: Split Program661876 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1665407 -Node: Tee Program665535 -Node: Uniq Program668342 -Node: Wc Program675772 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1680040 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2680240 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs680332 -Node: Dupword Program681520 -Node: Alarm Program683551 -Node: Translate Program688365 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1692756 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2693026 -Node: Labels Program693160 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1696531 -Node: Word Sorting696615 -Node: History Sorting700658 -Node: Extract Program702494 -Ref: Extract Program-Footnote-1710069 -Node: Simple Sed710198 -Node: Igawk Program713260 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1728436 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2728637 -Node: Anagram Program728775 -Node: Signature Program731843 -Node: Advanced Features733090 -Node: Nondecimal Data734976 -Node: Array Sorting736553 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal737250 -Node: Array Sorting Functions745530 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1749437 -Node: Two-way I/O749631 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1755147 -Node: TCP/IP Networking755229 -Node: Profiling758073 -Node: Internationalization765581 -Node: I18N and L10N767006 -Node: Explaining gettext767692 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1772832 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2773016 -Node: Programmer i18n773181 -Node: Translator i18n777406 -Node: String Extraction778200 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1779161 -Node: Printf Ordering779247 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1782029 -Node: I18N Portability782093 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1784542 -Node: I18N Example784605 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1787327 -Node: Gawk I18N787399 -Node: Debugger788012 -Node: Debugging788983 -Node: Debugging Concepts789424 -Node: Debugging Terms791280 -Node: Awk Debugging793877 -Node: Sample Debugging Session794769 -Node: Debugger Invocation795289 -Node: Finding The Bug796622 -Node: List of Debugger Commands803104 -Node: Breakpoint Control804436 -Node: Debugger Execution Control808100 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data811460 -Node: Execution Stack814818 -Node: Debugger Info816331 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands820325 -Node: Readline Support825509 -Node: Limitations826401 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic828649 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1830298 -Node: General Arithmetic830446 -Node: Floating Point Issues832166 -Node: String Conversion Precision833047 -Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1834752 -Node: Unexpected Results834861 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems837014 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1840835 -Node: Integer Programming840873 -Node: Floating-point Programming842684 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1849012 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2849282 -Node: Floating-point Representation849546 -Node: Floating-point Context850711 -Ref: table-ieee-formats851550 -Node: Rounding Mode852934 -Ref: table-rounding-modes853413 -Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1856428 -Node: Gawk and MPFR856607 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats858016 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1860459 -Node: Setting Precision860780 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings861464 -Node: Setting Rounding Mode863609 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes864013 -Node: Floating-point Constants865200 -Node: Changing Precision866652 -Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1868044 -Node: Exact Arithmetic868218 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers871352 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1874367 -Node: Dynamic Extensions874514 -Node: Extension Intro875972 -Node: Plugin License877237 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline877922 -Ref: figure-load-extension878346 -Ref: figure-load-new-function879831 -Ref: figure-call-new-function880833 -Node: Extension API Description882817 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction884267 -Node: General Data Types889133 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1894826 -Node: Requesting Values895125 -Ref: table-value-types-returned895862 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions896820 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1899567 -Node: Constructor Functions899663 -Node: Registration Functions901421 -Node: Extension Functions902106 -Node: Exit Callback Functions904408 -Node: Extension Version String905658 -Node: Input Parsers906308 -Node: Output Wrappers916111 -Node: Two-way processors920627 -Node: Printing Messages922831 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1923908 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'924060 -Node: Accessing Parameters924799 -Node: Symbol Table Access926029 -Node: Symbol table by name926543 -Node: Symbol table by cookie928519 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1932652 -Node: Cached values932715 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1936220 -Node: Array Manipulation936311 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1937409 -Node: Array Data Types937448 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1940151 -Node: Array Functions940243 -Node: Flattening Arrays944117 -Node: Creating Arrays950969 -Node: Extension API Variables955700 -Node: Extension Versioning956336 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables958237 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate959323 -Node: Finding Extensions963127 -Node: Extension Example963687 -Node: Internal File Description964417 -Node: Internal File Ops968508 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1980054 -Node: Using Internal File Ops980194 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1982541 -Node: Extension Samples982809 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions984333 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch991901 -Node: Extension Sample Fork993368 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace994581 -Node: Extension Sample Ord996347 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir997183 -Ref: table-readdir-file-types998032 -Node: Extension Sample Revout998831 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way999422 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array1000163 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile1002042 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests1003142 -Node: Extension Sample Time1003667 -Node: gawkextlib1004982 -Node: Language History1007769 -Node: V7/SVR3.11009363 -Node: SVR41011683 -Node: POSIX1013125 -Node: BTL1014511 -Node: POSIX/GNU1015245 -Node: Feature History1020844 -Node: Common Extensions1033956 -Node: Ranges and Locales1035268 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11039885 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21039912 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31040146 -Node: Contributors1040367 -Node: Installation1045805 -Node: Gawk Distribution1046699 -Node: Getting1047183 -Node: Extracting1048009 -Node: Distribution contents1049651 -Node: Unix Installation1055368 -Node: Quick Installation1055985 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1058427 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1060165 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1062516 -Node: PC Installation1062974 -Node: PC Binary Installation1064285 -Node: PC Compiling1066133 -Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11069132 -Node: PC Testing1069237 -Node: PC Using1070413 -Node: Cygwin1074571 -Node: MSYS1075380 -Node: VMS Installation1075894 -Node: VMS Compilation1076690 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11077905 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1077963 -Node: VMS Installation Details1079336 -Node: VMS Running1081582 -Node: VMS GNV1084416 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1085139 -Node: Bugs1085609 -Node: Other Versions1089613 -Node: Notes1095838 -Node: Compatibility Mode1096638 -Node: Additions1097420 -Node: Accessing The Source1098345 -Node: Adding Code1099781 -Node: New Ports1105959 -Node: Derived Files1110440 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11115521 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21115555 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31116151 -Node: Future Extensions1116265 -Node: Implementation Limitations1116871 -Node: Extension Design1118119 -Node: Old Extension Problems1119273 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11120790 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1120847 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11124208 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1124397 -Node: Extension Future Growth1126503 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1127339 -Node: Basic Concepts1129079 -Node: Basic High Level1129760 -Ref: figure-general-flow1130032 -Ref: figure-process-flow1130631 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11133860 -Node: Basic Data Typing1134045 -Node: Glossary1137372 -Node: Copying1162524 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1200080 -Node: Index1225216 +Node: Foreword41210 +Node: Preface45555 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-148702 +Ref: Preface-Footnote-248809 +Node: History49041 +Node: Names51415 +Ref: Names-Footnote-152879 +Node: This Manual52952 +Ref: This Manual-Footnote-158731 +Node: Conventions58831 +Node: Manual History60987 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-164426 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-264467 +Node: How To Contribute64541 +Node: Acknowledgments65780 +Node: Getting Started69929 +Node: Running gawk72363 +Node: One-shot73553 +Node: Read Terminal74778 +Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-176428 +Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-276704 +Node: Long76875 +Node: Executable Scripts78223 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-180056 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-280158 +Node: Comments80691 +Node: Quoting83158 +Node: DOS Quoting88467 +Node: Sample Data Files89142 +Node: Very Simple91657 +Node: Two Rules96288 +Node: More Complex98183 +Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1101108 +Node: Statements/Lines101193 +Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1105648 +Node: Other Features105913 +Node: When106841 +Node: Intro Summary109011 +Node: Invoking Gawk109777 +Node: Command Line111292 +Node: Options112083 +Ref: Options-Footnote-1127867 +Node: Other Arguments127892 +Node: Naming Standard Input130533 +Node: Environment Variables131613 +Node: AWKPATH Variable132171 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1135022 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2135067 +Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable135327 +Node: Other Environment Variables136086 +Node: Exit Status139741 +Node: Include Files140416 +Node: Loading Shared Libraries143980 +Node: Obsolete145364 +Node: Undocumented146061 +Node: Invoking Summary146328 +Node: Regexp147908 +Node: Regexp Usage149358 +Node: Escape Sequences151391 +Node: Regexp Operators157058 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1164538 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2164685 +Node: Bracket Expressions164783 +Ref: table-char-classes166673 +Node: GNU Regexp Operators169196 +Node: Case-sensitivity172919 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1175811 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2176046 +Node: Leftmost Longest176154 +Node: Computed Regexps177355 +Node: Regexp Summary180727 +Node: Reading Files182199 +Node: Records184201 +Node: awk split records184944 +Node: gawk split records189802 +Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1194323 +Node: Fields194360 +Ref: Fields-Footnote-1197324 +Node: Nonconstant Fields197410 +Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1199640 +Node: Changing Fields199842 +Node: Field Separators205796 +Node: Default Field Splitting208498 +Node: Regexp Field Splitting209615 +Node: Single Character Fields212956 +Node: Command Line Field Separator214015 +Node: Full Line Fields217357 +Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1217865 +Node: Field Splitting Summary217911 +Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1221010 +Node: Constant Size221111 +Node: Splitting By Content225718 +Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1229468 +Node: Multiple Line229508 +Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1235364 +Node: Getline235543 +Node: Plain Getline237759 +Node: Getline/Variable239854 +Node: Getline/File241001 +Node: Getline/Variable/File242377 +Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1243976 +Node: Getline/Pipe244063 +Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe246762 +Node: Getline/Coprocess247869 +Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess249121 +Node: Getline Notes249858 +Node: Getline Summary252662 +Ref: table-getline-variants253070 +Node: Read Timeout253982 +Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1257809 +Node: Command line directories257867 +Node: Printing258749 +Node: Print260373 +Node: Print Examples261714 +Node: Output Separators264493 +Node: OFMT266509 +Node: Printf267867 +Node: Basic Printf268773 +Node: Control Letters270312 +Node: Format Modifiers274166 +Node: Printf Examples280193 +Node: Redirection282900 +Node: Special Files289847 +Node: Special FD290363 +Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1293938 +Node: Special Network294012 +Node: Special Caveats294848 +Node: Close Files And Pipes295623 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1302739 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2302887 +Node: Expressions303037 +Node: Values304169 +Node: Constants304845 +Node: Scalar Constants305525 +Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1306384 +Node: Nondecimal-numbers306634 +Node: Regexp Constants309634 +Node: Using Constant Regexps310109 +Node: Variables313179 +Node: Using Variables313834 +Node: Assignment Options315558 +Node: Conversion317425 +Ref: table-locale-affects322861 +Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1323485 +Node: All Operators323594 +Node: Arithmetic Ops324224 +Node: Concatenation326729 +Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1329525 +Node: Assignment Ops329645 +Ref: table-assign-ops334628 +Node: Increment Ops335945 +Node: Truth Values and Conditions339383 +Node: Truth Values340466 +Node: Typing and Comparison341515 +Node: Variable Typing342308 +Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1346208 +Node: Comparison Operators346330 +Ref: table-relational-ops346740 +Node: POSIX String Comparison350290 +Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1351374 +Node: Boolean Ops351512 +Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1355582 +Node: Conditional Exp355673 +Node: Function Calls357400 +Node: Precedence361158 +Node: Locales364827 +Node: Patterns and Actions366430 +Node: Pattern Overview367484 +Node: Regexp Patterns369161 +Node: Expression Patterns369704 +Node: Ranges373485 +Node: BEGIN/END376591 +Node: Using BEGIN/END377353 +Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1380089 +Node: I/O And BEGIN/END380195 +Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE382480 +Node: Empty385411 +Node: Using Shell Variables385728 +Node: Action Overview388011 +Node: Statements390338 +Node: If Statement392186 +Node: While Statement393684 +Node: Do Statement395728 +Node: For Statement396884 +Node: Switch Statement400036 +Node: Break Statement402139 +Node: Continue Statement404194 +Node: Next Statement405987 +Node: Nextfile Statement408377 +Node: Exit Statement411032 +Node: Built-in Variables413436 +Node: User-modified414532 +Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1422217 +Node: Auto-set422279 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1434825 +Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2435030 +Node: ARGC and ARGV435086 +Node: Arrays438925 +Node: Array Basics440423 +Node: Array Intro441249 +Ref: figure-array-elements443222 +Node: Reference to Elements445629 +Node: Assigning Elements447902 +Node: Array Example448393 +Node: Scanning an Array450125 +Node: Controlling Scanning453140 +Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1458313 +Node: Delete458629 +Ref: Delete-Footnote-1461394 +Node: Numeric Array Subscripts461451 +Node: Uninitialized Subscripts463634 +Node: Multidimensional465259 +Node: 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+Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic833101 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1834750 +Node: General Arithmetic834898 +Node: Floating Point Issues836618 +Node: String Conversion Precision837499 +Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1839204 +Node: Unexpected Results839313 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems841466 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1845287 +Node: Integer Programming845325 +Node: Floating-point Programming847136 +Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1853464 +Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2853734 +Node: Floating-point Representation853998 +Node: Floating-point Context855163 +Ref: table-ieee-formats856002 +Node: Rounding Mode857386 +Ref: table-rounding-modes857865 +Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1860880 +Node: Gawk and MPFR861059 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats862468 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1864911 +Node: Setting Precision865232 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings865916 +Node: Setting Rounding Mode868061 +Ref: 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Ops-Footnote-1984506 +Node: Using Internal File Ops984646 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1986993 +Node: Extension Samples987261 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions988785 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch996353 +Node: Extension Sample Fork997820 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace999033 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1000799 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1001635 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1002484 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1003283 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1003874 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1004615 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1006494 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1007594 +Node: Extension Sample Time1008119 +Node: gawkextlib1009434 +Node: Language History1012221 +Node: V7/SVR3.11013815 +Node: SVR41016135 +Node: POSIX1017577 +Node: BTL1018963 +Node: POSIX/GNU1019697 +Node: Feature History1025296 +Node: Common Extensions1038408 +Node: Ranges and Locales1039720 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11044337 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21044364 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31044598 +Node: Contributors1044819 +Node: Installation1050257 +Node: Gawk Distribution1051151 +Node: Getting1051635 +Node: Extracting1052461 +Node: Distribution contents1054103 +Node: Unix Installation1059820 +Node: Quick Installation1060437 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1062879 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1064617 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1066968 +Node: PC Installation1067426 +Node: PC Binary Installation1068737 +Node: PC Compiling1070585 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11073584 +Node: PC Testing1073689 +Node: PC Using1074865 +Node: Cygwin1079023 +Node: MSYS1079832 +Node: VMS Installation1080346 +Node: VMS Compilation1081142 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11082357 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1082415 +Node: VMS Installation Details1083788 +Node: VMS Running1086034 +Node: VMS GNV1088868 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1089591 +Node: Bugs1090061 +Node: Other Versions1094065 +Node: Notes1100290 +Node: Compatibility Mode1101090 +Node: Additions1101872 +Node: Accessing 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e0cb2b1f1b87cfc493db276c85bbec8246cd4b3b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Mon, 9 Jun 2014 20:13:44 +0300 Subject: More summary sections. --- doc/gawk.info | 1142 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------- 1 file changed, 675 insertions(+), 467 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 50ccda25..9d472b67 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -4042,6 +4042,7 @@ have to be named on the `awk' command line (*note Getline::). * Read Timeout:: Reading input with a timeout. * Command line directories:: What happens if you put a directory on the command line. +* Input Summary:: Input summary.  File: gawk.info, Node: Records, Next: Fields, Up: Reading Files @@ -5829,7 +5830,7 @@ writing. (1) This assumes that standard input is the keyboard.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Command line directories, Prev: Read Timeout, Up: Reading Files +File: gawk.info, Node: Command line directories, Next: Input Summary, Prev: Read Timeout, Up: Reading Files 4.11 Directories On The Command Line ==================================== @@ -5851,6 +5852,75 @@ error. *Note Extension Sample Readdir::, for a way to treat directories as usable data from an `awk' program. + +File: gawk.info, Node: Input Summary, Prev: Command line directories, Up: Reading Files + +4.12 Summary +============ + + * Input is split into records based on the value of `RS'. The + possibilities are as follows: + + Value of `RS' Records are split on `awk' / `gawk' + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- + Any single That character `awk' + character + The empty string Runs of two or more `awk' + (`""') newlines + A regexp Text that matches the `gawk' + regexp + + * `gawk' sets `RT' to the text matched by `RS'. + + * After splitting the input into records, `awk' further splits the + record into individual fields, named `$1', `$2' and so on. `$0' is + the whole record, and `NF' indicates how many fields there are. + The default way to split fields is between whitespace characters. + + * Fields may be referenced using a variable, as in `$NF'. Fields + may also be assigned values, which causes the value of `$0' to be + recomputed when it is later referenced. Assigning to a field with + a number greater than `NF' creates the field and rebuilds the + record, using `OFS' to separate the fields. Incrementing `NF' + does the same thing. Decrementing `NF' throws away fields and + rebuilds the record. + + * Field splitting is more complicated than record splitting. + + Field separator value Fields are split ... `awk' / + `gawk' + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- + `FS == " "' On runs of whitespace `awk' + `FS == ANY SINGLE On that character `awk' + CHARACTER' + `FS == REGEXP' On text matching the `awk' + regexp + `FS == ""' Each individual character `gawk' + is a separate field + `FIELDWIDTHS == LIST OF Based on character `gawk' + COLUMNS' position + `FPAT == REGEXP' On text around text `gawk' + matching the regexp + + Using `FS = "\n"' causes the entire record to be a single field + (assuming that newlines separate records). + + * `FS' may be set from the command line using the `-F' option. This + can also be done using command-line variable assignment. + + * `PROCINFO["FS"]' can be used to see how fields are being split. + + * Use `getline' in its varioius forms to read additional records, + from the default input stream, from a file, or from a pipe or + co-process. + + * Use `PROCINFO[FILE, "READ_TIMEOUT"]' to cause reads to timeout for + FILE. + + * Directories on the command line are fatal for standard `awk'; + `gawk' ignores them if not in POSIX mode. + +  File: gawk.info, Node: Printing, Next: Expressions, Prev: Reading Files, Up: Top @@ -5885,6 +5955,7 @@ function. `gawk' allows access to inherited file descriptors. * Close Files And Pipes:: Closing Input and Output Files and Pipes. +* Output Summary:: Output summary.  File: gawk.info, Node: Print, Next: Print Examples, Up: Printing @@ -6776,7 +6847,7 @@ that `gawk' provides: behavior.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Close Files And Pipes, Prev: Special Files, Up: Printing +File: gawk.info, Node: Close Files And Pipes, Next: Output Summary, Prev: Special Files, Up: Printing 5.8 Closing Input and Output Redirections ========================================= @@ -6942,6 +7013,32 @@ is called a "zombie," and cleaning up after it is referred to as call. See the system manual pages for information on how to decode this value. + +File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Prev: Close Files And Pipes, Up: Printing + +5.9 Summary +=========== + + * The `print' statement prints comma-separated expressions. Each + expression is separated by the value of `OFS' and terminated by + the value of `ORS'. `OFMT' provides the conversion format for + numeric values for the `print' statement. + + * The `printf' statement provides finer-grained control over output, + with format control letters for different data types and various + flags that modify the behavior of the format control letters. + + * Output from both `print' and `printf' may be redirected to files, + pipes, and co-processes. + + * `gawk' provides special file names for access to standard input, + output and error, and for network communications. + + * Use `close()' to close open file, pipe and co-process redirections. + For co-processes, it is possible to close only one direction of the + communications. + +  File: gawk.info, Node: Expressions, Next: Patterns and Actions, Prev: Printing, Up: Top @@ -6968,6 +7065,7 @@ operators. * Function Calls:: A function call is an expression. * Precedence:: How various operators nest. * Locales:: How the locale affects things. +* Expressions Summary:: Expressions summary.  File: gawk.info, Node: Values, Next: All Operators, Up: Expressions @@ -8516,7 +8614,7 @@ String Concatenation POSIX. For maximum portability, do not use them.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Locales, Prev: Precedence, Up: Expressions +File: gawk.info, Node: Locales, Next: Expressions Summary, Prev: Precedence, Up: Expressions 6.6 Where You Are Makes A Difference ==================================== @@ -8551,6 +8649,62 @@ POSIX String Comparison::. used when `gawk' parses input data. This is discussed in detail in *note Conversion::. + +File: gawk.info, Node: Expressions Summary, Prev: Locales, Up: Expressions + +6.7 Summary +=========== + + * Expressions are the basic elements of computation in programs. + They are built from constants, variables, function calls and + combinations of the various kinds of values with operators. + + * `awk' supplies three kinds of constants: numeric, string, and + regexp. `gawk' lets you specify numeric constants in octal and + hexadecimal (bases 8 and 16) in addition to decimal (base 10). In + certain contexts, a standalone regexp constant such as `/foo/' has + the same meaning as `$0 ~ /foo/'. + + * Variables hold values between uses in computations. A number of + built-in variables provide information to your `awk' program, and + a number of others let you control how `awk' behaves. + + * Numbers are automatically converted to strings, and strings to + numbers, as needed by `awk'. Numeric values are converted as if + they were formatted with `sprintf()' using the format in `CONVFMT'. + + * `awk' provides the usual arithmetic operators (addition, + subtraction, multiplication, division, modulus), and unary plus + and minus. It also provides comparison operators, boolean + operators, and regexp matching operators. String concatenation is + accomplished by placing two expressions next to each other; there + is no explicit operator. The three-operand `?:' operator provides + an "if-else" test within expressions. + + * Assignment operators provide convenient shorthands for common + arithmetic operations. + + * In `awk', a value is considered to be true if it is non-zero _or_ + non-null. Otherwise, the value is false. + + * A value's type is set upon each assignment and may change over its + lifetime. The type determines how it behaves in comparisons + (string or numeric). + + * Function calls return a value which may be used as part of a larger + expression. Expressions used to pass parameter values are fully + evaluated before the function is called. `awk' provides built-in + and user-defined functions; this is described later on in this + Info file. + + * Operator precedence specifies the order in which operations are + performed, unless explicitly overridden by parentheses. `awk''s + operator precedence is compatible with that of C. + + * Locales can affect the format of data as output by an `awk' + program, and occasionally the format for data read as input. + +  File: gawk.info, Node: Patterns and Actions, Next: Arrays, Prev: Expressions, Up: Top @@ -8575,6 +8729,7 @@ top of. Now it's time to start building something useful. * Statements:: Describes the various control statements in detail. * Built-in Variables:: Summarizes the built-in variables. +* Pattern Action Summary:: Patterns and Actions summary.  File: gawk.info, Node: Pattern Overview, Next: Using Shell Variables, Up: Patterns and Actions @@ -9667,7 +9822,7 @@ statement with a nonzero argument, as shown in the following example: systems.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Built-in Variables, Prev: Statements, Up: Patterns and Actions +File: gawk.info, Node: Built-in Variables, Next: Pattern Action Summary, Prev: Statements, Up: Patterns and Actions 7.5 Built-in Variables ====================== @@ -10284,6 +10439,55 @@ Because `-q' is not a valid `gawk' option, it and the following `-v' are passed on to the `awk' program. (*Note Getopt Function::, for an `awk' library function that parses command-line options.) + +File: gawk.info, Node: Pattern Action Summary, Prev: Built-in Variables, Up: Patterns and Actions + +7.6 Summary +=========== + + * Pattern-action pairs make up the basic elements of an `awk' + program. Patterns are either normal expressions, range + expressions, regexp constants, one of the special keywords + `BEGIN', `END', `BEGINFILE', `ENDFILE', or empty. The action + executes if the current record matches the pattern. Empty + (missing) patterns match all records. + + * I/O from `BEGIN' and `END' rules have certain constraints. This + is also true, only more so, for `BEGINFILE' and `ENDFILE' rules. + The latter two give you "hooks" into `gawk''s file processing, + allowing you to recover from a file that otherwise would cause a + fatal error (such as a file that cannot be opened). + + * Shell variables can be used in `awk' programs by careful use of + shell quoting. It is easier to pass a shell variable into `awk' + by using the `-v' option and an `awk' variable. + + * Actions consist of statements enclosed in curly braces. Statements + are built up from expressions, control statements, compound + statements, input and output statements, and deletion statements. + + * The control statements in `awk' are `if'-`else', `while', `for', + and `do'-`while'. `gawk' adds the `switch' statement. There are + two flavors of `for' statement: one for for performing general + looping, and the other iterating through an array. + + * `break' and `continue' let you exit early or start the next + iteration of a loop (or get out of a `switch'). + + * `next' and `nextfile' let you read the next record and start over + at the top of your program, or skip to the next input file and + start over, respectively. + + * The `exit' statement terminates your program. When executed from + an action (or function body) it transfers control to the `END' + statements. From an `END' statement body, it exits immediately. + You may pass an optional numeric value to be used at `awk''s exit + status. + + * Some built-in variables provide control over `awk', mainly for I/O. + Other variables convey information from `awk' to your program. + +  File: gawk.info, Node: Arrays, Next: Functions, Prev: Patterns and Actions, Up: Top @@ -33403,468 +33607,472 @@ Node: Leftmost Longest176154 Node: Computed Regexps177355 Node: Regexp Summary180727 Node: Reading Files182199 -Node: Records184201 -Node: awk split records184944 -Node: gawk split records189802 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1194323 -Node: Fields194360 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1197324 -Node: Nonconstant Fields197410 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1199640 -Node: Changing Fields199842 -Node: Field Separators205796 -Node: Default Field Splitting208498 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting209615 -Node: Single Character Fields212956 -Node: Command Line Field Separator214015 -Node: Full Line Fields217357 -Ref: Full 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Extension API Informational Variables971809 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate972895 +Node: Finding Extensions976699 +Node: Extension Example977259 +Node: Internal File Description977989 +Node: Internal File Ops982080 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1993626 +Node: Using Internal File Ops993766 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-1996113 +Node: Extension Samples996381 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions997905 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1005473 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1006940 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1008153 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1009919 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1010755 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1011604 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1012403 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1012994 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1013735 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1015614 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1016714 +Node: Extension Sample Time1017239 +Node: gawkextlib1018554 +Node: Language History1021341 +Node: V7/SVR3.11022935 +Node: SVR41025255 +Node: POSIX1026697 +Node: BTL1028083 +Node: POSIX/GNU1028817 +Node: Feature History1034416 +Node: Common Extensions1047528 +Node: Ranges and Locales1048840 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11053457 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21053484 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31053718 +Node: Contributors1053939 +Node: Installation1059377 +Node: Gawk Distribution1060271 +Node: Getting1060755 +Node: Extracting1061581 +Node: Distribution contents1063223 +Node: Unix Installation1068940 +Node: Quick Installation1069557 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1071999 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1073737 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1076088 +Node: PC Installation1076546 +Node: PC Binary Installation1077857 +Node: PC Compiling1079705 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11082704 +Node: PC Testing1082809 +Node: PC Using1083985 +Node: Cygwin1088143 +Node: MSYS1088952 +Node: VMS Installation1089466 +Node: VMS Compilation1090262 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11091477 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1091535 +Node: VMS Installation Details1092908 +Node: VMS Running1095154 +Node: VMS GNV1097988 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1098711 +Node: Bugs1099181 +Node: Other Versions1103185 +Node: Notes1109410 +Node: Compatibility Mode1110210 +Node: Additions1110992 +Node: Accessing The Source1111917 +Node: Adding Code1113353 +Node: New Ports1119531 +Node: Derived Files1124012 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11129093 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21129127 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31129723 +Node: Future Extensions1129837 +Node: Implementation Limitations1130443 +Node: Extension Design1131691 +Node: Old Extension Problems1132845 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11134362 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1134419 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11137780 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1137969 +Node: Extension Future Growth1140075 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1140911 +Node: Basic Concepts1142651 +Node: Basic High Level1143332 +Ref: figure-general-flow1143604 +Ref: figure-process-flow1144203 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11147432 +Node: Basic Data Typing1147617 +Node: Glossary1150944 +Node: Copying1176096 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1213652 +Node: Index1238788  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From b6c937359a778e40a5d532c2a3aed8b21b89b3be Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Wed, 11 Jun 2014 20:28:49 +0300 Subject: More summaries. Through chapter 10. --- doc/gawk.info | 836 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------ 1 file changed, 492 insertions(+), 344 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 9d472b67..ff50955b 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -10522,6 +10522,7 @@ cannot have a variable and an array with the same name in the same * Multidimensional:: Emulating multidimensional arrays in `awk'. * Arrays of Arrays:: True multidimensional arrays. +* Arrays Summary:: Summary of arrays.  File: gawk.info, Node: Array Basics, Next: Delete, Up: Arrays @@ -11312,7 +11313,7 @@ The result is to set `separate[1]' to `"1"' and `separate[2]' to recovered.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Arrays of Arrays, Prev: Multidimensional, Up: Arrays +File: gawk.info, Node: Arrays of Arrays, Next: Arrays Summary, Prev: Multidimensional, Up: Arrays 8.6 Arrays of Arrays ==================== @@ -11433,6 +11434,54 @@ by creating an arbitrary index: $ gawk 'BEGIN { b[1][1] = ""; split("a b c d", b[1]); print b[1][1] }' -| a + +File: gawk.info, Node: Arrays Summary, Prev: Arrays of Arrays, Up: Arrays + +8.7 Summary +=========== + + * Standard `awk' provides one-dimensional associative arrays (arrays + indexed by string values). All arrays are associative; numeric + indices are converted automatically to strings. + + * Array elements are referenced as `ARRAY[INDX]'. Referencing an + element creates it if it did not exist previously. + + * The proper way to see if an array has an element with a given index + is to use the `in' operator: `INDX in ARRAY'. + + * Use `for (INDX in ARRAY) ...' to scan through all the individual + elements of an array. In the body of the loop, INDX takes on the + value of each element's index in turn. + + * The order in which a `for (INDX in ARRAY)' loop traverses an array + is undefined in POSIX `awk' and varies among implementations. + `gawk' lets you control the order by assigning special predefined + values to `PROCINFO["sorted_in"]'. + + * Use `delete ARRAY[INDX]' to delete an individual element. You may + also use `delete ARRAY' to delete all of the elements in the + array. This latter feature has been a common extension for many + years and is now standard, but may not be supported by all + commercial versions of `awk'. + + * Standard `awk' simulates multidimensional arrays by separating + subscript values with a comma. The values are concatenated into a + single string, separated by the value of `SUBSEP'. The fact that + such a subscript was created in this way is not retained; thus + changing `SUBSEP' may have unexpected consequences. You can use + `(SUB1, SUB2, ...) in ARRAY' to see if such a multidimensional + subscript exists in ARRAY. + + * `gawk' provides true arrays of arrays. You use a separate set of + square brackets for each dimension in such an array: + `data[row][col]', for example. Array elements may thus be either + scalar values (number or string) or another array. + + * Use the `isarray()' built-in function to determine if an array + element is itself a subarray. + +  File: gawk.info, Node: Functions, Next: Library Functions, Prev: Arrays, Up: Top @@ -11453,6 +11502,7 @@ major node describes these "user-defined" functions. * Built-in:: Summarizes the built-in functions. * User-defined:: Describes User-defined functions in detail. * Indirect Calls:: Choosing the function to call at runtime. +* Functions Summary:: Summary of functions.  File: gawk.info, Node: Built-in, Next: User-defined, Up: Functions @@ -13652,7 +13702,7 @@ call, though, then `awk' does report the second error. of them.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Indirect Calls, Prev: User-defined, Up: Functions +File: gawk.info, Node: Indirect Calls, Next: Functions Summary, Prev: User-defined, Up: Functions 9.3 Indirect Function Calls =========================== @@ -13939,6 +13989,63 @@ example, in the following case: `gawk' will look up the actual function to call only once. + +File: gawk.info, Node: Functions Summary, Prev: Indirect Calls, Up: Functions + +9.4 Summary +=========== + + * `awk' provides built-in functions and lets you define your own + functions. + + * POSIX `awk' provides three kinds of built-in functions: numeric, + string, and I/O. `gawk' provides functions that work with values + representing time, do bit manipulation, sort arrays, and + internationalize and localize programs. `gawk' also provides + several extensions to some of standard functions, typically in the + form of additional arguments. + + * Functions accept zero or more arguments and return a value. The + expressions that provide the argument values are comnpletely + evaluated before the function is called. Order of evaluation is + not defined. The return value can be ignored. + + * The handling of backslash in `sub()' and `gsub()' is not simple. + It is more straightforward in `gawk''s `gensub()' function, but + that function still requires care in its use. + + * User-defined functions provide important capabilities but come + with some syntactic inelegancies. In a function call, there cannot + be any space between the function name and the opening left + parethesis of the argument list. Also, there is no provision for + local variables, so the convention is to add extra parameters, and + to separate them visually from the real parameters by extra + whitespace. + + * User-defined functions may call other user-defined (and built-in) + functions and may call themselves recursively. Function parameters + "hide" any global variables of the same names. + + * Scalar values are passed to user-defined functions by value. Array + parameters are passed by reference; any changes made by the + function to array parameters are thus visible after the function + has returned. + + * Use the `return' statement to return from a user-defined function. + An optional expression becomes the function's return value. Only + scalar values may be returned by a function. + + * If a variable that has never been used is passed to a user-defined + function, how that function treats the variable can set its + nature: either scalar or array. + + * `gawk' provides indirect function calls using a special syntax. + By setting a variable to the name of a user-defined function, you + can determine at runtime what function will be called at that + point in the program. This is equivalent to function pointers in C + and C++. + +  File: gawk.info, Node: Library Functions, Next: Sample Programs, Prev: Functions, Up: Top @@ -14015,6 +14122,7 @@ for different implementations of `awk' is pretty straightforward. * Passwd Functions:: Functions for getting user information. * Group Functions:: Functions for getting group information. * Walking Arrays:: A function to walk arrays of arrays. +* Library Functions Summary:: Summary of library functions. ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -14912,8 +15020,8 @@ intervening value in `ARGV' is a variable assignment.  File: gawk.info, Node: Ignoring Assigns, Prev: Empty Files, Up: Data File Management -10.3.5 Treating Assignments as File Name ----------------------------------------- +10.3.5 Treating Assignments as File Names +----------------------------------------- Occasionally, you might not want `awk' to process command-line variable assignments (*note Assignment Options::). In particular, if you have a @@ -15727,7 +15835,7 @@ Suppose that the first time there were no names. This code adds the names with a leading comma. It also doesn't check that there is a `$4'.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Walking Arrays, Prev: Group Functions, Up: Library Functions +File: gawk.info, Node: Walking Arrays, Next: Library Functions Summary, Prev: Group Functions, Up: Library Functions 10.7 Traversing Arrays of Arrays ================================ @@ -15789,6 +15897,43 @@ Calls::) on `process', passing it the index and the value. user-defined function that expects to receive an index and a value, and then processes the element. + +File: gawk.info, Node: Library Functions Summary, Prev: Walking Arrays, Up: Library Functions + +10.8 Summary +============ + + * Reading programs is an excellent way to learn Good Programming. + The functions provided in this major node and the next are intended + to serve that purpose. + + * When writing general-purpose library functions, put some thought + into how to name any global variables so that they won't conflict + with variables from a user's program. + + * The functions presented here fit into the following categories: + + General problems + Number to string conversion, assertions, rounding, random + number generation, converting characters to numbers, joining + strings, getting easily usable time-of-day information, and + reading a whole file in one shot. + + Managing data files + Noting data file boundaries, rereading the current file, + checking for readable files, checking for zero-length files, + and treating assignments as file names. + + Processing command-line options + An `awk' version of the standard C `getopt()' function. + + Reading the user and group databases + Two sets of routines that parallel the C library versions. + + Traversing arrays of arrays + A simple function to traverse an array of arrays to any depth. + +  File: gawk.info, Node: Sample Programs, Next: Advanced Features, Prev: Library Functions, Up: Top @@ -19868,8 +20013,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Gawk I18N, Prev: I18N Example, Up: Internationalizatio `gawk' itself has been internationalized using the GNU `gettext' package. (GNU `gettext' is described in complete detail in *note (GNU `gettext' utilities)Top:: gettext, GNU gettext tools.) As of this -writing, the latest version of GNU `gettext' is version 0.19 -(ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/gettext-0.19.tar.gz). +writing, the latest version of GNU `gettext' is version 0.19.1 +(ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/gettext-0.19.1.tar.gz). If a translation of `gawk''s messages exists, then `gawk' produces usage messages, warnings, and fatal errors in the local language. @@ -33737,342 +33882,345 @@ Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2441927 Node: ARGC and ARGV441983 Node: Pattern Action Summary445822 Node: Arrays448045 -Node: Array Basics449543 -Node: Array Intro450369 -Ref: figure-array-elements452342 -Node: Reference to Elements454749 -Node: Assigning Elements457022 -Node: Array Example457513 -Node: Scanning an Array459245 -Node: Controlling Scanning462260 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1467433 -Node: Delete467749 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1470514 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts470571 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts472754 -Node: Multidimensional474379 -Node: Multiscanning477472 -Node: Arrays of Arrays479061 -Node: Functions483701 -Node: Built-in484520 -Node: Calling Built-in485598 -Node: Numeric Functions487586 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1491420 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2491777 -Ref: Numeric 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Breakpoint Control824270 +Node: Debugger Execution Control827934 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data831294 +Node: Execution Stack834652 +Node: Debugger Info836165 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands840159 +Node: Readline Support845343 +Node: Limitations846235 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic848483 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1850132 +Node: General Arithmetic850280 +Node: Floating Point Issues852000 +Node: String Conversion Precision852881 +Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1854586 +Node: Unexpected Results854695 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems856848 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1860669 +Node: Integer Programming860707 +Node: Floating-point Programming862518 +Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1868846 +Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2869116 +Node: Floating-point Representation869380 +Node: Floating-point Context870545 +Ref: table-ieee-formats871384 +Node: Rounding Mode872768 +Ref: table-rounding-modes873247 +Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1876262 +Node: Gawk and MPFR876441 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats877850 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1880293 +Node: Setting Precision880614 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings881298 +Node: Setting Rounding Mode883443 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes883847 +Node: Floating-point Constants885034 +Node: Changing Precision886486 +Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1887878 +Node: Exact Arithmetic888052 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers891186 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1894201 +Node: Dynamic Extensions894348 +Node: Extension Intro895806 +Node: Plugin License897071 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline897756 +Ref: figure-load-extension898180 +Ref: figure-load-new-function899665 +Ref: figure-call-new-function900667 +Node: Extension API Description902651 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction904101 +Node: General Data Types908967 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1914660 +Node: Requesting Values914959 +Ref: table-value-types-returned915696 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions916654 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1919401 +Node: Constructor Functions919497 +Node: Registration Functions921255 +Node: Extension Functions921940 +Node: Exit Callback Functions924242 +Node: Extension Version String925492 +Node: Input Parsers926142 +Node: Output Wrappers935945 +Node: Two-way processors940461 +Node: Printing Messages942665 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1943742 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'943894 +Node: Accessing Parameters944633 +Node: Symbol Table Access945863 +Node: Symbol table by name946377 +Node: Symbol table by cookie948353 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1952486 +Node: Cached values952549 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1956054 +Node: Array Manipulation956145 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1957243 +Node: Array Data Types957282 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1959985 +Node: Array Functions960077 +Node: Flattening Arrays963951 +Node: Creating Arrays970803 +Node: Extension API Variables975534 +Node: Extension Versioning976170 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables978071 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate979157 +Node: Finding Extensions982961 +Node: Extension Example983521 +Node: Internal File Description984251 +Node: Internal File Ops988342 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-1999888 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1000028 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11002375 +Node: Extension Samples1002643 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1004167 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1011735 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1013202 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1014415 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1016181 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1017017 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1017866 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1018665 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1019256 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1019997 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1021876 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1022976 +Node: Extension Sample Time1023501 +Node: gawkextlib1024816 +Node: Language History1027603 +Node: V7/SVR3.11029197 +Node: SVR41031517 +Node: POSIX1032959 +Node: BTL1034345 +Node: POSIX/GNU1035079 +Node: Feature History1040678 +Node: Common Extensions1053790 +Node: Ranges and Locales1055102 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11059719 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21059746 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31059980 +Node: Contributors1060201 +Node: Installation1065639 +Node: Gawk Distribution1066533 +Node: Getting1067017 +Node: Extracting1067843 +Node: Distribution contents1069485 +Node: Unix Installation1075202 +Node: Quick Installation1075819 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1078261 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1079999 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1082350 +Node: PC Installation1082808 +Node: PC Binary Installation1084119 +Node: PC Compiling1085967 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11088966 +Node: PC Testing1089071 +Node: PC Using1090247 +Node: Cygwin1094405 +Node: MSYS1095214 +Node: VMS Installation1095728 +Node: VMS Compilation1096524 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11097739 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1097797 +Node: VMS Installation Details1099170 +Node: VMS Running1101416 +Node: VMS GNV1104250 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1104973 +Node: Bugs1105443 +Node: Other Versions1109447 +Node: Notes1115672 +Node: Compatibility Mode1116472 +Node: Additions1117254 +Node: Accessing The Source1118179 +Node: Adding Code1119615 +Node: New Ports1125793 +Node: Derived Files1130274 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11135355 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21135389 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31135985 +Node: Future Extensions1136099 +Node: Implementation Limitations1136705 +Node: Extension Design1137953 +Node: Old Extension Problems1139107 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11140624 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1140681 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11144042 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1144231 +Node: Extension Future Growth1146337 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1147173 +Node: Basic Concepts1148913 +Node: Basic High Level1149594 +Ref: figure-general-flow1149866 +Ref: figure-process-flow1150465 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11153694 +Node: Basic Data Typing1153879 +Node: Glossary1157206 +Node: Copying1182358 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1219914 +Node: Index1245050  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 4a42ca2e31b40f0d46634f9ab77d82e4fe727c22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Thu, 12 Jun 2014 22:01:31 +0300 Subject: And more summaries in the doc. --- doc/gawk.info | 648 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------- 1 file changed, 396 insertions(+), 252 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index ff50955b..9033128e 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -14014,9 +14014,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Functions Summary, Prev: Indirect Calls, Up: Functions It is more straightforward in `gawk''s `gensub()' function, but that function still requires care in its use. - * User-defined functions provide important capabilities but come - with some syntactic inelegancies. In a function call, there cannot - be any space between the function name and the opening left + * User-defined functions provide important capabilities but come with + some syntactic inelegancies. In a function call, there cannot be + any space between the function name and the opening left parethesis of the argument list. Also, there is no provision for local variables, so the convention is to add extra parameters, and to separate them visually from the real parameters by extra @@ -14036,8 +14036,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Functions Summary, Prev: Indirect Calls, Up: Functions scalar values may be returned by a function. * If a variable that has never been used is passed to a user-defined - function, how that function treats the variable can set its - nature: either scalar or array. + function, how that function treats the variable can set its nature: + either scalar or array. * `gawk' provides indirect function calls using a special syntax. By setting a variable to the name of a user-defined function, you @@ -15953,6 +15953,7 @@ Library Functions::. * Running Examples:: How to run these examples. * Clones:: Clones of common utilities. * Miscellaneous Programs:: Some interesting `awk' programs. +* Programs Summary:: Summary of programs.  File: gawk.info, Node: Running Examples, Next: Clones, Up: Sample Programs @@ -17168,7 +17169,7 @@ has already been reset by the time `endfile()' is called. characters, not bytes.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Miscellaneous Programs, Prev: Clones, Up: Sample Programs +File: gawk.info, Node: Miscellaneous Programs, Next: Programs Summary, Prev: Clones, Up: Sample Programs 11.3 A Grab Bag of `awk' Programs ================================= @@ -18563,6 +18564,36 @@ supplies the following copyright terms: truly desperate to understand it, see Chris Johansen's explanation, which is embedded in the Texinfo source file for this Info file.) + +File: gawk.info, Node: Programs Summary, Prev: Miscellaneous Programs, Up: Sample Programs + +11.4 Summary +============ + + * The functions provided in this major node and the previous one + continue on the theme that reading programs is an excellent way to + learn Good Programming. + + * Using `#!' to make `awk' programs directly runnable makes them + easier to use. Otherwise, invoke the program using `awk -f ...'. + + * Reimplementing standard POSIX programs in `awk' is a pleasant + exercise; `awk''s expressive power lets you write such programs in + relatively few lines of code, yet they are functionally complete + and usable. + + * One of standard `awk''s weaknesses is working with individual + characters. The ability to use `split()' with the empty string as + the separator can considerably simplify such tasks. + + * The library functions from *note Library Functions::, proved their + usefulness for a number of real (if small) programs. + + * Besides reinventing POSIX wheels, other programs solved a + selection of interesting problems, such as finding duplicates + words in text, printing mailing labels, and finding anagrams. + +  File: gawk.info, Node: Advanced Features, Next: Internationalization, Prev: Sample Programs, Up: Top @@ -18607,6 +18638,7 @@ own: * Two-way I/O:: Two-way communications with another process. * TCP/IP Networking:: Using `gawk' for network programming. * Profiling:: Profiling your `awk' programs. +* Advanced Features Summary:: Summary of advanced features.  File: gawk.info, Node: Nondecimal Data, Next: Array Sorting, Up: Advanced Features @@ -19209,7 +19241,7 @@ much more complete introduction and discussion, as well as extensive examples.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Profiling, Prev: TCP/IP Networking, Up: Advanced Features +File: gawk.info, Node: Profiling, Next: Advanced Features Summary, Prev: TCP/IP Networking, Up: Advanced Features 12.5 Profiling Your `awk' Programs ================================== @@ -19437,6 +19469,48 @@ without any execution counts. NOTE: The `--pretty-print' option still runs your program. This will change in the next major release. + +File: gawk.info, Node: Advanced Features Summary, Prev: Profiling, Up: Advanced Features + +12.6 Summary +============ + + * The `--non-decimal-data' option causes `gawk' to treat octal- and + hexadecimal-looking input data as octal and hexadecimal. This + option should be used with caution or not at all; use of + `strtonum()' is preferable. + + * You can take over complete control of sorting in `for (INDX in + ARRAY)' array traversal by setting `PROCINFO["sorted_in"]' to the + name of a user-defined function that does the comparison of array + elements based on index and value. + + * Similarly, you can supply the name of a user-defined comparison + function as the third argument to either `asort()' or `asorti()' + to control how those functions sort arrays. Or you may provide one + of the predefined control strings that work for + `PROCINFO["sorted_in"]'. + + * You can use the `|&' operator to create a two-way pipe to a + co-process. You read from the co-process with `getline' and write + to it with `print' or `printf'. Use `close()' to close off the + co-process completely, or optionally, close off one side of the + two-way communications. + + * By using special "file names" with the `|&' operator, you can open + a TCP/IP (or UDP/IP) connection to remote hosts in the Internet. + `gawk' supports both IPv4 an IPv6. + + * You can generate statement count profiles of your program. This + can help you determine which parts of your program may be taking + the most time and let you tune them more easily. Sending the + `USR1' signal while profiling causes `gawk' to dump the profile + and keep going, including a function call stack. + + * You can also just "pretty print" the program. This currently also + runs the program, but that will change in the next major release. + +  File: gawk.info, Node: Internationalization, Next: Debugger, Prev: Advanced Features, Up: Top @@ -19467,6 +19541,7 @@ requirement. * Translator i18n:: Features for the translator. * I18N Example:: A simple i18n example. * Gawk I18N:: `gawk' is also internationalized. +* I18N Summary:: Summary of I18N stuff.  File: gawk.info, Node: I18N and L10N, Next: Explaining gettext, Up: Internationalization @@ -20005,7 +20080,7 @@ and `bindtextdomain()' (*note I18N Portability::) are in a file named (1) Perhaps it would be better if it were called "Hippy." Ah, well.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Gawk I18N, Prev: I18N Example, Up: Internationalization +File: gawk.info, Node: Gawk I18N, Next: I18N Summary, Prev: I18N Example, Up: Internationalization 13.6 `gawk' Can Speak Your Language =================================== @@ -20019,6 +20094,39 @@ writing, the latest version of GNU `gettext' is version 0.19.1 If a translation of `gawk''s messages exists, then `gawk' produces usage messages, warnings, and fatal errors in the local language. + +File: gawk.info, Node: I18N Summary, Prev: Gawk I18N, Up: Internationalization + +13.7 Summary +============ + + * Internationalization means writing a program such that it can use + multiple languages without requiring source-code changes. + Localization means providing the data necessary for an + internationalized program to work in a particular language. + + * `gawk' uses GNU `gettext' to let you internationalize and localize + `awk' programs. A program's text domain identifies the program + for grouping all messages and other data together. + + * You mark a program's strings for translation by preceding them with + an underscore. Once that is done, the strings are extracted into a + `.pot' file. This file is copied for each langauge into a `.po' + file, and the `.po' files are compiled into `.gmo' files for use + at runtime. + + * You can use position specifications with `sprintf()' and `printf' + to rearrange the placement of argument values in formatted strings + and output. This is useful for the translations of format control + strings. + + * The internationalization features have been designed so that they + can be easily worked around in a standard `awk'. + + * `gawk' itself has been internationalized and ships with a number + of translations for its messages. + +  File: gawk.info, Node: Debugger, Next: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic, Prev: Internationalization, Up: Top @@ -20042,6 +20150,7 @@ program is easy. * List of Debugger Commands:: Main debugger commands. * Readline Support:: Readline support. * Limitations:: Limitations and future plans. +* Debugging Summary:: Debugging summary.  File: gawk.info, Node: Debugging, Next: Sample Debugging Session, Up: Debugger @@ -21020,7 +21129,7 @@ Variable name completion  -File: gawk.info, Node: Limitations, Prev: Readline Support, Up: Debugger +File: gawk.info, Node: Limitations, Next: Debugging Summary, Prev: Readline Support, Up: Debugger 14.5 Limitations and Future Plans ================================= @@ -21066,6 +21175,35 @@ some limitations. A few which are worth being aware of are: features may be added, and of course feel free to try to add them yourself! + +File: gawk.info, Node: Debugging Summary, Prev: Limitations, Up: Debugger + +14.6 Summary +============ + + * Programs rarely work correctly the first time. Finding bugs is + "debugging" and a program that helps you find bugs is a + "debugger". `gawk' has a built-in debugger that works very + similarly to the GNU Debugger, GDB. + + * Debuggers let you step through your program one statement at a + time, examine and change variable and array values, and do a + number of other things that let understand what your program is + actually doing (as opposed to what it is supposed to do). + + * Like most debuggers, the `gawk' debugger works in terms of stack + frames, and lets you set both breakpoints (stop at a point in the + code) and watchpoints (stop when a data value changes). + + * The debugger command set is fairly complete, providing control over + breakpoints, execution, viewing and changing data, working with + the stack, getting information, and other tasks. + + * If the `readline' library is available when `gawk' is compiled, it + is used by the debugger to provide command-line history and + editing. + +  File: gawk.info, Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic, Next: Dynamic Extensions, Prev: Debugger, Up: Top @@ -31784,6 +31922,7 @@ Index * endgrent() user-defined function: Group Functions. (line 216) * endpwent() function (C library): Passwd Functions. (line 210) * endpwent() user-defined function: Passwd Functions. (line 213) +* English, Steve: Advanced Features. (line 6) * ENVIRON array: Auto-set. (line 59) * environment variables used by gawk: Environment Variables. (line 6) @@ -32444,6 +32583,7 @@ Index * l debugger command (alias for list): Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 72) * labels.awk program: Labels Program. (line 51) +* Langston, Peter: Advanced Features. (line 6) * languages, data-driven: Basic High Level. (line 85) * Laurie, Dirk: Changing Precision. (line 6) * LC_ALL locale category: Explaining gettext. (line 121) @@ -33979,248 +34119,252 @@ Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1653771 Node: Walking Arrays653984 Node: Library Functions Summary656154 Node: Sample Programs657516 -Node: Running Examples658190 -Node: Clones658918 -Node: Cut Program660142 -Node: Egrep Program670003 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1677932 -Node: Id Program678042 -Node: Split Program681706 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1685237 -Node: Tee Program685365 -Node: Uniq Program688172 -Node: Wc Program695602 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1699870 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2700070 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs700162 -Node: Dupword Program701350 -Node: Alarm Program703381 -Node: Translate Program708195 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1712586 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2712856 -Node: Labels Program712990 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1716361 -Node: Word Sorting716445 -Node: History Sorting720488 -Node: Extract Program722324 -Ref: Extract Program-Footnote-1729899 -Node: Simple Sed730028 -Node: Igawk Program733090 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1748266 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2748467 -Node: Anagram Program748605 -Node: Signature Program751673 -Node: Advanced Features752920 -Node: Nondecimal Data754806 -Node: Array Sorting756383 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal757080 -Node: Array Sorting Functions765360 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1769267 -Node: Two-way I/O769461 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1774977 -Node: TCP/IP Networking775059 -Node: Profiling777903 -Node: Internationalization785411 -Node: I18N and L10N786836 -Node: Explaining gettext787522 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1792662 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2792846 -Node: Programmer i18n793011 -Node: Translator i18n797236 -Node: String Extraction798030 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1798991 -Node: Printf Ordering799077 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1801859 -Node: I18N Portability801923 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1804372 -Node: I18N Example804435 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1807157 -Node: Gawk I18N807229 -Node: Debugger807846 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f20d398e580607d3d986e94dcbd0ae189f528478 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Fri, 13 Jun 2014 08:03:58 +0300 Subject: Fix typos for filename macro in doc. --- doc/gawk.info | 1501 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 753 insertions(+), 748 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 9033128e..39aa56b1 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -1490,7 +1490,7 @@ tell `awk' to use that file for its program, you type: awk -f SOURCE-FILE INPUT-FILE1 INPUT-FILE2 ... The `-f' instructs the `awk' utility to get the `awk' program from -the file SOURCE-FILE. Any FN can be used for SOURCE-FILE. For +the file SOURCE-FILE. Any file name can be used for SOURCE-FILE. For example, you could put the program: BEGIN { print "Don't Panic!" } @@ -1504,15 +1504,16 @@ does the same thing as this one: awk "BEGIN { print \"Don't Panic!\" }" This was explained earlier (*note Read Terminal::). Note that you -don't usually need single quotes around the FN that you specify with -`-f', because most FNs don't contain any of the shell's special -characters. Notice that in `advice', the `awk' program did not have -single quotes around it. The quotes are only needed for programs that -are provided on the `awk' command line. +don't usually need single quotes around the file name that you specify +with `-f', because most file names don't contain any of the shell's +special characters. Notice that in `advice', the `awk' program did not +have single quotes around it. The quotes are only needed for programs +that are provided on the `awk' command line. If you want to clearly identify your `awk' program files as such, -you can add the extension `.awk' to the FN. This doesn't affect the -execution of the `awk' program but it does make "housekeeping" easier. +you can add the extension `.awk' to the file name. This doesn't affect +the execution of the `awk' program but it does make "housekeeping" +easier.  File: gawk.info, Node: Executable Scripts, Next: Comments, Prev: Long, Up: Running gawk @@ -1567,14 +1568,14 @@ the name of your script (`advice'). (d.c.) Don't rely on the value of (1) The `#!' mechanism works on GNU/Linux systems, BSD-based systems and commercial Unix systems. - (2) The line beginning with `#!' lists the full FN of an interpreter -to run and an optional initial command-line argument to pass to that -interpreter. The operating system then runs the interpreter with the -given argument and the full argument list of the executed program. The -first argument in the list is the full FN of the `awk' program. The -rest of the argument list contains either options to `awk', or data -files, or both. Note that on many systems `awk' may be found in -`/usr/bin' instead of in `/bin'. Caveat Emptor. + (2) The line beginning with `#!' lists the full file name of an +interpreter to run and an optional initial command-line argument to +pass to that interpreter. The operating system then runs the +interpreter with the given argument and the full argument list of the +executed program. The first argument in the list is the full file name +of the `awk' program. The rest of the argument list contains either +options to `awk', or data files, or both. Note that on many systems +`awk' may be found in `/usr/bin' instead of in `/bin'. Caveat Emptor.  File: gawk.info, Node: Comments, Next: Quoting, Prev: Executable Scripts, Up: Running gawk @@ -1714,9 +1715,9 @@ the quoting rules. awk -F"" 'PROGRAM' FILES # wrong! In the second case, `awk' will attempt to use the text of the - program as the value of `FS', and the first FN as the text of the - program! This results in syntax errors at best, and confusing - behavior at worst. + program as the value of `FS', and the first file name as the text + of the program! This results in syntax errors at best, and + confusing behavior at worst. Mixing single and double quotes is difficult. You have to resort to shell quoting tricks, like this: @@ -1895,9 +1896,9 @@ description of the program will give you a good idea of what is going on, but please read the rest of the Info file to become an `awk' expert!) Most of the examples use a data file named `data'. This is just a placeholder; if you use these programs yourself, substitute your -own FNs for `data'. For future reference, note that there is often -more than one way to do things in `awk'. At some point, you may want -to look back at these examples and see if you can come up with +own file names for `data'. For future reference, note that there is +often more than one way to do things in `awk'. At some point, you may +want to look back at these examples and see if you can come up with different ways to do the same things shown here: * Print the length of the longest input line: @@ -2041,7 +2042,7 @@ identifies the owner of the file. The fourth field identifies the group of the file. The fifth field contains the size of the file in bytes. The sixth, seventh, and eighth fields contain the month, day, and time, respectively, that the file was last modified. Finally, the ninth field -contains the FN.(1) +contains the file name.(1) The `$6 == "Nov"' in our `awk' program is an expression that tests whether the sixth field of the output from `ls -l' matches the string @@ -2380,10 +2381,10 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: This interpretation of `--' follows the POSIX argument parsing conventions. - This is useful if you have FNs that start with `-', or in shell - scripts, if you have FNs that will be specified by the user that - could start with `-'. It is also useful for passing options on to - the `awk' program; see *note Getopt Function::. + This is useful if you have file names that start with `-', or in + shell scripts, if you have file names that will be specified by + the user that could start with `-'. It is also useful for passing + options on to the `awk' program; see *note Getopt Function::. The following list describes `gawk'-specific options: @@ -2548,8 +2549,8 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: Enable pretty-printing of `awk' programs. By default, output program is created in a file named `awkprof.out' (*note Profiling::). The optional FILE argument allows you to specify a - different FN for the output. No space is allowed between the `-o' - and FILE, if FILE is supplied. + different file name for the output. No space is allowed between + the `-o' and FILE, if FILE is supplied. NOTE: Due to the way `gawk' has evolved, with this option your program is still executed. This will change in the next @@ -2565,9 +2566,9 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: `--profile'[`='FILE] Enable profiling of `awk' programs (*note Profiling::). By default, profiles are created in a file named `awkprof.out'. The - optional FILE argument allows you to specify a different FN for - the profile file. No space is allowed between the `-p' and FILE, - if FILE is supplied. + optional FILE argument allows you to specify a different file name + for the profile file. No space is allowed between the `-p' and + FILE, if FILE is supplied. The profile contains execution counts for each statement in the program in the left margin, and function call counts for each @@ -2708,11 +2709,11 @@ arguments, including variable assignments, are included. As each element of `ARGV' is processed, `gawk' sets the variable `ARGIND' to the index in `ARGV' of the current element. - The distinction between FN arguments and variable-assignment + The distinction between file name arguments and variable-assignment arguments is made when `awk' is about to open the next input file. At -that point in execution, it checks the FN to see whether it is really a -variable assignment; if so, `awk' sets the variable instead of reading -a file. +that point in execution, it checks the file name to see whether it is +really a variable assignment; if so, `awk' sets the variable instead of +reading a file. Therefore, the variables actually receive the given values after all previously specified files have been read. In particular, the values of @@ -2724,13 +2725,13 @@ begins scanning the argument list. escape sequences (*note Escape Sequences::). (d.c.) In some very early implementations of `awk', when a variable -assignment occurred before any FNs, the assignment would happen _before_ -the `BEGIN' rule was executed. `awk''s behavior was thus inconsistent; -some command-line assignments were available inside the `BEGIN' rule, -while others were not. Unfortunately, some applications came to depend -upon this "feature." When `awk' was changed to be more consistent, the -`-v' option was added to accommodate applications that depended upon -the old behavior. +assignment occurred before any file names, the assignment would happen +_before_ the `BEGIN' rule was executed. `awk''s behavior was thus +inconsistent; some command-line assignments were available inside the +`BEGIN' rule, while others were not. Unfortunately, some applications +came to depend upon this "feature." When `awk' was changed to be more +consistent, the `-v' option was added to accommodate applications that +depended upon the old behavior. The variable assignment feature is most useful for assigning to variables such as `RS', `OFS', and `ORS', which control input and @@ -2766,11 +2767,11 @@ SOME_COMMAND, and finally it reads `file2'. You may also use `"-"' to name standard input when reading files with `getline' (*note Getline/File::). - In addition, `gawk' allows you to specify the special FN + In addition, `gawk' allows you to specify the special file name `/dev/stdin', both on the command line and with `getline'. Some other versions of `awk' also support this, but it is not standard. (Some operating systems provide a `/dev/stdin' file in the file system; -however, `gawk' always processes this FN itself.) +however, `gawk' always processes this file name itself.)  File: gawk.info, Node: Environment Variables, Next: Exit Status, Prev: Naming Standard Input, Up: Invoking Gawk @@ -2798,7 +2799,7 @@ The previous minor node described how `awk' program files can be named on the command-line with the `-f' option. In most `awk' implementations, you must supply a precise path name for each program file, unless the file is in the current directory. But in `gawk', if -the FN supplied to the `-f' or `-i' options does not contain a +the file name supplied to the `-f' or `-i' options does not contain a directory separator `/', then `gawk' searches a list of directories (called the "search path"), one by one, looking for a file with the specified name. @@ -2811,8 +2812,8 @@ variable. If that variable does not exist, `gawk' uses a default path, The search path feature is particularly helpful for building libraries of useful `awk' functions. The library files can be placed in a standard directory in the default path and then specified on the -command line with a short FN. Otherwise, the full FN would have to be -typed for each file. +command line with a short file name. Otherwise, the full file name +would have to be typed for each file. By using the `-i' option, or the `--source' and `-f' options, your command-line `awk' programs can use facilities in `awk' library files @@ -3020,8 +3021,8 @@ and here is `test2': use `@include' followed by the name of the file to be included, enclosed in double quotes. - NOTE: Keep in mind that this is a language construct and the FN - cannot be a string variable, but rather just a literal string + NOTE: Keep in mind that this is a language construct and the file + name cannot be a string variable, but rather just a literal string constant in double quotes. The files to be included may be nested; e.g., given a third script, @@ -3039,7 +3040,7 @@ Running `gawk' with the `test3' script produces the following results: -| This is file test2. -| This is file test3. - The FN can, of course, be a pathname. For example: + The file name can, of course, be a pathname. For example: @include "../io_funcs" @@ -5432,11 +5433,11 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Getline/File, Next: Getline/Variable/File, Prev: Getli --------------------------------- Use `getline < FILE' to read the next record from FILE. Here FILE is a -string-valued expression that specifies the FN. `< FILE' is called a -"redirection" because it directs input to come from a different place. -For example, the following program reads its input record from the file -`secondary.input' when it encounters a first field with a value equal -to 10 in the current input file: +string-valued expression that specifies the file name. `< FILE' is +called a "redirection" because it directs input to come from a +different place. For example, the following program reads its input +record from the file `secondary.input' when it encounters a first field +with a value equal to 10 in the current input file: { if ($1 == 10) { @@ -5938,8 +5939,8 @@ OFMT::.) For printing with specifications, you need the `printf' statement (*note Printf::). Besides basic and formatted printing, this major node also covers -I/O redirections to files and pipes, introduces the special FNs that -`gawk' processes internally, and discusses the `close()' built-in +I/O redirections to files and pipes, introduces the special file names +that `gawk' processes internally, and discusses the `close()' built-in function. * Menu: @@ -6576,8 +6577,9 @@ work identically for `printf': `print ITEMS > OUTPUT-FILE' This redirection prints the items into the output file named - OUTPUT-FILE. The FN OUTPUT-FILE can be any expression. Its value - is changed to a string and then used as a FN (*note Expressions::). + {No value for `output-file'}. The file name OUTPUT-FILE can be any + expression. Its value is changed to a string and then used as a + file name (*note Expressions::). When this type of redirection is used, the OUTPUT-FILE is erased before the first output is written to it. Subsequent writes to @@ -6695,9 +6697,9 @@ underlying operating system permits. A particularly powerful way to use redirection is to build command lines and pipe them into the shell, `sh'. For example, suppose you -have a list of files brought over from a system where all the FNs are -stored in uppercase, and you wish to rename them to have names in all -lowercase. The following program is both simple and efficient: +have a list of files brought over from a system where all the file names +are stored in uppercase, and you wish to rename them to have names in +all lowercase. The following program is both simple and efficient: { printf("mv %s %s\n", $0, tolower($0)) | "sh" } @@ -6714,9 +6716,9 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Special Files, Next: Close Files And Pipes, Prev: Redi 5.7 Special File Name in `gawk' =============================== -`gawk' provides a number of special FNs that it interprets internally. -These FNs provide access to standard file descriptors and TCP/IP -networking. +`gawk' provides a number of special file names that it interprets +internally. These file names provide access to standard file +descriptors and TCP/IP networking. * Menu: @@ -6762,13 +6764,13 @@ happens, writing to the screen is not correct. In fact, if `awk' is run from a background job, it may not have a terminal at all. Then opening `/dev/tty' fails. - `gawk' provides special FNs for accessing the three standard + `gawk' provides special file names for accessing the three standard streams. (c.e.) It also provides syntax for accessing any other -inherited open files. If the FN matches one of these special names -when `gawk' redirects input or output, then it directly uses the stream -that the FN stands for. These special FNs work for all operating -systems that `gawk' has been ported to, not just those that are -POSIX-compliant: +inherited open files. If the file name matches one of these special +names when `gawk' redirects input or output, then it directly uses the +stream that the file name stands for. These special file names work +for all operating systems that `gawk' has been ported to, not just +those that are POSIX-compliant: `/dev/stdin' The standard input (file descriptor 0). @@ -6785,18 +6787,18 @@ POSIX-compliant: the shell). Unless special pains are taken in the shell from which `gawk' is invoked, only descriptors 0, 1, and 2 are available. - The FNs `/dev/stdin', `/dev/stdout', and `/dev/stderr' are aliases -for `/dev/fd/0', `/dev/fd/1', and `/dev/fd/2', respectively. However, -they are more self-explanatory. The proper way to write an error -message in a `gawk' program is to use `/dev/stderr', like this: + The file names `/dev/stdin', `/dev/stdout', and `/dev/stderr' are +aliases for `/dev/fd/0', `/dev/fd/1', and `/dev/fd/2', respectively. +However, they are more self-explanatory. The proper way to write an +error message in a `gawk' program is to use `/dev/stderr', like this: print "Serious error detected!" > "/dev/stderr" - Note the use of quotes around the FN. Like any other redirection, -the value must be a string. It is a common error to omit the quotes, -which leads to confusing results. + Note the use of quotes around the file name. Like any other +redirection, the value must be a string. It is a common error to omit +the quotes, which leads to confusing results. - Finally, using the `close()' function on a FN of the form + Finally, using the `close()' function on a file name of the form `"/dev/fd/N"', for file descriptor numbers above two, does actually close the given file descriptor. @@ -6814,15 +6816,16 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Special Network, Next: Special Caveats, Prev: Special ---------------------------------------------- `gawk' programs can open a two-way TCP/IP connection, acting as either -a client or a server. This is done using a special FN of the form: +a client or a server. This is done using a special file name of the +form: `/NET-TYPE/PROTOCOL/LOCAL-PORT/REMOTE-HOST/REMOTE-PORT' The NET-TYPE is one of `inet', `inet4' or `inet6'. The PROTOCOL is one of `tcp' or `udp', and the other fields represent the other essential pieces of information for making a networking connection. -These FNs are used with the `|&' operator for communicating with a -coprocess (*note Two-way I/O::). This is an advanced feature, +These file names are used with the `|&' operator for communicating with +a coprocess (*note Two-way I/O::). This is an advanced feature, mentioned here only for completeness. Full discussion is delayed until *note TCP/IP Networking::. @@ -6832,15 +6835,15 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Special Caveats, Prev: Special Network, Up: Special Fi 5.7.3 Special File Name Caveats ------------------------------- -Here is a list of things to bear in mind when using the special FNs -that `gawk' provides: +Here is a list of things to bear in mind when using the special file +names that `gawk' provides: - * Recognition of these special FNs is disabled if `gawk' is in + * Recognition of these special file names is disabled if `gawk' is in compatibility mode (*note Options::). - * `gawk' _always_ interprets these special FNs. For example, using - `/dev/fd/4' for output actually writes on file descriptor 4, and - not on a new file descriptor that is `dup()''ed from file + * `gawk' _always_ interprets these special file names. For example, + using `/dev/fd/4' for output actually writes on file descriptor 4, + and not on a new file descriptor that is `dup()''ed from file descriptor 4. Most of the time this does not matter; however, it is important to _not_ close any of the files related to file descriptors 0, 1, and 2. Doing so results in unpredictable @@ -6852,17 +6855,17 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Close Files And Pipes, Next: Output Summary, Prev: Spe 5.8 Closing Input and Output Redirections ========================================= -If the same FN or the same shell command is used with `getline' more -than once during the execution of an `awk' program (*note Getline::), -the file is opened (or the command is executed) the first time only. -At that time, the first record of input is read from that file or -command. The next time the same file or command is used with `getline', -another record is read from it, and so on. +If the same file name or the same shell command is used with `getline' +more than once during the execution of an `awk' program (*note +Getline::), the file is opened (or the command is executed) the first +time only. At that time, the first record of input is read from that +file or command. The next time the same file or command is used with +`getline', another record is read from it, and so on. Similarly, when a file or pipe is opened for output, `awk' remembers -the FN or command associated with it, and subsequent writes to the same -file or command are appended to the previous writes. The file or pipe -stays open until `awk' exits. +the file name or command associated with it, and subsequent writes to +the same file or command are appended to the previous writes. The file +or pipe stays open until `awk' exits. This implies that special steps are necessary in order to read the same file again from the beginning, or to rerun a shell command (rather @@ -6891,8 +6894,8 @@ file or command, or the next `print' or `printf' to that file or command, reopens the file or reruns the command. Because the expression that you use to close a file or pipeline must exactly match the expression used to open the file or run the command, it is good -practice to use a variable to store the FN or command. The previous -example becomes the following: +practice to use a valueiable to store the file name or command. The +previous example becomes the following: sortcom = "sort -r names" sortcom | getline foo @@ -7374,11 +7377,11 @@ option, as in the following: the variable is set at the very beginning, even before the `BEGIN' rules execute. The `-v' option and its assignment must precede all the -FN arguments, as well as the program text. (*Note Options::, for more -information about the `-v' option.) Otherwise, the variable assignment -is performed at a time determined by its position among the input file -arguments--after the processing of the preceding input file argument. -For example: +file name arguments, as well as the program text. (*Note Options::, +for more information about the `-v' option.) Otherwise, the variable +assignment is performed at a time determined by its position among the +input file arguments--after the processing of the preceding input file +argument. For example: awk '{ print $n }' n=4 inventory-shipped n=2 mail-list @@ -10058,13 +10061,14 @@ Options::), they are not special. `ARGIND #' The index in `ARGV' of the current file being processed. Every time `gawk' opens a new data file for processing, it sets `ARGIND' - to the index in `ARGV' of the FN. When `gawk' is processing the - input files, `FILENAME == ARGV[ARGIND]' is always true. + to the index in `ARGV' of the file name. When `gawk' is + processing the input files, `FILENAME == ARGV[ARGIND]' is always + true. This variable is useful in file processing; it allows you to tell how far along you are in the list of data files as well as to - distinguish between successive instances of the same FN on the - command line. + distinguish between successive instances of the same file name on + the command line. While you can change the value of `ARGIND' within your `awk' program, `gawk' automatically sets it to a new value when the next @@ -10391,13 +10395,13 @@ incrementing `ARGC' causes additional files to be read. If the value of `ARGC' is decreased, that eliminates input files from the end of the list. By recording the old value of `ARGC' elsewhere, a program can treat the eliminated arguments as something -other than FNs. +other than file names. To eliminate a file from the middle of the list, store the null string (`""') into `ARGV' in place of the file's name. As a special -feature, `awk' ignores FNs that have been replaced with the null string. -Another option is to use the `delete' statement to remove elements from -`ARGV' (*note Delete::). +feature, `awk' ignores file names that have been replaced with the null +string. Another option is to use the `delete' statement to remove +elements from `ARGV' (*note Delete::). All of these actions are typically done in the `BEGIN' rule, before actual processing of the input begins. *Note Split Program::, and see @@ -14832,16 +14836,16 @@ does so _portably_; this works with any implementation of `awk': the rule it supplies is executed first. This rule relies on `awk''s `FILENAME' variable that automatically -changes for each new data file. The current FN is saved in a private -variable, `_oldfilename'. If `FILENAME' does not equal `_oldfilename', -then a new data file is being processed and it is necessary to call -`endfile()' for the old file. Because `endfile()' should only be -called if a file has been processed, the program first checks to make -sure that `_oldfilename' is not the null string. The program then -assigns the current FN to `_oldfilename' and calls `beginfile()' for -the file. Because, like all `awk' variables, `_oldfilename' is -initialized to the null string, this rule executes correctly even for -the first data file. +changes for each new data file. The current file name is saved in a +private variable, `_oldfilename'. If `FILENAME' does not equal +`_oldfilename', then a new data file is being processed and it is +necessary to call `endfile()' for the old file. Because `endfile()' +should only be called if a file has been processed, the program first +checks to make sure that `_oldfilename' is not the null string. The +program then assigns the current file name to `_oldfilename' and calls +`beginfile()' for the file. Because, like all `awk' variables, +`_oldfilename' is initialized to the null string, this rule executes +correctly even for the first data file. The program also supplies an `END' rule to do the final processing for the last file. Because this `END' rule comes before any `END' rules @@ -14978,8 +14982,8 @@ program code. possible to detect when an empty data file has been skipped. Similar to the library file presented in *note Filetrans Function::, the following library file calls a function named `zerofile()' that the -user must provide. The arguments passed are the FN and the position in -`ARGV' where it was found: +user must provide. The arguments passed are the file name and the +position in `ARGV' where it was found: # zerofile.awk --- library file to process empty input files @@ -15025,8 +15029,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Ignoring Assigns, Prev: Empty Files, Up: Data File Man Occasionally, you might not want `awk' to process command-line variable assignments (*note Assignment Options::). In particular, if you have a -FN that contains an `=' character, `awk' treats the FN as an -assignment, and does not process it. +file name that contains an `=' character, `awk' treats the file name as +an assignment, and does not process it. Some users have suggested an additional command-line option for `gawk' to disable command-line assignments. However, some simple @@ -15053,7 +15057,7 @@ programming with a library file does the trick: The function works by looping through the arguments. It prepends `./' to any argument that matches the form of a variable assignment, -turning that argument into a FN. +turning that argument into a file name. The use of `No_command_assign' allows you to disable command-line assignments at invocation time, by giving the variable a true value. @@ -15342,7 +15346,7 @@ that it does not try to interpret the `-a', etc., as its own options. NOTE: After `getopt()' is through, it is the responsibility of the user level code to clear out all the elements of `ARGV' from 1 to `Optind', so that `awk' does not try to process the command-line - options as FNs. + options as file names. Several of the sample programs presented in *note Sample Programs::, use `getopt()' to process their arguments. @@ -16124,7 +16128,7 @@ we want them to be separated with individual spaces. Also remember that after `getopt()' is through (as described in *note Getopt Function::), we have to clear out all the elements of `ARGV' from 1 to `Optind', so that `awk' does not try to process the command-line options -as FNs. +as file names. After dealing with the command-line options, the program verifies that the options make sense. Only one or the other of `-c' and `-f' @@ -16281,9 +16285,10 @@ expressions that are almost identical to those available in `awk' The PATTERN is a regular expression. In typical usage, the regular expression is quoted to prevent the shell from expanding any of the -special characters as FN wildcards. Normally, `egrep' prints the lines -that matched. If multiple FNs are provided on the command line, each -output line is preceded by the name of the file and a colon. +special characters as file name wildcards. Normally, `egrep' prints +the lines that matched. If multiple file names are provided on the +command line, each output line is preceded by the name of the file and +a colon. The options to `egrep' are as follows: @@ -16355,8 +16360,8 @@ pattern is supplied with `-e', the first nonoption on the command line is used. The `awk' command-line arguments up to `ARGV[Optind]' are cleared, so that `awk' won't try to process them as files. If no files are specified, the standard input is used, and if multiple files are -specified, we make sure to note this so that the FNs can precede the -matched lines in the output: +specified, we make sure to note this so that the file names can precede +the matched lines in the output: if (pattern == "") pattern = ARGV[Optind++] @@ -16437,9 +16442,9 @@ just moves on to the next record. are not counting lines. First, if the user only wants exit status (`no_print' is true), then it is enough to know that _one_ line in this file matched, and we can skip on to the next file with `nextfile'. -Similarly, if we are only printing FNs, we can print the FN, and then -skip to the next file with `nextfile'. Finally, each line is printed, -with a leading FN and colon if necessary: +Similarly, if we are only printing file names, we can print the file +name, and then skip to the next file with `nextfile'. Finally, each +line is printed, with a leading file name and colon if necessary: { matches = ($0 ~ pattern) @@ -16625,7 +16630,7 @@ To change the number of lines in each file, supply a number on the command line preceded with a minus; e.g., `-500' for files with 500 lines in them instead of 1000. To change the name of the output files to something like `myfileaa', `myfileab', and so on, supply an -additional argument that specifies the FN prefix. +additional argument that specifies the file name prefix. Here is a version of `split' in `awk'. It uses the `ord()' and `chr()' functions presented in *note Ordinal Functions::. @@ -22981,7 +22986,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Exit Callback Functions, Next: Extension Version String .............................................. An "exit callback" function is a function that `gawk' calls before it -exits. Such functions are useful if you have general "clean up" tasks +exits. Such functions are useful if you have general "cleanup" tasks that should be performed in your extension (such as closing data base connections or other resource deallocations). You can register such a function with `gawk' using the following function. @@ -23738,7 +23743,7 @@ of the usage. When a variable's value changes, `gawk' simply decrements the reference count on the old value and updates the variable to use the new value. - Finally, as part of your clean up action (*note Exit Callback + Finally, as part of your cleanup action (*note Exit Callback Functions::) you should release any cached values that you created, using `release_value()'. @@ -25253,10 +25258,10 @@ constant (`FNM_NOMATCH'), and an array of flag values named `FNM'. The arguments to `fnmatch()' are: `pattern' - The FN wildcard to match. + The file name wildcard to match. `string' - The FN string. + The file name string. `flag' Either zero, or the bitwise OR of one or more of the flags in the @@ -25348,8 +25353,8 @@ standard output to a temporary file configured to have the same owner and permissions as the original. After the file has been processed, the extension restores standard output to its original destination. If `INPLACE_SUFFIX' is not an empty string, the original file is linked to -a backup FN created by appending that suffix. Finally, the temporary -file is renamed to the original FN. +a backup file name created by appending that suffix. Finally, the +temporary file is renamed to the original file name. If any error occurs, the extension issues a fatal error to terminate processing immediately without damaging the original file. @@ -25409,9 +25414,9 @@ on the command line (or with `getline'), they are read, with each entry returned as a record. The record consists of three fields. The first two are the inode -number and the FN, separated by a forward slash character. On systems -where the directory entry contains the file type, the record has a -third field (also separated by a slash) which is a single letter +number and the file name, separated by a forward slash character. On +systems where the directory entry contains the file type, the record +has a third field (also separated by a slash) which is a single letter indicating the type of the file. The letters are file types are shown in *note table-readdir-file-types::. @@ -27498,8 +27503,8 @@ or: $ MMK/DESCRIPTION=[.vms]descrip.mms gawk `MMK' is an open source, free, near-clone of `MMS' and can better -handle ODS-5 volumes with upper- and lowercase FNs. `MMK' is available -from `https://github.com/endlesssoftware/mmk'. +handle ODS-5 volumes with upper- and lowercase file names. `MMK' is +available from `https://github.com/endlesssoftware/mmk'. With ODS-5 volumes and extended parsing enabled, the case of the target parameter may need to be exact. @@ -27619,9 +27624,9 @@ has no device or directory path information in it, `gawk' looks in the current directory first, then in the directory specified by the translation of `AWK_LIBRARY' if the file is not found. If, after searching in both directories, the file still is not found, `gawk' -appends the suffix `.awk' to the FN and retries the file search. If -`AWK_LIBRARY' has no definition, a default value of `SYS$LIBRARY:' is -used for it. +appends the suffix `.awk' to the file name and retries the file search. +If `AWK_LIBRARY' has no definition, a default value of `SYS$LIBRARY:' +is used for it.  File: gawk.info, Node: VMS Running, Next: VMS GNV, Prev: VMS Installation Details, Up: VMS Installation @@ -28581,7 +28586,7 @@ provided: hook into input processing, output processing, and two-way I/O. * An extension should be able to provide a "call back" function to - perform clean up actions when `gawk' exits. + perform cleanup actions when `gawk' exits. * An extension should be able to provide a version string so that `gawk''s `--version' option can provide information about @@ -30740,7 +30745,7 @@ Index * Menu: * ! (exclamation point), ! operator: Boolean Ops. (line 67) -* ! (exclamation point), ! operator <1>: Egrep Program. (line 174) +* ! (exclamation point), ! operator <1>: Egrep Program. (line 175) * ! (exclamation point), ! operator <2>: Ranges. (line 48) * ! (exclamation point), ! operator: Precedence. (line 52) * ! (exclamation point), != operator <1>: Precedence. (line 65) @@ -30935,7 +30940,7 @@ Index * > (right angle bracket), >= operator: Comparison Operators. (line 11) * > (right angle bracket), >> operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 65) -* > (right angle bracket), >> operator (I/O): Redirection. (line 49) +* > (right angle bracket), >> operator (I/O): Redirection. (line 50) * ? (question mark), ?: operator: Precedence. (line 92) * ? (question mark), regexp operator <1>: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 59) @@ -30976,7 +30981,7 @@ Index (line 38) * \ (backslash), as field separator: Command Line Field Separator. (line 27) -* \ (backslash), continuing lines and <1>: Egrep Program. (line 222) +* \ (backslash), continuing lines and <1>: Egrep Program. (line 223) * \ (backslash), continuing lines and: Statements/Lines. (line 19) * \ (backslash), continuing lines and, comments and: Statements/Lines. (line 76) @@ -31183,7 +31188,7 @@ Index * awk, gawk and <1>: This Manual. (line 14) * awk, gawk and: Preface. (line 23) * awk, history of: History. (line 17) -* awk, implementation issues, pipes: Redirection. (line 134) +* awk, implementation issues, pipes: Redirection. (line 135) * awk, implementations: Other Versions. (line 6) * awk, implementations, limits: Getline Notes. (line 14) * awk, invoking: Command Line. (line 6) @@ -31250,7 +31255,7 @@ Index (line 38) * backslash (\), as field separator: Command Line Field Separator. (line 27) -* backslash (\), continuing lines and <1>: Egrep Program. (line 222) +* backslash (\), continuing lines and <1>: Egrep Program. (line 223) * backslash (\), continuing lines and: Statements/Lines. (line 19) * backslash (\), continuing lines and, comments and: Statements/Lines. (line 76) @@ -31561,7 +31566,7 @@ Index (line 6) * cookie: Glossary. (line 149) * coprocesses <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 44) -* coprocesses: Redirection. (line 101) +* coprocesses: Redirection. (line 102) * coprocesses, closing: Close Files And Pipes. (line 6) * coprocesses, getline from: Getline/Coprocess. (line 6) @@ -31604,9 +31609,9 @@ Index * dark corner, exit statement: Exit Statement. (line 30) * dark corner, field separators: Field Splitting Summary. (line 46) -* dark corner, FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 89) +* dark corner, FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 90) * dark corner, FILENAME variable: Getline Notes. (line 19) -* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 300) +* dark corner, FNR/NR variables: Auto-set. (line 301) * dark corner, format-control characters: Control Letters. (line 18) * dark corner, FS as null string: Single Character Fields. (line 20) @@ -31790,25 +31795,25 @@ Index (line 81) * differences in awk and gawk, command line directories: Command line directories. (line 6) -* differences in awk and gawk, ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 73) +* differences in awk and gawk, ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 74) * differences in awk and gawk, error messages: Special FD. (line 16) * differences in awk and gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable: User-modified. (line 37) * differences in awk and gawk, FPAT variable: User-modified. (line 43) -* differences in awk and gawk, FUNCTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 114) +* differences in awk and gawk, FUNCTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 115) * differences in awk and gawk, function arguments (gawk): Calling Built-in. (line 16) * differences in awk and gawk, getline command: Getline. (line 19) * differences in awk and gawk, IGNORECASE variable: User-modified. (line 76) * differences in awk and gawk, implementation limitations <1>: Redirection. - (line 134) + (line 135) * differences in awk and gawk, implementation limitations: Getline Notes. (line 14) * differences in awk and gawk, indirect function calls: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, input/output operators <1>: Redirection. - (line 101) + (line 102) * differences in awk and gawk, input/output operators: Getline/Coprocess. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, line continuations: Conditional Exp. @@ -31818,7 +31823,7 @@ Index (line 260) * differences in awk and gawk, print/printf statements: Format Modifiers. (line 13) -* differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 127) +* differences in awk and gawk, PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 128) * differences in awk and gawk, read timeouts: Read Timeout. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, record separators: awk split records. (line 124) @@ -31828,7 +31833,7 @@ Index (line 26) * differences in awk and gawk, RS/RT variables: gawk split records. (line 58) -* differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 256) +* differences in awk and gawk, RT variable: Auto-set. (line 257) * differences in awk and gawk, single-character fields: Single Character Fields. (line 6) * differences in awk and gawk, split() function: String Functions. @@ -31836,7 +31841,7 @@ Index * differences in awk and gawk, strings: Scalar Constants. (line 20) * differences in awk and gawk, strings, storing: gawk split records. (line 77) -* differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 260) +* differences in awk and gawk, SYMTAB variable: Auto-set. (line 261) * differences in awk and gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable: User-modified. (line 152) * differences in awk and gawk, trunc-mod operation: Arithmetic Ops. @@ -31877,11 +31882,11 @@ Index * dynamically loaded extensions: Dynamic Extensions. (line 6) * e debugger command (alias for enable): Breakpoint Control. (line 73) * EBCDIC: Ordinal Functions. (line 45) -* effective group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 132) -* effective user ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 136) +* effective group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 133) +* effective user ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 137) * egrep utility <1>: Egrep Program. (line 6) * egrep utility: Bracket Expressions. (line 24) -* egrep.awk program: Egrep Program. (line 53) +* egrep.awk program: Egrep Program. (line 54) * elements in arrays, assigning values: Assigning Elements. (line 6) * elements in arrays, deleting: Delete. (line 6) * elements in arrays, order of access by in operator: Scanning an Array. @@ -31906,7 +31911,7 @@ Index * END pattern, and profiling: Profiling. (line 62) * END pattern, assert() user-defined function and: Assert Function. (line 75) -* END pattern, backslash continuation and: Egrep Program. (line 222) +* END pattern, backslash continuation and: Egrep Program. (line 223) * END pattern, Boolean patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 70) * END pattern, exit statement and: Exit Statement. (line 12) * END pattern, next/nextfile statements and <1>: Next Statement. @@ -31923,10 +31928,10 @@ Index * endpwent() function (C library): Passwd Functions. (line 210) * endpwent() user-defined function: Passwd Functions. (line 213) * English, Steve: Advanced Features. (line 6) -* ENVIRON array: Auto-set. (line 59) +* ENVIRON array: Auto-set. (line 60) * environment variables used by gawk: Environment Variables. (line 6) -* environment variables, in ENVIRON array: Auto-set. (line 59) +* environment variables, in ENVIRON array: Auto-set. (line 60) * epoch, definition of: Glossary. (line 234) * equals sign (=), = operator: Assignment Ops. (line 6) * equals sign (=), == operator <1>: Precedence. (line 65) @@ -31934,13 +31939,13 @@ Index (line 11) * EREs (Extended Regular Expressions): Bracket Expressions. (line 24) * ERRNO variable <1>: TCP/IP Networking. (line 54) -* ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 73) +* ERRNO variable: Auto-set. (line 74) * ERRNO variable, with BEGINFILE pattern: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26) * ERRNO variable, with close() function: Close Files And Pipes. (line 139) * ERRNO variable, with getline command: Getline. (line 19) * error handling: Special FD. (line 16) -* error handling, ERRNO variable and: Auto-set. (line 73) +* error handling, ERRNO variable and: Auto-set. (line 74) * error output: Special FD. (line 6) * escape processing, gsub()/gensub()/sub() functions: Gory Details. (line 6) @@ -31953,7 +31958,7 @@ Index * evaluation order, concatenation: Concatenation. (line 41) * evaluation order, functions: Calling Built-in. (line 30) * examining fields: Fields. (line 6) -* exclamation point (!), ! operator <1>: Egrep Program. (line 174) +* exclamation point (!), ! operator <1>: Egrep Program. (line 175) * exclamation point (!), ! operator <2>: Precedence. (line 52) * exclamation point (!), ! operator: Boolean Ops. (line 67) * exclamation point (!), != operator <1>: Precedence. (line 65) @@ -31994,7 +31999,7 @@ Index (line 6) * extension API version: Extension Versioning. (line 6) -* extension API, version number: Auto-set. (line 223) +* extension API, version number: Auto-set. (line 224) * extension example: Extension Example. (line 6) * extension registration: Registration Functions. (line 6) @@ -32070,10 +32075,10 @@ Index * FIELDWIDTHS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 37) * FIELDWIDTHS variable: Constant Size. (line 23) * file descriptors: Special FD. (line 6) -* file names, distinguishing: Auto-set. (line 55) +* file names, distinguishing: Auto-set. (line 56) * file names, in compatibility mode: Special Caveats. (line 9) * file names, standard streams in gawk: Special FD. (line 46) -* FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 89) +* FILENAME variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 90) * FILENAME variable: Reading Files. (line 6) * FILENAME variable, getline, setting with: Getline Notes. (line 19) * filenames, assignments as: Ignoring Assigns. (line 6) @@ -32119,7 +32124,7 @@ Index * files, portable object, converting to message object files: I18N Example. (line 63) * files, portable object, generating: Options. (line 147) -* files, processing, ARGIND variable and: Auto-set. (line 50) +* files, processing, ARGIND variable and: Auto-set. (line 51) * files, reading: Rewind Function. (line 6) * files, reading, multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 6) * files, searching for regular expressions: Egrep Program. (line 6) @@ -32143,9 +32148,9 @@ Index * flush buffered output: I/O Functions. (line 28) * fnmatch() extension function: Extension Sample Fnmatch. (line 12) -* FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 98) +* FNR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 99) * FNR variable: Records. (line 6) -* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 300) +* FNR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 301) * for statement: For Statement. (line 6) * for statement, looping over arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 20) * fork() extension function: Extension Sample Fork. @@ -32195,7 +32200,7 @@ Index * FSF (Free Software Foundation): Manual History. (line 6) * fts() extension function: Extension Sample File Functions. (line 61) -* FUNCTAB array: Auto-set. (line 114) +* FUNCTAB array: Auto-set. (line 115) * function calls: Function Calls. (line 6) * function calls, indirect: Indirect Calls. (line 6) * function definition example: Function Example. (line 6) @@ -32245,7 +32250,7 @@ Index * G-d: Acknowledgments. (line 78) * Garfinkle, Scott: Contributors. (line 34) * gawk program, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 179) -* gawk version: Auto-set. (line 198) +* gawk version: Auto-set. (line 199) * gawk, ARGIND variable in: Other Arguments. (line 12) * gawk, awk and <1>: This Manual. (line 14) * gawk, awk and: Preface. (line 23) @@ -32266,7 +32271,7 @@ Index * gawk, distribution: Distribution contents. (line 6) * gawk, ERRNO variable in <1>: TCP/IP Networking. (line 54) -* gawk, ERRNO variable in <2>: Auto-set. (line 73) +* gawk, ERRNO variable in <2>: Auto-set. (line 74) * gawk, ERRNO variable in <3>: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE. (line 26) * gawk, ERRNO variable in <4>: Close Files And Pipes. (line 139) @@ -32283,7 +32288,7 @@ Index * gawk, FPAT variable in <1>: User-modified. (line 43) * gawk, FPAT variable in: Splitting By Content. (line 27) -* gawk, FUNCTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 114) +* gawk, FUNCTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 115) * gawk, function arguments and: Calling Built-in. (line 16) * gawk, hexadecimal numbers and: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 42) * gawk, IGNORECASE variable in <1>: Array Sorting Functions. @@ -32297,7 +32302,7 @@ Index * gawk, implementation issues, downward compatibility: Compatibility Mode. (line 6) * gawk, implementation issues, limits: Getline Notes. (line 14) -* gawk, implementation issues, pipes: Redirection. (line 134) +* gawk, implementation issues, pipes: Redirection. (line 135) * gawk, installing: Installation. (line 6) * gawk, internationalization and, See internationalization: Internationalization. (line 13) @@ -32314,7 +32319,7 @@ Index * gawk, OS/2 version of: PC Using. (line 16) * gawk, PROCINFO array in <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 117) * gawk, PROCINFO array in <2>: Time Functions. (line 47) -* gawk, PROCINFO array in: Auto-set. (line 127) +* gawk, PROCINFO array in: Auto-set. (line 128) * gawk, regexp constants and: Using Constant Regexps. (line 28) * gawk, regular expressions, case sensitivity: Case-sensitivity. @@ -32322,14 +32327,14 @@ Index * gawk, regular expressions, operators: GNU Regexp Operators. (line 6) * gawk, regular expressions, precedence: Regexp Operators. (line 162) -* gawk, RT variable in <1>: Auto-set. (line 256) +* gawk, RT variable in <1>: Auto-set. (line 257) * gawk, RT variable in <2>: Multiple Line. (line 129) * gawk, RT variable in: awk split records. (line 124) * gawk, See Also awk: Preface. (line 36) * gawk, source code, obtaining: Getting. (line 6) * gawk, splitting fields and: Constant Size. (line 88) * gawk, string-translation functions: I18N Functions. (line 6) -* gawk, SYMTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 260) +* gawk, SYMTAB array in: Auto-set. (line 261) * gawk, TEXTDOMAIN variable in: User-modified. (line 152) * gawk, timestamps: Time Functions. (line 6) * gawk, uses for: Preface. (line 36) @@ -32416,7 +32421,7 @@ Index * Grigera, Juan: Contributors. (line 57) * group database, reading: Group Functions. (line 6) * group file: Group Functions. (line 6) -* group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 171) +* group ID of gawk user: Auto-set. (line 172) * groups, information about: Group Functions. (line 6) * gsub <1>: String Functions. (line 139) * gsub: Using Constant Regexps. @@ -32469,7 +32474,7 @@ Index * Illumos, POSIX-compliant awk: Other Versions. (line 105) * implementation issues, gawk: Notes. (line 6) * implementation issues, gawk, debugging: Compatibility Mode. (line 6) -* implementation issues, gawk, limits <1>: Redirection. (line 134) +* implementation issues, gawk, limits <1>: Redirection. (line 135) * implementation issues, gawk, limits: Getline Notes. (line 14) * in operator <1>: For Statement. (line 75) * in operator <2>: Precedence. (line 83) @@ -32713,7 +32718,7 @@ Index * mawk utility <3>: Concatenation. (line 36) * mawk utility <4>: Getline/Pipe. (line 62) * mawk utility: Escape Sequences. (line 124) -* maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 212) +* maximum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 213) * McIlroy, Doug: Glossary. (line 149) * McPhee, Patrick: Contributors. (line 100) * message object files: Explaining gettext. (line 42) @@ -32726,7 +32731,7 @@ Index * messages from extensions: Printing Messages. (line 6) * metacharacters in regular expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 6) * metacharacters, escape sequences for: Escape Sequences. (line 130) -* minimum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 215) +* minimum precision supported by MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 216) * mktime: Time Functions. (line 25) * modifiers, in format specifiers: Format Modifiers. (line 6) * monetary information, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 104) @@ -32780,7 +32785,7 @@ Index (line 47) * nexti debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 49) -* NF variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 103) +* NF variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 104) * NF variable: Fields. (line 33) * NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 107) * ni debugger command (alias for nexti): Debugger Execution Control. @@ -32789,9 +32794,9 @@ Index * non-existent array elements: Reference to Elements. (line 23) * not Boolean-logic operator: Boolean Ops. (line 6) -* NR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 122) +* NR variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 123) * NR variable: Records. (line 6) -* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 300) +* NR variable, changing: Auto-set. (line 301) * null strings <1>: Basic Data Typing. (line 26) * null strings <2>: Truth Values. (line 6) * null strings <3>: Regexp Field Splitting. @@ -32899,14 +32904,14 @@ Index (line 6) * output, format specifier, OFMT: OFMT. (line 15) * output, formatted: Printf. (line 6) -* output, pipes: Redirection. (line 56) +* output, pipes: Redirection. (line 57) * output, printing, See printing: Printing. (line 6) * output, records: Output Separators. (line 20) * output, standard: Special FD. (line 6) * p debugger command (alias for print): Viewing And Changing Data. (line 36) * Papadopoulos, Panos: Contributors. (line 129) -* parent process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 180) +* parent process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 181) * parentheses (), in a profile: Profiling. (line 146) * parentheses (), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 80) * password file: Passwd Functions. (line 16) @@ -32936,7 +32941,7 @@ Index * pipe, closing: Close Files And Pipes. (line 6) * pipe, input: Getline/Pipe. (line 9) -* pipe, output: Redirection. (line 56) +* pipe, output: Redirection. (line 57) * Pitts, Dave <1>: Bugs. (line 71) * Pitts, Dave: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Plauger, P.J.: Library Functions. (line 12) @@ -33071,24 +33076,24 @@ Index * printing, unduplicated lines of text: Uniq Program. (line 6) * printing, user information: Id Program. (line 6) * private variables: Library Names. (line 11) -* process group idIDof gawk process: Auto-set. (line 174) -* process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 177) +* process group idIDof gawk process: Auto-set. (line 175) +* process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 178) * processes, two-way communications with: Two-way I/O. (line 23) * processing data: Basic High Level. (line 6) * PROCINFO array <1>: Passwd Functions. (line 6) * PROCINFO array <2>: Time Functions. (line 47) -* PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 127) +* PROCINFO array: Auto-set. (line 128) * PROCINFO array, and communications via ptys: Two-way I/O. (line 117) * PROCINFO array, and group membership: Group Functions. (line 6) * PROCINFO array, and user and group ID numbers: Id Program. (line 15) * PROCINFO array, testing the field splitting: Passwd Functions. (line 161) -* PROCINFO array, uses: Auto-set. (line 233) +* PROCINFO array, uses: Auto-set. (line 234) * PROCINFO, values of sorted_in: Controlling Scanning. (line 26) * profiling awk programs: Profiling. (line 6) * profiling awk programs, dynamically: Profiling. (line 179) -* program identifiers: Auto-set. (line 145) +* program identifiers: Auto-set. (line 146) * program, definition of: Getting Started. (line 21) * programmers, attractiveness of: Two-way I/O. (line 6) * programming conventions, --non-decimal-data option: Nondecimal Data. @@ -33244,11 +33249,11 @@ Index * right angle bracket (>), >= operator: Comparison Operators. (line 11) * right angle bracket (>), >> operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 65) -* right angle bracket (>), >> operator (I/O): Redirection. (line 49) +* right angle bracket (>), >> operator (I/O): Redirection. (line 50) * right shift: Bitwise Functions. (line 52) * right shift, bitwise: Bitwise Functions. (line 32) * Ritchie, Dennis: Basic Data Typing. (line 54) -* RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 243) +* RLENGTH variable: Auto-set. (line 244) * RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 224) * Robbins, Arnold <1>: Future Extensions. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <2>: Bugs. (line 32) @@ -33277,9 +33282,9 @@ Index * RS variable: awk split records. (line 12) * RS variable, multiline records and: Multiple Line. (line 17) * rshift: Bitwise Functions. (line 52) -* RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 249) +* RSTART variable: Auto-set. (line 250) * RSTART variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 224) -* RT variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 256) +* RT variable <1>: Auto-set. (line 257) * RT variable <2>: Multiple Line. (line 129) * RT variable: awk split records. (line 124) * Rubin, Paul <1>: Contributors. (line 15) @@ -33299,7 +33304,7 @@ Index * scanning arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 6) * scanning multidimensional arrays: Multiscanning. (line 11) * Schorr, Andrew <1>: Contributors. (line 134) -* Schorr, Andrew <2>: Auto-set. (line 283) +* Schorr, Andrew <2>: Auto-set. (line 284) * Schorr, Andrew: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Schreiber, Bert: Acknowledgments. (line 38) * Schreiber, Rita: Acknowledgments. (line 38) @@ -33349,7 +33354,7 @@ Index * shadowing of variable values: Definition Syntax. (line 61) * shell quoting, double quote: Read Terminal. (line 25) * shell quoting, rules for: Quoting. (line 6) -* shells, piping commands into: Redirection. (line 141) +* shells, piping commands into: Redirection. (line 142) * shells, quoting: Using Shell Variables. (line 12) * shells, quoting, rules for: Quoting. (line 18) @@ -33387,7 +33392,7 @@ Index (line 110) * sidebar, Changing FS Does Not Affect the Fields: Field Splitting Summary. (line 38) -* sidebar, Changing NR and FNR: Auto-set. (line 298) +* sidebar, Changing NR and FNR: Auto-set. (line 299) * sidebar, Controlling Output Buffering with system(): I/O Functions. (line 138) * sidebar, Escape Sequences for Metacharacters: Escape Sequences. @@ -33398,7 +33403,7 @@ Index (line 107) * sidebar, Matching the Null String: Gory Details. (line 162) * sidebar, Operator Evaluation Order: Increment Ops. (line 58) -* sidebar, Piping into sh: Redirection. (line 139) +* sidebar, Piping into sh: Redirection. (line 140) * sidebar, Portability Issues with #!: Executable Scripts. (line 31) * sidebar, Recipe For A Programming Language: History. (line 6) * sidebar, RS = "\0" Is Not Portable: gawk split records. (line 63) @@ -33549,9 +33554,9 @@ Index * substr: String Functions. (line 479) * substring: String Functions. (line 479) * Sumner, Andrew: Other Versions. (line 64) -* supplementary groups of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 228) +* supplementary groups of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 229) * switch statement: Switch Statement. (line 6) -* SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 260) +* SYMTAB array: Auto-set. (line 261) * syntactic ambiguity: /= operator vs. /=.../ regexp constant: Assignment Ops. (line 148) * system: I/O Functions. (line 75) @@ -33635,7 +33640,7 @@ Index * troubleshooting, match() function: String Functions. (line 289) * troubleshooting, print statement, omitting commas: Print Examples. (line 31) -* troubleshooting, printing: Redirection. (line 117) +* troubleshooting, printing: Redirection. (line 118) * troubleshooting, quotes with file names: Special FD. (line 68) * troubleshooting, readable data files: File Checking. (line 6) * troubleshooting, regexp constants vs. string constants: Computed Regexps. @@ -33729,10 +33734,10 @@ Index * variables, uninitialized, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 6) * variables, user-defined: Variables. (line 6) -* version of gawk: Auto-set. (line 198) -* version of gawk extension API: Auto-set. (line 223) -* version of GNU MP library: Auto-set. (line 209) -* version of GNU MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 205) +* version of gawk: Auto-set. (line 199) +* version of gawk extension API: Auto-set. (line 224) +* version of GNU MP library: Auto-set. (line 210) +* version of GNU MPFR library: Auto-set. (line 206) * vertical bar (|): Regexp Operators. (line 70) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 65) * vertical bar (|), | operator (I/O): Getline/Pipe. (line 9) @@ -33797,11 +33802,11 @@ Index * {} (braces), statements, grouping: Statements. (line 10) * | (vertical bar): Regexp Operators. (line 70) * | (vertical bar), | operator (I/O) <1>: Precedence. (line 65) -* | (vertical bar), | operator (I/O) <2>: Redirection. (line 56) +* | (vertical bar), | operator (I/O) <2>: Redirection. (line 57) * | (vertical bar), | operator (I/O): Getline/Pipe. (line 9) * | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O) <1>: Two-way I/O. (line 44) * | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O) <2>: Precedence. (line 65) -* | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O) <3>: Redirection. (line 101) +* | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O) <3>: Redirection. (line 102) * | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O): Getline/Coprocess. (line 6) * | (vertical bar), |& operator (I/O), pipes, closing: Close Files And Pipes. (line 119) @@ -33842,529 +33847,529 @@ Node: Read Terminal74778 Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-176428 Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-276704 Node: Long76875 -Node: Executable Scripts78223 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-180056 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-280158 -Node: Comments80691 -Node: Quoting83158 -Node: DOS Quoting88467 -Node: Sample Data Files89142 -Node: Very Simple91657 -Node: Two Rules96288 -Node: More Complex98183 -Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1101108 -Node: Statements/Lines101193 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1105648 -Node: Other Features105913 -Node: When106841 -Node: Intro Summary109011 -Node: Invoking Gawk109777 -Node: Command Line111292 -Node: Options112083 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1127867 -Node: Other Arguments127892 -Node: Naming Standard Input130533 -Node: Environment Variables131613 -Node: AWKPATH Variable132171 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1135022 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2135067 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable135327 -Node: Other Environment Variables136086 -Node: Exit Status139741 -Node: Include Files140416 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries143980 -Node: Obsolete145364 -Node: Undocumented146061 -Node: Invoking Summary146328 -Node: Regexp147908 -Node: Regexp Usage149358 -Node: Escape Sequences151391 -Node: Regexp Operators157058 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1164538 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2164685 -Node: Bracket Expressions164783 -Ref: table-char-classes166673 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators169196 -Node: Case-sensitivity172919 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1175811 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2176046 -Node: Leftmost Longest176154 -Node: Computed Regexps177355 -Node: Regexp Summary180727 -Node: Reading Files182199 -Node: Records184248 -Node: awk split records184991 -Node: gawk split records189849 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1194370 -Node: Fields194407 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1197371 -Node: Nonconstant Fields197457 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1199687 -Node: Changing Fields199889 -Node: Field Separators205843 -Node: Default Field Splitting208545 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting209662 -Node: Single Character Fields213003 -Node: Command Line Field Separator214062 -Node: Full Line Fields217404 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1217912 -Node: Field Splitting Summary217958 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1221057 -Node: Constant Size221158 -Node: Splitting By Content225765 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1229515 -Node: Multiple Line229555 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1235411 -Node: Getline235590 -Node: Plain Getline237806 -Node: Getline/Variable239901 -Node: Getline/File241048 -Node: Getline/Variable/File242424 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1244023 -Node: Getline/Pipe244110 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe246809 -Node: Getline/Coprocess247916 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess249168 -Node: Getline Notes249905 -Node: Getline Summary252709 -Ref: table-getline-variants253117 -Node: Read Timeout254029 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1257856 -Node: Command line directories257914 -Node: Input Summary258818 -Node: Printing261932 -Node: Print263604 -Node: Print Examples264945 -Node: Output Separators267724 -Node: OFMT269740 -Node: Printf271098 -Node: Basic Printf272004 -Node: Control Letters273543 -Node: Format Modifiers277397 -Node: Printf Examples283424 -Node: Redirection286131 -Node: Special Files293078 -Node: Special FD293594 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1297169 -Node: Special Network297243 -Node: Special Caveats298079 -Node: Close Files And Pipes298854 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1305993 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2306141 -Node: Output Summary306291 -Node: Expressions307263 -Node: Values308448 -Node: Constants309124 -Node: Scalar Constants309804 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1310663 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers310913 -Node: Regexp Constants313913 -Node: Using Constant Regexps314388 -Node: Variables317458 -Node: Using Variables318113 -Node: Assignment Options319837 -Node: Conversion321704 -Ref: table-locale-affects327140 -Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1327764 -Node: All Operators327873 -Node: Arithmetic Ops328503 -Node: Concatenation331008 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1333804 -Node: Assignment Ops333924 -Ref: table-assign-ops338907 -Node: Increment Ops340224 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions343662 -Node: Truth Values344745 -Node: Typing and Comparison345794 -Node: Variable Typing346587 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1350487 -Node: Comparison Operators350609 -Ref: table-relational-ops351019 -Node: POSIX String Comparison354569 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1355653 -Node: Boolean Ops355791 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1359861 -Node: Conditional Exp359952 -Node: Function Calls361679 -Node: Precedence365437 -Node: Locales369106 -Node: Expressions Summary370737 -Node: Patterns and Actions373234 -Node: Pattern Overview374350 -Node: Regexp Patterns376027 -Node: Expression Patterns376570 -Node: Ranges380351 -Node: BEGIN/END383457 -Node: Using BEGIN/END384219 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1386955 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END387061 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE389346 -Node: Empty392277 -Node: Using Shell Variables392594 -Node: Action Overview394877 -Node: Statements397204 -Node: If Statement399052 -Node: While Statement400550 -Node: Do Statement402594 -Node: For Statement403750 -Node: Switch Statement406902 -Node: Break Statement409005 -Node: Continue Statement411060 -Node: Next Statement412853 -Node: Nextfile Statement415243 -Node: Exit Statement417898 -Node: Built-in Variables420302 -Node: User-modified421429 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1429114 -Node: Auto-set429176 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1441722 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2441927 -Node: ARGC and ARGV441983 -Node: Pattern Action Summary445822 -Node: Arrays448045 -Node: Array Basics449594 -Node: Array Intro450420 -Ref: figure-array-elements452393 -Node: Reference to Elements454800 -Node: Assigning Elements457073 -Node: Array Example457564 -Node: Scanning an Array459296 -Node: Controlling Scanning462311 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1467484 -Node: Delete467800 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1470565 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts470622 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts472805 -Node: Multidimensional474430 -Node: Multiscanning477523 -Node: Arrays of Arrays479112 -Node: Arrays Summary483775 -Node: Functions485880 -Node: Built-in486753 -Node: Calling Built-in487831 -Node: Numeric Functions489819 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1493653 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2494010 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3494058 -Node: String Functions494327 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1517338 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2517467 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3517715 -Node: Gory Details517802 -Ref: table-sub-escapes519471 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92520825 -Ref: table-sub-proposed522176 -Ref: table-posix-sub523530 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes525075 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1526251 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2526302 -Node: I/O Functions526453 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1533576 -Node: Time Functions533723 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1544187 -Ref: Time 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Sample Rev2way1025660 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1026401 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1028280 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1029380 +Node: Extension Sample Time1029905 +Node: gawkextlib1031220 +Node: Language History1034007 +Node: V7/SVR3.11035601 +Node: SVR41037921 +Node: POSIX1039363 +Node: BTL1040749 +Node: POSIX/GNU1041483 +Node: Feature History1047082 +Node: Common Extensions1060194 +Node: Ranges and Locales1061506 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11066123 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21066150 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31066384 +Node: Contributors1066605 +Node: Installation1072043 +Node: Gawk Distribution1072937 +Node: Getting1073421 +Node: Extracting1074247 +Node: Distribution contents1075889 +Node: Unix Installation1081606 +Node: Quick Installation1082223 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1084665 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1086403 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1088754 +Node: PC Installation1089212 +Node: PC Binary Installation1090523 +Node: PC Compiling1092371 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11095370 +Node: PC Testing1095475 +Node: PC Using1096651 +Node: Cygwin1100809 +Node: MSYS1101618 +Node: VMS Installation1102132 +Node: VMS Compilation1102928 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11104150 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1104208 +Node: VMS Installation Details1105581 +Node: VMS Running1107833 +Node: VMS GNV1110667 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1111390 +Node: Bugs1111860 +Node: Other Versions1115864 +Node: Notes1122089 +Node: Compatibility Mode1122889 +Node: Additions1123671 +Node: Accessing The Source1124596 +Node: Adding Code1126032 +Node: New Ports1132210 +Node: Derived Files1136691 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11141772 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21141806 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31142402 +Node: Future Extensions1142516 +Node: Implementation Limitations1143122 +Node: Extension Design1144370 +Node: Old Extension Problems1145524 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11147041 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1147098 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11150458 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1150647 +Node: Extension Future Growth1152753 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1153589 +Node: Basic Concepts1155329 +Node: Basic High Level1156010 +Ref: figure-general-flow1156282 +Ref: figure-process-flow1156881 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11160110 +Node: Basic Data Typing1160295 +Node: Glossary1163622 +Node: Copying1188774 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1226330 +Node: Index1251466  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 4f04830cdcef50ac2449b6dbc97c67acc4ec238d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Fri, 13 Jun 2014 08:06:51 +0300 Subject: Another typo fix. --- doc/gawk.info | 852 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 426 insertions(+), 426 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 39aa56b1..2e30ad95 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -6577,9 +6577,9 @@ work identically for `printf': `print ITEMS > OUTPUT-FILE' This redirection prints the items into the output file named - {No value for `output-file'}. The file name OUTPUT-FILE can be any - expression. Its value is changed to a string and then used as a - file name (*note Expressions::). + OUTPUT-FILE. The file name OUTPUT-FILE can be any expression. + Its value is changed to a string and then used as a file name + (*note Expressions::). When this type of redirection is used, the OUTPUT-FILE is erased before the first output is written to it. Subsequent writes to @@ -33948,428 +33948,428 @@ Node: Control Letters273719 Node: Format Modifiers277573 Node: Printf Examples283600 Node: Redirection286307 -Node: Special Files293297 -Node: Special FD293828 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1297452 -Node: Special Network297526 -Node: Special Caveats298376 -Node: Close Files And Pipes299172 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1306335 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2306483 -Node: Output Summary306633 -Node: Expressions307605 -Node: Values308790 -Node: Constants309466 -Node: Scalar Constants310146 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1311005 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers311255 -Node: Regexp Constants314255 -Node: Using Constant Regexps314730 -Node: Variables317800 -Node: Using Variables318455 -Node: Assignment Options320179 -Node: Conversion322054 -Ref: table-locale-affects327490 -Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1328114 -Node: All Operators328223 -Node: Arithmetic Ops328853 -Node: Concatenation331358 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1334154 -Node: 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+Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1685761 +Node: Tee Program685889 +Node: Uniq Program688696 +Node: Wc Program696126 +Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1700394 +Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2700594 +Node: Miscellaneous Programs700686 +Node: Dupword Program701899 +Node: Alarm Program703930 +Node: Translate Program708744 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1713135 +Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2713405 +Node: Labels Program713539 +Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1716910 +Node: Word Sorting716994 +Node: History Sorting721037 +Node: Extract Program722873 +Ref: Extract Program-Footnote-1730448 +Node: Simple Sed730577 +Node: Igawk Program733639 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1748815 +Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2749016 +Node: Anagram Program749154 +Node: Signature Program752222 +Node: Programs Summary753469 +Node: Advanced Features754657 +Node: Nondecimal Data756605 +Node: Array Sorting758182 +Node: Controlling Array Traversal758879 +Node: Array Sorting Functions767159 +Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1771066 +Node: Two-way I/O771260 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1776776 +Node: TCP/IP Networking776858 +Node: Profiling779702 +Node: Advanced Features Summary787244 +Node: Internationalization789108 +Node: I18N and L10N790588 +Node: Explaining gettext791274 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1796414 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2796598 +Node: Programmer i18n796763 +Node: Translator i18n800988 +Node: String Extraction801782 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1802743 +Node: Printf Ordering802829 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1805611 +Node: I18N Portability805675 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1808124 +Node: I18N Example808187 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1810909 +Node: Gawk I18N810981 +Node: I18N Summary811619 +Node: Debugger812958 +Node: Debugging813980 +Node: Debugging Concepts814421 +Node: Debugging Terms816277 +Node: Awk Debugging818874 +Node: Sample Debugging Session819766 +Node: Debugger Invocation820286 +Node: Finding The Bug821619 +Node: List of Debugger Commands828101 +Node: Breakpoint Control829433 +Node: Debugger Execution Control833097 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data836457 +Node: Execution Stack839815 +Node: Debugger Info841328 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands845322 +Node: Readline Support850506 +Node: Limitations851398 +Node: Debugging Summary853672 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic854836 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1856485 +Node: General Arithmetic856633 +Node: Floating Point Issues858353 +Node: String Conversion Precision859234 +Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1860939 +Node: Unexpected Results861048 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems863201 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1867022 +Node: Integer Programming867060 +Node: Floating-point Programming868871 +Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1875199 +Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2875469 +Node: Floating-point Representation875733 +Node: Floating-point Context876898 +Ref: table-ieee-formats877737 +Node: Rounding Mode879121 +Ref: table-rounding-modes879600 +Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1882615 +Node: Gawk and MPFR882794 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats884203 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1886646 +Node: Setting Precision886967 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings887651 +Node: Setting Rounding Mode889796 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes890200 +Node: Floating-point Constants891387 +Node: Changing Precision892839 +Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1894231 +Node: Exact Arithmetic894405 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers897539 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1900554 +Node: Dynamic Extensions900701 +Node: Extension Intro902159 +Node: Plugin License903424 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline904109 +Ref: figure-load-extension904533 +Ref: figure-load-new-function906018 +Ref: figure-call-new-function907020 +Node: Extension API Description909004 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction910454 +Node: General Data Types915320 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1921013 +Node: Requesting Values921312 +Ref: table-value-types-returned922049 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions923007 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1925754 +Node: Constructor Functions925850 +Node: Registration Functions927608 +Node: Extension Functions928293 +Node: Exit Callback Functions930595 +Node: Extension Version String931844 +Node: Input Parsers932494 +Node: Output Wrappers942297 +Node: Two-way processors946813 +Node: Printing Messages949017 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1950094 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'950246 +Node: Accessing Parameters950985 +Node: Symbol Table Access952215 +Node: Symbol table by name952729 +Node: Symbol table by cookie954705 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1958838 +Node: Cached values958901 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1962405 +Node: Array Manipulation962496 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1963594 +Node: Array Data Types963633 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1966336 +Node: Array Functions966428 +Node: Flattening Arrays970302 +Node: Creating Arrays977154 +Node: Extension API Variables981885 +Node: Extension Versioning982521 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables984422 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate985508 +Node: Finding Extensions989312 +Node: Extension Example989872 +Node: Internal File Description990602 +Node: Internal File Ops994693 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11006239 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1006379 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11008726 +Node: Extension Samples1008994 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1010518 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1018086 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1019567 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1020780 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1022560 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1023396 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1024252 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1025051 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1025642 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1026383 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1028262 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1029362 +Node: Extension Sample Time1029887 +Node: gawkextlib1031202 +Node: Language History1033989 +Node: V7/SVR3.11035583 +Node: SVR41037903 +Node: POSIX1039345 +Node: BTL1040731 +Node: POSIX/GNU1041465 +Node: Feature History1047064 +Node: Common Extensions1060176 +Node: Ranges and Locales1061488 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11066105 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21066132 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31066366 +Node: Contributors1066587 +Node: Installation1072025 +Node: Gawk Distribution1072919 +Node: Getting1073403 +Node: Extracting1074229 +Node: Distribution contents1075871 +Node: Unix Installation1081588 +Node: Quick Installation1082205 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1084647 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1086385 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1088736 +Node: PC Installation1089194 +Node: PC Binary Installation1090505 +Node: PC Compiling1092353 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11095352 +Node: PC Testing1095457 +Node: PC Using1096633 +Node: Cygwin1100791 +Node: MSYS1101600 +Node: VMS Installation1102114 +Node: VMS Compilation1102910 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11104132 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1104190 +Node: VMS Installation Details1105563 +Node: VMS Running1107815 +Node: VMS GNV1110649 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1111372 +Node: Bugs1111842 +Node: Other Versions1115846 +Node: Notes1122071 +Node: Compatibility Mode1122871 +Node: Additions1123653 +Node: Accessing The Source1124578 +Node: Adding Code1126014 +Node: New Ports1132192 +Node: Derived Files1136673 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11141754 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21141788 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31142384 +Node: Future Extensions1142498 +Node: Implementation Limitations1143104 +Node: Extension Design1144352 +Node: Old Extension Problems1145506 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11147023 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1147080 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11150440 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1150629 +Node: Extension Future Growth1152735 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1153571 +Node: Basic Concepts1155311 +Node: Basic High Level1155992 +Ref: figure-general-flow1156264 +Ref: figure-process-flow1156863 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11160092 +Node: Basic Data Typing1160277 +Node: Glossary1163604 +Node: Copying1188756 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1226312 +Node: Index1251448  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From ec27289f558e73b40c3d90f599cf392a9d03e864 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Sun, 15 Jun 2014 20:36:33 +0300 Subject: Finish up summaries. Improvements in mystrtonum(). --- doc/gawk.info | 1249 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------ 1 file changed, 717 insertions(+), 532 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 2e30ad95..d7442017 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -1614,7 +1614,7 @@ at a later time. will probably print strange messages about syntax errors. For example, look at the following: - $ awk '{ print "hello" } # let's be cute' + $ awk 'BEGIN { print "hello" } # let's be cute' > The shell sees that the first two quotes match, and that a new @@ -14253,7 +14253,7 @@ versions of `awk': # mystrtonum --- convert string to number - function mystrtonum(str, ret, chars, n, i, k, c) + function mystrtonum(str, ret, n, i, k, c) { if (str ~ /^0[0-7]*$/) { # octal @@ -14266,7 +14266,7 @@ versions of `awk': ret = ret * 8 + k } - } else if (str ~ /^0[xX][[:xdigit:]]+/) { + } else if (str ~ /^0[xX][[:xdigit:]]+$/) { # hexadecimal str = substr(str, 3) # lop off leading 0x n = length(str) @@ -14274,10 +14274,7 @@ versions of `awk': for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) { c = substr(str, i, 1) c = tolower(c) - if ((k = index("0123456789", c)) > 0) - k-- # adjust for 1-basing in awk - else if ((k = index("abcdef", c)) > 0) - k += 9 + k = index("123456789abcdef", c) ret = ret * 16 + k } @@ -22310,6 +22307,7 @@ sample extensions are automatically built and installed when `gawk' is. * Extension Samples:: The sample extensions that ship with `gawk'. * gawkextlib:: The `gawkextlib' project. +* Extension summary:: Extension summary.  File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Intro, Next: Plugin License, Up: Dynamic Extensions @@ -22501,7 +22499,7 @@ through function pointers passed into your extension. API function pointers are provided for the following kinds of operations: - * Registrations functions. You may register: + * Registration functions. You may register: - extension functions, - exit callbacks, @@ -25614,7 +25612,7 @@ The `time' extension adds two functions, named `gettimeofday()' and delay.  -File: gawk.info, Node: gawkextlib, Prev: Extension Samples, Up: Dynamic Extensions +File: gawk.info, Node: gawkextlib, Next: Extension summary, Prev: Extension Samples, Up: Dynamic Extensions 16.8 The `gawkextlib' Project ============================= @@ -25683,6 +25681,95 @@ You may also need to use the `sudo' utility to install both `gawk' and users, please consider doing so through the `gawkextlib' project. See the project's web site for more information. + +File: gawk.info, Node: Extension summary, Prev: gawkextlib, Up: Dynamic Extensions + +16.9 Summary +============ + + * You can write extensions (sometimes called plug-ins) for `gawk' in + C or C++ using the Application Programming Interface (API) defined + by the `gawk' developers. + + * Extensions must have a license compatible with the GNU General + Public License (GPL), and they must assert that fact by declaring + a variable named `plugin_is_GPL_compatible'. + + * Communication between `gawk' and an extension is two-way. `gawk' + passes a `struct' to the extension which contains various data + fields and function pointers. The extension can then call into + `gawk' via the supplied function pointers to accomplish certain + tasks. + + * One of these tasks is to "register" the name and implementation of + a new `awk'-level function with `gawk'. The implementation takes + the form of a C function pointer with a defined signature. By + convention, implementation functions are named `do_XXXX()' for + some `awk'-level function `XXXX()'. + + * The API is defined in a header file named `gawkpi.h'. You must + include a number of standard header files _before_ including it in + your source file. + + * API function pointers are provided for the following kinds of + operations: + + * Registration functions. You may register extension functions, + exit callbacks, a version string, input parsers, output + wrappers, and two-way processors. + + * Printing fatal, warning, and "lint" warning messages. + + * Updating `ERRNO', or unsetting it. + + * Accessing parameters, including converting an undefined + parameter into an array. + + * Symbol table access: retrieving a global variable, creating + one, or changing one. + + * Allocating, reallocating, and releasing memory. + + * Creating and releasing cached values; this provides an + efficient way to use values for multiple variables and can be + a big performance win. + + * Manipulating arrays: retrieving, adding, deleting, and + modifying elements; getting the count of elements in an array; + creating a new array; clearing an array; and flattening an + array for easy C style looping over all its indices and + elements + + * The API defines a number of standard data types for representing + `awk' values, array elements, and arrays. + + * The API provide convenience functions for constructing values. It + also provides memory management functions to ensure compatibility + between memory allocated by `gawk' and memory allocated by an + extension. + + * _All_ memory passed from `gawk' to an extension must be treated as + read-only by the extension. + + * _All_ memory passed from an extension to `gawk' must come from the + API's memory allocation functions. `gawk' takes responsibility for + the memory and will release it when appropriate. + + * The API provides information about the running version of `gawk' so + that an extension can make sure it is compatible with the `gawk' + that loaded it. + + * It is easiest to start a new extension by copying the boilerplate + code described in this major node. Macros in the `gawkapi.h' make + this easier to do. + + * The `gawk' distribution includes a number of small but useful + sample extensions. The `gawkextlib' project includes several more, + larger, extensions. If you wish to write an extension and + contribute it to the community of `gawk' users, the `gawkextlib' + project should be the place to do so. + +  File: gawk.info, Node: Language History, Next: Installation, Prev: Dynamic Extensions, Up: Top @@ -25714,6 +25801,7 @@ you can find more information. * Common Extensions:: Common Extensions Summary. * Ranges and Locales:: How locales used to affect regexp ranges. * Contributors:: The major contributors to `gawk'. +* History summary:: History summary.  File: gawk.info, Node: V7/SVR3.1, Next: SVR4, Up: Language History @@ -26568,7 +26656,7 @@ and its rationale (http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/xrat/V4_xbd_chap09.html#tag_21_09_03_05).  -File: gawk.info, Node: Contributors, Prev: Ranges and Locales, Up: Language History +File: gawk.info, Node: Contributors, Next: History summary, Prev: Ranges and Locales, Up: Language History A.9 Major Contributors to `gawk' ================================ @@ -26713,6 +26801,38 @@ Info file, in approximate chronological order: helping David Trueman, and as the primary maintainer since around 1994. + +File: gawk.info, Node: History summary, Prev: Contributors, Up: Language History + +A.10 Summary +============ + + * The `awk' language has evolved over time. The first release was + with V7 Unix circa 1978. In 1987 for System V Release 3.1, major + additions, including user-defined functions, were made to the + language. Additional changes were made for System V Release 4, in + 1989. Since then, further minor changes happen under the auspices + of the POSIX standard. + + * Brian Kernighan's `awk' provides a small number of extensions that + are implemented in common with other versions of `awk'. + + * `gawk' provides a large number of extensions over POSIX `awk'. + They can be disabled with either the `--traditional' or `--posix' + options. + + * The interaction of POSIX locales and regexp matching in `gawk' has + been confusing over the years. Today, `gawk' implements Rational + Range Interpretation, where ranges of the form `[a-z]' match + _only_ the characters numerically between `a' through `z' in the + machine's native character set. Usually this is ASCII but it can + be EBCDIC on IBM S/390 systems. + + * Many people have contributed to `gawk' development over the years. + We hope that the list provided in this major node is complete and + gives the appropriate credit where credit is due. + +  File: gawk.info, Node: Installation, Next: Notes, Prev: Language History, Up: Top @@ -26734,6 +26854,7 @@ people who did the respective ports. * Bugs:: Reporting Problems and Bugs. * Other Versions:: Other freely available `awk' implementations. +* Installation summary:: Summary of installation.  File: gawk.info, Node: Gawk Distribution, Next: Unix Installation, Up: Installation @@ -27807,7 +27928,7 @@ z/OS (OS/390) Dave Pitts, . your report to the email list as well.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Other Versions, Prev: Bugs, Up: Installation +File: gawk.info, Node: Other Versions, Next: Installation summary, Prev: Bugs, Up: Installation B.5 Other Freely Available `awk' Implementations ================================================ @@ -27956,6 +28077,34 @@ Other Versions for information on additional versions. + +File: gawk.info, Node: Installation summary, Prev: Other Versions, Up: Installation + +B.6 Summary +=========== + + * The `gawk' distribution is availble from GNU project's main + distribution site, `ftp.gnu.org'. The canonical build recipe is: + + wget http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gawk/gawk-4.1.1.tar.gz + tar -xvpzf gawk-4.1.1.tar.gz + cd gawk-4.1.1 + ./configure && make && make check + + * `gawk' may be built on non-POSIX systems as well. The currently + supported systems are MS-Windows using DJGPP, MSYS, MinGW and + Cygwin, OS/2 using EMX, and both Vax/VMS and OpenVMS. + Instructions for each system are included in this major node. + + * Bug reports should be sent via email to . Bug + reports should be in English, and should include the version of + `gawk', how it was compiled, and a short program and data file + which demonstrate the problem. + + * There are a number of other freely available `awk' + implementations. Many are POSIX compliant; others are less so. + +  File: gawk.info, Node: Notes, Next: Basic Concepts, Prev: Installation, Up: Top @@ -27975,6 +28124,7 @@ and maintainers of `gawk'. Everything in it applies specifically to * Implementation Limitations:: Some limitations of the implementation. * Extension Design:: Design notes about the extension API. * Old Extension Mechanism:: Some compatibility for old extensions. +* Notes summary:: Summary of implementation notes.  File: gawk.info, Node: Compatibility Mode, Next: Additions, Up: Notes @@ -28679,7 +28829,7 @@ The API can later be expanded, in two ways: respect to any of the above.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Old Extension Mechanism, Prev: Extension Design, Up: Notes +File: gawk.info, Node: Old Extension Mechanism, Next: Notes summary, Prev: Extension Design, Up: Notes C.6 Compatibility For Old Extensions ==================================== @@ -28716,6 +28866,37 @@ without conflict. old extensions that you may have to use the new API described in *note Dynamic Extensions::. + +File: gawk.info, Node: Notes summary, Prev: Old Extension Mechanism, Up: Notes + +C.7 Summary +=========== + + * `gawk''s extensions can be disabled with either the + `--traditional' option or with the `--posix' option. The + `--parsedebug' option is availble if `gawk' is compiled with + `-DDEBUG'. + + * The source code for `gawk' is maintained in a publicly accessable + Git repository. Anyone may check it out and view the source. + + * Contributions to `gawk' are welcome. Following the steps outlined + in this major node will make it easier to integrate your + contributions into the code base. This applies both to new + feature contributions and to ports to additional operating systems. + + * `gawk' has some limits--generally those that are imposed by the + machine architecture. + + * The extension API design was intended to solve a number of problems + with the previous extension mechanism, enable features needed by + the `xgawk' project, and provide binary compatibility going + forward. + + * The previous extension mechanism is still supported in version 4.1 + of `gawk', but it _will_ be removed in the next major release. + +  File: gawk.info, Node: Basic Concepts, Next: Glossary, Prev: Notes, Up: Top @@ -33851,525 +34032,529 @@ Node: Executable Scripts78251 Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-180084 Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-280186 Node: Comments80733 -Node: Quoting83200 -Node: DOS Quoting88516 -Node: Sample Data Files89191 -Node: Very Simple91706 -Node: Two Rules96344 -Node: More Complex98239 -Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1101171 -Node: Statements/Lines101256 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1105711 -Node: Other Features105976 -Node: When106904 -Node: Intro Summary109074 -Node: Invoking Gawk109840 -Node: Command Line111355 -Node: Options112146 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1127958 -Node: Other Arguments127983 -Node: Naming Standard Input130645 -Node: Environment Variables131739 -Node: AWKPATH Variable132297 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1135169 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2135214 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable135474 -Node: Other Environment Variables136233 -Node: Exit Status139888 -Node: Include Files140563 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries144141 -Node: Obsolete145525 -Node: Undocumented146222 -Node: Invoking Summary146489 -Node: Regexp148069 -Node: Regexp Usage149519 -Node: Escape Sequences151552 -Node: Regexp Operators157219 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1164699 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2164846 -Node: Bracket Expressions164944 -Ref: table-char-classes166834 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators169357 -Node: Case-sensitivity173080 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1175972 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2176207 -Node: Leftmost Longest176315 -Node: Computed Regexps177516 -Node: Regexp Summary180888 -Node: Reading Files182360 -Node: Records184409 -Node: awk split records185152 -Node: gawk split records190010 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1194531 -Node: Fields194568 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1197532 -Node: Nonconstant Fields197618 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1199848 -Node: Changing Fields200050 -Node: Field Separators206004 -Node: Default Field Splitting208706 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting209823 -Node: Single Character Fields213164 -Node: Command Line Field Separator214223 -Node: Full Line Fields217565 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1218073 -Node: Field Splitting Summary218119 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1221218 -Node: Constant Size221319 -Node: Splitting By Content225926 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1229676 -Node: Multiple Line229716 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1235572 -Node: Getline235751 -Node: Plain Getline237967 -Node: Getline/Variable240062 -Node: Getline/File241209 -Node: Getline/Variable/File242593 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1244192 -Node: Getline/Pipe244279 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe246978 -Node: Getline/Coprocess248085 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess249337 -Node: Getline Notes250074 -Node: Getline Summary252878 -Ref: table-getline-variants253286 -Node: Read Timeout254198 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1258025 -Node: Command line directories258083 -Node: Input Summary258987 -Node: Printing262101 -Node: Print263780 -Node: Print Examples265121 -Node: Output Separators267900 -Node: OFMT269916 -Node: Printf271274 -Node: Basic Printf272180 -Node: Control Letters273719 -Node: Format Modifiers277573 -Node: Printf Examples283600 -Node: Redirection286307 -Node: Special Files293279 -Node: Special FD293810 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1297434 -Node: Special Network297508 -Node: Special Caveats298358 -Node: Close Files And Pipes299154 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1306317 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2306465 -Node: Output Summary306615 -Node: Expressions307587 -Node: Values308772 -Node: Constants309448 -Node: Scalar Constants310128 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1310987 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers311237 -Node: Regexp Constants314237 -Node: Using Constant Regexps314712 -Node: Variables317782 -Node: Using Variables318437 -Node: Assignment Options320161 -Node: Conversion322036 -Ref: table-locale-affects327472 -Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1328096 -Node: All Operators328205 -Node: Arithmetic Ops328835 -Node: Concatenation331340 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1334136 -Node: Assignment Ops334256 -Ref: table-assign-ops339239 -Node: Increment Ops340556 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions343994 -Node: Truth Values345077 -Node: Typing and Comparison346126 -Node: Variable Typing346919 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1350819 -Node: Comparison Operators350941 -Ref: table-relational-ops351351 -Node: POSIX String Comparison354901 -Ref: POSIX 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Ops-Footnote-11008632 +Node: Extension Samples1008900 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1010424 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1017992 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1019473 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1020686 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1022466 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1023302 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1024158 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1024957 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1025548 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1026289 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1028168 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1029268 +Node: Extension Sample Time1029793 +Node: gawkextlib1031108 +Node: Extension summary1033921 +Node: Language History1037586 +Node: V7/SVR3.11039229 +Node: SVR41041549 +Node: POSIX1042991 +Node: BTL1044377 +Node: POSIX/GNU1045111 +Node: Feature History1050710 +Node: Common Extensions1063822 +Node: Ranges and Locales1065134 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11069751 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21069778 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31070012 +Node: Contributors1070233 +Node: History summary1075695 +Node: Installation1077064 +Node: Gawk Distribution1078015 +Node: Getting1078499 +Node: Extracting1079325 +Node: Distribution contents1080967 +Node: Unix Installation1086684 +Node: Quick Installation1087301 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1089743 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1091481 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1093832 +Node: PC Installation1094290 +Node: PC Binary Installation1095601 +Node: PC Compiling1097449 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11100448 +Node: PC Testing1100553 +Node: PC Using1101729 +Node: Cygwin1105887 +Node: MSYS1106696 +Node: VMS Installation1107210 +Node: VMS Compilation1108006 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11109228 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1109286 +Node: VMS Installation Details1110659 +Node: VMS Running1112911 +Node: VMS GNV1115745 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1116468 +Node: Bugs1116938 +Node: Other Versions1120942 +Node: Installation summary1127196 +Node: Notes1128251 +Node: Compatibility Mode1129116 +Node: Additions1129898 +Node: Accessing The Source1130823 +Node: Adding Code1132259 +Node: New Ports1138437 +Node: Derived Files1142918 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11147999 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21148033 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31148629 +Node: Future Extensions1148743 +Node: Implementation Limitations1149349 +Node: Extension Design1150597 +Node: Old Extension Problems1151751 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11153268 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1153325 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11156685 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1156874 +Node: Extension Future Growth1158980 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1159816 +Node: Notes summary1161578 +Node: Basic Concepts1162763 +Node: Basic High Level1163444 +Ref: figure-general-flow1163716 +Ref: figure-process-flow1164315 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11167544 +Node: Basic Data Typing1167729 +Node: Glossary1171056 +Node: Copying1196208 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1233764 +Node: Index1258900  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 3a73ec7f27db0fec9ca68e97800f30f9ad33e293 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Mon, 16 Jun 2014 22:51:53 +0300 Subject: Start adding exercises. --- doc/gawk.info | 1065 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------- 1 file changed, 561 insertions(+), 504 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index d7442017..6f84e273 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -4044,6 +4044,7 @@ have to be named on the `awk' command line (*note Getline::). * Command line directories:: What happens if you put a directory on the command line. * Input Summary:: Input summary. +* Input Exercises:: Exercises.  File: gawk.info, Node: Records, Next: Fields, Up: Reading Files @@ -5854,7 +5855,7 @@ error. usable data from an `awk' program.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Input Summary, Prev: Command line directories, Up: Reading Files +File: gawk.info, Node: Input Summary, Next: Input Exercises, Prev: Command line directories, Up: Reading Files 4.12 Summary ============ @@ -5922,6 +5923,25 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Input Summary, Prev: Command line directories, Up: Rea `gawk' ignores them if not in POSIX mode. + +File: gawk.info, Node: Input Exercises, Prev: Input Summary, Up: Reading Files + +4.13 Exercises +============== + + 1. Using the `FIELDWIDTHS' variable (*note Constant Size::), write a + program to read election data, where each record represents one + voter's votes. Come up with a way to define which columns are + associated with each ballot item, and print the total votes, + including abstentions, for each item. + + 2. *note Plain Getline::, presented a program to remove C-style + comments (`/* ... */') from the input. That program does not work + if one comment ends on one line and another one starts later on + the same line. Write a program that does handle multiple comments + on the line. + +  File: gawk.info, Node: Printing, Next: Expressions, Prev: Reading Files, Up: Top @@ -5957,6 +5977,7 @@ function. descriptors. * Close Files And Pipes:: Closing Input and Output Files and Pipes. * Output Summary:: Output summary. +* Output exercises:: Exercises.  File: gawk.info, Node: Print, Next: Print Examples, Up: Printing @@ -6548,11 +6569,6 @@ be emphasized by storing it in a variable, like this: printf format, "----", "------" } { printf format, $1, $2 }' mail-list - At this point, it would be a worthwhile exercise to use the `printf' -statement to line up the headings and table data for the -`inventory-shipped' example that was covered earlier in the minor node -on the `print' statement (*note Print::). -  File: gawk.info, Node: Redirection, Next: Special Files, Prev: Printf, Up: Printing @@ -7017,7 +7033,7 @@ call. See the system manual pages for information on how to decode this value.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Prev: Close Files And Pipes, Up: Printing +File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Next: Output exercises, Prev: Close Files And Pipes, Up: Printing 5.9 Summary =========== @@ -7042,6 +7058,30 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Output Summary, Prev: Close Files And Pipes, Up: Print communications. + +File: gawk.info, Node: Output exercises, Prev: Output Summary, Up: Printing + +5.10 Exercises +============== + + 1. Rewrite the program: + + awk 'BEGIN { print "Month Crates" + print "----- ------" } + { print $1, " ", $2 }' inventory-shipped + + from *note Output Separators::, by using a new value of `OFS'. + + 2. Use the `printf' statement to line up the headings and table data + for the `inventory-shipped' example that was covered in *note + Print::. + + 3. What happens if you forget the double quotes when redirecting + output, as follows: + + BEGIN { print "Serious error detected!" > /dev/stderr } + +  File: gawk.info, Node: Expressions, Next: Patterns and Actions, Prev: Printing, Up: Top @@ -14127,6 +14167,7 @@ for different implementations of `awk' is pretty straightforward. * Group Functions:: Functions for getting group information. * Walking Arrays:: A function to walk arrays of arrays. * Library Functions Summary:: Summary of library functions. +* Library exercises:: Exercises. ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -15012,12 +15053,6 @@ normal case. end of the command-line arguments. Note that the test in the condition of the `for' loop uses the `<=' operator, not `<'. - As an exercise, you might consider whether this same problem can be -solved without relying on `gawk''s `ARGIND' variable. - - As a second exercise, revise this code to handle the case where an -intervening value in `ARGV' is a variable assignment. -  File: gawk.info, Node: Ignoring Assigns, Prev: Empty Files, Up: Data File Management @@ -15886,20 +15921,8 @@ value. Here is a main program to demonstrate: -| a[2][2] = 22 -| a[3] = 3 - Walking an array and processing each element is a general-purpose -operation. You might want to consider generalizing the `walk_array()' -function by adding an additional parameter named `process'. - - Then, inside the loop, instead of simply printing the array element's -index and value, use the indirect function call syntax (*note Indirect -Calls::) on `process', passing it the index and the value. - - When calling `walk_array()', you would pass the name of a -user-defined function that expects to receive an index and a value, and -then processes the element. -  -File: gawk.info, Node: Library Functions Summary, Prev: Walking Arrays, Up: Library Functions +File: gawk.info, Node: Library Functions Summary, Next: Library exercises, Prev: Walking Arrays, Up: Library Functions 10.8 Summary ============ @@ -15935,6 +15958,37 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Library Functions Summary, Prev: Walking Arrays, Up: L A simple function to traverse an array of arrays to any depth. + +File: gawk.info, Node: Library exercises, Prev: Library Functions Summary, Up: Library Functions + +10.9 Exercises +============== + + 1. In *note Empty Files::, we presented the `zerofile.awk' program, + which made use of `gawk''s `ARGIND' variable. Can this problem be + solved without relying on `ARGIND'? If so, how? + + 2. As a related challenge, revise that code to handle the case where + an intervening value in `ARGV' is a variable assignment. + + 3. *note Walking Arrays::, presented a function that walked a + multidimensional array to print it out. However, walking an array + and processing each element is a general-purpose operation. + Generalize the `walk_array()' function by adding an additional + parameter named `process'. + + Then, inside the loop, instead of printing the array element's + index and value, use the indirect function call syntax (*note + Indirect Calls::) on `process', passing it the index and the value. + + When calling `walk_array()', you would pass the name of a + user-defined function that expects to receive an index and a value, + and then processes the element. + + Test your new version by printing the array; you should end up with + output identical to that of the original version. + +  File: gawk.info, Node: Sample Programs, Next: Advanced Features, Prev: Library Functions, Up: Top @@ -34078,483 +34132,486 @@ Node: Leftmost Longest176321 Node: Computed Regexps177522 Node: Regexp Summary180894 Node: Reading Files182366 -Node: Records184415 -Node: awk split records185158 -Node: gawk split records190016 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1194537 -Node: Fields194574 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1197538 -Node: Nonconstant Fields197624 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1199854 -Node: Changing Fields200056 -Node: Field Separators206010 -Node: Default Field Splitting208712 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting209829 -Node: Single Character Fields213170 -Node: Command Line Field Separator214229 -Node: Full Line Fields217571 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1218079 -Node: Field Splitting Summary218125 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1221224 -Node: Constant Size221325 -Node: Splitting By Content225932 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1229682 -Node: Multiple Line229722 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1235578 -Node: Getline235757 -Node: Plain Getline237973 -Node: Getline/Variable240068 -Node: Getline/File241215 -Node: Getline/Variable/File242599 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1244198 -Node: Getline/Pipe244285 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe246984 -Node: Getline/Coprocess248091 -Node: 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figure-array-elements452765 -Node: Reference to Elements455172 -Node: Assigning Elements457445 -Node: Array Example457936 -Node: Scanning an Array459668 -Node: Controlling Scanning462683 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1467856 -Node: Delete468172 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1470937 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts470994 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts473177 -Node: Multidimensional474802 -Node: Multiscanning477895 -Node: Arrays of Arrays479484 -Node: Arrays Summary484147 -Node: Functions486252 -Node: Built-in487125 -Node: Calling Built-in488203 -Node: Numeric Functions490191 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1494025 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2494382 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3494430 -Node: String Functions494699 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1517710 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2517839 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3518087 -Node: Gory Details518174 -Ref: table-sub-escapes519843 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92521197 -Ref: table-sub-proposed522548 -Ref: table-posix-sub523902 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes525447 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1526623 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2526674 -Node: I/O Functions526825 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1533948 -Node: Time Functions534095 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1544559 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2544627 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3544785 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4544896 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5545008 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6545235 -Node: Bitwise Functions545501 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops546063 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1550308 -Node: Type Functions550492 -Node: I18N Functions551634 -Node: User-defined553279 -Node: Definition Syntax554083 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1559008 -Node: Function Example559077 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1561721 -Node: Function Caveats561743 -Node: Calling A Function562261 -Node: Variable Scope563216 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference566204 -Node: Return Statement569712 -Node: Dynamic Typing572696 -Node: Indirect Calls573625 -Node: Functions Summary583338 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Program-Footnote-2748872 -Node: Anagram Program749010 -Node: Signature Program752078 -Node: Programs Summary753325 -Node: Advanced Features754513 -Node: Nondecimal Data756461 -Node: Array Sorting758038 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal758735 -Node: Array Sorting Functions767015 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1770922 -Node: Two-way I/O771116 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1776632 -Node: TCP/IP Networking776714 -Node: Profiling779558 -Node: Advanced Features Summary787100 -Node: Internationalization788964 -Node: I18N and L10N790444 -Node: Explaining gettext791130 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1796270 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2796454 -Node: Programmer i18n796619 -Node: Translator i18n800844 -Node: String Extraction801638 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1802599 -Node: Printf Ordering802685 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1805467 -Node: I18N Portability805531 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1807980 -Node: I18N Example808043 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1810765 -Node: Gawk 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Integer Programming866916 -Node: Floating-point Programming868727 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1875055 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2875325 -Node: Floating-point Representation875589 -Node: Floating-point Context876754 -Ref: table-ieee-formats877593 -Node: Rounding Mode878977 -Ref: table-rounding-modes879456 -Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1882471 -Node: Gawk and MPFR882650 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats884059 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1886502 -Node: Setting Precision886823 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings887507 -Node: Setting Rounding Mode889652 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes890056 -Node: Floating-point Constants891243 -Node: Changing Precision892695 -Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1894087 -Node: Exact Arithmetic894261 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers897395 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1900410 -Node: Dynamic Extensions900557 -Node: Extension Intro902066 -Node: Plugin License903331 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline904016 -Ref: figure-load-extension904440 -Ref: figure-load-new-function905925 -Ref: figure-call-new-function906927 -Node: Extension API Description908911 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction910361 -Node: General Data Types915226 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1920919 -Node: Requesting Values921218 -Ref: table-value-types-returned921955 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions922913 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1925660 -Node: Constructor Functions925756 -Node: Registration Functions927514 -Node: Extension Functions928199 -Node: Exit Callback Functions930501 -Node: Extension Version String931750 -Node: Input Parsers932400 -Node: Output Wrappers942203 -Node: Two-way processors946719 -Node: Printing Messages948923 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1950000 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'950152 -Node: Accessing Parameters950891 -Node: Symbol Table Access952121 -Node: Symbol table by name952635 -Node: Symbol table by cookie954611 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1958744 -Node: Cached values958807 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1962311 -Node: Array Manipulation962402 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1963500 -Node: Array Data Types963539 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1966242 -Node: Array Functions966334 -Node: Flattening Arrays970208 -Node: Creating Arrays977060 -Node: Extension API Variables981791 -Node: Extension Versioning982427 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables984328 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate985414 -Node: Finding Extensions989218 -Node: Extension Example989778 -Node: Internal File Description990508 -Node: Internal File Ops994599 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11006145 -Node: Using Internal File Ops1006285 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11008632 -Node: Extension Samples1008900 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions1010424 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1017992 -Node: Extension Sample Fork1019473 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace1020686 -Node: Extension Sample Ord1022466 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir1023302 -Ref: 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Options1089743 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1091481 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1093832 -Node: PC Installation1094290 -Node: PC Binary Installation1095601 -Node: PC Compiling1097449 -Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11100448 -Node: PC Testing1100553 -Node: PC Using1101729 -Node: Cygwin1105887 -Node: MSYS1106696 -Node: VMS Installation1107210 -Node: VMS Compilation1108006 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11109228 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1109286 -Node: VMS Installation Details1110659 -Node: VMS Running1112911 -Node: VMS GNV1115745 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1116468 -Node: Bugs1116938 -Node: Other Versions1120942 -Node: Installation summary1127196 -Node: Notes1128251 -Node: Compatibility Mode1129116 -Node: Additions1129898 -Node: Accessing The Source1130823 -Node: Adding Code1132259 -Node: New Ports1138437 -Node: Derived Files1142918 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11147999 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21148033 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31148629 -Node: Future Extensions1148743 -Node: 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Programming-Footnote-2877162 +Node: Floating-point Representation877426 +Node: Floating-point Context878591 +Ref: table-ieee-formats879430 +Node: Rounding Mode880814 +Ref: table-rounding-modes881293 +Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1884308 +Node: Gawk and MPFR884487 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats885896 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1888339 +Node: Setting Precision888660 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings889344 +Node: Setting Rounding Mode891489 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes891893 +Node: Floating-point Constants893080 +Node: Changing Precision894532 +Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1895924 +Node: Exact Arithmetic896098 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers899232 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1902247 +Node: Dynamic Extensions902394 +Node: Extension Intro903903 +Node: Plugin License905168 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline905853 +Ref: figure-load-extension906277 +Ref: figure-load-new-function907762 +Ref: figure-call-new-function908764 +Node: Extension API Description910748 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction912198 +Node: General Data Types917063 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1922756 +Node: Requesting Values923055 +Ref: table-value-types-returned923792 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions924750 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1927497 +Node: Constructor Functions927593 +Node: Registration Functions929351 +Node: Extension Functions930036 +Node: Exit Callback Functions932338 +Node: Extension Version String933587 +Node: Input Parsers934237 +Node: Output Wrappers944040 +Node: Two-way processors948556 +Node: Printing Messages950760 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1951837 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'951989 +Node: Accessing Parameters952728 +Node: Symbol Table Access953958 +Node: Symbol table by name954472 +Node: Symbol table by cookie956448 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1960581 +Node: Cached values960644 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1964148 +Node: Array Manipulation964239 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1965337 +Node: Array Data Types965376 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1968079 +Node: Array Functions968171 +Node: Flattening Arrays972045 +Node: Creating Arrays978897 +Node: Extension API Variables983628 +Node: Extension Versioning984264 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables986165 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate987251 +Node: Finding Extensions991055 +Node: Extension Example991615 +Node: Internal File Description992345 +Node: Internal File Ops996436 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11007982 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1008122 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11010469 +Node: Extension Samples1010737 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1012261 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1019829 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1021310 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1022523 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1024303 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1025139 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1025995 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1026794 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1027385 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1028126 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1030005 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1031105 +Node: Extension Sample Time1031630 +Node: gawkextlib1032945 +Node: Extension summary1035758 +Node: Language History1039423 +Node: V7/SVR3.11041066 +Node: SVR41043386 +Node: POSIX1044828 +Node: BTL1046214 +Node: POSIX/GNU1046948 +Node: Feature History1052547 +Node: Common Extensions1065659 +Node: Ranges and Locales1066971 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11071588 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21071615 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31071849 +Node: Contributors1072070 +Node: History summary1077532 +Node: Installation1078901 +Node: Gawk Distribution1079852 +Node: Getting1080336 +Node: Extracting1081162 +Node: Distribution contents1082804 +Node: Unix Installation1088521 +Node: Quick Installation1089138 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1091580 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1093318 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1095669 +Node: PC Installation1096127 +Node: PC Binary Installation1097438 +Node: PC Compiling1099286 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11102285 +Node: PC Testing1102390 +Node: PC Using1103566 +Node: Cygwin1107724 +Node: MSYS1108533 +Node: VMS Installation1109047 +Node: VMS Compilation1109843 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11111065 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1111123 +Node: VMS Installation Details1112496 +Node: VMS Running1114748 +Node: VMS GNV1117582 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1118305 +Node: Bugs1118775 +Node: Other Versions1122779 +Node: Installation summary1129033 +Node: Notes1130088 +Node: Compatibility Mode1130953 +Node: Additions1131735 +Node: Accessing The Source1132660 +Node: Adding Code1134096 +Node: New Ports1140274 +Node: Derived Files1144755 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11149836 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21149870 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31150466 +Node: Future Extensions1150580 +Node: Implementation Limitations1151186 +Node: Extension Design1152434 +Node: Old Extension Problems1153588 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11155105 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1155162 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11158522 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1158711 +Node: Extension Future Growth1160817 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1161653 +Node: Notes summary1163415 +Node: Basic Concepts1164600 +Node: Basic High Level1165281 +Ref: figure-general-flow1165553 +Ref: figure-process-flow1166152 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11169381 +Node: Basic Data Typing1169566 +Node: Glossary1172893 +Node: Copying1198045 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1235601 +Node: Index1260737  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 7e29c49a236619b84c20ba8c9f5361feba063e21 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Tue, 17 Jun 2014 20:30:12 +0300 Subject: Finish exercises, update chapter 15, menus. Update NEWS. --- doc/gawk.info | 2780 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------------ 1 file changed, 1309 insertions(+), 1471 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 6f84e273..0fb3d400 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -224,6 +224,8 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * Read Timeout:: Reading input with a timeout. * Command line directories:: What happens if you put a directory on the command line. +* Input Summary:: Input summary. +* Input Exercises:: Exercises. * Print:: The `print' statement. * Print Examples:: Simple examples of `print' statements. @@ -247,6 +249,8 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * Special Caveats:: Things to watch out for. * Close Files And Pipes:: Closing Input and Output Files and Pipes. +* Output Summary:: Output summary. +* Output exercises:: Exercises. * Values:: Constants, Variables, and Regular Expressions. * Constants:: String, numeric and regexp constants. @@ -289,6 +293,7 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * Function Calls:: A function call is an expression. * Precedence:: How various operators nest. * Locales:: How the locale affects things. +* Expressions Summary:: Expressions summary. * Pattern Overview:: What goes into a pattern. * Regexp Patterns:: Using regexps as patterns. * Expression Patterns:: Any expression can be used as a @@ -335,6 +340,7 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) gives you information. * ARGC and ARGV:: Ways to use `ARGC' and `ARGV'. +* Pattern Action Summary:: Patterns and Actions summary. * Array Basics:: The basics of arrays. * Array Intro:: Introduction to Arrays * Reference to Elements:: How to examine one element of an @@ -357,6 +363,7 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) `awk'. * Multiscanning:: Scanning multidimensional arrays. * Arrays of Arrays:: True multidimensional arrays. +* Arrays Summary:: Summary of arrays. * Built-in:: Summarizes the built-in functions. * Calling Built-in:: How to call built-in functions. * Numeric Functions:: Functions that work with numbers, @@ -391,6 +398,7 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) runtime. * Indirect Calls:: Choosing the function to call at runtime. +* Functions Summary:: Summary of functions. * Library Names:: How to best name private global variables in library functions. * General Functions:: Functions that are of general use. @@ -425,6 +433,8 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * Group Functions:: Functions for getting group information. * Walking Arrays:: A function to walk arrays of arrays. +* Library Functions Summary:: Summary of library functions. +* Library exercises:: Exercises. * Running Examples:: How to run these examples. * Clones:: Clones of common utilities. * Cut Program:: The `cut' utility. @@ -454,6 +464,8 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * Anagram Program:: Finding anagrams from a dictionary. * Signature Program:: People do amazing things with too much time on their hands. +* Programs Summary:: Summary of programs. +* Programs Exercises:: Exercises. * Nondecimal Data:: Allowing nondecimal input data. * Array Sorting:: Facilities for controlling array traversal and sorting arrays. @@ -465,6 +477,7 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * TCP/IP Networking:: Using `gawk' for network programming. * Profiling:: Profiling your `awk' programs. +* Advanced Features Summary:: Summary of advanced features. * I18N and L10N:: Internationalization and Localization. * Explaining gettext:: How GNU `gettext' works. * Programmer i18n:: Features for the programmer. @@ -476,6 +489,7 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * I18N Example:: A simple i18n example. * Gawk I18N:: `gawk' is also internationalized. +* I18N Summary:: Summary of I18N stuff. * Debugging:: Introduction to `gawk' debugger. * Debugging Concepts:: Debugging in General. @@ -494,31 +508,23 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * Miscellaneous Debugger Commands:: Miscellaneous Commands. * Readline Support:: Readline support. * Limitations:: Limitations and future plans. -* General Arithmetic:: An introduction to computer - arithmetic. -* Floating Point Issues:: Stuff to know about floating-point - numbers. -* String Conversion Precision:: The String Value Can Lie. -* Unexpected Results:: Floating Point Numbers Are Not - Abstract Numbers. -* POSIX Floating Point Problems:: Standards Versus Existing Practice. -* Integer Programming:: Effective integer programming. -* Floating-point Programming:: Effective Floating-point Programming. -* Floating-point Representation:: Binary floating-point representation. -* Floating-point Context:: Floating-point context. -* Rounding Mode:: Floating-point rounding mode. -* Gawk and MPFR:: How `gawk' provides - arbitrary-precision arithmetic. -* Arbitrary Precision Floats:: Arbitrary Precision Floating-point - Arithmetic with `gawk'. -* Setting Precision:: Setting the working precision. -* Setting Rounding Mode:: Setting the rounding mode. -* Floating-point Constants:: Representing floating-point constants. -* Changing Precision:: Changing the precision of a number. -* Exact Arithmetic:: Exact arithmetic with floating-point - numbers. +* Debugging Summary:: Debugging summary. +* Computer Arithmetic:: A quick intro to computer math. +* Math Definitions:: Defining terms used. +* MPFR features:: The MPFR features in `gawk'. +* FP Math Caution:: Things to know. +* Inexactness of computations:: Floating point math is not exact. +* Inexact representation:: Numbers are not exactly represented. +* Comparing FP Values:: How to compare floating point values. +* Errors accumulate:: Errors get bigger as they go. +* Getting Accuracy:: Getting more accuracy takes some work. +* Try To Round:: Add digits and round. +* Setting precision:: How to set the precision. +* Setting the rounding mode:: How to set the rounding mode. * Arbitrary Precision Integers:: Arbitrary Precision Integer Arithmetic with `gawk'. +* POSIX Floating Point Problems:: Standards Versus Existing Practice. +* Floating point summary:: Summary of floating point discussion. * Extension Intro:: What is an extension. * Plugin License:: A note about licensing. * Extension Mechanism Outline:: An outline of how it works. @@ -580,6 +586,8 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * Extension Sample Time:: An interface to `gettimeofday()' and `sleep()'. * gawkextlib:: The `gawkextlib' project. +* Extension summary:: Extension summary. +* Extension Exercises:: Exercises. * V7/SVR3.1:: The major changes between V7 and System V Release 3.1. * SVR4:: Minor changes between System V @@ -596,6 +604,7 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) ranges. * Contributors:: The major contributors to `gawk'. +* History summary:: History summary. * Gawk Distribution:: What is in the `gawk' distribution. * Getting:: How to get the distribution. @@ -634,6 +643,7 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * Bugs:: Reporting Problems and Bugs. * Other Versions:: Other freely available `awk' implementations. +* Installation summary:: Summary of installation. * Compatibility Mode:: How to disable certain `gawk' extensions. * Additions:: Making Additions To `gawk'. @@ -654,6 +664,7 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) * Extension Other Design Decisions:: Some other design decisions. * Extension Future Growth:: Some room for future growth. * Old Extension Mechanism:: Some compatibility for old extensions. +* Notes summary:: Summary of implementation notes. * Basic High Level:: The high level view. * Basic Data Typing:: A very quick intro to data types. @@ -1968,9 +1979,8 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Two Rules, Next: More Complex, Prev: Very Simple, Up: The `awk' utility reads the input files one line at a time. For each line, `awk' tries the patterns of each of the rules. If several -patterns match, then several actions execture in the order in which -they appear in the `awk' program. If no patterns match, then no -actions run. +patterns match, then several actions execute in the order in which they +appear in the `awk' program. If no patterns match, then no actions run. After processing all the rules that match the line (and perhaps there are none), `awk' reads the next line. (However, *note Next @@ -2529,7 +2539,7 @@ The following list describes options mandated by the POSIX standard: `--bignum' Force arbitrary precision arithmetic on numbers. This option has no effect if `gawk' is not compiled to use the GNU MPFR and MP - libraries (*note Gawk and MPFR::). + libraries (*note Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic::). `-n' `--non-decimal-data' @@ -3985,7 +3995,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Regexp Summary, Prev: Computed Regexps, Up: Regexp * Regexp operators provide grouping, alternation and repetition. - * Bracket expressions give you a shorthand for specifyings sets of + * Bracket expressions give you a shorthand for specifying sets of characters that can match at a particular point in a regexp. Within bracket expressions, POSIX character classes let you specify certain groups of characters in a locale-independent fashion. @@ -5912,7 +5922,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Input Summary, Next: Input Exercises, Prev: Command li * `PROCINFO["FS"]' can be used to see how fields are being split. - * Use `getline' in its varioius forms to read additional records, + * Use `getline' in its various forms to read additional records, from the default input stream, from a file, or from a pipe or co-process. @@ -5977,7 +5987,7 @@ function. descriptors. * Close Files And Pipes:: Closing Input and Output Files and Pipes. * Output Summary:: Output summary. -* Output exercises:: Exercises. +* Output exercises:: Exercises.  File: gawk.info, Node: Print, Next: Print Examples, Up: Printing @@ -6296,7 +6306,7 @@ width. Here is a list of the format-control letters: representing negative infinity are formatted as `-inf' or `-infinity', and positive infinity as `inf' and `infinity'. The special "not a number" value formats as `-nan' or `nan' (*note - General Arithmetic::). + Math Definitions::). `%F' Like `%f' but the infinity and "not a number" values are spelled @@ -6910,7 +6920,7 @@ file or command, or the next `print' or `printf' to that file or command, reopens the file or reruns the command. Because the expression that you use to close a file or pipeline must exactly match the expression used to open the file or run the command, it is good -practice to use a valueiable to store the file name or command. The +practice to use a variable to store the file name or command. The previous example becomes the following: sortcom = "sort -r names" @@ -10016,12 +10026,12 @@ description of each variable.) `PREC #' The working precision of arbitrary precision floating-point - numbers, 53 bits by default (*note Setting Precision::). + numbers, 53 bits by default (*note Setting precision::). `ROUNDMODE #' The rounding mode to use for arbitrary precision arithmetic on numbers, by default `"N"' (`roundTiesToEven' in the IEEE 754 - standard; *note Setting Rounding Mode::). + standard; *note Setting the rounding mode::). ``RS'' The input record separator. Its default value is a string @@ -10257,8 +10267,8 @@ Options::), they are not special. The following additional elements in the array are available to provide information about the MPFR and GMP libraries if your - version of `gawk' supports arbitrary precision numbers (*note Gawk - and MPFR::): + version of `gawk' supports arbitrary precision numbers (*note + Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic::): `PROCINFO["mpfr_version"]' The version of the GNU MPFR library. @@ -14050,7 +14060,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Functions Summary, Prev: Indirect Calls, Up: Functions form of additional arguments. * Functions accept zero or more arguments and return a value. The - expressions that provide the argument values are comnpletely + expressions that provide the argument values are completely evaluated before the function is called. Order of evaluation is not defined. The return value can be ignored. @@ -14061,7 +14071,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Functions Summary, Prev: Indirect Calls, Up: Functions * User-defined functions provide important capabilities but come with some syntactic inelegancies. In a function call, there cannot be any space between the function name and the opening left - parethesis of the argument list. Also, there is no provision for + parenthesis of the argument list. Also, there is no provision for local variables, so the convention is to add extra parameters, and to separate them visually from the real parameters by extra whitespace. @@ -15794,7 +15804,7 @@ the database for the same group. This is common when a group has a large number of members. A pair of such entries might look like the following: - tvpeople:*:101:johnny,jay,arsenio + tvpeople:*:101:johny,jay,arsenio tvpeople:*:101:david,conan,tom,joan For this reason, `_gr_init()' looks to see if a group name or group @@ -16009,6 +16019,7 @@ Library Functions::. * Clones:: Clones of common utilities. * Miscellaneous Programs:: Some interesting `awk' programs. * Programs Summary:: Summary of programs. +* Programs Exercises:: Exercises.  File: gawk.info, Node: Running Examples, Next: Clones, Up: Sample Programs @@ -17168,7 +17179,7 @@ lines, words, and characters to zero, and saves the current file name in } The `endfile()' function adds the current file's numbers to the -running totals of lines, words, and characters.(1) It then prints out +running totals of lines, words, and characters. It then prints out those numbers for the file that was just read. It relies on `beginfile()' to reset the numbers for the following data file: @@ -17187,7 +17198,7 @@ those numbers for the file that was just read. It relies on } There is one rule that is executed for each line. It adds the length -of the record, plus one, to `chars'.(2) Adding one plus the record +of the record, plus one, to `chars'.(1) Adding one plus the record length is needed because the newline character separating records (the value of `RS') is not part of the record itself, and thus not included in its length. Next, `lines' is incremented for each line read, and @@ -17217,11 +17228,7 @@ in its length. Next, `lines' is incremented for each line read, and ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) `wc' can't just use the value of `FNR' in `endfile()'. If you -examine the code in *note Filetrans Function::, you will see that `FNR' -has already been reset by the time `endfile()' is called. - - (2) Since `gawk' understands multibyte locales, this code counts + (1) Since `gawk' understands multibyte locales, this code counts characters, not bytes.  @@ -17947,7 +17954,7 @@ function (*note String Functions::). The `@' symbol is used as the separator character. Each element of `a' that is empty indicates two successive `@' symbols in the original line. For each two empty elements (`@@' in the original file), we have to add a single `@' -symbol back in.(1) +symbol back in. When the processing of the array is finished, `join()' is called with the value of `SUBSEP' (*note Multidimensional::), to rejoin the @@ -18018,11 +18025,6 @@ closing the open file: close(curfile) } - ---------- Footnotes ---------- - - (1) This program was written before `gawk' had the `gensub()' -function. Consider how you might use it to simplify the code. -  File: gawk.info, Node: Simple Sed, Next: Igawk Program, Prev: Extract Program, Up: Miscellaneous Programs @@ -18472,26 +18474,6 @@ manipulation using the shell than it is in `awk'. Finally, `igawk' shows that it is not always necessary to add new features to a program; they can often be layered on top. - As an additional example of this, consider the idea of having two -files in a directory in the search path: - -`default.awk' - This file contains a set of default library functions, such as - `getopt()' and `assert()'. - -`site.awk' - This file contains library functions that are specific to a site or - installation; i.e., locally developed functions. Having a - separate file allows `default.awk' to change with new `gawk' - releases, without requiring the system administrator to update it - each time by adding the local functions. - - One user suggested that `gawk' be modified to automatically read -these files upon startup. Instead, it would be very simple to modify -`igawk' to do this. Since `igawk' can process nested `@include' -directives, `default.awk' could simply contain `@include' statements -for the desired library functions. - ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) Fully explaining the `sh' language is beyond the scope of this @@ -18621,7 +18603,7 @@ truly desperate to understand it, see Chris Johansen's explanation, which is embedded in the Texinfo source file for this Info file.)  -File: gawk.info, Node: Programs Summary, Prev: Miscellaneous Programs, Up: Sample Programs +File: gawk.info, Node: Programs Summary, Next: Programs Exercises, Prev: Miscellaneous Programs, Up: Sample Programs 11.4 Summary ============ @@ -18650,6 +18632,96 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Programs Summary, Prev: Miscellaneous Programs, Up: Sa words in text, printing mailing labels, and finding anagrams. + +File: gawk.info, Node: Programs Exercises, Prev: Programs Summary, Up: Sample Programs + +11.5 Exercises +============== + + 1. Rewrite `cut.awk' (*note Cut Program::) using `split()' with `""' + as the seperator. + + 2. In *note Egrep Program::, we mentioned that `egrep -i' could be + simulated in versions of `awk' without `IGNORECASE' by using + `tolower()' on the line and the pattern. In a footnote there, we + also mentioned that this solution has a bug: the translated line is + output, and not the original one. Fix this problem. + + 3. The POSIX version of `id' takes options that control which + information is printed. Modify the `awk' version (*note Id + Program::) to accept the same arguments and perform in the same + way. + + 4. The `split.awk' program (*note Split Program::) uses the `chr()' + and `ord()' functions to move through the letters of the alphabet. + Modify the program to instead use only the `awk' built-in + functions, such as `index()' and `substr()'. + + 5. The `split.awk' program (*note Split Program::) assumes that + letters are contiguous in the character set, which isn't true for + EBCDIC systems. Fix this problem. + + 6. Why can't the `wc.awk' program (*note Wc Program::) just use the + value of `FNR' in `endfile()'? Hint: examine the code in *note + Filetrans Function::. + + 7. Manipulation of individual characters in the `translate' program + (*note Translate Program::) is painful using standard `awk' + functions. Given that `gawk' can split strings into individual + characters using `""' as the separator, how might you use this + feature to simplify the program? + + 8. The `extract.awk' program (*note Extract Program::) was written + before `gawk' had the `gensub()' function. Use it to simplify the + code. + + 9. Compare the performance of the `awksed.awk' program (*note Simple + Sed::) with the more straightforward: + + BEGIN { + pat = ARGV[1] + repl = ARGV[2] + ARGV[1] = ARGV[2] = "" + } + + { gsub(pat, repl); print } + + 10. What are the advantages and disadvantages of `awksed.awk' versus + the real `sed' utility? + + 11. In *note Igawk Program::, we mentioned that not trying to save the + line read with `getline' in the `pathto()' function when testing + for the file's accessibility for use with the main program + simplifies things considerably. What problem does this engender + though? + + 12. As an additional example of the idea that it is not always + necessary to add new features to a program, consider the idea of + having two files in a directory in the search path: + + `default.awk' + This file contains a set of default library functions, such + as `getopt()' and `assert()'. + + `site.awk' + This file contains library functions that are specific to a + site or installation; i.e., locally developed functions. + Having a separate file allows `default.awk' to change with + new `gawk' releases, without requiring the system + administrator to update it each time by adding the local + functions. + + One user suggested that `gawk' be modified to automatically read + these files upon startup. Instead, it would be very simple to + modify `igawk' to do this. Since `igawk' can process nested + `@include' directives, `default.awk' could simply contain + `@include' statements for the desired library functions. Make + this change. + + 13. Modify `anagram.awk' (*note Anagram Program::), to avoid the use + of the external `sort' utility. + +  File: gawk.info, Node: Advanced Features, Next: Internationalization, Prev: Sample Programs, Up: Top @@ -20167,7 +20239,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: I18N Summary, Prev: Gawk I18N, Up: Internationalizatio * You mark a program's strings for translation by preceding them with an underscore. Once that is done, the strings are extracted into a - `.pot' file. This file is copied for each langauge into a `.po' + `.pot' file. This file is copied for each language into a `.po' file, and the `.po' files are compiled into `.gmo' files for use at runtime. @@ -21266,358 +21338,285 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic, Next: Dynamic Extension 15 Arithmetic and Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic with `gawk' ************************************************************ - There's a credibility gap: We don't know how much of the - computer's answers to believe. Novice computer users solve this - problem by implicitly trusting in the computer as an infallible - authority; they tend to believe that all digits of a printed - answer are significant. Disillusioned computer users have just the - opposite approach; they are constantly afraid that their answers - are almost meaningless.(1) -- Donald Knuth - - This major node discusses issues that you may encounter when -performing arithmetic. It begins by discussing some of the general -attributes of computer arithmetic, along with how this can influence -what you see when running `awk' programs. This discussion applies to -all versions of `awk'. - - The major node then moves on to describe "arbitrary precision -arithmetic", a feature which is specific to `gawk'. +This major node introduces some basic concepts relating to how +computers do arithmetic and briefly lists the features in `gawk' for +performing arbitrary precision floating point computations. It then +proceeds to describe floating-point arithmetic, which is what `awk' +uses for all its computations, including a discussion of arbitrary +precision floating point arithmetic, which is a feature available only +in `gawk'. It continues on to present arbitrary precision integers, and +concludes with a description of some points where `gawk' and the POSIX +standard are not quite in agreement. * Menu: -* General Arithmetic:: An introduction to computer arithmetic. -* Floating-point Programming:: Effective Floating-point Programming. -* Gawk and MPFR:: How `gawk' provides - arbitrary-precision arithmetic. -* Arbitrary Precision Floats:: Arbitrary Precision Floating-point Arithmetic - with `gawk'. -* Arbitrary Precision Integers:: Arbitrary Precision Integer Arithmetic with - `gawk'. - - ---------- Footnotes ---------- - - (1) Donald E. Knuth. `The Art of Computer Programming'. Volume 2, -`Seminumerical Algorithms', third edition, 1998, ISBN 0-201-89683-4, p. -229. +* Computer Arithmetic:: A quick intro to computer math. +* Math Definitions:: Defining terms used. +* MPFR features:: The MPFR features in `gawk'. +* FP Math Caution:: Things to know. +* Arbitrary Precision Integers:: Arbitrary Precision Integer Arithmetic with + `gawk'. +* POSIX Floating Point Problems:: Standards Versus Existing Practice. +* Floating point summary:: Summary of floating point discussion.  -File: gawk.info, Node: General Arithmetic, Next: Floating-point Programming, Up: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic +File: gawk.info, Node: Computer Arithmetic, Next: Math Definitions, Up: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic 15.1 A General Description of Computer Arithmetic ================================================= -Within computers, there are two kinds of numeric values: "integers" and -"floating-point". In school, integer values were referred to as -"whole" numbers--that is, numbers without any fractional part, such as -1, 42, or -17. The advantage to integer numbers is that they represent -values exactly. The disadvantage is that their range is limited. On -most systems, this range is -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647. However, -many systems now support a range from -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to -9,223,372,036,854,775,807. - - Integer values come in two flavors: "signed" and "unsigned". Signed -values may be negative or positive, with the range of values just -described. Unsigned values are always positive. On most systems, the -range is from 0 to 4,294,967,295. However, many systems now support a -range from 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615. - - Floating-point numbers represent what are called "real" numbers; -i.e., those that do have a fractional part, such as 3.1415927. The -advantage to floating-point numbers is that they can represent a much -larger range of values. The disadvantage is that there are numbers -that they cannot represent exactly. `awk' uses "double precision" -floating-point numbers, which can hold more digits than "single -precision" floating-point numbers. - - There a several important issues to be aware of, described next. - -* Menu: - -* Floating Point Issues:: Stuff to know about floating-point numbers. -* Integer Programming:: Effective integer programming. - - -File: gawk.info, Node: Floating Point Issues, Next: Integer Programming, Up: General Arithmetic - -15.1.1 Floating-Point Number Caveats ------------------------------------- - -This minor node describes some of the issues involved in using -floating-point numbers. - - There is a very nice paper on floating-point arithmetic -(http://www.validlab.com/goldberg/paper.pdf) by David Goldberg, "What -Every Computer Scientist Should Know About Floating-point Arithmetic," -`ACM Computing Surveys' *23*, 1 (1991-03), 5-48. This is worth reading -if you are interested in the details, but it does require a background -in computer science. +Until now, we have worked with data as either numbers or strings. +Ultimately, however, computers represent everything in terms of "binary +digits", or "bits". A decimal digit can take on any of 10 values: zero +through nine. A binary digit can take on any of two values, zero or +one. Using binary, computers (and computer software) can represent and +manipulate numerical and character data. In general, the more bits you +can use to represent a particular thing, the greater the range of +possible values it can take on. + + Modern computers support at least two, and often more, ways to do +arithmetic. Each kind of arithmetic uses a different representation +(organization of the bits) for the numbers. The kinds of arithmetic +that interest us are: + +Decimal arithmetic + This is the kind of arithmetic you learned in elementary school, + using paper and pencil (and/or a calculator). In theory, numbers + can have an arbitrary number of digits on either side (or both + sides) of the decimal point, and the results of a computation are + always exact. + + Some modern system can do decimal arithmetic in hardware, but + usually you need a special software library to provide access to + these instructions. There are also libraries that do decimal + arithmetic entirely in software. + + Despite the fact that some users expect `gawk' to be performing + decimal arithmetic,(1) it does not do so. + +Integer arithmetic + In school, integer values were referred to as "whole" numbers--that + is, numbers without any fractional part, such as 1, 42, or -17. + The advantage to integer numbers is that they represent values + exactly. The disadvantage is that their range is limited. + + In computers, integer values come in two flavors: "signed" and + "unsigned". Signed values may be negative or positive, whereas + unsigned values are always positive (that is, greater than or equal + to zero). + + In computer systems, integer arithmetic is exact, but the possible + range of values is limited. Integer arithmetic is generally + faster than floating point arithmetic. + +Floating point arithmetic + Floating-point numbers represent what were called in school "real" + numbers; i.e., those that have a fractional part, such as + 3.1415927. The advantage to floating-point numbers is that they + can represent a much larger range of values than can integers. + The disadvantage is that there are numbers that they cannot + represent exactly. + + Modern systems support floating point arithmetic in hardware, with + a limited range of values. There are software libraries that allow + the use of arbitrary precision floating point calculations. + + POSIX `awk' uses "double precision" floating-point numbers, which + can hold more digits than "single precision" floating-point + numbers. `gawk' has facilities for performing arbitrary precision + floating point arithmetic, which we describe in more detail + shortly. + + Computers work with integer and floating point values of different +ranges. Integer values are usually either 32 or 64 bits in size. Single +precision floating point values occupy 32 bits, whereas double precision +floating point values occupy 64 bits. Floating point values are always +signed. The possible ranges of values are shown in the following table. + +Numeric representation Miniumum value Maximum value +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +32-bit signed integer -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647 +32-bit unsigned integer 0 4,294,967,295 +64-bit signed integer -9,223,372,036,854,775,8089,223,372,036,854,775,807 +64-bit unsigned integer 0 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 +Single precision `1.175494e-38' `3.402823e+38' +floating point +(approximate) +Double precision `2.225074e-308' `1.797693e+308' +floating point +(approximate) -* Menu: + ---------- Footnotes ---------- -* String Conversion Precision:: The String Value Can Lie. -* Unexpected Results:: Floating Point Numbers Are Not Abstract - Numbers. -* POSIX Floating Point Problems:: Standards Versus Existing Practice. + (1) We don't know why they expect this, but they do.  -File: gawk.info, Node: String Conversion Precision, Next: Unexpected Results, Up: Floating Point Issues +File: gawk.info, Node: Math Definitions, Next: MPFR features, Prev: Computer Arithmetic, Up: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic -15.1.1.1 The String Value Can Lie -................................. - -Internally, `awk' keeps both the numeric value (double precision -floating-point) and the string value for a variable. Separately, `awk' -keeps track of what type the variable has (*note Typing and -Comparison::), which plays a role in how variables are used in -comparisons. +15.2 Other Stuff To Know +======================== - It is important to note that the string value for a number may not -reflect the full value (all the digits) that the numeric value actually -contains. The following program, `values.awk', illustrates this: +The rest of this major node uses a number of terms. Here are some +informal definitions that should help you work your way through the +material here. - { - sum = $1 + $2 - # see it for what it is - printf("sum = %.12g\n", sum) - # use CONVFMT - a = "<" sum ">" - print "a =", a - # use OFMT - print "sum =", sum - } +"Accuracy" + A floating-point calculation's accuracy is how close it comes to + the real (paper and pencil) value. -This program shows the full value of the sum of `$1' and `$2' using -`printf', and then prints the string values obtained from both -automatic conversion (via `CONVFMT') and from printing (via `OFMT'). +"Error" + The difference between what the result of a computation "should be" + and what it actually is. It is best to minimize error as much as + possible. - Here is what happens when the program is run: +"Exponent" + The order of magnitude of a value; some number of bits in a + floating-point value store the exponent. - $ echo 3.654321 1.2345678 | awk -f values.awk - -| sum = 4.8888888 - -| a = <4.88889> - -| sum = 4.88889 +"Inf" + A special value representing infinity. Operations involving another + number and infinity produce infinity. - This makes it clear that the full numeric value is different from -what the default string representations show. +"NaN" + "Not A Number." A special value indicating a result that can't + happen in real math, but that can happen in floating-point + computations. - `CONVFMT''s default value is `"%.6g"', which yields a value with at -most six significant digits. For some applications, you might want to -change it to specify more precision. On most modern machines, most of -the time, 17 digits is enough to capture a floating-point number's -value exactly.(1) +"Normalized" + How the significand (see later in this list) is usually stored. The + value is adjusted so that the first bit is one, and then that + leading one is assumed instead of physically stored. This + provides one extra bit of precision. - ---------- Footnotes ---------- +"Precision" + The number of bits used to represent a floating-point number. The + more bits, the more digits you can represent. Binary and decimal + precisions are related approximately, according to the formula: - (1) Pathological cases can require up to 752 digits (!), but we -doubt that you need to worry about this. + PREC = 3.322 * DPS - -File: gawk.info, Node: Unexpected Results, Next: POSIX Floating Point Problems, Prev: String Conversion Precision, Up: Floating Point Issues + Here, PREC denotes the binary precision (measured in bits) and DPS + (short for decimal places) is the decimal digits. -15.1.1.2 Floating Point Numbers Are Not Abstract Numbers -........................................................ +"Rounding mode" + How numbers are rounded up or down when necessary. More details + are provided later. -Unlike numbers in the abstract sense (such as what you studied in high -school or college arithmetic), numbers stored in computers are limited -in certain ways. They cannot represent an infinite number of digits, -nor can they always represent things exactly. In particular, -floating-point numbers cannot always represent values exactly. Here is -an example: +"Significand" + A floating point value consists the significand multiplied by 10 + to the power of the exponent. For example, in `1.2345e67', the + significand is `1.2345'. - $ awk '{ printf("%010d\n", $1 * 100) }' - 515.79 - -| 0000051579 - 515.80 - -| 0000051579 - 515.81 - -| 0000051580 - 515.82 - -| 0000051582 - Ctrl-d +"Stability" + From the Wikipedia article on numerical stability + (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_stability): "Calculations + that can be proven not to magnify approximation errors are called + "numerically stable"." -This shows that some values can be represented exactly, whereas others -are only approximated. This is not a "bug" in `awk', but simply an -artifact of how computers represent numbers. + See the Wikipedia article on accuracy and precision +(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision) for more +information on some of those terms. - NOTE: It cannot be emphasized enough that the behavior just - described is fundamental to modern computers. You will see this - kind of thing happen in _any_ programming language using hardware - floating-point numbers. It is _not_ a bug in `gawk', nor is it - something that can be "just fixed." + On modern systems, floating-point hardware uses the representation +and operations defined by the IEEE 754 standard. Three of the standard +IEEE 754 types are 32-bit single precision, 64-bit double precision and +128-bit quadruple precision. The standard also specifies extended +precision formats to allow greater precisions and larger exponent +ranges. (`awk' uses only the 64-bit double precision format.) - Another peculiarity of floating-point numbers on modern systems is -that they often have more than one representation for the number zero! -In particular, it is possible to represent "minus zero" as well as -regular, or "positive" zero. + *note table-ieee-formats:: lists the precision and exponent field +values for the basic IEEE 754 binary formats: - This example shows that negative and positive zero are distinct -values when stored internally, but that they are in fact equal to each -other, as well as to "regular" zero: +Name Total bits Precision emin emax +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Single 32 24 -126 +127 +Double 64 53 -1022 +1023 +Quadruple 128 113 -16382 +16383 - $ gawk 'BEGIN { mz = -0 ; pz = 0 - > printf "-0 = %g, +0 = %g, (-0 == +0) -> %d\n", mz, pz, mz == pz - > printf "mz == 0 -> %d, pz == 0 -> %d\n", mz == 0, pz == 0 - > }' - -| -0 = -0, +0 = 0, (-0 == +0) -> 1 - -| mz == 0 -> 1, pz == 0 -> 1 +Table 15.1: Basic IEEE Format Context Values - It helps to keep this in mind should you process numeric data that -contains negative zero values; the fact that the zero is negative is -noted and can affect comparisons. + NOTE: The precision numbers include the implied leading one that + gives them one extra bit of significand.  -File: gawk.info, Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems, Prev: Unexpected Results, Up: Floating Point Issues - -15.1.1.3 Standards Versus Existing Practice -........................................... - -Historically, `awk' has converted any non-numeric looking string to the -numeric value zero, when required. Furthermore, the original -definition of the language and the original POSIX standards specified -that `awk' only understands decimal numbers (base 10), and not octal -(base 8) or hexadecimal numbers (base 16). +File: gawk.info, Node: MPFR features, Next: FP Math Caution, Prev: Math Definitions, Up: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic - Changes in the language of the 2001 and 2004 POSIX standards can be -interpreted to imply that `awk' should support additional features. -These features are: +15.3 Arbitrary Precison Arithmetic Features In `gawk' +===================================================== - * Interpretation of floating point data values specified in - hexadecimal notation (`0xDEADBEEF'). (Note: data values, _not_ - source code constants.) +By default, `gawk' uses the double precision floating point values +supplied by the hardware of the system it runs on. However, if it was +compiled to do, `gawk' uses the GNU MPFR (http://www.mpfr.org) and GNU +MP (http://gmplib.org) (GMP) libraries for arbitrary precision +arithmetic on numbers. You can see if MPFR support is available like +so: - * Support for the special IEEE 754 floating point values "Not A - Number" (NaN), positive Infinity ("inf") and negative Infinity - ("-inf"). In particular, the format for these values is as - specified by the ISO 1999 C standard, which ignores case and can - allow machine-dependent additional characters after the `nan' and - allow either `inf' or `infinity'. + $ gawk --version + -| GNU Awk 4.1.1, API: 1.1 (GNU MPFR 3.1.0-p3, GNU MP 5.0.2) + -| Copyright (C) 1989, 1991-2014 Free Software Foundation. + ... - The first problem is that both of these are clear changes to -historical practice: +(You may see different version numbers than what's shown here. That's +OK; what's important is to see that GNU MPFR and GNU MP are listed in +the output.) - * The `gawk' maintainer feels that supporting hexadecimal floating - point values, in particular, is ugly, and was never intended by the - original designers to be part of the language. + Additionally, there are a few elements available in the `PROCINFO' +array to provide information about the MPFR and GMP libraries (*note +Auto-set::). - * Allowing completely alphabetic strings to have valid numeric - values is also a very severe departure from historical practice. + The MPFR library provides precise control over precisions and +rounding modes, and gives correctly rounded, reproducible, +platform-independent results. With either of the command-line options +`--bignum' or `-M', all floating-point arithmetic operators and numeric +functions can yield results to any desired precision level supported by +MPFR. - The second problem is that the `gawk' maintainer feels that this -interpretation of the standard, which requires a certain amount of -"language lawyering" to arrive at in the first place, was not even -intended by the standard developers. In other words, "we see how you -got where you are, but we don't think that that's where you want to be." + Two built-in variables, `PREC' and `ROUNDMODE', provide control over +the working precision and the rounding mode. The precision and the +rounding mode are set globally for every operation to follow. *Note +Auto-set::, for more information. - Recognizing the above issues, but attempting to provide compatibility -with the earlier versions of the standard, the 2008 POSIX standard -added explicit wording to allow, but not require, that `awk' support -hexadecimal floating point values and special values for "Not A Number" -and infinity. + +File: gawk.info, Node: FP Math Caution, Next: Arbitrary Precision Integers, Prev: MPFR features, Up: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic - Although the `gawk' maintainer continues to feel that providing -those features is inadvisable, nevertheless, on systems that support -IEEE floating point, it seems reasonable to provide _some_ way to -support NaN and Infinity values. The solution implemented in `gawk' is -as follows: +15.4 Floating Point Arithmetic: Caveat Emptor! +============================================== - * With the `--posix' command-line option, `gawk' becomes "hands - off." String values are passed directly to the system library's - `strtod()' function, and if it successfully returns a numeric - value, that is what's used.(1) By definition, the results are not - portable across different systems. They are also a little - surprising: + Math class is tough! -- Late 1980's Barbie - $ echo nanny | gawk --posix '{ print $1 + 0 }' - -| nan - $ echo 0xDeadBeef | gawk --posix '{ print $1 + 0 }' - -| 3735928559 + This minor node provides a high level overview of the issues +involved when doing lots of floating-point arithmetic.(1) The +discussion applies to both hardware and arbitrary-precision +floating-point arithmetic. - * Without `--posix', `gawk' interprets the four strings `+inf', - `-inf', `+nan', and `-nan' specially, producing the corresponding - special numeric values. The leading sign acts a signal to `gawk' - (and the user) that the value is really numeric. Hexadecimal - floating point is not supported (unless you also use - `--non-decimal-data', which is _not_ recommended). For example: + CAUTION: The material here is purposely general. If you need to do + serious computer arithmetic, you should do some research first, + and not rely just on what we tell you. - $ echo nanny | gawk '{ print $1 + 0 }' - -| 0 - $ echo +nan | gawk '{ print $1 + 0 }' - -| nan - $ echo 0xDeadBeef | gawk '{ print $1 + 0 }' - -| 0 +* Menu: - `gawk' ignores case in the four special values. Thus `+nan' and - `+NaN' are the same. +* Inexactness of computations:: Floating point math is not exact. +* Getting Accuracy:: Getting more accuracy takes some work. +* Try To Round:: Add digits and round. +* Setting precision:: How to set the precision. +* Setting the rounding mode:: How to set the rounding mode. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) You asked for it, you got it. + (1) There is a very nice paper on floating-point arithmetic +(http://www.validlab.com/goldberg/paper.pdf) by David Goldberg, "What +Every Computer Scientist Should Know About Floating-point Arithmetic," +`ACM Computing Surveys' *23*, 1 (1991-03), 5-48. This is worth reading +if you are interested in the details, but it does require a background +in computer science.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Integer Programming, Prev: Floating Point Issues, Up: General Arithmetic - -15.1.2 Mixing Integers And Floating-point ------------------------------------------ +File: gawk.info, Node: Inexactness of computations, Next: Getting Accuracy, Up: FP Math Caution -As has been mentioned already, `awk' uses hardware double precision -with 64-bit IEEE binary floating-point representation for numbers on -most systems. A large integer like 9,007,199,254,740,997 has a binary -representation that, although finite, is more than 53 bits long; it -must also be rounded to 53 bits. (The details are discussed in *note -Floating-point Representation::.) The biggest integer that can be -stored in a C `double' is usually the same as the largest possible -value of a `double'. If your system `double' is an IEEE 64-bit -`double', this largest possible value is an integer and can be -represented precisely. What more should you know about integers? - - If you want to know what is the largest integer, such that it and -all smaller integers can be stored in 64-bit doubles without losing -precision, then the answer is 2^53. The next representable number is -the even number 2^53 + 2, meaning it is unlikely that you will be able -to make `gawk' print 2^53 + 1 in integer format. The range of integers -exactly representable by a 64-bit double is [-2^53, 2^53]. If you ever -see an integer outside this range in `awk' using 64-bit doubles, you -have reason to be very suspicious about the accuracy of the output. -Here is a simple program with erroneous output: - - $ gawk 'BEGIN { i = 2^53 - 1; for (j = 0; j < 4; j++) print i + j }' - -| 9007199254740991 - -| 9007199254740992 - -| 9007199254740992 - -| 9007199254740994 - - The lesson is to not assume that any large integer printed by `awk' -represents an exact result from your computation, especially if it wraps -around on your screen. - - -File: gawk.info, Node: Floating-point Programming, Next: Gawk and MPFR, Prev: General Arithmetic, Up: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic - -15.2 Understanding Floating-point Programming -============================================= +15.4.1 Floating Point Arithmetic Is Not Exact +--------------------------------------------- -Numerical programming is an extensive area; if you need to develop -sophisticated numerical algorithms then `gawk' may not be the ideal -tool, and this documentation may not be sufficient. It might require -digesting a book or two(1) to really internalize how to compute with -ideal accuracy and precision, and the result often depends on the -particular application. - - NOTE: A floating-point calculation's "accuracy" is how close it - comes to the real value. This is as opposed to the "precision", - which usually refers to the number of bits used to represent the - number (see the Wikipedia article - (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision) for more - information). - - There are two options for doing floating-point calculations: -hardware floating-point (as used by standard `awk' and the default for -`gawk'), and "arbitrary-precision" floating-point, which is software -based. From this point forward, this major node aims to provide enough -information to understand both, and then will focus on `gawk''s -facilities for the latter.(2) - - Binary floating-point representations and arithmetic are inexact. +Binary floating-point representations and arithmetic are inexact. Simple values like 0.1 cannot be precisely represented using binary floating-point numbers, and the limited precision of floating-point numbers means that slight changes in the order of operations or the @@ -21626,9 +21625,21 @@ matters worse, with arbitrary precision floating-point, you can set the precision before starting a computation, but then you cannot be sure of the number of significant decimal places in the final result. - So, before you start to write any code, you should think more about -what you really want and what's really happening. Consider the two -numbers in the following example: +* Menu: + +* Inexact representation:: Numbers are not exactly represented. +* Comparing FP Values:: How to compare floating point values. +* Errors accumulate:: Errors get bigger as they go. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Inexact representation, Next: Comparing FP Values, Up: Inexactness of computations + +15.4.1.1 Many Numbers Cannot Be Represented Exactly +................................................... + +So, before you start to write any code, you should think about what you +really want and what's really happening. Consider the two numbers in +the following example: x = 0.875 # 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 y = 0.425 @@ -21651,20 +21662,44 @@ you can always specify how much precision you would like in your output. Usually this is a format string like `"%.15g"', which when used in the previous example, produces an output identical to the input. - Because the underlying representation can be a little bit off from -the exact value, comparing floating-point values to see if they are -exactly equal is generally a bad idea. Here is an example where it -does not work like you expect: + +File: gawk.info, Node: Comparing FP Values, Next: Errors accumulate, Prev: Inexact representation, Up: Inexactness of computations + +15.4.1.2 Be Careful Comparing Values +.................................... + +Because the underlying representation can be a little bit off from the +exact value, comparing floating-point values to see if they are exactly +equal is generally a bad idea. Here is an example where it does not +work like you would expect: $ gawk 'BEGIN { print (0.1 + 12.2 == 12.3) }' -| 0 - The loss of accuracy during a single computation with floating-point + The general wisdom when comparing floating-point values is to see if +they are within some small range of each other (called a "delta", or +"tolerance"). You have to decide how small a delta is important to +you. Code to do this looks something like this: + + delta = 0.00001 # for example + difference = abs(a) - abs(b) # subtract the two values + if (difference < delta) + # all ok + else + # not ok + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Errors accumulate, Prev: Comparing FP Values, Up: Inexactness of computations + +15.4.1.3 Errors Accumulate +.......................... + +The loss of accuracy during a single computation with floating-point numbers usually isn't enough to worry about. However, if you compute a value which is the result of a sequence of floating point operations, the error can accumulate and greatly affect the computation itself. -Here is an attempt to compute the value of the constant pi using one of -its many series representations: +Here is an attempt to compute the value of pi using one of its many +series representations: BEGIN { x = 1.0 / sqrt(3.0) @@ -21676,9 +21711,9 @@ its many series representations: } } - When run, the early errors propagating through later computations -cause the loop to terminate prematurely after an attempt to divide by -zero. + When run, the early errors propagate through later computations, +causing the loop to terminate prematurely after attempting to divide by +zero: $ gawk -f pi.awk -| 3.215390309173475 @@ -21701,166 +21736,176 @@ representations yield an unexpected result: > }' -| 4 - Can computation using arbitrary precision help with the previous -examples? If you are impatient to know, see *note Exact Arithmetic::. + +File: gawk.info, Node: Getting Accuracy, Next: Try To Round, Prev: Inexactness of computations, Up: FP Math Caution - Instead of arbitrary precision floating-point arithmetic, often all -you need is an adjustment of your logic or a different order for the -operations in your calculation. The stability and the accuracy of the -computation of the constant pi in the earlier example can be enhanced -by using the following simple algebraic transformation: +15.4.2 Getting The Accuracy You Need +------------------------------------ - (sqrt(x * x + 1) - 1) / x == x / (sqrt(x * x + 1) + 1) +Can arbitrary precision arithmetic give exact results? There are no +easy answers. The standard rules of algebra often do not apply when +using floating-point arithmetic. Among other things, the distributive +and associative laws do not hold completely, and order of operation may +be important for your computation. Rounding error, cumulative precision +loss and underflow are often troublesome. -After making this, change the program does converge to pi in under 30 -iterations: + When `gawk' tests the expressions `0.1 + 12.2' and `12.3' for +equality using the machine double precision arithmetic, it decides that +they are not equal! (*Note Comparing FP Values::.) You can get the +result you want by increasing the precision; 56 bits in this case does +the job: - $ gawk -f pi2.awk - -| 3.215390309173473 - -| 3.159659942097501 - -| 3.146086215131436 - -| 3.142714599645370 - -| 3.141873049979825 - ... - -| 3.141592653589797 - -| 3.141592653589797 + $ gawk -M -v PREC=56 'BEGIN { print (0.1 + 12.2 == 12.3) }' + -| 1 - There is no need to be unduly suspicious about the results from -floating-point arithmetic. The lesson to remember is that -floating-point arithmetic is always more complex than arithmetic using -pencil and paper. In order to take advantage of the power of computer -floating-point, you need to know its limitations and work within them. -For most casual use of floating-point arithmetic, you will often get -the expected result in the end if you simply round the display of your -final results to the correct number of significant decimal digits. + If adding more bits is good, perhaps adding even more bits of +precision is better? Here is what happens if we use an even larger +value of `PREC': - As general advice, avoid presenting numerical data in a manner that -implies better precision than is actually the case. + $ gawk -M -v PREC=201 'BEGIN { print (0.1 + 12.2 == 12.3) }' + -| 0 -* Menu: + This is not a bug in `gawk' or in the MPFR library. It is easy to +forget that the finite number of bits used to store the value is often +just an approximation after proper rounding. The test for equality +succeeds if and only if _all_ bits in the two operands are exactly the +same. Since this is not necessarily true after floating-point +computations with a particular precision and effective rounding rule, a +straight test for equality may not work. Instead, compare the two +numbers to see if they are within the desirable delta of each other. -* Floating-point Representation:: Binary floating-point representation. -* Floating-point Context:: Floating-point context. -* Rounding Mode:: Floating-point rounding mode. + In applications where 15 or fewer decimal places suffice, hardware +double precision arithmetic can be adequate, and is usually much faster. +But you need to keep in mind that every floating-point operation can +suffer a new rounding error with catastrophic consequences as +illustrated by our earlier attempt to compute the value of pi. Extra +precision can greatly enhance the stability and the accuracy of your +computation in such cases. - ---------- Footnotes ---------- + Repeated addition is not necessarily equivalent to multiplication in +floating-point arithmetic. In the example in *note Errors accumulate::: - (1) One recommended title is `Numerical Computing with IEEE Floating -Point Arithmetic', Michael L. Overton, Society for Industrial and -Applied Mathematics, 2004. ISBN: 0-89871-482-6, ISBN-13: -978-0-89871-482-1. See `http://www.cs.nyu.edu/cs/faculty/overton/book'. + $ gawk 'BEGIN { + > for (d = 1.1; d <= 1.5; d += 0.1) # loop five times (?) + > i++ + > print i + > }' + -| 4 - (2) If you are interested in other tools that perform arbitrary -precision arithmetic, you may want to investigate the POSIX `bc' tool. -See the POSIX specification for it -(http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/bc.html), for -more information. +you may or may not succeed in getting the correct result by choosing an +arbitrarily large value for `PREC'. Reformulation of the problem at +hand is often the correct approach in such situations.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Floating-point Representation, Next: Floating-point Context, Up: Floating-point Programming - -15.2.1 Binary Floating-point Representation -------------------------------------------- +File: gawk.info, Node: Try To Round, Next: Setting precision, Prev: Getting Accuracy, Up: FP Math Caution -Although floating-point representations vary from machine to machine, -the most commonly encountered representation is that defined by the -IEEE 754 Standard. An IEEE 754 format value has three components: +15.4.3 Try A Few Extra Bits of Precision and Rounding +----------------------------------------------------- - * A sign bit telling whether the number is positive or negative. - - * An "exponent", E, giving its order of magnitude. +Instead of arbitrary precision floating-point arithmetic, often all you +need is an adjustment of your logic or a different order for the +operations in your calculation. The stability and the accuracy of the +computation of pi in the earlier example can be enhanced by using the +following simple algebraic transformation: - * A "significand", S, specifying the actual digits of the number. + (sqrt(x * x + 1) - 1) / x == x / (sqrt(x * x + 1) + 1) - The value of the number is then S * 2^E. The first bit of a -non-zero binary significand is always one, so the significand in an -IEEE 754 format only includes the fractional part, leaving the leading -one implicit. The significand is stored in "normalized" format, which -means that the first bit is always a one. +After making this, change the program converges to pi in under 30 +iterations: - Three of the standard IEEE 754 types are 32-bit single precision, -64-bit double precision and 128-bit quadruple precision. The standard -also specifies extended precision formats to allow greater precisions -and larger exponent ranges. + $ gawk -f pi2.awk + -| 3.215390309173473 + -| 3.159659942097501 + -| 3.146086215131436 + -| 3.142714599645370 + -| 3.141873049979825 + ... + -| 3.141592653589797 + -| 3.141592653589797  -File: gawk.info, Node: Floating-point Context, Next: Rounding Mode, Prev: Floating-point Representation, Up: Floating-point Programming - -15.2.2 Floating-point Context ------------------------------ - -A floating-point "context" defines the environment for arithmetic -operations. It governs precision, sets rules for rounding, and limits -the range for exponents. The context has the following primary -components: - -"Precision" - Precision of the floating-point format in bits. - -"emax" - Maximum exponent allowed for the format. - -"emin" - Minimum exponent allowed for the format. +File: gawk.info, Node: Setting precision, Next: Setting the rounding mode, Prev: Try To Round, Up: FP Math Caution -"Underflow behavior" - The format may or may not support gradual underflow. - -"Rounding" - The rounding mode of the context. +15.4.4 Setting The Precision +---------------------------- - *note table-ieee-formats:: lists the precision and exponent field -values for the basic IEEE 754 binary formats: +`gawk' uses a global working precision; it does not keep track of the +precision or accuracy of individual numbers. Performing an arithmetic +operation or calling a built-in function rounds the result to the +current working precision. The default working precision is 53 bits, +which you can modify using the built-in variable `PREC'. You can also +set the value to one of the predefined case-insensitive strings shown +in *note table-predefined-precision-strings::, to emulate an IEEE 754 +binary format. -Name Total bits Precision emin emax ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -Single 32 24 -126 +127 -Double 64 53 -1022 +1023 -Quadruple 128 113 -16382 +16383 +`PREC' IEEE 754 Binary Format +--------------------------------------------------- +`"half"' 16-bit half-precision. +`"single"' Basic 32-bit single precision. +`"double"' Basic 64-bit double precision. +`"quad"' Basic 128-bit quadruple precision. +`"oct"' 256-bit octuple precision. -Table 15.1: Basic IEEE Format Context Values +Table 15.2: Predefined Precision Strings For `PREC' - NOTE: The precision numbers include the implied leading one that - gives them one extra bit of significand. + The following example illustrates the effects of changing precision +on arithmetic operations: - A floating-point context can also determine which signals are treated -as exceptions, and can set rules for arithmetic with special values. -Please consult the IEEE 754 standard or other resources for details. + $ gawk -M -v PREC=100 'BEGIN { x = 1.0e-400; print x + 0 + > PREC = "double"; print x + 0 }' + -| 1e-400 + -| 0 - `gawk' ordinarily uses the hardware double precision representation -for numbers. On most systems, this is IEEE 754 floating-point format, -corresponding to 64-bit binary with 53 bits of precision. + CAUTION: Be wary of floating-point constants! When reading a + floating-point constant from program source code, `gawk' uses the + default precision (that of a C `double'), unless overridden by an + assignment to the special variable `PREC' on the command line, to + store it internally as a MPFR number. Changing the precision + using `PREC' in the program text does _not_ change the precision + of a constant. + + If you need to represent a floating-point constant at a higher + precision than the default and cannot use a command line + assignment to `PREC', you should either specify the constant as a + string, or as a rational number, whenever possible. The following + example illustrates the differences among various ways to print a + floating-point constant: - NOTE: In case an underflow occurs, the standard allows, but does - not require, the result from an arithmetic operation to be a - number smaller than the smallest nonzero normalized number. Such - numbers do not have as many significant digits as normal numbers, - and are called "denormals" or "subnormals". The alternative, - simply returning a zero, is called "flush to zero". The basic IEEE - 754 binary formats support subnormal numbers. + $ gawk -M 'BEGIN { PREC = 113; printf("%0.25f\n", 0.1) }' + -| 0.1000000000000000055511151 + $ gawk -M -v PREC=113 'BEGIN { printf("%0.25f\n", 0.1) }' + -| 0.1000000000000000000000000 + $ gawk -M 'BEGIN { PREC = 113; printf("%0.25f\n", "0.1") }' + -| 0.1000000000000000000000000 + $ gawk -M 'BEGIN { PREC = 113; printf("%0.25f\n", 1/10) }' + -| 0.1000000000000000000000000  -File: gawk.info, Node: Rounding Mode, Prev: Floating-point Context, Up: Floating-point Programming +File: gawk.info, Node: Setting the rounding mode, Prev: Setting precision, Up: FP Math Caution -15.2.3 Floating-point Rounding Mode ------------------------------------ +15.4.5 Setting The Rounding Mode +-------------------------------- -The "rounding mode" specifies the behavior for the results of numerical -operations when discarding extra precision. Each rounding mode indicates -how the least significant returned digit of a rounded result is to be -calculated. *note table-rounding-modes:: lists the IEEE 754 defined -rounding modes: +The `ROUNDMODE' variable provides program level control over the +rounding mode. The correspondence between `ROUNDMODE' and the IEEE +rounding modes is shown in *note table-gawk-rounding-modes::. -Rounding Mode IEEE Name --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -Round to nearest, ties to even `roundTiesToEven' -Round toward plus Infinity `roundTowardPositive' -Round toward negative Infinity `roundTowardNegative' -Round toward zero `roundTowardZero' -Round to nearest, ties away `roundTiesToAway' -from zero +Rounding Mode IEEE Name `ROUNDMODE' +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Round to nearest, ties to even `roundTiesToEven' `"N"' or `"n"' +Round toward plus Infinity `roundTowardPositive' `"U"' or `"u"' +Round toward negative Infinity `roundTowardNegative' `"D"' or `"d"' +Round toward zero `roundTowardZero' `"Z"' or `"z"' +Round to nearest, ties away `roundTiesToAway' `"A"' or `"a"' +from zero -Table 15.2: IEEE 754 Rounding Modes +Table 15.3: `gawk' Rounding Modes + + `ROUNDMODE' has the default value `"N"', which selects the IEEE 754 +rounding mode `roundTiesToEven'. In *note Table 15.3: +table-gawk-rounding-modes, the value `"A"' selects `roundTiesToAway'. +This is only available if your version of the MPFR library supports it; +otherwise setting `ROUNDMODE' to `"A"' has no effect. The default mode `roundTiesToEven' is the most preferred, but the least intuitive. This method does the obvious thing for most values, by @@ -21895,20 +21940,19 @@ produces the following output when run on the author's system:(1) 3.5 => 4 4.5 => 4 - The theory behind the rounding mode `roundTiesToEven' is that it -more or less evenly distributes upward and downward rounds of exact -halves, which might cause any round-off error to cancel itself out. -This is the default rounding mode used in IEEE 754 computing functions -and operators. + The theory behind `roundTiesToEven' is that it more or less evenly +distributes upward and downward rounds of exact halves, which might +cause any accumulating round-off error to cancel itself out. This is the +default rounding mode for IEEE 754 computing functions and operators. The other rounding modes are rarely used. Round toward positive infinity (`roundTowardPositive') and round toward negative infinity -(`roundTowardNegative') are often used to implement interval arithmetic, -where you adjust the rounding mode to calculate upper and lower bounds -for the range of output. The `roundTowardZero' mode can be used for -converting floating-point numbers to integers. The rounding mode -`roundTiesToAway' rounds the result to the nearest number and selects -the number with the larger magnitude if a tie occurs. +(`roundTowardNegative') are often used to implement interval +arithmetic, where you adjust the rounding mode to calculate upper and +lower bounds for the range of output. The `roundTowardZero' mode can be +used for converting floating-point numbers to integers. The rounding +mode `roundTiesToAway' rounds the result to the nearest number and +selects the number with the larger magnitude if a tie occurs. Some numerical analysts will tell you that your choice of rounding style has tremendous impact on the final outcome, and advise you to @@ -21917,8 +21961,8 @@ round-off error problems by setting the precision initially to some value sufficiently larger than the final desired precision, so that the accumulation of round-off error does not influence the outcome. If you suspect that results from your computation are sensitive to -accumulation of round-off error, one way to be sure is to look for a -significant difference in output when you change the rounding mode. +accumulation of round-off error, look for a significant difference in +output when you change the rounding mode to be sure. ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -21927,408 +21971,221 @@ C library in your system does not use the IEEE 754 even-rounding rule to round halfway cases for `printf'.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Gawk and MPFR, Next: Arbitrary Precision Floats, Prev: Floating-point Programming, Up: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic +File: gawk.info, Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers, Next: POSIX Floating Point Problems, Prev: FP Math Caution, Up: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic -15.3 `gawk' + MPFR = Powerful Arithmetic -======================================== - -The rest of this major node describes how to use the arbitrary precision -(also known as "multiple precision" or "infinite precision") numeric -capabilities in `gawk' to produce maximally accurate results when you -need it. - - But first you should check if your version of `gawk' supports -arbitrary precision arithmetic. The easiest way to find out is to look -at the output of the following command: - - $ gawk --version - -| GNU Awk 4.1.1, API: 1.1 (GNU MPFR 3.1.0-p3, GNU MP 5.0.2) - -| Copyright (C) 1989, 1991-2014 Free Software Foundation. - ... - -(You may see different version numbers than what's shown here. That's -OK; what's important is to see that GNU MPFR and GNU MP are listed in -the output.) - - `gawk' uses the GNU MPFR (http://www.mpfr.org) and GNU MP -(http://gmplib.org) (GMP) libraries for arbitrary precision arithmetic -on numbers. So if you do not see the names of these libraries in the -output, then your version of `gawk' does not support arbitrary -precision arithmetic. - - Additionally, there are a few elements available in the `PROCINFO' -array to provide information about the MPFR and GMP libraries. *Note -Auto-set::, for more information. - - -File: gawk.info, Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats, Next: Arbitrary Precision Integers, Prev: Gawk and MPFR, Up: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic - -15.4 Arbitrary Precision Floating-point Arithmetic with `gawk' -============================================================== - -`gawk' uses the GNU MPFR library for arbitrary precision floating-point -arithmetic. The MPFR library provides precise control over precisions -and rounding modes, and gives correctly rounded, reproducible, -platform-independent results. With one of the command-line options -`--bignum' or `-M', all floating-point arithmetic operators and numeric -functions can yield results to any desired precision level supported by -MPFR. Two built-in variables, `PREC' and `ROUNDMODE', provide control -over the working precision and the rounding mode (*note Setting -Precision::, and *note Setting Rounding Mode::). The precision and the -rounding mode are set globally for every operation to follow. - - The default working precision for arbitrary precision floating-point -values is 53 bits, and the default value for `ROUNDMODE' is `"N"', -which selects the IEEE 754 `roundTiesToEven' rounding mode (*note -Rounding Mode::).(1) `gawk' uses the default exponent range in MPFR -(EMAX = 2^30 - 1, EMIN = -EMAX) for all floating-point contexts. There -is no explicit mechanism to adjust the exponent range. MPFR does not -implement subnormal numbers by default, and this behavior cannot be -changed in `gawk'. - - NOTE: When emulating an IEEE 754 format (*note Setting - Precision::), `gawk' internally adjusts the exponent range to the - value defined for the format and also performs computations needed - for gradual underflow (subnormal numbers). - - NOTE: MPFR numbers are variable-size entities, consuming only as - much space as needed to store the significant digits. Since the - performance using MPFR numbers pales in comparison to doing - arithmetic using the underlying machine types, you should consider - using only as much precision as needed by your program. +15.5 Arbitrary Precision Integer Arithmetic with `gawk' +======================================================= -* Menu: +When given one of the options `--bignum' or `-M', `gawk' performs all +integer arithmetic using GMP arbitrary precision integers. Any number +that looks like an integer in a source or data file is stored as an +arbitrary precision integer. The size of the integer is limited only +by the available memory. For example, the following computes 5^4^3^2, +the result of which is beyond the limits of ordinary `gawk' numbers: -* Setting Precision:: Setting the working precision. -* Setting Rounding Mode:: Setting the rounding mode. -* Floating-point Constants:: Representing floating-point constants. -* Changing Precision:: Changing the precision of a number. -* Exact Arithmetic:: Exact arithmetic with floating-point numbers. + $ gawk -M 'BEGIN { + > x = 5^4^3^2 + > print "# of digits =", length(x) + > print substr(x, 1, 20), "...", substr(x, length(x) - 19, 20) + > }' + -| # of digits = 183231 + -| 62060698786608744707 ... 92256259918212890625 - ---------- Footnotes ---------- + If instead you were to compute the same value using arbitrary +precision floating-point values, the precision needed for correct +output (using the formula `prec = 3.322 * dps'), would be 3.322 x +183231, or 608693. - (1) The default precision is 53 bits, since according to the MPFR -documentation, the library should be able to exactly reproduce all -computations done with double-precision machine floating-point numbers -(`double' type in C), except the default exponent range is much wider -and subnormal numbers are not implemented. + The result from an arithmetic operation with an integer and a +floating-point value is a floating-point value with a precision equal +to the working precision. The following program calculates the eighth +term in Sylvester's sequence(1) using a recurrence: - -File: gawk.info, Node: Setting Precision, Next: Setting Rounding Mode, Up: Arbitrary Precision Floats + $ gawk -M 'BEGIN { + > s = 2.0 + > for (i = 1; i <= 7; i++) + > s = s * (s - 1) + 1 + > print s + > }' + -| 113423713055421845118910464 -15.4.1 Setting the Working Precision ------------------------------------- + The output differs from the actual number, +113,423,713,055,421,844,361,000,443, because the default precision of +53 bits is not enough to represent the floating-point results exactly. +You can either increase the precision (100 bits is enough in this +case), or replace the floating-point constant `2.0' with an integer, to +perform all computations using integer arithmetic to get the correct +output. -`gawk' uses a global working precision; it does not keep track of the -precision or accuracy of individual numbers. Performing an arithmetic -operation or calling a built-in function rounds the result to the -current working precision. The default working precision is 53 bits, -which you can modify using the built-in variable `PREC'. You can also -set the value to one of the predefined case-insensitive strings shown -in *note table-predefined-precision-strings::, to emulate an IEEE 754 -binary format. + Sometimes `gawk' must implicitly convert an arbitrary precision +integer into an arbitrary precision floating-point value. This is +primarily because the MPFR library does not always provide the relevant +interface to process arbitrary precision integers or mixed-mode numbers +as needed by an operation or function. In such a case, the precision is +set to the minimum value necessary for exact conversion, and the working +precision is not used for this purpose. If this is not what you need or +want, you can employ a subterfuge, and convert the integer to floating +point first, like this: -`PREC' IEEE 754 Binary Format ---------------------------------------------------- -`"half"' 16-bit half-precision. -`"single"' Basic 32-bit single precision. -`"double"' Basic 64-bit double precision. -`"quad"' Basic 128-bit quadruple precision. -`"oct"' 256-bit octuple precision. + gawk -M 'BEGIN { n = 13; print (n + 0.0) % 2.0 }' -Table 15.3: Predefined Precision Strings For `PREC' + You can avoid this issue altogether by specifying the number as a +floating-point value to begin with: - The following example illustrates the effects of changing precision -on arithmetic operations: + gawk -M 'BEGIN { n = 13.0; print n % 2.0 }' - $ gawk -M -v PREC=100 'BEGIN { x = 1.0e-400; print x + 0 - > PREC = "double"; print x + 0 }' - -| 1e-400 - -| 0 + Note that for the particular example above, it is likely best to +just use the following: - Binary and decimal precisions are related approximately, according -to the formula: - - PREC = 3.322 * DPS - -Here, PREC denotes the binary precision (measured in bits) and DPS -(short for decimal places) is the decimal digits. We can easily -calculate how many decimal digits the 53-bit significand of an IEEE -double is equivalent to: 53 / 3.322 which is equal to about 15.95. But -what does 15.95 digits actually mean? It depends whether you are -concerned about how many digits you can rely on, or how many digits you -need. - - It is important to know how many bits it takes to uniquely identify -a double-precision value (the C type `double'). If you want to convert -from `double' to decimal and back to `double' (e.g., saving a `double' -representing an intermediate result to a file, and later reading it -back to restart the computation), then a few more decimal digits are -required. 17 digits is generally enough for a `double'. - - It can also be important to know what decimal numbers can be uniquely -represented with a `double'. If you want to convert from decimal to -`double' and back again, 15 digits is the most that you can get. Stated -differently, you should not present the numbers from your -floating-point computations with more than 15 significant digits in -them. + gawk -M 'BEGIN { n = 13; print n % 2 }' - Conversely, it takes a precision of 332 bits to hold an approximation -of the constant pi that is accurate to 100 decimal places. + ---------- Footnotes ---------- - You should always add some extra bits in order to avoid the -confusing round-off issues that occur because numbers are stored -internally in binary. + (1) Weisstein, Eric W. `Sylvester's Sequence'. From MathWorld--A +Wolfram Web Resource +(`http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SylvestersSequence.html').  -File: gawk.info, Node: Setting Rounding Mode, Next: Floating-point Constants, Prev: Setting Precision, Up: Arbitrary Precision Floats +File: gawk.info, Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems, Next: Floating point summary, Prev: Arbitrary Precision Integers, Up: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic -15.4.2 Setting the Rounding Mode --------------------------------- - -The `ROUNDMODE' variable provides program level control over the -rounding mode. The correspondence between `ROUNDMODE' and the IEEE -rounding modes is shown in *note table-gawk-rounding-modes::. +15.6 Standards Versus Existing Practice +======================================= -Rounding Mode IEEE Name `ROUNDMODE' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -Round to nearest, ties to even `roundTiesToEven' `"N"' or `"n"' -Round toward plus Infinity `roundTowardPositive' `"U"' or `"u"' -Round toward negative Infinity `roundTowardNegative' `"D"' or `"d"' -Round toward zero `roundTowardZero' `"Z"' or `"z"' -Round to nearest, ties away `roundTiesToAway' `"A"' or `"a"' -from zero +Historically, `awk' has converted any non-numeric looking string to the +numeric value zero, when required. Furthermore, the original +definition of the language and the original POSIX standards specified +that `awk' only understands decimal numbers (base 10), and not octal +(base 8) or hexadecimal numbers (base 16). -Table 15.4: `gawk' Rounding Modes + Changes in the language of the 2001 and 2004 POSIX standards can be +interpreted to imply that `awk' should support additional features. +These features are: - `ROUNDMODE' has the default value `"N"', which selects the IEEE 754 -rounding mode `roundTiesToEven'. In *note Table 15.4: -table-gawk-rounding-modes, `"A"' is listed to select the IEEE 754 mode -`roundTiesToAway'. This is only available if your version of the MPFR -library supports it; otherwise setting `ROUNDMODE' to this value has no -effect. *Note Rounding Mode::, for the meanings of the various rounding -modes. + * Interpretation of floating point data values specified in + hexadecimal notation (e.g., `0xDEADBEEF'). (Note: data values, + _not_ source code constants.) - Here is an example of how to change the default rounding behavior of -`printf''s output: + * Support for the special IEEE 754 floating point values "Not A + Number" (NaN), positive Infinity ("inf") and negative Infinity + ("-inf"). In particular, the format for these values is as + specified by the ISO 1999 C standard, which ignores case and can + allow machine-dependent additional characters after the `nan' and + allow either `inf' or `infinity'. - $ gawk -M -v ROUNDMODE="Z" 'BEGIN { printf("%.2f\n", 1.378) }' - -| 1.37 + The first problem is that both of these are clear changes to +historical practice: - -File: gawk.info, Node: Floating-point Constants, Next: Changing Precision, Prev: Setting Rounding Mode, Up: Arbitrary Precision Floats + * The `gawk' maintainer feels that supporting hexadecimal floating + point values, in particular, is ugly, and was never intended by the + original designers to be part of the language. -15.4.3 Representing Floating-point Constants --------------------------------------------- + * Allowing completely alphabetic strings to have valid numeric + values is also a very severe departure from historical practice. -Be wary of floating-point constants! When reading a floating-point -constant from program source code, `gawk' uses the default precision -(that of a C `double'), unless overridden by an assignment to the -special variable `PREC' on the command line, to store it internally as -a MPFR number. Changing the precision using `PREC' in the program text -does _not_ change the precision of a constant. If you need to represent -a floating-point constant at a higher precision than the default and -cannot use a command line assignment to `PREC', you should either -specify the constant as a string, or as a rational number, whenever -possible. The following example illustrates the differences among -various ways to print a floating-point constant: + The second problem is that the `gawk' maintainer feels that this +interpretation of the standard, which requires a certain amount of +"language lawyering" to arrive at in the first place, was not even +intended by the standard developers. In other words, "we see how you +got where you are, but we don't think that that's where you want to be." - $ gawk -M 'BEGIN { PREC = 113; printf("%0.25f\n", 0.1) }' - -| 0.1000000000000000055511151 - $ gawk -M -v PREC=113 'BEGIN { printf("%0.25f\n", 0.1) }' - -| 0.1000000000000000000000000 - $ gawk -M 'BEGIN { PREC = 113; printf("%0.25f\n", "0.1") }' - -| 0.1000000000000000000000000 - $ gawk -M 'BEGIN { PREC = 113; printf("%0.25f\n", 1/10) }' - -| 0.1000000000000000000000000 + Recognizing the above issues, but attempting to provide compatibility +with the earlier versions of the standard, the 2008 POSIX standard +added explicit wording to allow, but not require, that `awk' support +hexadecimal floating point values and special values for "Not A Number" +and infinity. - In the first case, the number is stored with the default precision -of 53 bits. + Although the `gawk' maintainer continues to feel that providing +those features is inadvisable, nevertheless, on systems that support +IEEE floating point, it seems reasonable to provide _some_ way to +support NaN and Infinity values. The solution implemented in `gawk' is +as follows: - -File: gawk.info, Node: Changing Precision, Next: Exact Arithmetic, Prev: Floating-point Constants, Up: Arbitrary Precision Floats + * With the `--posix' command-line option, `gawk' becomes "hands + off." String values are passed directly to the system library's + `strtod()' function, and if it successfully returns a numeric + value, that is what's used.(1) By definition, the results are not + portable across different systems. They are also a little + surprising: -15.4.4 Changing the Precision of a Number ------------------------------------------ + $ echo nanny | gawk --posix '{ print $1 + 0 }' + -| nan + $ echo 0xDeadBeef | gawk --posix '{ print $1 + 0 }' + -| 3735928559 - The point is that in any variable-precision package, a decision is - made on how to treat numbers given as data, or arising in - intermediate results, which are represented in floating-point - format to a precision lower than working precision. Do we promote - them to full membership of the high-precision club, or do we treat - them and all their associates as second-class citizens? Sometimes - the first course is proper, sometimes the second, and it takes - careful analysis to tell which.(1) -- Dirk Laurie - - `gawk' does not implicitly modify the precision of any previously -computed results when the working precision is changed with an -assignment to `PREC'. The precision of a number is always the one that -was used at the time of its creation, and there is no way for you to -explicitly change it afterwards. However, since the result of a -floating-point arithmetic operation is always an arbitrary precision -floating-point value--with a precision set by the value of `PREC'--one -of the following workarounds effectively accomplishes the desired -behavior: - - x = x + 0.0 + * Without `--posix', `gawk' interprets the four strings `+inf', + `-inf', `+nan', and `-nan' specially, producing the corresponding + special numeric values. The leading sign acts a signal to `gawk' + (and the user) that the value is really numeric. Hexadecimal + floating point is not supported (unless you also use + `--non-decimal-data', which is _not_ recommended). For example: -or: + $ echo nanny | gawk '{ print $1 + 0 }' + -| 0 + $ echo +nan | gawk '{ print $1 + 0 }' + -| nan + $ echo 0xDeadBeef | gawk '{ print $1 + 0 }' + -| 0 - x += 0.0 + `gawk' ignores case in the four special values. Thus `+nan' and + `+NaN' are the same. ---------- Footnotes ---------- - (1) Dirk Laurie. `Variable-precision Arithmetic Considered Perilous --- A Detective Story'. Electronic Transactions on Numerical Analysis. -Volume 28, pp. 168-173, 2008. - - -File: gawk.info, Node: Exact Arithmetic, Prev: Changing Precision, Up: Arbitrary Precision Floats - -15.4.5 Exact Arithmetic with Floating-point Numbers ---------------------------------------------------- - - CAUTION: Never depend on the exactness of floating-point - arithmetic, even for apparently simple expressions! - - Can arbitrary precision arithmetic give exact results? There are no -easy answers. The standard rules of algebra often do not apply when -using floating-point arithmetic. Among other things, the distributive -and associative laws do not hold completely, and order of operation may -be important for your computation. Rounding error, cumulative precision -loss and underflow are often troublesome. - - When `gawk' tests the expressions `0.1 + 12.2' and `12.3' for -equality using the machine double precision arithmetic, it decides that -they are not equal! (*Note Floating-point Programming::.) You can get -the result you want by increasing the precision; 56 bits in this case -will get the job done: - - $ gawk -M -v PREC=56 'BEGIN { print (0.1 + 12.2 == 12.3) }' - -| 1 - - If adding more bits is good, perhaps adding even more bits of -precision is better? Here is what happens if we use an even larger -value of `PREC': - - $ gawk -M -v PREC=201 'BEGIN { print (0.1 + 12.2 == 12.3) }' - -| 0 - - This is not a bug in `gawk' or in the MPFR library. It is easy to -forget that the finite number of bits used to store the value is often -just an approximation after proper rounding. The test for equality -succeeds if and only if _all_ bits in the two operands are exactly the -same. Since this is not necessarily true after floating-point -computations with a particular precision and effective rounding rule, a -straight test for equality may not work. - - So, don't assume that floating-point values can be compared for -equality. You should also exercise caution when using other forms of -comparisons. The standard way to compare two floating-point numbers is -to determine how much error (or "tolerance") you will allow in a -comparison and check to see if one value is within this error range of -the other. - - In applications where 15 or fewer decimal places suffice, hardware -double precision arithmetic can be adequate, and is usually much faster. -But you do need to keep in mind that every floating-point operation can -suffer a new rounding error with catastrophic consequences as -illustrated by our earlier attempt to compute the value of the constant -pi (*note Floating-point Programming::). Extra precision can greatly -enhance the stability and the accuracy of your computation in such -cases. - - Repeated addition is not necessarily equivalent to multiplication in -floating-point arithmetic. In the example in *note Floating-point -Programming::: - - $ gawk 'BEGIN { - > for (d = 1.1; d <= 1.5; d += 0.1) # loop five times (?) - > i++ - > print i - > }' - -| 4 - -you may or may not succeed in getting the correct result by choosing an -arbitrarily large value for `PREC'. Reformulation of the problem at -hand is often the correct approach in such situations. + (1) You asked for it, you got it.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers, Prev: Arbitrary Precision Floats, Up: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic +File: gawk.info, Node: Floating point summary, Prev: POSIX Floating Point Problems, Up: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic -15.5 Arbitrary Precision Integer Arithmetic with `gawk' -======================================================= +15.7 Summary +============ -If one of the options `--bignum' or `-M' is specified, `gawk' performs -all integer arithmetic using GMP arbitrary precision integers. Any -number that looks like an integer in a program source or data file is -stored as an arbitrary precision integer. The size of the integer is -limited only by your computer's memory. The current floating-point -context has no effect on operations involving integers. For example, -the following computes 5^4^3^2, the result of which is beyond the -limits of ordinary `gawk' numbers: + * Most computer arithmetic is done using either integers or + floating-point values. The default for `awk' is to use + double-precision floating-point values. - $ gawk -M 'BEGIN { - > x = 5^4^3^2 - > print "# of digits =", length(x) - > print substr(x, 1, 20), "...", substr(x, length(x) - 19, 20) - > }' - -| # of digits = 183231 - -| 62060698786608744707 ... 92256259918212890625 + * In the 1980's, Barbie mistakenly said "Math class is tough!" + While math isn't tough, floating-point arithmetic isn't the same + as pencil and paper math, and care must be taken: - If you were to compute the same value using arbitrary precision -floating-point values instead, the precision needed for correct output -(using the formula `prec = 3.322 * dps'), would be 3.322 x 183231, or -608693. + - Not all numbers can be represented exactly. - The result from an arithmetic operation with an integer and a -floating-point value is a floating-point value with a precision equal -to the working precision. The following program calculates the eighth -term in Sylvester's sequence(1) using a recurrence: + - Comparing values should use a delta, instead of being done + directly with `==' and `!='. - $ gawk -M 'BEGIN { - > s = 2.0 - > for (i = 1; i <= 7; i++) - > s = s * (s - 1) + 1 - > print s - > }' - -| 113423713055421845118910464 + - Errors accumulate. - The output differs from the actual number, -113,423,713,055,421,844,361,000,443, because the default precision of -53 bits is not enough to represent the floating-point results exactly. -You can either increase the precision (100 bits is enough in this -case), or replace the floating-point constant `2.0' with an integer, to -perform all computations using integer arithmetic to get the correct -output. + - Operations are not always truly associative or distributive. - It will sometimes be necessary for `gawk' to implicitly convert an -arbitrary precision integer into an arbitrary precision floating-point -value. This is primarily because the MPFR library does not always -provide the relevant interface to process arbitrary precision integers -or mixed-mode numbers as needed by an operation or function. In such a -case, the precision is set to the minimum value necessary for exact -conversion, and the working precision is not used for this purpose. If -this is not what you need or want, you can employ a subterfuge like -this: + * Increasing the accuracy can help, but it is not a panacea. - gawk -M 'BEGIN { n = 13; print (n + 0.0) % 2.0 }' + * Often, increasing the accuracy and then rounding to the desired + number of digits produces reasonable results. - You can avoid this issue altogether by specifying the number as a -floating-point value to begin with: + * Use either `-M' or `--bignum' to enable MPFR arithmetic. Use + `PREC' to set the precision in bits, and `ROUNDMODE' to set the + IEEE 754 rounding mode. - gawk -M 'BEGIN { n = 13.0; print n % 2.0 }' + * With `-M' or `--bignum', `gawk' performs arbitrary precision + integer arithmetic using the GMP library. This is faster and more + space efficient than using MPFR for the same calculations. - Note that for the particular example above, it is likely best to -just use the following: + * There are several "dark corners" with respect to floating-point + numbers where `gawk' disagrees with the POSIX standard. It pays + to be aware of them. - gawk -M 'BEGIN { n = 13; print n % 2 }' + * Overall, there is no need to be unduly suspicious about the + results from floating-point arithmetic. The lesson to remember is + that floating-point arithmetic is always more complex than + arithmetic using pencil and paper. In order to take advantage of + the power of computer floating-point, you need to know its + limitations and work within them. For most casual use of + floating-point arithmetic, you will often get the expected result + if you simply round the display of your final results to the + correct number of significant decimal digits. - ---------- Footnotes ---------- + * As general advice, avoid presenting numerical data in a manner that + implies better precision than is actually the case. - (1) Weisstein, Eric W. `Sylvester's Sequence'. From MathWorld--A -Wolfram Web Resource. -`http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SylvestersSequence.html'  File: gawk.info, Node: Dynamic Extensions, Next: Language History, Prev: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic, Up: Top @@ -22362,6 +22219,7 @@ sample extensions are automatically built and installed when `gawk' is. `gawk'. * gawkextlib:: The `gawkextlib' project. * Extension summary:: Extension summary. +* Extension Exercises:: Exercises.  File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Intro, Next: Plugin License, Up: Dynamic Extensions @@ -24998,8 +24856,7 @@ everything that needs to be loaded. It is simplest to use the dl_load_func(func_table, filefuncs, "") - And that's it! As an exercise, consider adding functions to -implement system calls such as `chown()', `chmod()', and `umask()'. + And that's it! ---------- Footnotes ---------- @@ -25420,9 +25277,6 @@ processing immediately without damaging the original file. $ gawk -i inplace -v INPLACE_SUFFIX=.bak '{ gsub(/foo/, "bar") } > { print }' file1 file2 file3 - We leave it as an exercise to write a wrapper script that presents an -interface similar to `sed -i'. -  File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Sample Ord, Next: Extension Sample Readdir, Prev: Extension Sample Inplace, Up: Extension Samples @@ -25736,7 +25590,7 @@ users, please consider doing so through the `gawkextlib' project. See the project's web site for more information.  -File: gawk.info, Node: Extension summary, Prev: gawkextlib, Up: Dynamic Extensions +File: gawk.info, Node: Extension summary, Next: Extension Exercises, Prev: gawkextlib, Up: Dynamic Extensions 16.9 Summary ============ @@ -25824,6 +25678,26 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Extension summary, Prev: gawkextlib, Up: Dynamic Exten project should be the place to do so. + +File: gawk.info, Node: Extension Exercises, Prev: Extension summary, Up: Dynamic Extensions + +16.10 Exercises +=============== + + 1. Add functions to implement system calls such as `chown()', + `chmod()', and `umask()' to the file operations extension + presented in *note Internal File Ops::. + + 2. (Hard.) How would you provide namespaces in `gawk', so that the + names of functions in different extensions don't conflict with + each other? If you come up with a really good scheme, contact the + `gawk' maintainer to tell him about it. + + 3. Write a wrapper script that provides an interface similar to `sed + -i' for the "inplace" extension presented in *note Extension + Sample Inplace::. + +  File: gawk.info, Node: Language History, Next: Installation, Prev: Dynamic Extensions, Up: Top @@ -26359,7 +26233,7 @@ in POSIX `awk', in the order they were added to `gawk'. * The support for `next file' as two words was removed completely (*note Nextfile Statement::). - * Additional commnd line options (*note Options::): + * Additional command-line options (*note Options::): - The `--dump-variables' option to print a list of all global variables. @@ -26561,8 +26435,8 @@ in POSIX `awk', in the order they were added to `gawk'. - The `-R' option was removed. - * Support for high precision arithmetic with MPFR. (*note Gawk and - MPFR::). + * Support for high precision arithmetic with MPFR. (*note Arbitrary + Precision Arithmetic::). * The `and()', `or()' and `xor()' functions changed to allow any number of arguments, with a minimum of two (*note Bitwise @@ -28137,7 +28011,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Installation summary, Prev: Other Versions, Up: Instal B.6 Summary =========== - * The `gawk' distribution is availble from GNU project's main + * The `gawk' distribution is available from GNU project's main distribution site, `ftp.gnu.org'. The canonical build recipe is: wget http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gawk/gawk-4.1.1.tar.gz @@ -28928,7 +28802,7 @@ C.7 Summary * `gawk''s extensions can be disabled with either the `--traditional' option or with the `--posix' option. The - `--parsedebug' option is availble if `gawk' is compiled with + `--parsedebug' option is available if `gawk' is compiled with `-DDEBUG'. * The source code for `gawk' is maintained in a publicly accessable @@ -29088,7 +28962,7 @@ characters that comprise them. Individual variables, as well as numeric and string variables, are referred to as "scalar" values. Groups of values, such as arrays, are not scalars. - *note General Arithmetic::, provided a basic introduction to numeric + *note Computer Arithmetic::, provided a basic introduction to numeric types (integer and floating-point) and how they are used in a computer. Please review that information, including a number of caveats that were presented. @@ -31656,7 +31530,6 @@ Index * case sensitivity, gawk: Case-sensitivity. (line 26) * case sensitivity, regexps and: Case-sensitivity. (line 6) * CGI, awk scripts for: Options. (line 125) -* changing precision of a number: Changing Precision. (line 6) * character classes, See bracket expressions: Regexp Operators. (line 56) * character lists in regular expression: Bracket Expressions. (line 6) @@ -31772,13 +31645,9 @@ Index * configuration options, gawk: Additional Configuration Options. (line 6) * constant regexps: Regexp Usage. (line 57) -* constants, floating-point: Floating-point Constants. - (line 6) * constants, nondecimal: Nondecimal Data. (line 6) * constants, numeric: Scalar Constants. (line 6) * constants, types of: Constants. (line 6) -* context, floating-point: Floating-point Context. - (line 6) * continue program, in debugger: Debugger Execution Control. (line 33) * continue statement: Continue Statement. (line 6) @@ -32083,7 +31952,7 @@ Index (line 66) * directories, command line: Command line directories. (line 6) -* directories, searching: Igawk Program. (line 368) +* directories, searching: Programs Exercises. (line 63) * directories, searching for loadable extensions: AWKLIBPATH Variable. (line 6) * directories, searching for source files: AWKPATH Variable. (line 6) @@ -32103,7 +31972,6 @@ Index * dollar sign ($), incrementing fields and arrays: Increment Ops. (line 30) * dollar sign ($), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 35) -* double precision floating-point: General Arithmetic. (line 21) * double quote (") in shell commands: Read Terminal. (line 25) * double quote ("), in regexp constants: Computed Regexps. (line 29) * double quote ("), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 54) @@ -32364,7 +32232,7 @@ Index * files, reading, multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 6) * files, searching for regular expressions: Egrep Program. (line 6) * files, skipping: File Checking. (line 6) -* files, source, search path for: Igawk Program. (line 368) +* files, source, search path for: Programs Exercises. (line 63) * files, splitting: Split Program. (line 6) * files, Texinfo, extracting programs from: Extract Program. (line 6) * find substring in string: String Functions. (line 155) @@ -32375,8 +32243,6 @@ Index * fixed-width data: Constant Size. (line 10) * flag variables <1>: Tee Program. (line 20) * flag variables: Boolean Ops. (line 67) -* floating-point, numbers <1>: Unexpected Results. (line 6) -* floating-point, numbers: General Arithmetic. (line 6) * floating-point, numbers, arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. (line 6) * floating-point, VAX/VMS: VMS Running. (line 51) @@ -32633,7 +32499,6 @@ Index * git utility <3>: Other Versions. (line 29) * git utility: gawkextlib. (line 29) * Git, use of for gawk source code: Derived Files. (line 6) -* GMP: Gawk and MPFR. (line 6) * GNITS mailing list: Acknowledgments. (line 52) * GNU awk, See gawk: Preface. (line 53) * GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License. @@ -32689,8 +32554,6 @@ Index * i debugger command (alias for info): Debugger Info. (line 13) * id utility: Id Program. (line 6) * id.awk program: Id Program. (line 30) -* IEEE 754 format: Floating-point Representation. - (line 6) * if statement: If Statement. (line 6) * if statement, actions, changing: Ranges. (line 25) * if statement, use of regexps in: Regexp Usage. (line 19) @@ -32761,10 +32624,9 @@ Index * INT signal (MS-Windows): Profiling. (line 214) * integer array indices: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 31) -* integers: General Arithmetic. (line 6) * integers, arbitrary precision: Arbitrary Precision Integers. (line 6) -* integers, unsigned: General Arithmetic. (line 15) +* integers, unsigned: Computer Arithmetic. (line 41) * interacting with other programs: I/O Functions. (line 75) * internationalization <1>: I18N and L10N. (line 6) * internationalization: I18N Functions. (line 6) @@ -32817,15 +32679,12 @@ Index * Kernighan, Brian: History. (line 17) * kill command, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 188) * Knights, jedi: Undocumented. (line 6) -* Knuth, Donald: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. - (line 6) * Kwok, Conrad: Contributors. (line 34) * l debugger command (alias for list): Miscellaneous Debugger Commands. (line 72) * labels.awk program: Labels Program. (line 51) * Langston, Peter: Advanced Features. (line 6) * languages, data-driven: Basic High Level. (line 85) -* Laurie, Dirk: Changing Precision. (line 6) * LC_ALL locale category: Explaining gettext. (line 121) * LC_COLLATE locale category: Explaining gettext. (line 94) * LC_CTYPE locale category: Explaining gettext. (line 98) @@ -32971,7 +32830,6 @@ Index * modifiers, in format specifiers: Format Modifiers. (line 6) * monetary information, localization: Explaining gettext. (line 104) * Moore, Duncan: Getline Notes. (line 40) -* MPFR: Gawk and MPFR. (line 6) * msgfmt utility: I18N Example. (line 63) * multiple precision: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic. (line 6) @@ -32986,7 +32844,6 @@ Index * namespace issues: Arrays. (line 18) * namespace issues, functions: Definition Syntax. (line 20) * nawk utility: Names. (line 10) -* negative zero: Unexpected Results. (line 34) * NetBSD: Glossary. (line 611) * networks, programming: TCP/IP Networking. (line 6) * networks, support for: Special Network. (line 6) @@ -33056,7 +32913,6 @@ Index * numbers, converting <1>: Bitwise Functions. (line 109) * numbers, converting: Conversion. (line 6) * numbers, converting, to strings: User-modified. (line 30) -* numbers, floating-point: General Arithmetic. (line 6) * numbers, hexadecimal: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 6) * numbers, octal: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 6) * numbers, rounding: Round Function. (line 6) @@ -33227,7 +33083,6 @@ Index * positional specifiers, printf statement: Format Modifiers. (line 13) * positional specifiers, printf statement, mixing with regular formats: Printf Ordering. (line 57) -* positive zero: Unexpected Results. (line 34) * POSIX awk <1>: Assignment Ops. (line 137) * POSIX awk: This Manual. (line 14) * POSIX awk, ** operator and: Precedence. (line 98) @@ -33268,7 +33123,6 @@ Index * POSIX, gawk extensions not included in: POSIX/GNU. (line 6) * POSIX, programs, implementing in awk: Clones. (line 6) * POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 340) -* PREC variable <1>: Setting Precision. (line 6) * PREC variable: User-modified. (line 124) * precedence <1>: Precedence. (line 6) * precedence: Increment Ops. (line 60) @@ -33508,10 +33362,7 @@ Index * Rommel, Kai Uwe: Contributors. (line 42) * round to nearest integer: Numeric Functions. (line 23) * round() user-defined function: Round Function. (line 16) -* rounding mode, floating-point: Rounding Mode. (line 6) * rounding numbers: Round Function. (line 6) -* ROUNDMODE variable <1>: Setting Rounding Mode. - (line 6) * ROUNDMODE variable: User-modified. (line 128) * RS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 133) * RS variable: awk split records. (line 12) @@ -33547,11 +33398,11 @@ Index * search in string: String Functions. (line 155) * search paths <1>: VMS Running. (line 58) * search paths <2>: PC Using. (line 10) -* search paths: Igawk Program. (line 368) +* search paths: Programs Exercises. (line 63) * search paths, for loadable extensions: AWKLIBPATH Variable. (line 6) * search paths, for source files <1>: VMS Running. (line 58) * search paths, for source files <2>: PC Using. (line 10) -* search paths, for source files <3>: Igawk Program. (line 368) +* search paths, for source files <3>: Programs Exercises. (line 63) * search paths, for source files: AWKPATH Variable. (line 6) * searching, files for regular expressions: Egrep Program. (line 6) * searching, for words: Dupword Program. (line 6) @@ -33583,9 +33434,6 @@ Index * set directory of message catalogs: I18N Functions. (line 12) * set watchpoint: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 67) -* setting rounding mode: Setting Rounding Mode. - (line 6) -* setting working precision: Setting Precision. (line 6) * shadowing of variable values: Definition Syntax. (line 61) * shell quoting, double quote: Read Terminal. (line 25) * shell quoting, rules for: Quoting. (line 6) @@ -33664,7 +33512,6 @@ Index (line 10) * sin: Numeric Functions. (line 75) * sine: Numeric Functions. (line 75) -* single precision floating-point: General Arithmetic. (line 21) * single quote ('): One-shot. (line 15) * single quote (') in gawk command lines: Long. (line 33) * single quote ('), in shell commands: Quoting. (line 48) @@ -33701,7 +33548,7 @@ Index * source code, QSE Awk: Other Versions. (line 131) * source code, QuikTrim Awk: Other Versions. (line 135) * source code, Solaris awk: Other Versions. (line 96) -* source files, search path for: Igawk Program. (line 368) +* source files, search path for: Programs Exercises. (line 63) * sparse arrays: Array Intro. (line 71) * Spencer, Henry: Glossary. (line 11) * split: String Functions. (line 313) @@ -33921,7 +33768,7 @@ Index (line 64) * Unix, awk scripts and: Executable Scripts. (line 6) * UNIXROOT variable, on OS/2 systems: PC Using. (line 16) -* unsigned integers: General Arithmetic. (line 15) +* unsigned integers: Computer Arithmetic. (line 41) * until debugger command: Debugger Execution Control. (line 83) * unwatch debugger command: Viewing And Changing Data. @@ -34029,7 +33876,6 @@ Index * Zaretskii, Eli <1>: Bugs. (line 71) * Zaretskii, Eli <2>: Contributors. (line 55) * Zaretskii, Eli: Acknowledgments. (line 60) -* zero, negative vs. positive: Unexpected Results. (line 34) * zerofile.awk program: Empty Files. (line 21) * Zoulas, Christos: Contributors. (line 66) * {} (braces): Profiling. (line 142) @@ -34060,558 +33906,550 @@ Index  Tag Table: Node: Top1292 -Node: Foreword41210 -Node: Preface45555 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-148702 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-248809 -Node: History49041 -Node: Names51415 -Ref: Names-Footnote-152879 -Node: This Manual52952 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-158731 -Node: Conventions58831 -Node: Manual History60987 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-164426 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-264467 -Node: How To Contribute64541 -Node: Acknowledgments65780 -Node: Getting Started69929 -Node: Running gawk72363 -Node: One-shot73553 -Node: Read Terminal74778 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-176428 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-276704 -Node: Long76875 -Node: Executable Scripts78251 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-180084 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-280186 -Node: Comments80733 -Node: Quoting83206 -Node: DOS Quoting88522 -Node: Sample Data Files89197 -Node: Very Simple91712 -Node: Two Rules96350 -Node: More Complex98245 -Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1101177 -Node: Statements/Lines101262 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1105717 -Node: Other Features105982 -Node: When106910 -Node: Intro Summary109080 -Node: Invoking Gawk109846 -Node: Command Line111361 -Node: Options112152 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1127964 -Node: Other Arguments127989 -Node: Naming Standard Input130651 -Node: Environment Variables131745 -Node: AWKPATH Variable132303 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1135175 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2135220 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable135480 -Node: Other Environment Variables136239 -Node: Exit Status139894 -Node: Include Files140569 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries144147 -Node: Obsolete145531 -Node: Undocumented146228 -Node: Invoking Summary146495 -Node: Regexp148075 -Node: Regexp Usage149525 -Node: Escape Sequences151558 -Node: Regexp Operators157225 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1164705 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2164852 -Node: Bracket Expressions164950 -Ref: table-char-classes166840 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators169363 -Node: Case-sensitivity173086 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1175978 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2176213 -Node: Leftmost Longest176321 -Node: Computed Regexps177522 -Node: Regexp Summary180894 -Node: Reading Files182366 -Node: Records184458 -Node: awk split records185201 -Node: gawk split records190059 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1194580 -Node: Fields194617 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1197581 -Node: Nonconstant Fields197667 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1199897 -Node: Changing Fields200099 -Node: Field Separators206053 -Node: Default Field Splitting208755 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting209872 -Node: Single Character Fields213213 -Node: Command Line Field Separator214272 -Node: Full Line Fields217614 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1218122 -Node: Field Splitting Summary218168 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1221267 -Node: Constant Size221368 -Node: Splitting By Content225975 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1229725 -Node: Multiple Line229765 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1235621 -Node: Getline235800 -Node: Plain Getline238016 -Node: Getline/Variable240111 -Node: Getline/File241258 -Node: Getline/Variable/File242642 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1244241 -Node: Getline/Pipe244328 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe247027 -Node: Getline/Coprocess248134 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess249386 -Node: Getline Notes250123 -Node: Getline Summary252927 -Ref: table-getline-variants253335 -Node: Read Timeout254247 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1258074 -Node: Command line directories258132 -Node: Input Summary259036 -Node: Input Exercises262174 -Node: Printing262907 -Node: Print264630 -Node: Print Examples265971 -Node: Output Separators268750 -Node: OFMT270766 -Node: Printf272124 -Node: Basic Printf273030 -Node: Control Letters274569 -Node: Format Modifiers278423 -Node: Printf Examples284450 -Node: Redirection286914 -Node: Special Files293886 -Node: Special FD294417 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1298041 -Node: Special Network298115 -Node: Special Caveats298965 -Node: Close Files And Pipes299761 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1306924 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2307072 -Node: Output Summary307222 -Node: Output exercises308219 -Node: Expressions308899 -Node: Values310084 -Node: Constants310760 -Node: Scalar Constants311440 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1312299 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers312549 -Node: Regexp Constants315549 -Node: Using Constant Regexps316024 -Node: Variables319094 -Node: Using Variables319749 -Node: Assignment Options321473 -Node: Conversion323348 -Ref: table-locale-affects328784 -Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1329408 -Node: All Operators329517 -Node: Arithmetic Ops330147 -Node: Concatenation332652 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1335448 -Node: Assignment Ops335568 -Ref: table-assign-ops340551 -Node: Increment Ops341868 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions345306 -Node: Truth Values346389 -Node: Typing and Comparison347438 -Node: Variable Typing348231 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1352131 -Node: Comparison Operators352253 -Ref: table-relational-ops352663 -Node: POSIX String Comparison356213 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1357297 -Node: Boolean Ops357435 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1361505 -Node: Conditional Exp361596 -Node: Function Calls363323 -Node: Precedence367081 -Node: Locales370750 -Node: Expressions Summary372381 -Node: Patterns and Actions374878 -Node: Pattern Overview375994 -Node: Regexp Patterns377671 -Node: Expression Patterns378214 -Node: Ranges381995 -Node: BEGIN/END385101 -Node: Using BEGIN/END385863 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1388599 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END388705 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE390990 -Node: Empty393921 -Node: Using Shell Variables394238 -Node: Action Overview396521 -Node: Statements398848 -Node: If Statement400696 -Node: While Statement402194 -Node: Do Statement404238 -Node: For Statement405394 -Node: Switch Statement408546 -Node: Break Statement410649 -Node: Continue Statement412704 -Node: Next Statement414497 -Node: Nextfile Statement416887 -Node: Exit Statement419542 -Node: Built-in Variables421946 -Node: User-modified423073 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1430758 -Node: Auto-set430820 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1443385 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2443590 -Node: ARGC and ARGV443646 -Node: Pattern Action Summary447500 -Node: Arrays449723 -Node: Array Basics451272 -Node: Array Intro452098 -Ref: figure-array-elements454071 -Node: Reference to Elements456478 -Node: Assigning Elements458751 -Node: Array Example459242 -Node: Scanning an Array460974 -Node: Controlling Scanning463989 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1469162 -Node: Delete469478 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1472243 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts472300 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts474483 -Node: Multidimensional476108 -Node: Multiscanning479201 -Node: Arrays of Arrays480790 -Node: Arrays Summary485453 -Node: Functions487558 -Node: Built-in488431 -Node: Calling Built-in489509 -Node: Numeric Functions491497 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1495331 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2495688 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3495736 -Node: String Functions496005 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1519016 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2519145 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3519393 -Node: Gory Details519480 -Ref: table-sub-escapes521149 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92522503 -Ref: table-sub-proposed523854 -Ref: table-posix-sub525208 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes526753 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1527929 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2527980 -Node: I/O Functions528131 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1535254 -Node: Time Functions535401 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1545865 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2545933 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3546091 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4546202 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5546314 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6546541 -Node: Bitwise Functions546807 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops547369 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1551614 -Node: Type Functions551798 -Node: I18N Functions552940 -Node: User-defined554585 -Node: Definition Syntax555389 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1560314 -Node: Function Example560383 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1563027 -Node: Function Caveats563049 -Node: Calling A Function563567 -Node: Variable Scope564522 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference567510 -Node: Return Statement571018 -Node: Dynamic Typing574002 -Node: Indirect Calls574931 -Node: Functions Summary584644 -Node: Library Functions587183 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1590801 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2590944 -Node: Library Names591115 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1594588 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2594808 -Node: General Functions594894 -Node: Strtonum Function595922 -Node: Assert Function598702 -Node: Round Function602028 -Node: Cliff Random Function603569 -Node: Ordinal Functions604585 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1607662 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2607914 -Node: Join Function608125 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1609896 -Node: Getlocaltime Function610096 -Node: Readfile Function613832 -Node: Data File Management615671 -Node: Filetrans Function616303 -Node: Rewind Function620372 -Node: File Checking621759 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1622891 -Node: Empty Files623092 -Node: Ignoring Assigns625071 -Node: Getopt Function626625 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1637928 -Node: Passwd Functions638131 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1647110 -Node: Group Functions647198 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1655140 -Node: Walking Arrays655353 -Node: Library Functions Summary656956 -Node: Library exercises658344 -Node: Sample Programs659624 -Node: Running Examples660351 -Node: Clones661079 -Node: Cut Program662303 -Node: Egrep Program672171 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1680142 -Node: Id Program680252 -Node: Split Program683916 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1687454 -Node: Tee Program687582 -Node: Uniq Program690389 -Node: Wc Program697819 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1702087 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-2702287 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs702379 -Node: Dupword Program703592 -Node: Alarm Program705623 -Node: Translate Program710437 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1714828 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2715098 -Node: Labels Program715232 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1718603 -Node: Word Sorting718687 -Node: History Sorting722730 -Node: Extract Program724566 -Ref: Extract Program-Footnote-1732141 -Node: Simple Sed732270 -Node: Igawk Program735332 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1750508 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2750709 -Node: Anagram Program750847 -Node: Signature Program753915 -Node: Programs Summary755162 -Node: Advanced Features756350 -Node: Nondecimal Data758298 -Node: Array Sorting759875 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal760572 -Node: Array Sorting Functions768852 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1772759 -Node: Two-way I/O772953 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1778469 -Node: TCP/IP Networking778551 -Node: Profiling781395 -Node: Advanced Features Summary788937 -Node: Internationalization790801 -Node: I18N and L10N792281 -Node: Explaining gettext792967 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1798107 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2798291 -Node: Programmer i18n798456 -Node: Translator i18n802681 -Node: String Extraction803475 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1804436 -Node: Printf Ordering804522 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1807304 -Node: I18N Portability807368 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1809817 -Node: I18N Example809880 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1812602 -Node: Gawk I18N812674 -Node: I18N Summary813312 -Node: Debugger814651 -Node: Debugging815673 -Node: Debugging Concepts816114 -Node: Debugging Terms817970 -Node: Awk Debugging820567 -Node: Sample Debugging Session821459 -Node: Debugger Invocation821979 -Node: Finding The Bug823312 -Node: List of Debugger Commands829794 -Node: Breakpoint Control831126 -Node: Debugger Execution Control834790 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data838150 -Node: Execution Stack841508 -Node: Debugger Info843021 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands847015 -Node: Readline Support852199 -Node: Limitations853091 -Node: Debugging Summary855365 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic856529 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic-Footnote-1858178 -Node: General Arithmetic858326 -Node: Floating Point Issues860046 -Node: String Conversion Precision860927 -Ref: String Conversion Precision-Footnote-1862632 -Node: Unexpected Results862741 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems864894 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1868715 -Node: Integer Programming868753 -Node: Floating-point Programming870564 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-1876892 -Ref: Floating-point Programming-Footnote-2877162 -Node: Floating-point Representation877426 -Node: Floating-point Context878591 -Ref: table-ieee-formats879430 -Node: Rounding Mode880814 -Ref: table-rounding-modes881293 -Ref: Rounding Mode-Footnote-1884308 -Node: Gawk and MPFR884487 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Floats885896 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Floats-Footnote-1888339 -Node: Setting Precision888660 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings889344 -Node: Setting Rounding Mode891489 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes891893 -Node: Floating-point Constants893080 -Node: Changing Precision894532 -Ref: Changing Precision-Footnote-1895924 -Node: Exact Arithmetic896098 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers899232 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1902247 -Node: Dynamic Extensions902394 -Node: Extension Intro903903 -Node: Plugin License905168 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline905853 -Ref: figure-load-extension906277 -Ref: figure-load-new-function907762 -Ref: figure-call-new-function908764 -Node: Extension API Description910748 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction912198 -Node: General Data Types917063 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1922756 -Node: Requesting Values923055 -Ref: table-value-types-returned923792 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions924750 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1927497 -Node: Constructor Functions927593 -Node: Registration Functions929351 -Node: Extension Functions930036 -Node: Exit Callback Functions932338 -Node: Extension Version String933587 -Node: Input Parsers934237 -Node: Output Wrappers944040 -Node: Two-way processors948556 -Node: Printing Messages950760 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1951837 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'951989 -Node: Accessing Parameters952728 -Node: Symbol Table Access953958 -Node: Symbol table by name954472 -Node: Symbol table by cookie956448 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1960581 -Node: Cached values960644 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1964148 -Node: Array Manipulation964239 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1965337 -Node: Array Data Types965376 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1968079 -Node: Array Functions968171 -Node: Flattening Arrays972045 -Node: Creating Arrays978897 -Node: Extension API Variables983628 -Node: Extension Versioning984264 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables986165 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate987251 -Node: Finding Extensions991055 -Node: Extension Example991615 -Node: Internal File Description992345 -Node: Internal File Ops996436 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11007982 -Node: Using Internal File Ops1008122 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11010469 -Node: Extension Samples1010737 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions1012261 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1019829 -Node: Extension Sample Fork1021310 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace1022523 -Node: Extension Sample Ord1024303 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir1025139 -Ref: table-readdir-file-types1025995 -Node: Extension Sample Revout1026794 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1027385 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array1028126 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile1030005 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests1031105 -Node: Extension Sample Time1031630 -Node: gawkextlib1032945 -Node: Extension summary1035758 -Node: Language History1039423 -Node: V7/SVR3.11041066 -Node: SVR41043386 -Node: POSIX1044828 -Node: BTL1046214 -Node: POSIX/GNU1046948 -Node: Feature History1052547 -Node: Common Extensions1065659 -Node: Ranges and Locales1066971 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11071588 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21071615 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31071849 -Node: Contributors1072070 -Node: History summary1077532 -Node: Installation1078901 -Node: Gawk Distribution1079852 -Node: Getting1080336 -Node: Extracting1081162 -Node: Distribution contents1082804 -Node: Unix Installation1088521 -Node: Quick Installation1089138 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1091580 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1093318 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1095669 -Node: PC Installation1096127 -Node: PC Binary Installation1097438 -Node: PC Compiling1099286 -Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11102285 -Node: PC Testing1102390 -Node: PC Using1103566 -Node: Cygwin1107724 -Node: MSYS1108533 -Node: VMS Installation1109047 -Node: VMS Compilation1109843 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11111065 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1111123 -Node: VMS Installation Details1112496 -Node: VMS Running1114748 -Node: VMS GNV1117582 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1118305 -Node: Bugs1118775 -Node: Other Versions1122779 -Node: Installation summary1129033 -Node: Notes1130088 -Node: Compatibility Mode1130953 -Node: Additions1131735 -Node: Accessing The Source1132660 -Node: Adding Code1134096 -Node: New Ports1140274 -Node: Derived Files1144755 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11149836 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21149870 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31150466 -Node: Future Extensions1150580 -Node: Implementation Limitations1151186 -Node: Extension Design1152434 -Node: Old Extension Problems1153588 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11155105 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1155162 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11158522 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1158711 -Node: Extension Future Growth1160817 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1161653 -Node: Notes summary1163415 -Node: Basic Concepts1164600 -Node: Basic High Level1165281 -Ref: figure-general-flow1165553 -Ref: figure-process-flow1166152 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11169381 -Node: Basic Data Typing1169566 -Node: 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gettext-Footnote-2801422 +Node: Programmer i18n801587 +Node: Translator i18n805812 +Node: String Extraction806606 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1807567 +Node: Printf Ordering807653 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1810435 +Node: I18N Portability810499 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1812948 +Node: I18N Example813011 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1815733 +Node: Gawk I18N815805 +Node: I18N Summary816443 +Node: Debugger817782 +Node: Debugging818804 +Node: Debugging Concepts819245 +Node: Debugging Terms821101 +Node: Awk Debugging823698 +Node: Sample Debugging Session824590 +Node: Debugger Invocation825110 +Node: Finding The Bug826443 +Node: List of Debugger Commands832925 +Node: Breakpoint Control834257 +Node: Debugger Execution Control837921 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data841281 +Node: Execution Stack844639 +Node: Debugger Info846152 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands850146 +Node: Readline Support855330 +Node: Limitations856222 +Node: Debugging Summary858496 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic859660 +Node: Computer Arithmetic860989 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1865376 +Node: Math Definitions865433 +Ref: table-ieee-formats868317 +Node: MPFR features868821 +Node: FP Math Caution870463 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1871504 +Node: Inexactness of computations871873 +Node: Inexact representation872821 +Node: Comparing FP Values874176 +Node: Errors accumulate875140 +Node: Getting Accuracy876573 +Node: Try To Round879232 +Node: Setting precision880131 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings880813 +Node: Setting the rounding mode882606 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes882970 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1886424 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers886603 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1889573 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems889722 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1893591 +Node: Floating point summary893629 +Node: Dynamic Extensions895846 +Node: Extension Intro897398 +Node: Plugin License898663 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline899348 +Ref: figure-load-extension899772 +Ref: figure-load-new-function901257 +Ref: figure-call-new-function902259 +Node: Extension API Description904243 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction905693 +Node: General Data Types910558 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1916251 +Node: Requesting Values916550 +Ref: table-value-types-returned917287 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions918245 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1920992 +Node: Constructor Functions921088 +Node: Registration Functions922846 +Node: Extension Functions923531 +Node: Exit Callback Functions925833 +Node: Extension Version String927082 +Node: Input Parsers927732 +Node: Output Wrappers937535 +Node: Two-way processors942051 +Node: Printing Messages944255 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1945332 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'945484 +Node: Accessing Parameters946223 +Node: Symbol Table Access947453 +Node: Symbol table by name947967 +Node: Symbol table by cookie949943 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1954076 +Node: Cached values954139 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1957643 +Node: Array Manipulation957734 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1958832 +Node: Array Data Types958871 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1961574 +Node: Array Functions961666 +Node: Flattening Arrays965540 +Node: Creating Arrays972392 +Node: Extension API Variables977123 +Node: Extension Versioning977759 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables979660 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate980746 +Node: Finding Extensions984550 +Node: Extension Example985110 +Node: Internal File Description985840 +Node: Internal File Ops989931 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11001363 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1001503 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11003850 +Node: Extension Samples1004118 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1005642 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1013210 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1014691 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1015904 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1017579 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1018415 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1019271 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1020070 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1020661 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1021402 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1023281 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1024381 +Node: Extension Sample Time1024906 +Node: gawkextlib1026221 +Node: Extension summary1029034 +Node: Extension Exercises1032727 +Node: Language History1033449 +Node: V7/SVR3.11035092 +Node: SVR41037412 +Node: POSIX1038854 +Node: BTL1040240 +Node: POSIX/GNU1040974 +Node: Feature History1046573 +Node: Common Extensions1059703 +Node: Ranges and Locales1061015 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11065632 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21065659 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31065893 +Node: Contributors1066114 +Node: History summary1071576 +Node: Installation1072945 +Node: Gawk Distribution1073896 +Node: Getting1074380 +Node: Extracting1075206 +Node: Distribution contents1076848 +Node: Unix Installation1082565 +Node: Quick Installation1083182 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1085624 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1087362 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1089713 +Node: PC Installation1090171 +Node: PC Binary Installation1091482 +Node: PC Compiling1093330 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11096329 +Node: PC Testing1096434 +Node: PC Using1097610 +Node: Cygwin1101768 +Node: MSYS1102577 +Node: VMS Installation1103091 +Node: VMS Compilation1103887 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11105109 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1105167 +Node: VMS Installation Details1106540 +Node: VMS Running1108792 +Node: VMS GNV1111626 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1112349 +Node: Bugs1112819 +Node: Other Versions1116823 +Node: Installation summary1123077 +Node: Notes1124133 +Node: Compatibility Mode1124998 +Node: Additions1125780 +Node: Accessing The Source1126705 +Node: Adding Code1128141 +Node: New Ports1134319 +Node: Derived Files1138800 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11143881 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21143915 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31144511 +Node: Future Extensions1144625 +Node: Implementation Limitations1145231 +Node: Extension Design1146479 +Node: Old Extension Problems1147633 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11149150 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1149207 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11152567 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1152756 +Node: Extension Future Growth1154862 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1155698 +Node: Notes summary1157460 +Node: Basic Concepts1158646 +Node: Basic High Level1159327 +Ref: figure-general-flow1159599 +Ref: figure-process-flow1160198 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11163427 +Node: Basic Data Typing1163612 +Node: Glossary1166940 +Node: Copying1192092 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1229648 +Node: Index1254784  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From e0027b635872545e584975cf89909b3d0d553163 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Tue, 17 Jun 2014 22:38:21 +0300 Subject: Minor fixes, esp for docbook. --- doc/gawk.info | 120 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 60 insertions(+), 60 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 0fb3d400..a7d489bd 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -18662,7 +18662,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Programs Exercises, Prev: Programs Summary, Up: Sample EBCDIC systems. Fix this problem. 6. Why can't the `wc.awk' program (*note Wc Program::) just use the - value of `FNR' in `endfile()'? Hint: examine the code in *note + value of `FNR' in `endfile()'? Hint: Examine the code in *note Filetrans Function::. 7. Manipulation of individual characters in the `translate' program @@ -26805,7 +26805,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Getting, Next: Extracting, Up: Gawk Distribution B.1.1 Getting the `gawk' Distribution ------------------------------------- -There are three ways to get GNU software: +There are two ways to get GNU software: * Copy it from someone else who already has it. @@ -27996,7 +27996,7 @@ QSE Awk `http://www.quiktrim.org/QTawk.html' for more information, including the manual and a download link. - The project may als be frozen; no new code changes have been made + The project may also be frozen; no new code changes have been made since approximately 2008. Other Versions @@ -34394,62 +34394,62 @@ Node: History summary1071576 Node: Installation1072945 Node: Gawk Distribution1073896 Node: Getting1074380 -Node: Extracting1075206 -Node: Distribution contents1076848 -Node: Unix Installation1082565 -Node: Quick Installation1083182 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1085624 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1087362 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1089713 -Node: PC Installation1090171 -Node: PC Binary Installation1091482 -Node: PC Compiling1093330 -Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11096329 -Node: PC Testing1096434 -Node: PC Using1097610 -Node: Cygwin1101768 -Node: MSYS1102577 -Node: VMS Installation1103091 -Node: VMS Compilation1103887 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11105109 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1105167 -Node: VMS Installation Details1106540 -Node: VMS Running1108792 -Node: VMS GNV1111626 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1112349 -Node: Bugs1112819 -Node: Other Versions1116823 -Node: Installation summary1123077 -Node: Notes1124133 -Node: Compatibility Mode1124998 -Node: Additions1125780 -Node: Accessing The Source1126705 -Node: Adding Code1128141 -Node: New Ports1134319 -Node: Derived Files1138800 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11143881 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21143915 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31144511 -Node: Future Extensions1144625 -Node: Implementation Limitations1145231 -Node: Extension Design1146479 -Node: Old Extension Problems1147633 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11149150 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1149207 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11152567 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1152756 -Node: Extension Future Growth1154862 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1155698 -Node: Notes summary1157460 -Node: Basic Concepts1158646 -Node: Basic High Level1159327 -Ref: figure-general-flow1159599 -Ref: figure-process-flow1160198 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11163427 -Node: Basic Data Typing1163612 -Node: Glossary1166940 -Node: Copying1192092 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1229648 -Node: Index1254784 +Node: Extracting1075204 +Node: Distribution contents1076846 +Node: Unix Installation1082563 +Node: Quick Installation1083180 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1085622 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1087360 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1089711 +Node: PC Installation1090169 +Node: PC Binary Installation1091480 +Node: PC Compiling1093328 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11096327 +Node: PC Testing1096432 +Node: PC Using1097608 +Node: Cygwin1101766 +Node: MSYS1102575 +Node: VMS Installation1103089 +Node: VMS Compilation1103885 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11105107 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1105165 +Node: VMS Installation Details1106538 +Node: VMS Running1108790 +Node: VMS GNV1111624 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1112347 +Node: Bugs1112817 +Node: Other Versions1116821 +Node: Installation summary1123076 +Node: Notes1124132 +Node: Compatibility Mode1124997 +Node: Additions1125779 +Node: Accessing The Source1126704 +Node: Adding Code1128140 +Node: New Ports1134318 +Node: Derived Files1138799 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11143880 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21143914 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31144510 +Node: Future Extensions1144624 +Node: Implementation Limitations1145230 +Node: Extension Design1146478 +Node: Old Extension Problems1147632 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11149149 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1149206 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11152566 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1152755 +Node: Extension Future Growth1154861 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1155697 +Node: Notes summary1157459 +Node: Basic Concepts1158645 +Node: Basic High Level1159326 +Ref: figure-general-flow1159598 +Ref: figure-process-flow1160197 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11163426 +Node: Basic Data Typing1163611 +Node: Glossary1166939 +Node: Copying1192091 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1229647 +Node: Index1254783  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From fe3173cd6266b73b5400bcf7dd6862979e64e4df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Wed, 18 Jun 2014 17:26:56 +0300 Subject: Subsections in 6.1.4. --- doc/gawk.info | 1171 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 603 insertions(+), 568 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index a7d489bd..cf5c6036 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -266,6 +266,9 @@ texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) This is an advanced method of input. * Conversion:: The conversion of strings to numbers and vice versa. +* Strings And Numbers:: How `awk' Converts Between + Strings And Numbers. +* Locale influences conversions:: How the locale may affect conversions. * All Operators:: `gawk''s operators. * Arithmetic Ops:: Arithmetic operations (`+', `-', etc.) @@ -7461,6 +7464,22 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Conversion, Prev: Variables, Up: Values 6.1.4 Conversion of Strings and Numbers --------------------------------------- +Number to string and string to number conversion are generally +straightforward. There can be subtleties to be aware of; this minor +node discusses this important facet of `awk'. + +* Menu: + +* Strings And Numbers:: How `awk' Converts Between Strings And + Numbers. +* Locale influences conversions:: How the locale may affect conversions. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Strings And Numbers, Next: Locale influences conversions, Up: Conversion + +6.1.4.1 How `awk' Converts Between Strings And Numbers +...................................................... + Strings are converted to numbers and numbers are converted to strings, if the context of the `awk' program demands it. For example, if the value of either `foo' or `bar' in the expression `foo + bar' happens to @@ -7510,6 +7529,8 @@ value of `CONVFMT' may be. Given the following code fragment: `b' has the value `"12"', not `"12.00"'. (d.c.) + Pre-POSIX `awk' Used `OFMT' For String Conversion + Prior to the POSIX standard, `awk' used the value of `OFMT' for converting numbers to strings. `OFMT' specifies the output format to use when printing numbers with `print'. `CONVFMT' was introduced in @@ -7519,8 +7540,19 @@ printing. Both `CONVFMT' and `OFMT' have the same default value: change their behavior. *Note Print::, for more information on the `print' statement. - Where you are can matter when it comes to converting between numbers -and strings. The local character set and language--the "locale"--can + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) Pathological cases can require up to 752 digits (!), but we +doubt that you need to worry about this. + + +File: gawk.info, Node: Locale influences conversions, Prev: Strings And Numbers, Up: Conversion + +6.1.4.2 Locales Can Influence Conversion +........................................ + +Where you are can matter when it comes to converting between numbers and +strings. The local character set and language--the "locale"--can affect numeric formats. In particular, for `awk' programs, it affects the decimal point character and the thousands-separator character. The `"C"' locale, and most English-language locales, use the period @@ -7582,11 +7614,6 @@ representation can have an unusual but important effect on the way `gawk' converts some special string values to numbers. The details are presented in *note POSIX Floating Point Problems::. - ---------- Footnotes ---------- - - (1) Pathological cases can require up to 752 digits (!), but we -doubt that you need to worry about this. -  File: gawk.info, Node: All Operators, Next: Truth Values and Conditions, Prev: Values, Up: Expressions @@ -8725,6 +8752,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Expressions Summary, Prev: Locales, Up: Expressions * Numbers are automatically converted to strings, and strings to numbers, as needed by `awk'. Numeric values are converted as if they were formatted with `sprintf()' using the format in `CONVFMT'. + Locales can influence the conversions. * `awk' provides the usual arithmetic operators (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, modulus), and unary plus @@ -21981,7 +22009,8 @@ integer arithmetic using GMP arbitrary precision integers. Any number that looks like an integer in a source or data file is stored as an arbitrary precision integer. The size of the integer is limited only by the available memory. For example, the following computes 5^4^3^2, -the result of which is beyond the limits of ordinary `gawk' numbers: +the result of which is beyond the limits of ordinary hardware +double-precision floating point values: $ gawk -M 'BEGIN { > x = 5^4^3^2 @@ -22069,8 +22098,8 @@ These features are: Number" (NaN), positive Infinity ("inf") and negative Infinity ("-inf"). In particular, the format for these values is as specified by the ISO 1999 C standard, which ignores case and can - allow machine-dependent additional characters after the `nan' and - allow either `inf' or `infinity'. + allow implementation-dependent additional characters after the + `nan' and allow either `inf' or `infinity'. The first problem is that both of these are clear changes to historical practice: @@ -31302,7 +31331,7 @@ Index * awk, implementations, limits: Getline Notes. (line 14) * awk, invoking: Command Line. (line 6) * awk, new vs. old: Names. (line 6) -* awk, new vs. old, OFMT variable: Conversion. (line 55) +* awk, new vs. old, OFMT variable: Strings And Numbers. (line 57) * awk, POSIX and: Preface. (line 23) * awk, POSIX and, See Also POSIX awk: Preface. (line 23) * awk, regexp constants and: Comparison Operators. @@ -31661,11 +31690,11 @@ Index (line 31) * converting, dates to timestamps: Time Functions. (line 76) * converting, numbers to strings <1>: Bitwise Functions. (line 109) -* converting, numbers to strings: Conversion. (line 6) +* converting, numbers to strings: Strings And Numbers. (line 6) * converting, strings to numbers <1>: Bitwise Functions. (line 109) -* converting, strings to numbers: Conversion. (line 6) +* converting, strings to numbers: Strings And Numbers. (line 6) * CONVFMT variable <1>: User-modified. (line 30) -* CONVFMT variable: Conversion. (line 29) +* CONVFMT variable: Strings And Numbers. (line 29) * CONVFMT variable, and array subscripts: Numeric Array Subscripts. (line 6) * cookie: Glossary. (line 149) @@ -31706,7 +31735,7 @@ Index (line 131) * dark corner, command-line arguments: Assignment Options. (line 43) * dark corner, continue statement: Continue Statement. (line 43) -* dark corner, CONVFMT variable: Conversion. (line 40) +* dark corner, CONVFMT variable: Strings And Numbers. (line 40) * dark corner, escape sequences: Other Arguments. (line 31) * dark corner, escape sequences, for metacharacters: Escape Sequences. (line 134) @@ -31722,7 +31751,8 @@ Index * dark corner, input files: awk split records. (line 110) * dark corner, invoking awk: Command Line. (line 16) * dark corner, length() function: String Functions. (line 183) -* dark corner, locale's decimal point character: Conversion. (line 75) +* dark corner, locale's decimal point character: Locale influences conversions. + (line 17) * dark corner, multiline records: Multiple Line. (line 35) * dark corner, NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 107) * dark corner, OFMT variable: OFMT. (line 27) @@ -32898,7 +32928,8 @@ Index * null strings, and deleting array elements: Delete. (line 27) * null strings, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts. (line 43) -* null strings, converting numbers to strings: Conversion. (line 21) +* null strings, converting numbers to strings: Strings And Numbers. + (line 21) * null strings, matching: Gory Details. (line 164) * number as string of bits: Bitwise Functions. (line 109) * number of array elements: String Functions. (line 197) @@ -32911,7 +32942,7 @@ Index * numbers, Cliff random: Cliff Random Function. (line 6) * numbers, converting <1>: Bitwise Functions. (line 109) -* numbers, converting: Conversion. (line 6) +* numbers, converting: Strings And Numbers. (line 6) * numbers, converting, to strings: User-modified. (line 30) * numbers, hexadecimal: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 6) * numbers, octal: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 6) @@ -32926,7 +32957,7 @@ Index * octal numbers: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 6) * octal values, enabling interpretation of: Options. (line 211) * OFMT variable <1>: User-modified. (line 105) -* OFMT variable <2>: Conversion. (line 55) +* OFMT variable <2>: Strings And Numbers. (line 57) * OFMT variable: OFMT. (line 15) * OFMT variable, POSIX awk and: OFMT. (line 27) * OFS variable <1>: User-modified. (line 114) @@ -33063,7 +33094,7 @@ Index * portability, gettext library and: Explaining gettext. (line 11) * portability, internationalization and: I18N Portability. (line 6) * portability, length() function: String Functions. (line 176) -* portability, new awk vs. old awk: Conversion. (line 55) +* portability, new awk vs. old awk: Strings And Numbers. (line 57) * portability, next statement in user-defined functions: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 91) * portability, NF variable, decrementing: Changing Fields. (line 115) @@ -33111,7 +33142,7 @@ Index * POSIX awk, interval expressions in: Regexp Operators. (line 136) * POSIX awk, next/nextfile statements and: Next Statement. (line 45) * POSIX awk, numeric strings and: Variable Typing. (line 6) -* POSIX awk, OFMT variable and <1>: Conversion. (line 55) +* POSIX awk, OFMT variable and <1>: Strings And Numbers. (line 57) * POSIX awk, OFMT variable and: OFMT. (line 27) * POSIX awk, period (.), using: Regexp Operators. (line 51) * POSIX awk, printf format strings and: Format Modifiers. (line 159) @@ -33488,6 +33519,8 @@ Index * sidebar, Operator Evaluation Order: Increment Ops. (line 58) * sidebar, Piping into sh: Redirection. (line 140) * sidebar, Portability Issues with #!: Executable Scripts. (line 31) +* sidebar, Pre-POSIX awk Used OFMT For String Conversion: Strings And Numbers. + (line 55) * sidebar, Recipe For A Programming Language: History. (line 6) * sidebar, RS = "\0" Is Not Portable: gawk split records. (line 63) * sidebar, So Why Does gawk have BEGINFILE and ENDFILE?: Filetrans Function. @@ -33602,7 +33635,7 @@ Index * string-translation functions: I18N Functions. (line 6) * strings splitting, example: String Functions. (line 333) * strings, converting <1>: Bitwise Functions. (line 109) -* strings, converting: Conversion. (line 6) +* strings, converting: Strings And Numbers. (line 6) * strings, converting letter case: String Functions. (line 520) * strings, converting, numbers to: User-modified. (line 30) * strings, empty, See null strings: awk split records. (line 114) @@ -33738,7 +33771,7 @@ Index * Trueman, David: History. (line 30) * trunc-mod operation: Arithmetic Ops. (line 66) * truth values: Truth Values. (line 6) -* type conversion: Conversion. (line 21) +* type conversion: Strings And Numbers. (line 21) * u debugger command (alias for until): Debugger Execution Control. (line 83) * unassigned array elements: Reference to Elements. @@ -33906,550 +33939,552 @@ Index  Tag Table: Node: Top1292 -Node: Foreword41827 -Node: Preface46172 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-149319 -Ref: Preface-Footnote-249426 -Node: History49658 -Node: Names52032 -Ref: Names-Footnote-153496 -Node: This Manual53569 -Ref: This Manual-Footnote-159348 -Node: Conventions59448 -Node: Manual History61604 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-165043 -Ref: Manual History-Footnote-265084 -Node: How To Contribute65158 -Node: Acknowledgments66397 -Node: Getting Started70546 -Node: Running gawk72980 -Node: One-shot74170 -Node: Read Terminal75395 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-177045 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-277321 -Node: Long77492 -Node: Executable Scripts78868 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-180701 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-280803 -Node: Comments81350 -Node: Quoting83823 -Node: DOS Quoting89139 -Node: Sample Data Files89814 -Node: Very Simple92329 -Node: Two Rules96967 -Node: More Complex98861 -Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1101793 -Node: Statements/Lines101878 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1106333 -Node: Other Features106598 -Node: When107526 -Node: Intro Summary109696 -Node: Invoking Gawk110462 -Node: Command Line111977 -Node: Options112768 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1128597 -Node: Other Arguments128622 -Node: Naming Standard Input131284 -Node: Environment Variables132378 -Node: AWKPATH Variable132936 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1135808 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2135853 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable136113 -Node: Other Environment Variables136872 -Node: Exit Status140527 -Node: Include Files141202 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries144780 -Node: Obsolete146164 -Node: Undocumented146861 -Node: Invoking Summary147128 -Node: Regexp148708 -Node: Regexp Usage150158 -Node: Escape Sequences152191 -Node: Regexp Operators157858 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1165338 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2165485 -Node: Bracket Expressions165583 -Ref: table-char-classes167473 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators169996 -Node: Case-sensitivity173719 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1176611 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2176846 -Node: Leftmost Longest176954 -Node: Computed Regexps178155 -Node: Regexp Summary181527 -Node: Reading Files182998 -Node: Records185090 -Node: awk split records185833 -Node: gawk split records190691 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1195212 -Node: Fields195249 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1198213 -Node: Nonconstant Fields198299 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1200529 -Node: Changing Fields200731 -Node: Field Separators206685 -Node: Default Field Splitting209387 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting210504 -Node: Single Character Fields213845 -Node: Command Line Field Separator214904 -Node: Full Line Fields218246 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1218754 -Node: Field Splitting Summary218800 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1221899 -Node: Constant Size222000 -Node: Splitting By Content226607 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1230357 -Node: Multiple Line230397 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1236253 -Node: Getline236432 -Node: Plain Getline238648 -Node: Getline/Variable240743 -Node: Getline/File241890 -Node: Getline/Variable/File243274 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1244873 -Node: Getline/Pipe244960 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe247659 -Node: Getline/Coprocess248766 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess250018 -Node: Getline Notes250755 -Node: Getline Summary253559 -Ref: table-getline-variants253967 -Node: Read Timeout254879 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1258706 -Node: Command line directories258764 -Node: Input Summary259668 -Node: Input Exercises262805 -Node: Printing263538 -Node: Print265260 -Node: Print Examples266601 -Node: Output Separators269380 -Node: OFMT271396 -Node: Printf272754 -Node: Basic Printf273660 -Node: Control Letters275199 -Node: Format Modifiers279051 -Node: Printf Examples285078 -Node: Redirection287542 -Node: Special Files294514 -Node: Special FD295045 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1298669 -Node: Special Network298743 -Node: Special Caveats299593 -Node: Close Files And Pipes300389 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1307550 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2307698 -Node: Output Summary307848 -Node: Output exercises308845 -Node: Expressions309525 -Node: Values310710 -Node: Constants311386 -Node: Scalar Constants312066 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1312925 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers313175 -Node: Regexp Constants316175 -Node: Using Constant Regexps316650 -Node: Variables319720 -Node: Using Variables320375 -Node: Assignment Options322099 -Node: Conversion323974 -Ref: table-locale-affects329410 -Ref: Conversion-Footnote-1330034 -Node: All Operators330143 -Node: Arithmetic Ops330773 -Node: Concatenation333278 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1336074 -Node: Assignment Ops336194 -Ref: table-assign-ops341177 -Node: Increment Ops342494 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions345932 -Node: Truth Values347015 -Node: Typing and Comparison348064 -Node: Variable Typing348857 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1352757 -Node: Comparison Operators352879 -Ref: table-relational-ops353289 -Node: POSIX String Comparison356839 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1357923 -Node: Boolean Ops358061 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1362131 -Node: Conditional Exp362222 -Node: Function Calls363949 -Node: Precedence367707 -Node: Locales371376 -Node: Expressions Summary373007 -Node: Patterns and Actions375504 -Node: Pattern Overview376620 -Node: Regexp Patterns378297 -Node: Expression Patterns378840 -Node: Ranges382621 -Node: BEGIN/END385727 -Node: Using BEGIN/END386489 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1389225 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END389331 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE391616 -Node: Empty394547 -Node: Using Shell Variables394864 -Node: Action Overview397147 -Node: Statements399474 -Node: If Statement401322 -Node: While Statement402820 -Node: Do Statement404864 -Node: For Statement406020 -Node: Switch Statement409172 -Node: Break Statement411275 -Node: Continue Statement413330 -Node: Next Statement415123 -Node: Nextfile Statement417513 -Node: Exit Statement420168 -Node: Built-in Variables422572 -Node: User-modified423699 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1431388 -Node: Auto-set431450 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1444032 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2444237 -Node: ARGC and ARGV444293 -Node: Pattern Action Summary448147 -Node: Arrays450370 -Node: Array Basics451919 -Node: Array Intro452745 -Ref: figure-array-elements454718 -Node: Reference to Elements457125 -Node: Assigning Elements459398 -Node: Array Example459889 -Node: Scanning an Array461621 -Node: Controlling Scanning464636 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1469809 -Node: Delete470125 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1472890 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts472947 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts475130 -Node: Multidimensional476755 -Node: Multiscanning479848 -Node: Arrays of Arrays481437 -Node: Arrays Summary486100 -Node: Functions488205 -Node: Built-in489078 -Node: Calling Built-in490156 -Node: Numeric Functions492144 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1495978 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2496335 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3496383 -Node: String Functions496652 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1519663 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2519792 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3520040 -Node: Gory Details520127 -Ref: table-sub-escapes521796 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92523150 -Ref: table-sub-proposed524501 -Ref: table-posix-sub525855 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes527400 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1528576 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2528627 -Node: I/O Functions528778 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1535901 -Node: Time Functions536048 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1546512 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2546580 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3546738 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4546849 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5546961 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6547188 -Node: Bitwise Functions547454 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops548016 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1552261 -Node: Type Functions552445 -Node: I18N Functions553587 -Node: User-defined555232 -Node: Definition Syntax556036 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1560961 -Node: Function Example561030 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1563674 -Node: Function Caveats563696 -Node: Calling A Function564214 -Node: Variable Scope565169 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference568157 -Node: Return Statement571665 -Node: Dynamic Typing574649 -Node: Indirect Calls575578 -Node: Functions Summary585291 -Node: Library Functions587830 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1591448 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2591591 -Node: Library Names591762 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1595235 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2595455 -Node: General Functions595541 -Node: Strtonum Function596569 -Node: Assert Function599349 -Node: Round Function602675 -Node: Cliff Random Function604216 -Node: Ordinal Functions605232 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1608309 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2608561 -Node: Join Function608772 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1610543 -Node: Getlocaltime Function610743 -Node: Readfile Function614479 -Node: Data File Management616318 -Node: Filetrans Function616950 -Node: Rewind Function621019 -Node: File Checking622406 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1623538 -Node: Empty Files623739 -Node: Ignoring Assigns625718 -Node: Getopt Function627272 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1638575 -Node: Passwd Functions638778 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1647757 -Node: Group Functions647845 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1655786 -Node: Walking Arrays655999 -Node: Library Functions Summary657602 -Node: Library exercises658990 -Node: Sample Programs660270 -Node: Running Examples661040 -Node: Clones661768 -Node: Cut Program662992 -Node: Egrep Program672860 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1680831 -Node: Id Program680941 -Node: Split Program684605 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1688143 -Node: Tee Program688271 -Node: Uniq Program691078 -Node: Wc Program698508 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1702773 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs702865 -Node: Dupword Program704078 -Node: Alarm Program706109 -Node: Translate Program710923 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1715314 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2715584 -Node: Labels Program715718 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1719089 -Node: Word Sorting719173 -Node: History Sorting723216 -Node: Extract Program725052 -Node: Simple Sed732588 -Node: Igawk Program735650 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1749961 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2750162 -Node: Anagram Program750300 -Node: Signature Program753368 -Node: Programs Summary754615 -Node: Programs Exercises755830 -Node: Advanced Features759481 -Node: Nondecimal Data761429 -Node: Array Sorting763006 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal763703 -Node: Array Sorting Functions771983 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1775890 -Node: Two-way I/O776084 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1781600 -Node: TCP/IP Networking781682 -Node: Profiling784526 -Node: Advanced Features Summary792068 -Node: Internationalization793932 -Node: I18N and L10N795412 -Node: Explaining gettext796098 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1801238 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2801422 -Node: Programmer i18n801587 -Node: Translator i18n805812 -Node: String Extraction806606 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1807567 -Node: Printf Ordering807653 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1810435 -Node: I18N Portability810499 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1812948 -Node: I18N Example813011 -Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1815733 -Node: Gawk I18N815805 -Node: I18N Summary816443 -Node: Debugger817782 -Node: Debugging818804 -Node: Debugging Concepts819245 -Node: Debugging Terms821101 -Node: Awk Debugging823698 -Node: Sample Debugging Session824590 -Node: Debugger Invocation825110 -Node: Finding The Bug826443 -Node: List of Debugger Commands832925 -Node: Breakpoint Control834257 -Node: Debugger Execution Control837921 -Node: Viewing And Changing Data841281 -Node: Execution Stack844639 -Node: Debugger Info846152 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands850146 -Node: Readline Support855330 -Node: Limitations856222 -Node: Debugging Summary858496 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic859660 -Node: Computer Arithmetic860989 -Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1865376 -Node: Math Definitions865433 -Ref: table-ieee-formats868317 -Node: MPFR features868821 -Node: FP Math Caution870463 -Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1871504 -Node: Inexactness of computations871873 -Node: Inexact representation872821 -Node: Comparing FP Values874176 -Node: Errors accumulate875140 -Node: Getting Accuracy876573 -Node: Try To Round879232 -Node: Setting precision880131 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings880813 -Node: Setting the rounding mode882606 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes882970 -Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1886424 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers886603 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1889573 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems889722 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1893591 -Node: Floating point summary893629 -Node: Dynamic Extensions895846 -Node: Extension Intro897398 -Node: Plugin License898663 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline899348 -Ref: figure-load-extension899772 -Ref: figure-load-new-function901257 -Ref: figure-call-new-function902259 -Node: Extension API Description904243 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction905693 -Node: General Data Types910558 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1916251 -Node: Requesting Values916550 -Ref: table-value-types-returned917287 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions918245 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1920992 -Node: Constructor Functions921088 -Node: Registration Functions922846 -Node: Extension Functions923531 -Node: Exit Callback Functions925833 -Node: Extension Version String927082 -Node: Input Parsers927732 -Node: Output Wrappers937535 -Node: Two-way processors942051 -Node: Printing Messages944255 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1945332 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'945484 -Node: Accessing Parameters946223 -Node: Symbol Table Access947453 -Node: Symbol table by name947967 -Node: Symbol table by cookie949943 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1954076 -Node: Cached values954139 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1957643 -Node: Array Manipulation957734 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1958832 -Node: Array Data Types958871 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1961574 -Node: Array Functions961666 -Node: Flattening Arrays965540 -Node: Creating Arrays972392 -Node: Extension API Variables977123 -Node: Extension Versioning977759 -Node: Extension API Informational Variables979660 -Node: Extension API Boilerplate980746 -Node: Finding Extensions984550 -Node: Extension Example985110 -Node: Internal File Description985840 -Node: Internal File Ops989931 -Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11001363 -Node: Using Internal File Ops1001503 -Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11003850 -Node: Extension Samples1004118 -Node: Extension Sample File Functions1005642 -Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1013210 -Node: Extension Sample Fork1014691 -Node: Extension Sample Inplace1015904 -Node: Extension Sample Ord1017579 -Node: Extension Sample Readdir1018415 -Ref: table-readdir-file-types1019271 -Node: Extension Sample Revout1020070 -Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1020661 -Node: Extension Sample Read write array1021402 -Node: Extension Sample Readfile1023281 -Node: Extension Sample API Tests1024381 -Node: Extension Sample Time1024906 -Node: gawkextlib1026221 -Node: Extension summary1029034 -Node: Extension Exercises1032727 -Node: Language History1033449 -Node: V7/SVR3.11035092 -Node: SVR41037412 -Node: POSIX1038854 -Node: BTL1040240 -Node: POSIX/GNU1040974 -Node: Feature History1046573 -Node: Common Extensions1059703 -Node: Ranges and Locales1061015 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11065632 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21065659 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31065893 -Node: Contributors1066114 -Node: History summary1071576 -Node: Installation1072945 -Node: Gawk Distribution1073896 -Node: Getting1074380 -Node: Extracting1075204 -Node: Distribution contents1076846 -Node: Unix Installation1082563 -Node: Quick Installation1083180 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1085622 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1087360 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1089711 -Node: PC Installation1090169 -Node: PC Binary Installation1091480 -Node: PC Compiling1093328 -Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11096327 -Node: PC Testing1096432 -Node: PC Using1097608 -Node: Cygwin1101766 -Node: MSYS1102575 -Node: VMS Installation1103089 -Node: VMS Compilation1103885 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11105107 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1105165 -Node: VMS Installation Details1106538 -Node: VMS Running1108790 -Node: VMS GNV1111624 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1112347 -Node: Bugs1112817 -Node: Other Versions1116821 -Node: Installation summary1123076 -Node: Notes1124132 -Node: Compatibility Mode1124997 -Node: Additions1125779 -Node: Accessing The Source1126704 -Node: Adding Code1128140 -Node: New Ports1134318 -Node: Derived Files1138799 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11143880 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21143914 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31144510 -Node: Future 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History61811 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-165250 +Ref: Manual History-Footnote-265291 +Node: How To Contribute65365 +Node: Acknowledgments66604 +Node: Getting Started70753 +Node: Running gawk73187 +Node: One-shot74377 +Node: Read Terminal75602 +Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-177252 +Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-277528 +Node: Long77699 +Node: Executable Scripts79075 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-180908 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-281010 +Node: Comments81557 +Node: Quoting84030 +Node: DOS Quoting89346 +Node: Sample Data Files90021 +Node: Very Simple92536 +Node: Two Rules97174 +Node: More Complex99068 +Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1102000 +Node: Statements/Lines102085 +Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1106540 +Node: Other Features106805 +Node: When107733 +Node: Intro Summary109903 +Node: Invoking Gawk110669 +Node: Command Line112184 +Node: Options112975 +Ref: Options-Footnote-1128804 +Node: Other Arguments128829 +Node: Naming Standard Input131491 +Node: Environment Variables132585 +Node: AWKPATH Variable133143 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1136015 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2136060 +Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable136320 +Node: Other Environment Variables137079 +Node: Exit Status140734 +Node: Include Files141409 +Node: Loading Shared Libraries144987 +Node: Obsolete146371 +Node: Undocumented147068 +Node: Invoking Summary147335 +Node: Regexp148915 +Node: Regexp Usage150365 +Node: Escape Sequences152398 +Node: Regexp Operators158065 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1165545 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2165692 +Node: Bracket Expressions165790 +Ref: table-char-classes167680 +Node: GNU Regexp Operators170203 +Node: Case-sensitivity173926 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1176818 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2177053 +Node: Leftmost Longest177161 +Node: Computed Regexps178362 +Node: Regexp Summary181734 +Node: Reading Files183205 +Node: Records185297 +Node: awk split records186040 +Node: gawk split records190898 +Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1195419 +Node: Fields195456 +Ref: Fields-Footnote-1198420 +Node: Nonconstant Fields198506 +Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1200736 +Node: Changing Fields200938 +Node: Field Separators206892 +Node: Default Field Splitting209594 +Node: Regexp Field Splitting210711 +Node: Single Character Fields214052 +Node: Command Line Field Separator215111 +Node: Full Line Fields218453 +Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1218961 +Node: Field Splitting Summary219007 +Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1222106 +Node: Constant Size222207 +Node: Splitting By Content226814 +Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1230564 +Node: Multiple Line230604 +Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1236460 +Node: Getline236639 +Node: Plain Getline238855 +Node: Getline/Variable240950 +Node: Getline/File242097 +Node: Getline/Variable/File243481 +Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1245080 +Node: Getline/Pipe245167 +Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe247866 +Node: Getline/Coprocess248973 +Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess250225 +Node: Getline Notes250962 +Node: Getline Summary253766 +Ref: table-getline-variants254174 +Node: Read Timeout255086 +Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1258913 +Node: Command line directories258971 +Node: Input Summary259875 +Node: Input Exercises263012 +Node: Printing263745 +Node: Print265467 +Node: Print Examples266808 +Node: Output Separators269587 +Node: OFMT271603 +Node: Printf272961 +Node: Basic Printf273867 +Node: Control Letters275406 +Node: Format Modifiers279258 +Node: Printf Examples285285 +Node: Redirection287749 +Node: Special Files294721 +Node: Special FD295252 +Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1298876 +Node: Special Network298950 +Node: Special Caveats299800 +Node: Close Files And Pipes300596 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1307757 +Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2307905 +Node: Output Summary308055 +Node: Output exercises309052 +Node: Expressions309732 +Node: Values310917 +Node: Constants311593 +Node: Scalar Constants312273 +Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1313132 +Node: Nondecimal-numbers313382 +Node: Regexp 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+Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2751244 +Node: Anagram Program751382 +Node: Signature Program754450 +Node: Programs Summary755697 +Node: Programs Exercises756912 +Node: Advanced Features760563 +Node: Nondecimal Data762511 +Node: Array Sorting764088 +Node: Controlling Array Traversal764785 +Node: Array Sorting Functions773065 +Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1776972 +Node: Two-way I/O777166 +Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1782682 +Node: TCP/IP Networking782764 +Node: Profiling785608 +Node: Advanced Features Summary793150 +Node: Internationalization795014 +Node: I18N and L10N796494 +Node: Explaining gettext797180 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1802320 +Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2802504 +Node: Programmer i18n802669 +Node: Translator i18n806894 +Node: String Extraction807688 +Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1808649 +Node: Printf Ordering808735 +Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1811517 +Node: I18N Portability811581 +Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1814030 +Node: I18N Example814093 +Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1816815 +Node: Gawk I18N816887 +Node: I18N Summary817525 +Node: Debugger818864 +Node: Debugging819886 +Node: Debugging Concepts820327 +Node: Debugging Terms822183 +Node: Awk Debugging824780 +Node: Sample Debugging Session825672 +Node: Debugger Invocation826192 +Node: Finding The Bug827525 +Node: List of Debugger Commands834007 +Node: Breakpoint Control835339 +Node: Debugger Execution Control839003 +Node: Viewing And Changing Data842363 +Node: Execution Stack845721 +Node: Debugger Info847234 +Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands851228 +Node: Readline Support856412 +Node: Limitations857304 +Node: Debugging Summary859578 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic860742 +Node: Computer Arithmetic862071 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1866458 +Node: Math Definitions866515 +Ref: table-ieee-formats869399 +Node: MPFR features869903 +Node: FP Math Caution871545 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1872586 +Node: Inexactness of computations872955 +Node: Inexact representation873903 +Node: Comparing FP Values875258 +Node: Errors accumulate876222 +Node: Getting Accuracy877655 +Node: Try To Round880314 +Node: Setting precision881213 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings881895 +Node: Setting the rounding mode883688 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes884052 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1887506 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers887685 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1890688 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems890837 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1894713 +Node: Floating point summary894751 +Node: Dynamic Extensions896968 +Node: Extension Intro898520 +Node: Plugin License899785 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline900470 +Ref: figure-load-extension900894 +Ref: figure-load-new-function902379 +Ref: figure-call-new-function903381 +Node: Extension API Description905365 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction906815 +Node: General Data Types911680 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1917373 +Node: Requesting Values917672 +Ref: table-value-types-returned918409 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions919367 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1922114 +Node: Constructor Functions922210 +Node: Registration Functions923968 +Node: Extension Functions924653 +Node: Exit Callback Functions926955 +Node: Extension Version String928204 +Node: Input Parsers928854 +Node: Output Wrappers938657 +Node: Two-way processors943173 +Node: Printing Messages945377 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1946454 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'946606 +Node: Accessing Parameters947345 +Node: Symbol Table Access948575 +Node: Symbol table by name949089 +Node: Symbol table by cookie951065 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1955198 +Node: Cached values955261 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1958765 +Node: Array Manipulation958856 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1959954 +Node: Array Data Types959993 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1962696 +Node: Array Functions962788 +Node: Flattening Arrays966662 +Node: Creating Arrays973514 +Node: Extension API Variables978245 +Node: Extension Versioning978881 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables980782 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate981868 +Node: Finding Extensions985672 +Node: Extension Example986232 +Node: Internal File Description986962 +Node: Internal File Ops991053 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11002485 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1002625 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11004972 +Node: Extension Samples1005240 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1006764 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1014332 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1015813 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1017026 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1018701 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1019537 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1020393 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1021192 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1021783 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1022524 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1024403 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1025503 +Node: Extension Sample Time1026028 +Node: gawkextlib1027343 +Node: Extension summary1030156 +Node: Extension Exercises1033849 +Node: Language History1034571 +Node: V7/SVR3.11036214 +Node: SVR41038534 +Node: POSIX1039976 +Node: BTL1041362 +Node: POSIX/GNU1042096 +Node: Feature History1047695 +Node: Common Extensions1060825 +Node: Ranges and Locales1062137 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11066754 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21066781 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31067015 +Node: Contributors1067236 +Node: History summary1072698 +Node: Installation1074067 +Node: Gawk Distribution1075018 +Node: Getting1075502 +Node: Extracting1076326 +Node: Distribution contents1077968 +Node: Unix Installation1083685 +Node: Quick Installation1084302 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1086744 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1088482 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1090833 +Node: PC Installation1091291 +Node: PC Binary Installation1092602 +Node: PC Compiling1094450 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11097449 +Node: PC Testing1097554 +Node: PC Using1098730 +Node: Cygwin1102888 +Node: MSYS1103697 +Node: VMS Installation1104211 +Node: VMS Compilation1105007 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11106229 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1106287 +Node: VMS Installation Details1107660 +Node: VMS Running1109912 +Node: VMS GNV1112746 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1113469 +Node: Bugs1113939 +Node: Other Versions1117943 +Node: Installation summary1124198 +Node: Notes1125254 +Node: Compatibility Mode1126119 +Node: Additions1126901 +Node: Accessing The Source1127826 +Node: Adding Code1129262 +Node: New Ports1135440 +Node: Derived Files1139921 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11145002 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21145036 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31145632 +Node: Future Extensions1145746 +Node: Implementation Limitations1146352 +Node: Extension Design1147600 +Node: Old Extension Problems1148754 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11150271 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1150328 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11153688 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1153877 +Node: Extension Future Growth1155983 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1156819 +Node: Notes summary1158581 +Node: Basic Concepts1159767 +Node: Basic High Level1160448 +Ref: figure-general-flow1160720 +Ref: figure-process-flow1161319 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11164548 +Node: Basic Data Typing1164733 +Node: Glossary1168061 +Node: Copying1193213 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1230769 +Node: Index1255905  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 46b2d10640dc4404680fc7ffc670dd06feb5ecf3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Thu, 19 Jun 2014 20:24:58 +0300 Subject: Add more thanks, minor revision in doc. --- doc/gawk.info | 1121 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 566 insertions(+), 555 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index cf5c6036..95d81e89 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -1306,6 +1306,10 @@ be a pleasure working with this team of fine people. Notable code and documentation contributions were made by a number of people. *Note Contributors::, for the full list. + Thanks to Patrice Dumas for the new `makeinfo' program. Thanks to +Karl Berry who continues to work to keep the Texinfo markup language +sane. + I would like to thank Brian Kernighan for invaluable assistance during the testing and debugging of `gawk', and for ongoing help and advice in clarifying numerous points about the language. We could not @@ -8546,8 +8550,9 @@ the number of which to take the square root: If those arguments are not supplied, the functions use a reasonable default value. *Note Built-in::, for full details. If arguments are omitted in calls to user-defined functions, then those arguments are -treated as local variables and initialized to the empty string (*note -User-defined::). +treated as local variables. Such local variables act like the empty +string if referenced where a string value is required, and like zero if +referenced where a numeric value is required (*note User-defined::). As an advanced feature, `gawk' provides indirect function calls, which is a way to choose the function to call at runtime, instead of @@ -13247,15 +13252,21 @@ function. PARAMETER-LIST is an optional list of the function's arguments and local variable names, separated by commas. When the function is called, the argument names are used to hold the argument values given in the -call. The local variables are initialized to the empty string. A -function cannot have two parameters with the same name, nor may it have -a parameter with the same name as the function itself. +call. - In addition, according to the POSIX standard, function parameters -cannot have the same name as one of the special built-in variables -(*note Built-in Variables::). Not all versions of `awk' enforce this + A function cannot have two parameters with the same name, nor may it +have a parameter with the same name as the function itself. In +addition, according to the POSIX standard, function parameters cannot +have the same name as one of the special built-in variables (*note +Built-in Variables::). Not all versions of `awk' enforce this restriction.) + Local variables act like the empty string if referenced where a +string value is required, and like zero if referenced where a numeric +value is required. This is the same as regular variables that have +never been assigned a value. (There is more to understand about local +variables; *note Dynamic Typing::.) + The BODY-OF-FUNCTION consists of `awk' statements. It is the most important part of the definition, because it says what the function should actually _do_. The argument names exist to give the body a way @@ -31632,7 +31643,7 @@ Index * common extensions, \x escape sequence: Escape Sequences. (line 61) * common extensions, BINMODE variable: PC Using. (line 33) * common extensions, delete to delete entire arrays: Delete. (line 39) -* common extensions, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 83) +* common extensions, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 89) * common extensions, length() applied to an array: String Functions. (line 197) * common extensions, RS as a regexp: gawk split records. (line 6) @@ -32151,7 +32162,7 @@ Index * extensions, common, BINMODE variable: PC Using. (line 33) * extensions, common, delete to delete entire arrays: Delete. (line 39) * extensions, common, fflush() function: I/O Functions. (line 43) -* extensions, common, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 83) +* extensions, common, func keyword: Definition Syntax. (line 89) * extensions, common, length() applied to an array: String Functions. (line 197) * extensions, common, RS as a regexp: gawk split records. (line 6) @@ -32366,7 +32377,7 @@ Index (line 6) * functions, names of <1>: Definition Syntax. (line 20) * functions, names of: Arrays. (line 18) -* functions, recursive: Definition Syntax. (line 73) +* functions, recursive: Definition Syntax. (line 79) * functions, string-translation: I18N Functions. (line 6) * functions, undefined: Pass By Value/Reference. (line 71) @@ -32378,7 +32389,7 @@ Index (line 47) * functions, user-defined, next/nextfile statements and: Next Statement. (line 45) -* G-d: Acknowledgments. (line 78) +* G-d: Acknowledgments. (line 82) * Garfinkle, Scott: Contributors. (line 34) * gawk program, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 179) * gawk version: Auto-set. (line 199) @@ -32704,7 +32715,7 @@ Index * Kernighan, Brian <6>: Library Functions. (line 12) * Kernighan, Brian <7>: Concatenation. (line 6) * Kernighan, Brian <8>: Getline/Pipe. (line 6) -* Kernighan, Brian <9>: Acknowledgments. (line 72) +* Kernighan, Brian <9>: Acknowledgments. (line 76) * Kernighan, Brian <10>: Conventions. (line 34) * Kernighan, Brian: History. (line 17) * kill command, dynamic profiling: Profiling. (line 188) @@ -33089,7 +33100,7 @@ Index (line 65) * portability, deleting array elements: Delete. (line 56) * portability, example programs: Library Functions. (line 42) -* portability, functions, defining: Definition Syntax. (line 99) +* portability, functions, defining: Definition Syntax. (line 105) * portability, gawk: New Ports. (line 6) * portability, gettext library and: Explaining gettext. (line 11) * portability, internationalization and: I18N Portability. (line 6) @@ -33135,7 +33146,7 @@ Index (line 40) * POSIX awk, field separators and: Fields. (line 6) * POSIX awk, FS variable and: User-modified. (line 60) -* POSIX awk, function keyword in: Definition Syntax. (line 83) +* POSIX awk, function keyword in: Definition Syntax. (line 89) * POSIX awk, functions and, gsub()/sub(): Gory Details. (line 54) * POSIX awk, functions and, length(): String Functions. (line 176) * POSIX awk, GNU long options and: Options. (line 15) @@ -33225,7 +33236,7 @@ Index * programming conventions, functions, calling: Calling Built-in. (line 10) * programming conventions, functions, writing: Definition Syntax. - (line 55) + (line 61) * programming conventions, gawk extensions: Internal File Ops. (line 45) * programming conventions, private variable names: Library Names. @@ -33295,7 +33306,7 @@ Index * records, splitting input into: Records. (line 6) * records, terminating: awk split records. (line 124) * records, treating files as: gawk split records. (line 92) -* recursive functions: Definition Syntax. (line 73) +* recursive functions: Definition Syntax. (line 79) * redirect gawk output, in debugger: Debugger Info. (line 72) * redirection of input: Getline/File. (line 6) * redirection of output: Redirection. (line 6) @@ -33385,11 +33396,11 @@ Index * Robbins, Arnold: Command Line Field Separator. (line 73) * Robbins, Bill: Getline/Pipe. (line 39) -* Robbins, Harry: Acknowledgments. (line 78) -* Robbins, Jean: Acknowledgments. (line 78) +* Robbins, Harry: Acknowledgments. (line 82) +* Robbins, Jean: Acknowledgments. (line 82) * Robbins, Miriam <1>: Passwd Functions. (line 90) * Robbins, Miriam <2>: Getline/Pipe. (line 39) -* Robbins, Miriam: Acknowledgments. (line 78) +* Robbins, Miriam: Acknowledgments. (line 82) * Rommel, Kai Uwe: Contributors. (line 42) * round to nearest integer: Numeric Functions. (line 23) * round() user-defined function: Round Function. (line 16) @@ -33465,7 +33476,7 @@ Index * set directory of message catalogs: I18N Functions. (line 12) * set watchpoint: Viewing And Changing Data. (line 67) -* shadowing of variable values: Definition Syntax. (line 61) +* shadowing of variable values: Definition Syntax. (line 67) * shell quoting, double quote: Read Terminal. (line 25) * shell quoting, rules for: Quoting. (line 6) * shells, piping commands into: Redirection. (line 142) @@ -33498,7 +33509,7 @@ Index * side effects, conditional expressions: Conditional Exp. (line 22) * side effects, decrement/increment operators: Increment Ops. (line 11) * side effects, FILENAME variable: Getline Notes. (line 19) -* side effects, function calls: Function Calls. (line 56) +* side effects, function calls: Function Calls. (line 57) * side effects, statements: Action Overview. (line 32) * sidebar, A Constant's Base Does Not Affect Its Value: Nondecimal-numbers. (line 64) @@ -33842,7 +33853,7 @@ Index * variables, names of: Arrays. (line 18) * variables, private: Library Names. (line 11) * variables, setting: Options. (line 32) -* variables, shadowing: Definition Syntax. (line 61) +* variables, shadowing: Definition Syntax. (line 67) * variables, types of: Assignment Ops. (line 40) * variables, types of, comparison expressions and: Typing and Comparison. (line 9) @@ -33954,537 +33965,537 @@ Ref: Manual History-Footnote-165250 Ref: Manual History-Footnote-265291 Node: How To Contribute65365 Node: Acknowledgments66604 -Node: Getting Started70753 -Node: Running gawk73187 -Node: One-shot74377 -Node: Read Terminal75602 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-177252 -Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-277528 -Node: Long77699 -Node: Executable Scripts79075 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-180908 -Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-281010 -Node: Comments81557 -Node: Quoting84030 -Node: DOS Quoting89346 -Node: Sample Data Files90021 -Node: Very Simple92536 -Node: Two Rules97174 -Node: More Complex99068 -Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1102000 -Node: Statements/Lines102085 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1106540 -Node: Other Features106805 -Node: When107733 -Node: Intro Summary109903 -Node: Invoking Gawk110669 -Node: Command Line112184 -Node: Options112975 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1128804 -Node: Other Arguments128829 -Node: Naming Standard Input131491 -Node: Environment Variables132585 -Node: AWKPATH Variable133143 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1136015 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2136060 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable136320 -Node: Other Environment Variables137079 -Node: Exit Status140734 -Node: Include Files141409 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries144987 -Node: Obsolete146371 -Node: Undocumented147068 -Node: Invoking Summary147335 -Node: Regexp148915 -Node: Regexp Usage150365 -Node: Escape Sequences152398 -Node: Regexp Operators158065 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1165545 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2165692 -Node: Bracket Expressions165790 -Ref: table-char-classes167680 -Node: GNU Regexp Operators170203 -Node: Case-sensitivity173926 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1176818 -Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2177053 -Node: Leftmost Longest177161 -Node: Computed Regexps178362 -Node: Regexp Summary181734 -Node: Reading Files183205 -Node: Records185297 -Node: awk split records186040 -Node: gawk split records190898 -Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1195419 -Node: Fields195456 -Ref: Fields-Footnote-1198420 -Node: Nonconstant Fields198506 -Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1200736 -Node: Changing Fields200938 -Node: Field Separators206892 -Node: Default Field Splitting209594 -Node: Regexp Field Splitting210711 -Node: Single Character Fields214052 -Node: Command Line Field Separator215111 -Node: Full Line Fields218453 -Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1218961 -Node: Field Splitting Summary219007 -Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1222106 -Node: Constant Size222207 -Node: Splitting By Content226814 -Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1230564 -Node: Multiple Line230604 -Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1236460 -Node: Getline236639 -Node: Plain Getline238855 -Node: Getline/Variable240950 -Node: Getline/File242097 -Node: Getline/Variable/File243481 -Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1245080 -Node: Getline/Pipe245167 -Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe247866 -Node: Getline/Coprocess248973 -Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess250225 -Node: Getline Notes250962 -Node: Getline Summary253766 -Ref: table-getline-variants254174 -Node: Read Timeout255086 -Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1258913 -Node: Command line directories258971 -Node: Input Summary259875 -Node: Input Exercises263012 -Node: Printing263745 -Node: Print265467 -Node: Print Examples266808 -Node: Output Separators269587 -Node: OFMT271603 -Node: Printf272961 -Node: Basic Printf273867 -Node: Control Letters275406 -Node: Format Modifiers279258 -Node: Printf Examples285285 -Node: Redirection287749 -Node: Special Files294721 -Node: Special FD295252 -Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1298876 -Node: Special Network298950 -Node: Special Caveats299800 -Node: Close Files And Pipes300596 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1307757 -Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2307905 -Node: Output Summary308055 -Node: Output exercises309052 -Node: Expressions309732 -Node: Values310917 -Node: Constants311593 -Node: Scalar Constants312273 -Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1313132 -Node: Nondecimal-numbers313382 -Node: Regexp Constants316382 -Node: Using Constant Regexps316857 -Node: Variables319927 -Node: Using Variables320582 -Node: Assignment Options322306 -Node: Conversion324181 -Node: Strings And Numbers324705 -Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1327767 -Node: Locale influences conversions327876 -Ref: table-locale-affects330593 -Node: All Operators331181 -Node: Arithmetic Ops331811 -Node: Concatenation334316 -Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1337112 -Node: Assignment Ops337232 -Ref: table-assign-ops342215 -Node: Increment Ops343532 -Node: Truth Values and Conditions346970 -Node: Truth Values348053 -Node: Typing and Comparison349102 -Node: Variable Typing349895 -Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1353795 -Node: Comparison Operators353917 -Ref: table-relational-ops354327 -Node: POSIX String Comparison357877 -Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1358961 -Node: Boolean Ops359099 -Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1363169 -Node: Conditional Exp363260 -Node: Function Calls364987 -Node: Precedence368745 -Node: Locales372414 -Node: Expressions Summary374045 -Node: Patterns and Actions376586 -Node: Pattern Overview377702 -Node: Regexp Patterns379379 -Node: Expression Patterns379922 -Node: Ranges383703 -Node: BEGIN/END386809 -Node: Using BEGIN/END387571 -Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1390307 -Node: I/O And BEGIN/END390413 -Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE392698 -Node: Empty395629 -Node: Using Shell Variables395946 -Node: Action Overview398229 -Node: Statements400556 -Node: If Statement402404 -Node: While Statement403902 -Node: Do Statement405946 -Node: For Statement407102 -Node: Switch Statement410254 -Node: Break Statement412357 -Node: Continue Statement414412 -Node: Next Statement416205 -Node: Nextfile Statement418595 -Node: Exit Statement421250 -Node: Built-in Variables423654 -Node: User-modified424781 -Ref: User-modified-Footnote-1432470 -Node: Auto-set432532 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1445114 -Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2445319 -Node: ARGC and ARGV445375 -Node: Pattern Action Summary449229 -Node: Arrays451452 -Node: Array Basics453001 -Node: Array Intro453827 -Ref: figure-array-elements455800 -Node: Reference to Elements458207 -Node: Assigning Elements460480 -Node: Array Example460971 -Node: Scanning an Array462703 -Node: Controlling Scanning465718 -Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1470891 -Node: Delete471207 -Ref: Delete-Footnote-1473972 -Node: Numeric Array Subscripts474029 -Node: Uninitialized Subscripts476212 -Node: Multidimensional477837 -Node: Multiscanning480930 -Node: Arrays of Arrays482519 -Node: Arrays Summary487182 -Node: Functions489287 -Node: Built-in490160 -Node: Calling Built-in491238 -Node: Numeric Functions493226 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1497060 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2497417 -Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3497465 -Node: String Functions497734 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1520745 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2520874 -Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3521122 -Node: Gory Details521209 -Ref: table-sub-escapes522878 -Ref: table-sub-posix-92524232 -Ref: table-sub-proposed525583 -Ref: table-posix-sub526937 -Ref: table-gensub-escapes528482 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1529658 -Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-2529709 -Node: I/O Functions529860 -Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1536983 -Node: Time Functions537130 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1547594 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2547662 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3547820 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4547931 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5548043 -Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6548270 -Node: Bitwise Functions548536 -Ref: table-bitwise-ops549098 -Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1553343 -Node: Type Functions553527 -Node: I18N Functions554669 -Node: User-defined556314 -Node: Definition Syntax557118 -Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1562043 -Node: Function Example562112 -Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1564756 -Node: Function Caveats564778 -Node: Calling A Function565296 -Node: Variable Scope566251 -Node: Pass By Value/Reference569239 -Node: Return Statement572747 -Node: Dynamic Typing575731 -Node: Indirect Calls576660 -Node: Functions Summary586373 -Node: Library Functions588912 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1592530 -Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2592673 -Node: Library Names592844 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1596317 -Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2596537 -Node: General Functions596623 -Node: Strtonum Function597651 -Node: Assert Function600431 -Node: Round Function603757 -Node: Cliff Random Function605298 -Node: Ordinal Functions606314 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1609391 -Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2609643 -Node: Join Function609854 -Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1611625 -Node: Getlocaltime Function611825 -Node: Readfile Function615561 -Node: Data File Management617400 -Node: Filetrans Function618032 -Node: Rewind Function622101 -Node: File Checking623488 -Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1624620 -Node: Empty Files624821 -Node: Ignoring Assigns626800 -Node: Getopt Function628354 -Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1639657 -Node: Passwd Functions639860 -Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1648839 -Node: Group Functions648927 -Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1656868 -Node: Walking Arrays657081 -Node: Library Functions Summary658684 -Node: Library exercises660072 -Node: Sample Programs661352 -Node: Running Examples662122 -Node: Clones662850 -Node: Cut Program664074 -Node: Egrep Program673942 -Ref: Egrep Program-Footnote-1681913 -Node: Id Program682023 -Node: Split Program685687 -Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1689225 -Node: Tee Program689353 -Node: Uniq Program692160 -Node: Wc Program699590 -Ref: Wc Program-Footnote-1703855 -Node: Miscellaneous Programs703947 -Node: Dupword Program705160 -Node: Alarm Program707191 -Node: Translate Program712005 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1716396 -Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-2716666 -Node: Labels Program716800 -Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1720171 -Node: Word Sorting720255 -Node: History Sorting724298 -Node: Extract Program726134 -Node: Simple Sed733670 -Node: Igawk Program736732 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1751043 -Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2751244 -Node: Anagram Program751382 -Node: Signature Program754450 -Node: Programs Summary755697 -Node: Programs Exercises756912 -Node: Advanced Features760563 -Node: Nondecimal Data762511 -Node: Array Sorting764088 -Node: Controlling Array Traversal764785 -Node: Array Sorting Functions773065 -Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1776972 -Node: Two-way I/O777166 -Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1782682 -Node: TCP/IP Networking782764 -Node: Profiling785608 -Node: Advanced Features Summary793150 -Node: Internationalization795014 -Node: I18N and L10N796494 -Node: Explaining gettext797180 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1802320 -Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2802504 -Node: Programmer i18n802669 -Node: Translator i18n806894 -Node: String Extraction807688 -Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1808649 -Node: Printf Ordering808735 -Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1811517 -Node: I18N Portability811581 -Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1814030 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-Node: Inexact representation873903 -Node: Comparing FP Values875258 -Node: Errors accumulate876222 -Node: Getting Accuracy877655 -Node: Try To Round880314 -Node: Setting precision881213 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings881895 -Node: Setting the rounding mode883688 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes884052 -Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1887506 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers887685 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1890688 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems890837 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1894713 -Node: Floating point summary894751 -Node: Dynamic Extensions896968 -Node: Extension Intro898520 -Node: Plugin License899785 -Node: Extension Mechanism Outline900470 -Ref: figure-load-extension900894 -Ref: figure-load-new-function902379 -Ref: figure-call-new-function903381 -Node: Extension API Description905365 -Node: Extension API Functions Introduction906815 -Node: General Data Types911680 -Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1917373 -Node: Requesting Values917672 -Ref: table-value-types-returned918409 -Node: Memory Allocation Functions919367 -Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1922114 -Node: Constructor Functions922210 -Node: Registration Functions923968 -Node: Extension Functions924653 -Node: Exit Callback Functions926955 -Node: Extension Version String928204 -Node: Input Parsers928854 -Node: Output Wrappers938657 -Node: Two-way processors943173 -Node: Printing Messages945377 -Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1946454 -Node: Updating `ERRNO'946606 -Node: Accessing Parameters947345 -Node: Symbol Table Access948575 -Node: Symbol table by name949089 -Node: Symbol table by cookie951065 -Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1955198 -Node: Cached values955261 -Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1958765 -Node: Array Manipulation958856 -Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1959954 -Node: Array Data Types959993 -Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1962696 -Node: Array Functions962788 -Node: Flattening Arrays966662 -Node: Creating 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gawkextlib1027343 -Node: Extension summary1030156 -Node: Extension Exercises1033849 -Node: Language History1034571 -Node: V7/SVR3.11036214 -Node: SVR41038534 -Node: POSIX1039976 -Node: BTL1041362 -Node: POSIX/GNU1042096 -Node: Feature History1047695 -Node: Common Extensions1060825 -Node: Ranges and Locales1062137 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11066754 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21066781 -Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31067015 -Node: Contributors1067236 -Node: History summary1072698 -Node: Installation1074067 -Node: Gawk Distribution1075018 -Node: Getting1075502 -Node: Extracting1076326 -Node: Distribution contents1077968 -Node: Unix Installation1083685 -Node: Quick Installation1084302 -Node: Additional Configuration Options1086744 -Node: Configuration Philosophy1088482 -Node: Non-Unix Installation1090833 -Node: PC Installation1091291 -Node: PC Binary Installation1092602 -Node: PC Compiling1094450 -Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11097449 -Node: PC Testing1097554 -Node: PC Using1098730 -Node: Cygwin1102888 -Node: MSYS1103697 -Node: VMS Installation1104211 -Node: VMS Compilation1105007 -Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11106229 -Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1106287 -Node: VMS Installation Details1107660 -Node: VMS Running1109912 -Node: VMS GNV1112746 -Node: VMS Old Gawk1113469 -Node: Bugs1113939 -Node: Other Versions1117943 -Node: Installation summary1124198 -Node: Notes1125254 -Node: Compatibility Mode1126119 -Node: Additions1126901 -Node: Accessing The Source1127826 -Node: Adding Code1129262 -Node: New Ports1135440 -Node: Derived Files1139921 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11145002 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21145036 -Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31145632 -Node: Future Extensions1145746 -Node: Implementation Limitations1146352 -Node: Extension Design1147600 -Node: Old Extension Problems1148754 -Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11150271 -Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1150328 -Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11153688 -Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1153877 -Node: Extension Future Growth1155983 -Node: Old Extension Mechanism1156819 -Node: Notes summary1158581 -Node: Basic Concepts1159767 -Node: Basic High Level1160448 -Ref: figure-general-flow1160720 -Ref: figure-process-flow1161319 -Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11164548 -Node: Basic Data Typing1164733 -Node: Glossary1168061 -Node: Copying1193213 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License1230769 -Node: Index1255905 +Node: Getting Started70900 +Node: Running gawk73334 +Node: One-shot74524 +Node: Read Terminal75749 +Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-177399 +Ref: Read Terminal-Footnote-277675 +Node: Long77846 +Node: Executable Scripts79222 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-181055 +Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-281157 +Node: Comments81704 +Node: Quoting84177 +Node: DOS Quoting89493 +Node: Sample Data Files90168 +Node: Very Simple92683 +Node: Two Rules97321 +Node: More Complex99215 +Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1102147 +Node: Statements/Lines102232 +Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1106687 +Node: Other Features106952 +Node: When107880 +Node: Intro Summary110050 +Node: Invoking Gawk110816 +Node: Command Line112331 +Node: Options113122 +Ref: Options-Footnote-1128951 +Node: Other Arguments128976 +Node: Naming Standard Input131638 +Node: Environment Variables132732 +Node: AWKPATH Variable133290 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1136162 +Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2136207 +Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable136467 +Node: Other Environment Variables137226 +Node: Exit Status140881 +Node: Include Files141556 +Node: Loading Shared Libraries145134 +Node: Obsolete146518 +Node: Undocumented147215 +Node: Invoking Summary147482 +Node: Regexp149062 +Node: Regexp Usage150512 +Node: Escape Sequences152545 +Node: Regexp Operators158212 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1165692 +Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-2165839 +Node: Bracket Expressions165937 +Ref: table-char-classes167827 +Node: GNU Regexp Operators170350 +Node: Case-sensitivity174073 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1176965 +Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2177200 +Node: Leftmost Longest177308 +Node: Computed Regexps178509 +Node: Regexp Summary181881 +Node: Reading Files183352 +Node: Records185444 +Node: awk split records186187 +Node: gawk split records191045 +Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1195566 +Node: Fields195603 +Ref: Fields-Footnote-1198567 +Node: Nonconstant Fields198653 +Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1200883 +Node: Changing Fields201085 +Node: Field Separators207039 +Node: Default Field Splitting209741 +Node: Regexp Field Splitting210858 +Node: Single Character Fields214199 +Node: Command Line Field Separator215258 +Node: Full Line Fields218600 +Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1219108 +Node: Field Splitting Summary219154 +Ref: Field Splitting Summary-Footnote-1222253 +Node: Constant Size222354 +Node: Splitting By Content226961 +Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1230711 +Node: Multiple Line230751 +Ref: Multiple Line-Footnote-1236607 +Node: Getline236786 +Node: 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Debugging Summary860101 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic861265 +Node: Computer Arithmetic862594 +Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1866981 +Node: Math Definitions867038 +Ref: table-ieee-formats869922 +Node: MPFR features870426 +Node: FP Math Caution872068 +Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1873109 +Node: Inexactness of computations873478 +Node: Inexact representation874426 +Node: Comparing FP Values875781 +Node: Errors accumulate876745 +Node: Getting Accuracy878178 +Node: Try To Round880837 +Node: Setting precision881736 +Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings882418 +Node: Setting the rounding mode884211 +Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes884575 +Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1888029 +Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers888208 +Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1891211 +Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems891360 +Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-1895236 +Node: Floating point summary895274 +Node: Dynamic Extensions897491 +Node: Extension Intro899043 +Node: Plugin License900308 +Node: Extension Mechanism Outline900993 +Ref: figure-load-extension901417 +Ref: figure-load-new-function902902 +Ref: figure-call-new-function903904 +Node: Extension API Description905888 +Node: Extension API Functions Introduction907338 +Node: General Data Types912203 +Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-1917896 +Node: Requesting Values918195 +Ref: table-value-types-returned918932 +Node: Memory Allocation Functions919890 +Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-1922637 +Node: Constructor Functions922733 +Node: Registration Functions924491 +Node: Extension Functions925176 +Node: Exit Callback Functions927478 +Node: Extension Version String928727 +Node: Input Parsers929377 +Node: Output Wrappers939180 +Node: Two-way processors943696 +Node: Printing Messages945900 +Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-1946977 +Node: Updating `ERRNO'947129 +Node: Accessing Parameters947868 +Node: Symbol Table Access949098 +Node: Symbol table by name949612 +Node: Symbol table by cookie951588 +Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-1955721 +Node: Cached values955784 +Ref: Cached values-Footnote-1959288 +Node: Array Manipulation959379 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1960477 +Node: Array Data Types960516 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1963219 +Node: Array Functions963311 +Node: Flattening Arrays967185 +Node: Creating Arrays974037 +Node: Extension API Variables978768 +Node: Extension Versioning979404 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables981305 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate982391 +Node: Finding Extensions986195 +Node: Extension Example986755 +Node: Internal File Description987485 +Node: Internal File Ops991576 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11003008 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1003148 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11005495 +Node: Extension Samples1005763 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1007287 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1014855 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1016336 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1017549 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1019224 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1020060 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1020916 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1021715 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1022306 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1023047 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1024926 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1026026 +Node: Extension Sample Time1026551 +Node: gawkextlib1027866 +Node: Extension summary1030679 +Node: Extension Exercises1034372 +Node: Language History1035094 +Node: V7/SVR3.11036737 +Node: SVR41039057 +Node: POSIX1040499 +Node: BTL1041885 +Node: POSIX/GNU1042619 +Node: Feature History1048218 +Node: Common Extensions1061348 +Node: Ranges and Locales1062660 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11067277 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21067304 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31067538 +Node: Contributors1067759 +Node: History summary1073221 +Node: Installation1074590 +Node: Gawk Distribution1075541 +Node: Getting1076025 +Node: Extracting1076849 +Node: Distribution contents1078491 +Node: Unix Installation1084208 +Node: Quick Installation1084825 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1087267 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1089005 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1091356 +Node: PC Installation1091814 +Node: PC Binary Installation1093125 +Node: PC Compiling1094973 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11097972 +Node: PC Testing1098077 +Node: PC Using1099253 +Node: Cygwin1103411 +Node: MSYS1104220 +Node: VMS Installation1104734 +Node: VMS Compilation1105530 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11106752 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1106810 +Node: VMS Installation Details1108183 +Node: VMS Running1110435 +Node: VMS GNV1113269 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1113992 +Node: Bugs1114462 +Node: Other Versions1118466 +Node: Installation summary1124721 +Node: Notes1125777 +Node: Compatibility Mode1126642 +Node: Additions1127424 +Node: Accessing The Source1128349 +Node: Adding Code1129785 +Node: New Ports1135963 +Node: Derived Files1140444 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11145525 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21145559 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31146155 +Node: Future Extensions1146269 +Node: Implementation Limitations1146875 +Node: Extension Design1148123 +Node: Old Extension Problems1149277 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11150794 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1150851 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11154211 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1154400 +Node: Extension Future Growth1156506 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1157342 +Node: Notes summary1159104 +Node: Basic Concepts1160290 +Node: Basic High Level1160971 +Ref: figure-general-flow1161243 +Ref: figure-process-flow1161842 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11165071 +Node: Basic Data Typing1165256 +Node: Glossary1168584 +Node: Copying1193736 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1231292 +Node: Index1256428  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3 From 57454ce9249bdfea6451c231858e6a8b5d26c775 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Arnold D. Robbins" Date: Sun, 22 Jun 2014 22:06:32 +0300 Subject: Typos and other minor fixes. --- doc/gawk.info | 1047 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 523 insertions(+), 524 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/gawk.info') diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info index 95d81e89..e1ee6b3a 100644 --- a/doc/gawk.info +++ b/doc/gawk.info @@ -2170,7 +2170,7 @@ comment, it ignores _everything_ on the rest of the line. For example: > BEGIN rule > }' error--> gawk: cmd. line:2: BEGIN rule - error--> gawk: cmd. line:2: ^ parse error + error--> gawk: cmd. line:2: ^ syntax error In this case, it looks like the backslash would continue the comment onto the next line. However, the backslash-newline combination is never @@ -25218,7 +25218,7 @@ constant (`FNM_NOMATCH'), and an array of flag values named `FNM'. The flags are follows: -Array element Corresponding lag defined by `fnmatch()' +Array element Corresponding flag defined by `fnmatch()' -------------------------------------------------------------------------- `FNM["CASEFOLD"]' `FNM_CASEFOLD' `FNM["FILE_NAME"]' `FNM_FILE_NAME' @@ -25589,7 +25589,7 @@ Time::) was originally from this project but has been moved in to the main `gawk' distribution. You can check out the code for the `gawkextlib' project using the -GIT (http://git-scm.com) distributed source code control system. The +Git (http://git-scm.com) distributed source code control system. The command is as follows: git clone git://git.code.sf.net/p/gawkextlib/code gawkextlib-code @@ -26736,8 +26736,7 @@ Info file, in approximate chronological order: - The modifications to convert `gawk' into a byte-code interpreter, including the debugger. - - The addition of true arrays of arrays. *note Arrays of - Arrays::. + - The addition of true arrays of arrays. - The additional modifications for support of arbitrary precision arithmetic. @@ -26752,7 +26751,7 @@ Info file, in approximate chronological order: - The improved array sorting features were driven by John together with Pat Rankin. - Panos Papadopoulos contributed the original text for *note Include + * Panos Papadopoulos contributed the original text for *note Include Files::. * Efraim Yawitz contributed the original text for *note Debugger::. @@ -31608,7 +31607,7 @@ Index * Collado, Manuel: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * collating elements: Bracket Expressions. (line 69) * collating symbols: Bracket Expressions. (line 76) -* Colombo, Antonio <1>: Contributors. (line 138) +* Colombo, Antonio <1>: Contributors. (line 137) * Colombo, Antonio: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * columns, aligning: Print Examples. (line 70) * columns, cutting: Cut Program. (line 6) @@ -33043,7 +33042,7 @@ Index * output, standard: Special FD. (line 6) * p debugger command (alias for print): Viewing And Changing Data. (line 36) -* Papadopoulos, Panos: Contributors. (line 129) +* Papadopoulos, Panos: Contributors. (line 128) * parent process ID of gawk process: Auto-set. (line 181) * parentheses (), in a profile: Profiling. (line 146) * parentheses (), regexp operator: Regexp Operators. (line 80) @@ -33388,7 +33387,7 @@ Index * RLENGTH variable, match() function and: String Functions. (line 224) * Robbins, Arnold <1>: Future Extensions. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <2>: Bugs. (line 32) -* Robbins, Arnold <3>: Contributors. (line 142) +* Robbins, Arnold <3>: Contributors. (line 141) * Robbins, Arnold <4>: General Data Types. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <5>: Alarm Program. (line 6) * Robbins, Arnold <6>: Passwd Functions. (line 90) @@ -33431,7 +33430,7 @@ Index * scalar values: Basic Data Typing. (line 13) * scanning arrays: Scanning an Array. (line 6) * scanning multidimensional arrays: Multiscanning. (line 11) -* Schorr, Andrew <1>: Contributors. (line 134) +* Schorr, Andrew <1>: Contributors. (line 133) * Schorr, Andrew <2>: Auto-set. (line 284) * Schorr, Andrew: Acknowledgments. (line 60) * Schreiber, Bert: Acknowledgments. (line 38) @@ -33916,7 +33915,7 @@ Index * xgettext utility: String Extraction. (line 13) * xor: Bitwise Functions. (line 55) * XOR bitwise operation: Bitwise Functions. (line 6) -* Yawitz, Efraim: Contributors. (line 132) +* Yawitz, Efraim: Contributors. (line 131) * Zaretskii, Eli <1>: Bugs. (line 71) * Zaretskii, Eli <2>: Contributors. (line 55) * Zaretskii, Eli: Acknowledgments. (line 60) @@ -33984,518 +33983,518 @@ Node: Two Rules97321 Node: More Complex99215 Ref: More Complex-Footnote-1102147 Node: Statements/Lines102232 -Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1106687 -Node: Other Features106952 -Node: When107880 -Node: Intro Summary110050 -Node: Invoking Gawk110816 -Node: Command Line112331 -Node: Options113122 -Ref: Options-Footnote-1128951 -Node: Other Arguments128976 -Node: Naming Standard Input131638 -Node: Environment Variables132732 -Node: AWKPATH Variable133290 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1136162 -Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2136207 -Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable136467 -Node: Other Environment Variables137226 -Node: Exit Status140881 -Node: Include Files141556 -Node: Loading Shared Libraries145134 -Node: Obsolete146518 -Node: Undocumented147215 -Node: Invoking Summary147482 -Node: Regexp149062 -Node: Regexp Usage150512 -Node: Escape Sequences152545 -Node: Regexp Operators158212 -Ref: Regexp Operators-Footnote-1165692 -Ref: Regexp 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Info847757 -Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands851751 -Node: Readline Support856935 -Node: Limitations857827 -Node: Debugging Summary860101 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic861265 -Node: Computer Arithmetic862594 -Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1866981 -Node: Math Definitions867038 -Ref: table-ieee-formats869922 -Node: MPFR features870426 -Node: FP Math Caution872068 -Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1873109 -Node: Inexactness of computations873478 -Node: Inexact representation874426 -Node: Comparing FP Values875781 -Node: Errors accumulate876745 -Node: Getting Accuracy878178 -Node: Try To Round880837 -Node: Setting precision881736 -Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings882418 -Node: Setting the rounding mode884211 -Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes884575 -Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-1888029 -Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers888208 -Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-1891211 -Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems891360 -Ref: POSIX Floating Point 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Manipulation959380 +Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-1960478 +Node: Array Data Types960517 +Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-1963220 +Node: Array Functions963312 +Node: Flattening Arrays967186 +Node: Creating Arrays974038 +Node: Extension API Variables978769 +Node: Extension Versioning979405 +Node: Extension API Informational Variables981306 +Node: Extension API Boilerplate982392 +Node: Finding Extensions986196 +Node: Extension Example986756 +Node: Internal File Description987486 +Node: Internal File Ops991577 +Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11003009 +Node: Using Internal File Ops1003149 +Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11005496 +Node: Extension Samples1005764 +Node: Extension Sample File Functions1007288 +Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1014856 +Node: Extension Sample Fork1016338 +Node: Extension Sample Inplace1017551 +Node: Extension Sample Ord1019226 +Node: Extension Sample Readdir1020062 +Ref: table-readdir-file-types1020918 +Node: Extension Sample Revout1021717 +Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1022308 +Node: Extension Sample Read write array1023049 +Node: Extension Sample Readfile1024928 +Node: Extension Sample API Tests1026028 +Node: Extension Sample Time1026553 +Node: gawkextlib1027868 +Node: Extension summary1030681 +Node: Extension Exercises1034374 +Node: Language History1035096 +Node: V7/SVR3.11036739 +Node: SVR41039059 +Node: POSIX1040501 +Node: BTL1041887 +Node: POSIX/GNU1042621 +Node: Feature History1048220 +Node: Common Extensions1061350 +Node: Ranges and Locales1062662 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11067279 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21067306 +Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31067540 +Node: Contributors1067761 +Node: History summary1073186 +Node: Installation1074555 +Node: Gawk Distribution1075506 +Node: Getting1075990 +Node: Extracting1076814 +Node: Distribution contents1078456 +Node: Unix Installation1084173 +Node: Quick Installation1084790 +Node: Additional Configuration Options1087232 +Node: Configuration Philosophy1088970 +Node: Non-Unix Installation1091321 +Node: PC Installation1091779 +Node: PC Binary Installation1093090 +Node: PC Compiling1094938 +Ref: PC Compiling-Footnote-11097937 +Node: PC Testing1098042 +Node: PC Using1099218 +Node: Cygwin1103376 +Node: MSYS1104185 +Node: VMS Installation1104699 +Node: VMS Compilation1105495 +Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11106717 +Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1106775 +Node: VMS Installation Details1108148 +Node: VMS Running1110400 +Node: VMS GNV1113234 +Node: VMS Old Gawk1113957 +Node: Bugs1114427 +Node: Other Versions1118431 +Node: Installation summary1124686 +Node: Notes1125742 +Node: Compatibility Mode1126607 +Node: Additions1127389 +Node: Accessing The Source1128314 +Node: Adding Code1129750 +Node: New Ports1135928 +Node: Derived Files1140409 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11145490 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21145524 +Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31146120 +Node: Future Extensions1146234 +Node: Implementation Limitations1146840 +Node: Extension Design1148088 +Node: Old Extension Problems1149242 +Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11150759 +Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1150816 +Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11154176 +Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1154365 +Node: Extension Future Growth1156471 +Node: Old Extension Mechanism1157307 +Node: Notes summary1159069 +Node: Basic Concepts1160255 +Node: Basic High Level1160936 +Ref: figure-general-flow1161208 +Ref: figure-process-flow1161807 +Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11165036 +Node: Basic Data Typing1165221 +Node: Glossary1168549 +Node: Copying1193701 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License1231257 +Node: Index1256393  End Tag Table -- cgit v1.2.3